EE-940 Advanced RF Measurements

Course Code: EE-940

Semester: Spring 2018
Credit Hours: 3+0
Prerequisite Codes: NA
Instructor: Dr. Nosherwan Shoaib
Office: B-205, 1st floor, RIMMS
E-mail: nosherwan.shoaib@seecs.edu.pk

Adv RF Meas 1
Last Lecture
Introduction

Course Outline

Adv RF Meas 2
Today’s Lecture
Overview of fundamental RF concepts

Adv RF Meas 3
Today’s Lecture
 Fourier Series/Fourier Transform

 Mixer

 Scattering Parameters (S-parameters)

 Multi-port Networks

 Antennas

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Periodic Signals
 Time-domain signals or waveforms that occur repetitively in time are referred to as
being periodic

 These types of waveforms are representative of clock signals that are

necessary for the proper function of the digital electronic systems

 Data streams in digital products are examples of random signals

 Signals whose time behavior is precisely known are referred to as deterministic

signals

 Signals whose time behavior is not known but can only be described statistically are
referred to as nondeterministic or random signals

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Periodic Signals
 A periodic function of time t represented by x(t) is a function that has the following
property:

Fig. A periodic signal with period T

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Periodic Signals
 Periodic signals can be represented as linear combinations of more basic signals
that are referred to as basis functions:

 The basis functions are also periodic

 The coefficients cn are referred to as the expansion coefficients

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Adv RF Meas 8
Fourier Series

Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier

Image Courtesy: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fourier

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Fourier Series
 Any periodic function can be represented as an infinite sum of sinusoidal

components

 Each sinusoidal component has a frequency that is a multiple of the fundamental

frequency

 There are two versions of the Fourier series:

 The trigonometric form

 Complex- exponential form

Adv RF Meas 10
The Spectrum of Trapezoidal (Clock) Waveforms

 Clock waveforms can be represented as periodic trains of trapezoid-shaped pulses

The periodic, trapezoidal pulse train representing clock signals of

digital systems

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Bandwidth of Digital Waveforms
 It is clear from the Fourier series that in order to completely reconstruct a
time-domain waveform from its spectral content, we must sum an infinite
number of harmonics

Clearly, this is not practical !!!

 If we continue to add spectral harmonics to the sum, the resulting time-domain

waveform gets closer to the actual complete waveform

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Bandwidth of Digital Waveforms

The important question is how many of the harmonics must we add in order to
reconstruct a waveform that is in some fashion a reasonable approximation to
the actual time-domain waveform?

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Bandwidth of Digital Waveforms
 For trapezoidal pulse train:

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Representation of Nonperiodic
Waveforms

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The Fourier Transform

 The Fourier transform of the signal is defined as:

 Fourier Series:

 Computed for a continuous periodic time series

 Result in discrete frequency spectrum

 Fourier Transform:

 Computed for a continuous non-periodic time series

 Result is a continuous frequency spectrum

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Mixer

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Scattering Parameters (S-parameters)

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Multi-port Networks

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Antennas

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