Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
On
Embedded Systems
(July 1th to 11th August)
At
in
Submitted By:
Deepak Kumar
(2307388)
Submitted to:
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Any work of this nature would not have possible without support and guidance of
others. It is important to acknowledge all those peoples who had a major influence on
the conception & fruition of this report.
I am very thankful to all those who helped me during my Practical Training
at EMTECH FOUNDATION. I am very thankful to Mr. Naveen kumar (C.E.O), who
allowed me six weeks training in EMTECH, Delhi. I am also thankful to Mr. Neeraj
Kumar & Mr. Shubham Goyal (EMTECH Team members) who share their
knowledge with me.
My special thanks to Mr. Naveen kumar for engaging in many fruitful
work and I am very grateful for his cooperation and help at various stages of my
training period .
I also thanks to the staff of ‘EMTECH’ for their co-operation & guidance.
Lastly I am thankful to the management for allowing me to do summer training in
their organization.
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE
NO.
COMPANY PROFILE 1
CHAPTER1: EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 2-13
1.1 INSIDE THE CPU 3
1.2 EMBEDDED PRODUCTS & THEIR CHRACTERSTICS 4
1.3 EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 6
1.4 OTHER APPLICATIONS 9
1.5 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS vs. GENRAL COMPUTING 10
SYSTEMS
1.6 EMBEDDED MARKET GLOBALLY 10
CHAPTER2 :MICROCONTROLLER 14-27
2.1 IMPORTANT FEATURES & APPLICATIONS 14
2.2 MICROPROCESSOR vs. MICROCONTROLLER 16
2.3 TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLERS 16
2.4 HISTORY OF THE 8051 18
2.5 STANDARD FEATURES OF 8051 20
MICROCONTROLLER
2.6 8051 ARCHITECTURE 22
2.7 8051 REGISTERS 25
CHAPTER3 : PROGRAMMING OF 8051 28-33
3.1 LANGUAGES 28
3.2 ADRESSING MODES 29
3.3 TYPES OF INSTRUCTIONS 30
3.4 PROGRAMMING TOOLS 32
CHAPTER 4 : INTERFACING DEVICES 34-38
4.1 GENRAL INTERFACING DEVICES 34
CHAPTER 5 : PROGRAMMING OF 8051 39-42
REFRENCES 43
LIST OF FIGURES
3
Figure No. Title Page No.
1.1 EMBEDDED PRODUCTS 4
1.2 HARDWARE 5
1.3 SOFTWARE 6
1.4 EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 7
1.5 EMBEDDED IN ROBOTICS 8
1.6 GENRAL APPLICATIONS 10
1.7 EMBEDDED MARKETPLACE 11
1.8 GROWTH RATE 12
2.1 PROCESSORS RELATED TO 8051 15
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051 22
2.3 PIN DIAGRAM OF 8051 23
2.4 CONNECTION DIAGRAM 25
4.1 RELAY CIRCUIT 35
4.2 RELAY WORKING 36
4.3 OPTOCOUPLER 36
4.4 CONSTRUCTION OF OPTOCOUPLER 37
4.5 LCD Connections 38
LIST OF TABLES
4
EmTech Foundation
Introduction
Embedded Technology Foundation (EmTech) was established in 2000 as a public
sector Enterprise provides various services like:
• EMBEDDED SYSTEMS DESIGINING COURSES
5
• CAREER & JOB PLACEMENT PROGRAM FOR ENGINEERS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
An embedded system is a combination of hardware and software design to meet a
specific need with performance in a given time frame. It is a specialized computer
6
system that is a part of larger system on machine. Typically an embedded system is
housed on a single microcontroller board with programs stored in ROM. Virtually all
appliances which have a digital interface—watches, microwaves, cars—utilize
embedded systems include an operating system, but many are so specialized that the
entire logic can be implemented as a single program. An embedded controller is a
controller (or computer) that is embedded into some device for some purpose other
than to provide general purpose computing. It is a special –purpose system in which
the computer is completely encapsulated by the device it controls. Unlike a general-
purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs pre-
defined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated
to a specific task, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of
product. Embedded systems are often mass produced, so the cost savings may be
multiplied by millions of items. Hand held computers or PDAs are generally
considered embedded devices because of the nature of their hardware design, even
though they are more expandable in software terms. This line of definition continues
to blur as devices expand. Embedded systems are a combination of hardware as well
as software. The software written for embedded systems is often called firmware, and
is stored in ROM or FLASH memory chips rather than a disk drive. It often runs with
limited hardware resources: small or no keyboard, screen, and little RAM memory.
Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general
purpose computer for multitasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints
that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability: others may have low or no
performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce
costs.
7
ALU: Arithmetic logic Unit- performs arithmetic operations such as addition,
subtraction, division, multiplication and logical operations AND, OR, XOR,
NOT
DATA BUS:
Used to carry information in and out of CPU.
Increase in number of data buses increases speed as well as cost.
Address bus:
Used to identify the devices and memory connected to the CPU.
Determines the number of locations which it can communicate
No. of locations=2^X where X= number of address lines. Ex: 16 address lines
make 64k of addressable memory.
RAM:
Random Access Memory
Also known as Data Memory. This is a volatile memory and is used to store
the data temporarily during the execution of a program.
ROM:
Read Only Memory
This is a permanent memory. In Embedded systems (micro controllers) the
ROM is FLASH ROM also known as CODE MEMORY. The program is
stored in this memory, which doesn’t have to remain same.
8
INPUT
SYSTEM
S
CONTROL
LOGICS
FEEDBACK/ERRO
R CONNECTION OUTPUT
SYSTEMS
How quickly an embedded design responds to a particular function key being pushed
on an information appliance or to an event triggered by the appliance doesn't just
depend on how well the device was designed. Nowadays it depends on things that
used to be far outside the problem domain of traditional unconnected, or locally
connected, embedded systems. In connected embedded systems, response time to an
event depends on how fast the routers and the servers on the intranet, the virtual
private network, or the World-wide Web can respond. This is especially true as
companies such as IBM, Microsoft, and Sun shift to services-based models as a way
to counteract the shift away from platform loyalty and take advantage of the Internet.
They want to shift to a model in which software is maintained on a server and sell
services on a transaction-by-transaction basis. The designer of a net-centric embedded
device now has to deal with a problem domain as large and as complex as the servers
and routers that link the device to the controlling system. In any design that depends
on access to resources located remotely, as is proposed by a number of services-
9
oriented models for future Web activity, it will be necessary determine not just the
parameters of the problem. You'll also have to look for sources of delay that require
modifications of the way the various elements interact, which ones are related to the
nature of the Internet medium, and which depend on the architecture of the various
nodes. The architecture of the various computing devices will affect the performance
parameters important to an embedded designer; specifically in the microprocessors at
the heart of every server. Embedded designers are going to have to look closely at the
architecture of the processors in that server-mediated chain of causality imposed on
all connected net-centric computer systems. The demands that are placed on Web
servers are much different now from even a year ago, and they will differ even more
in a few years. Processor architectures will have to reflect that change. The nature of
the server loads in the context of both present and future diverse.
HARDWARE
Digital Circuits
Digitallatches
Decoder, Circuits
Decoder,
etc. latches
etc.
Passive
Passive Analog Circuits
components AnalogADC,
Circuits
components OPAMP,
Resistance, OPAMP,
Resistance, DAC ADC,
Capacitance, DAC
Capacitance, etc.
Transistors etc. etc.
Transistors etc.
Hardware
Hardware
Printed Electro-
Printed
Circuit Electro-
mechanical
Circuit
Boards mechanical
Motors,
Boards
(PCB’s) Motors,
Valves etc.
(PCB’s) Valves etc.
Fig 1.2
SOFTWARE
10
Machine
Machine
Language
Language
Assembly
Java/J2EE Software Assembly
Java/J2EE Software Language
Language
Embedded C,
Embedded C,
C++
C++
Fig 1.3
11
Fig 1.4 EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
+the Telecommunication market and understands the special needs of this market,
and provides solutions through products and services to enable them to meet those
needs.
12
ROBOTICS:
This is a Part I of a series of articles which is an attempt to introduce the reader into
the world of embedded systems and their applications in the industry. I have decided
to divide the topic into several parts that will be presented gradually as I complete
them. The objective of the series will be a general discussion of embedded systems
and what they are. In the process I will also show how to assemble a basic robot using
a robotics kit provided by Parallax which will be controlled thru the BASIC Stamp II
microcontroller. Towards the end of the series, I will start using the Microsoft
Robotics Studio to illustrate some of the f features available thru the new IDE
provided by Microsoft if time permits.
13
So what is an embedded system? In general terms, an embedded system is any device
that includes a programmable computer for a specific task. Sometimes it is also said
that, a computer. Embedded systems are found everywhere these days! Your cell
phone, digital camera, portable video games, calculators, digital watches, and etc…
the list can go on for a really Long time. This gives you an idea of the broad
application base of embedded systems.
14
Fig 1.6 GENRAL APPLICATIONS
15
The world market for embedded systems development is around $250
billion and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 26%
16
GROWTH RATE:
Embedded Processor will grow at 11.2% on average per year
Embedded Memory products will rise at an AAGR of 17.7%.
Embedded Boards will see a respectable AAGR of 13.1%.
Embedded Software will average annual growth rate (AAGR) of 16%.
18
16
14
12
growth 10 Embedded
Rate 8 Processor
6 Embedded
4 Memory
2 Embedded
0 Boards
1st
Qtr
2004
The advent of the internet and the need for convergence has ushered a new
era in the field of embedded systems.
17
The embedded systems applications will branch out areas as diverse as
wireless, internet and mobile communications, industrial control, test and
measurement, networking, aerospace and automotive control, consumer
electronics, digital imaging and defence
18
CHAPTER 2
MICRONTROLLER
INTRODUCTION:
Microcontrollers are single chip computers. The Intel 8051 is a single chip
microcontroller (µC) which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded
systems. Intel's original versions were popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, but has
today largely been superseded by a vast range of faster and/or functionally enhanced
8051-compatible devices manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers
including Atmel, Infineon Technologies (formerly Siemens AG), Maxim Integrated
Products (via its Dallas Semiconductor subsidiary), NXP (formerly Philips
Semiconductor), Winbond, ST Microelectronics, Silicon Laboratories (formerly
Cygnal), Texas Instruments and Cypress Semiconductor. Intel's official designation
for the 8051 family of µCs is MCS 51.Intel's original 8051 family was developed
using NMOS technology, but later versions, identified by a letter "C" in their name,
e.g. 80C51, used CMOS technology and were less power-hungry than their NMOS
predecessors - this made them eminently more suitable for battery-powered devices.
• It provides many functions (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O, interrupt logic, timer,
etc.) in a single package
• 8-bit data bus - It can access 8 bits of data in one operation (hence it is an 8-bit
microcontroller)
• 16-bit address bus - It can access 216 memory locations - 64 kB each of RAM
and ROM
• On-chip RAM - 128 bytes ("Data Memory")
• On-chip ROM - 4 kB ("Program Memory")
• Four byte bi-directional input/output port
• UART (serial port)
• Two 16-bit Counter/timers
19
• Two-level interrupt priority
RELATED PROCESSORS:
The 8051's predecessor, the 8048, was used in the keyboard of the first IBM PC,
where it converted keypresses into the serial data stream which is sent to the main unit
of the computer. The 8048 and derivatives are still used today for basic model
keyboards.The 8031 was a cut down version of the original Intel 8051 that did not
contain any internal program memory (ROM). To use this chip external ROM is to be
added that will contain the program that the 8031 will fetch and execute.The 8052
was an enhanced version of the original Intel 8051 that featured 256 bytes of internal
RAM instead of 128 bytes, 8 kB of ROM instead of 4 kB, and a third 16-bit timer.
The 8032 had these same features except for the internal ROM program memory. The
8052 and 8032 are largely considered to be obsolete because these features and more
are included in nearly all modern 8051 based microcontrollers.
20
Fig. 2.1 PROCESSORS RELATED TO 8051
MICRPROCESSOR MICRCONTROLLER
1. Contains no on chip RAM, ROM, I/O, 1. Contains on chip RAM, ROM, I/O,
Address Bus
21
Manufacturer: RAM ROM Other
Pins: I/O Counters
Model (bytes) (bytes) features
10 – bit ROM
Hitachi: HMCS40 28:10 – 32 512
22
RAM ROM
Manufacturer: Pins: Counte
(byte (byte Other features
Model I/O rs
s) s)
In 2005, the 8051 microcontroller celebrated it's 25th anniversary. Intel introduced a
Single-chip processor, the 4004, in 1971. It was a 4-bit microprocessor, with
whopping processing speed of 100 thousand operations per second, and was meant for
23
an electronic calculator. There is a lot of 4-bit processing in calculators, especially if
the software is based on BCD arithmetic’s. Later Intel introduced the 8-bitter 8008
and it's grown-up brother - the famous 8080 (which then was perfected by an ex-Intel
employee as Ziploc Z80, one of the best 8-bit microprocessors of all times).
In 1976, Intel introduced its first microcontroller, 8048. It integrated the processing
core with code and data memory and certain peripherals. The code memory was a
1kB mask ROM (defined by the last metallization mask during the chip processing) or
EPROM (after all, Intel invented EPROM), the data memory was 64 bytes of RAM
(including the 8-level stack and two pages of eight general purpose registers). Besides
general-purpose I/O (see below), peripherals included a timer and an external
interrupt (plus the necessary interrupt system).Although the 8048 is clearly an 8-bit
architecture, it is said to be an ancestor of the 4-bit 4004 Rather than the 8080. Also it
is said to bear remarkable similarities to Fairchild F8 microprocessor.
24
2.5 Standard Features of 8051 Microcontroller:
• Feature Quantity
ROM 4K bytes
RAM 128 bytes
Timer 2
I/O Pins 32
Serial port 1
Interrupt sources 6
Intel allowed other manufacturers to make and market any version of 8051
depending upon the speed and on chip ROM
All versions code compatible
Other members of the 8051 family: 8052, 8031
25
COMPARISON OF 8051 FAMILY MEMBERS:
ROM 4K 0K 8K
RAM (bytes) 128 128 256
Timers 2 2 3
I/O Pins 32 32 32
Serial Port 1 1 1
Interrupt Sources 6 6 8
128 bytes of RAM, a timer and extra 4K bytes of on chip ROM. 8051 is an upward
compatible to 8052.
MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52)
The AT89S52 is an upgraded version of the micro controller 8051. the main features
of 8051 are given as under:8051 micro controller has 128 bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of
on-chip ROM, two timers, one serial port, and four ports (each 8-bits wide) all on a
single chip. The 8051 is an 8-bit processor i.e. the CPU can work on only 8 bits of
data at a time. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, and number of I/O ports in
microcontroller makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are
critical.
26
Timer 2
I/O pins 32
Serial port 1
Interrupt sources 6
The only differences in 89S52 and 8051 is that of on-chip ROM and RAM, timers and
interrupts. Both the micro controllers are based on the high power CISC architecture
of INTEL-MCS-51.
The 8051 family is one of the most common microcontroller architectures used
worldwide. 8051 based microcontrollers are offered in hundreds of variants from
many different silicon manufacturers. The 8051 is based on an 8-bit CISC core with
Harvard architecture. The 8051 family is one of the most common microcontroller
architectures used worldwide. 8051 based microcontrollers are offered in hundreds of
variants from many different silicon manufacturers. The 8051 is based on an 8-bit
CISC core with Harvard architecture
EXTERNAL
INTERRUP
TS ON-
ETC.
CHI
INTERRU P COUNTER
PT ON CHIP TIMER1
FLA
CONTRO SH RAM
L TIMER0 INPUT
CPU
BUS SERIAL
OSC CONTRO 4 I/O PORTS PORT
L
TXD RXD
P0 P2 P1 P3
ADDRESS/DA
TA
27
Fig 2.2BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051
PIN DIAGRAM:
P1.0 1 40 Vcc
PIN DESCRIPTION :
Input/output pins
Contains internal pull-ups.
28
Contains internal pull-ups.
Alternate functions to provide signals such as interrupts.
Port 2- pins (21-28) :
Input/output port.
Contains internal pull-ups.
Used both as I/O port and higher address byte
EA - (pin 31):
29
Fig. 2.4CONNECTIONS DIAGRAM
Data Pointer (DPTR): Made of two 8-bit registers, namely DPH and DPL.
30
Used to furnish memory address for internal and external code access and external
data access.
Program Counter (PC): 16-bit register holds the address of the next program
instruction to be executed, automatically Incremented after each instruction fetch.
Stack Pointer (SP): 8-bit register, used to hold an internal RAM Address called the
top of the stack.
INTERRUPT CONTROL:
-IE : Interrupt Enable.
-IP : Interrupt Priority.
I/O PORT:
- P0 : Port 0.
- P1 : Port 1.
- P2 : Port 2.
- P3 : Port 3.
TIMERS:
- TMOD: Timer mode.
- TCON : Timer control.
- TH0 : Timer 0 high byte.
- TL0 : Timer 0 low byte.
- TH1 : Timer 1 high byte.
31
- TL1 : Timer 1 low byte.
SERIAL I/O:
- SCON : Serial port control.
- SBUF : Serial data registers.
OTHER:
- PCON : Power control & misc.
32
CHAPTER 3
PROGRAMMING OF 8051
3.1 LANGUAGES:
MACHINE LANGUAGE :
A program that consists of0’s and 1’s is called a machine language
Deals directly with the internal structure of microprocessor and
microcontroller
CPU can work only in machine language
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
.Defined by a set of rules that specify the symbols that can be used and
they may be combined to form a line of code.
The instruction has a special format.
Label:
Name of a label should be meaningful giving the reflection of the code
functionality. E.g. (LED_ON: Label indicates the switch ON the LED)
First character should be an alphabet.
No. character should not be more than 8 characters.
Reserve words must not be used as label.
33
COMMENT:
Begin with semicolon comment indication.
Comments should be small and meaningful.
Assembler ignores comments, but they are indispensable to programmer.
SIMPLICITY.UNIFORMITY.PROBABILITY
HLL the programmer need not to be concern with internal detail of
microprocessor and microcontroller
34
DIRECT ADDRESSING MODE:
The data in the RAM memory location and whose address is
known.
The address is given as apart of instruction
MOV A, @A+DPTR
35
ADD A, Rn 1/1
ADDC A, direct 2/1
SUBB A, @ RI 1/1
A, #Data 2/1
INC A 1/1
DEC Rn 1/1
Direct 2/1
@ RI 2/1
LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS
ANL A, R 1/1
ORL A, direct 2/1
XRL A,@Ri 1/1
A, #data 2/1
Direct, A 2/1
Direct, #data 3/2
C, bit 2/2
C, /bit 2/2
CLR A 1/1
CPL C 1/1
Bit 2/1
36
RL A 1/1
RLC A 1/1
RRC A 1/1
SWAP A 1/1
SETB C 1/1
MOV A, Rn 1/1
A, direct 2/1
A, @ RI 1/1
A, #data 2/1
Rn, A 1/1
Rn, direct 2/2
Rn, #data 2/1
Direct, A 2/1
Direct, Rn 2/2
Direct, direct 3/2
Direct, @ RI 2/2
Direct, #data 3/2
MOVC A, @ A+DPTR 1/2
A, @ A+PC 1/2
PUSH Direct 2/2
POP direct 2/2
XCH A, Rn 1/1
XCHD A,@ Ri 1/1
37
ASSEMBLER: Assembler is software which convert assembly language
program into machine language program called object code. After assembling
it generates a number of files
Asm file---lst file---Obj file---Link file---Hex file
ASSEMBLING A PROGRAM:
The program developed by the programmer is stored as asm file
The assembler converts the source file into machine code and produce an
object file and list file
The linker links all the object files and produces link files
The link file is fed into an OH (object to hex converter) which creates a
hex file.
The hex file is programmed into the ROM
COMPILER:
A compiler is a program that translates a high level language program to
machine level language instructions
A compiler may use an assembly language as an intermediate step in the
translation or may translate the program directly to machine code
After assembling the code it generates a number of files like c file, asm
file, lst file, obj file, rel file, link file, hex file etc depending on the
compiler.
The most popular microcontroller compilers are SDCC, READS, (PIC),
PL/M, from Intel and many more,
PROGRAMMER:
Programmer is a device used to program the hex file generated by
assembler/compiler into ROM of microcontroller
SIMULATOR: It is a program which provides the facility to step through
the code to see exactly what is happening as the program runs. The
contents of register or variable can altered to change the way the program
runs. A simulator can’t support real interrupts or devices.
DEBUGGER: It is a tool that is used to help identify and fix problems in
a program. It supports step by step execution of the code and viewing the
38
contents of code variables. It allows monitoring of registers memory and
program statements
CHAPTER 4
INTERFACING DEVICES
Many times we need to interface some devices at I/O ports of 8051 microcontroller.
Some common interfacing devices are:
PHOTO DIODE
Photodiode are efficient light detectors that can be made small sizes, good linearity,
and high response speed. Photodiode converts light into an electrical signal.
Photodiode are faster than photoconductor because they have a pn junction to collect
the carriers.
Photo dictions mechanism in photodiodes is similar to that in photoconductor in
that an electron-hole pair is created by a
Photon for which hv>=Eg but it differs in that only the photo carrier
That diffuse to the depletion layer are counted and only the minority carriers are
collected.
RELAYS
39
In industrial application we need to isolate one circuit electrically from another, while
still allowing the first circuit to control the second. The way of providing electrical
isolation between two circuits is to place a relay between them.
A relay consists of a coil, which may be energized by the low-voltage circuit, and one
or more sets of switch contacts, which may be connected to the high-voltage circuit.
RELAYS WORKING:
When a relay is off, the metal arm is at its rest position and so there is contact
between the Normally Closed (N.C.) switch contact and the 'common' switch contact.
If a current is passed through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts the metal
arm and there is now contact between the Normally Open (N.O.) switch contact and
the common switch contact.
Fig. 4.2 RELAY WORKING
Coil contacts
N.C. Common N.O. contact
contact contact
LCD
A Liquid Crystal Display is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color
or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of light source or reflector.
42
Fig 4.5 LCD Connections
It is often utilize in battery powered electronic devices because it uses very small
amount of electric power.
LCD’s can be broadly broken in to two categories:
Graphics LCD
Character LCD
CHAPTER 5
Programming of 8051
LEDPORT EQU P0
MAIN:
LEDPORT,#00H
ACALL DELAY
43
LEDPORT,#00H
ACALL DELAY
SJMP MAIN
DELAY1:
MOV 33H,#100D
D3: MOV 34H,#100D
D2: MOV 35H,#50D
D1: DJNZ 35H,D1
DJNZ 34H,D2
DJNZ 33H,D3
RET
ORG 0000H
MOV P2,#38H
ACALL COMMAND
MOV P2,#0CH
ACALL COMMAND
MOV P2,#01H
ACALL COMMAND
MOV P2,#80H
ACALL COMMAND
MOV R2,#00H
MOV R3,#16D
H2:
MOV A,R2
MOV DPTR,#0100H
MOVC A,@A+DPTR
MOV P2,A
44
ACALL DATA
INC R2
DJNZ R3,H2
MOV P2,#0C0H
ACALL COMMAND
MOV R4,#00H
MOV R5,#16D
H3:
MOV A,R4
MOV DPTR,#0110H
MOVC A,@A+DPTR
MOV P2,A
ACALL DATA
INC R4
DJNZ R5,H3
HERE3:SJMP HERE3
COMMAND:
CLR P1.0
SETB P1.1
NOP
NOP
CLR P1.1
ACALL DELAY
RET
DATA:
SETB P1.0
SETB P1.1
NOP
NOP
CLR P1.1
ACALL DELAY
45
RET
delay:
MOV R0,#0FFH
HERE1:MOV R1,#0FFH
HERE:DJNZ R1,HERE
DJNZ R0,HERE1
RET
ORG 0100H
DB 'DEEPAK GUPTA'
ORG 0110H
DB 'DATE 30/JUL/2009'
delay:
MOV R0,#0FFH
HERE1:MOV R1,#0FFH
46
HERE:DJNZ R1,HERE
DJNZ R0,HERE1
RET
org 0070h
DB 00H
DB 10H
DB 20H
DB 30H
DB 40H
DB 50H
DB 60H
DB 70H
DB 80H
DB 90H
REFRENCES
www.emtech.in
www.wikipidia.com
www.siliconindia.com
www.google.com
47