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Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size And Shape on the Strength and Flow
Characteristics of Self-compacting Concrete

Article · September 2012

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Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size And Shape
on the Strength and Flow Characteristics of
Self-compacting Concrete
Dr.K.Pandurangan, Dr.G.Ramakrishna and Dr.S.Kothandaraman
Abstract
Three ingredients of concrete have a specific and
significant effect on the characteristics of Self
Compacting Concrete. Out of the three ingredients the
shape and size of coarse aggregate has more influence
on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete.
Coarse aggregate shape and size also affects concrete
strength through a complex relationship of aggregate-to-
cement paste bonding properties. The particle shape
and size of coarse aggregate is influenced by feed rock
properties, the type of crusher, and the way in which the
crusher is operated. While feed rock properties and
crusher type determine achievable limits on particle
shape, crusher operation is still the most important
single factor affecting shape. Due to insufficient stages
of crushing of feed rock, aggregates supplied from most
of the crushers are flaky and elongated, which is
sensitive to the properties of fresh and hardened
concrete. Hence, a study on the influence of size and
shape of locally available coarse aggregates on the
strength and flow characteristics of SCC is the main
intention of this paper. Two grades of SCC mixes with 60
% and 40% replacement of cement with flyash are used
in this study. The results of this study show that the
flowability and strength of the high volume flyash SCC
concrete mix with 10 mm to 16 mm MSA is found to be
better than low volume flyash SCC with 20 mm MSA.
Introduction
Self-compacting Concrete (SCC) was ?rst developed in
Japan in 1988 in order to achieve noise free construction
sites with improved quality of concrete. The use of SCC
offers economic, social and environmental bene?ts over
traditional vibrated concrete construction.
The constituent materials used for the production of SCC
are the same as those for conventionally vibrated normal
concrete except that SCC contains lesser aggregate and
greater powder content (i.e. cement and filler particles
smaller than 0.125 mm). Fly ash, limestone powder, silica
fume, rice hush ash etc., are used as filler materials.
Super-plasticizers along with viscosity modifying agents
are added to improve the self-compacting property of
SCC. The ingredients of concrete have a significant effect
on the characteristics of Self-Compacting concrete.
Proportioning of SCC is influenced by the various
ingredients added to concrete is discussed below.
Influence of Mineral Admixtures
The term 'powder' used in SCC refers to a blended mix of
cement and filler particles smaller than 0.125 mm. The
filler increases the paste volume required to achieve the
desirable workability of SCC. The addition of filler in an
appropriate quantity enhances both workability and
durability without sacrificing early strength (Mata,
2004).Noguchi et al.,(1999) emphasizes use of excess
paste in the mix to cover the surface area of the
aggregates and to minimize the friction between them.
Excess paste improves the flowability and decreasing the
segregation risk. However, excessive powder materials
could make the mixture too viscous and reduce its
mobility [1,2].EFNARC, (2005)specifies a typical content
of powder ranging from 350 kg to 600 kg per/m3 of
concrete. It has also indicated that the use of cement
content more than 500 Kg/m3 can be dangerous and
increase the heat of hydration and shrinkage [3]. Oliveira
et al, (2006) indicates that the addition of fly ash results
in a better performance of the self-compacting concrete
appraised through the water absorption by capillarity
[4].Prakash et al, (2009) indicates that paste volume has
a predominant effect on the fresh concrete properties in
comparison with water or powder content. The w/p ratio
had a good co-relation with the compressive strength of
concrete and proposes that it is possible to produce SCC
with powder content as low as 350 kg/m3 [5].Bouzoubaa
and Lachemi (2001) incorporated high volumes class F
fly ash as filler in the range of 40 to 60% by mass of
powder and kept the powder content constant at 400
kg/m3. A slump flow as high as 700 mm, a flow time
ICI Journal | July - September 2012 1
 Table - 1 Physical Properties of Cement (OPC – 53 grade) Influence of Chemical admixture
Sl.No Property Values IS: 12269- 1987 Chemical admixtures are needed in addition to powder to
requirements
improve the mobility of the fresh concrete without
increasing the volume of water and to reduce the
1 Standard consistency 32% -
segregation risk. Two types of chemical admixtures are
2 Initial setting time 110 min 30 mts (min) commonly used in producing SCC. High range water
3 Final setting time 230 min 600 mts ( max) reducing superplastizciers (SP) and Viscosity modifying
4 Specific gravity 3.19 - admixtures (VMA).The main purpose of using a super
5 Soundness 1 mm 10mm ( max ) plasticizer is to produce flowing concrete and high-
6 Compressive strength strength concrete at water cement ratio ranging from 0.3
3 days 28.5 27 MPa (min)
to 0.4.
7 days 40.1 37 MPa (min)
Viscosity modifiers are high molecular-weight, water-
soluble polymers used to raise the viscosity of water.
ranging from 3 to 7 s, a segregation index ranging from Such compounds increase the cohesiveness of fresh
1.9 to 14% and compressive strengths from 26 to 48 MPa concrete, reducing its tendency to segregate and bleed.
at 28 days was accomplished [6].YoujunXie et al, (2001) They work by attaching their long molecules to the water
usedUPFA improves viscosity of fresh concrete molecules, process which inhibits the free displacement
[7].ZoranGrdiæ et al, (2008) studied the properties of of water. Rols et al, (1998) used starch solution,
self- compacting concrete, mixed with different types of precipitated silica solution and suggested that
additives like fly ash, silica fume, hydraulic lime and a precipitated silica performed well when compared with
mixture of fly ash and hydraulic lime and suggested that other agents [10].Jayashree et al. has reported the
the addition of fly ash to the mixture containing hydraulic interaction between super-plasticizer and cement and
lime is quite beneficial [8].Gesoglu et al, (2009) studied had highlighted on the physio chemical interactions that
the properties of self-compacting concrete made with prevail between them [11].
binary, ternary and quaternary cementitious blends of fly
ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume reported that the Influence of Aggregates
mineral admixtures decreases chloride ion permeability
and increases its durability [9]. The influence of fine aggregates on the fresh properties
of SCC is significantly greater than that of coarse
aggregate. Both crushed and river sands are suitable for
Table - 2 Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregates SCC. Gap graded aggregates are frequently better than
continuously graded. In principle, all types of coarse
Sl.no Tests Size range, mm Value
aggregate are suitable to produce SCC. Lightweight
1 Specific gravity 20 - 4.75 2.66 aggregates are successfully used for SCC, although the
2 Fineness modulus 20 - 4.75 8.85 aggregate may migrate to the surface if the paste
viscosity is low. The particle size distribution and the
3 Flakiness index 20 - 16 33.56 %
shape of coarse aggregate directly influence the flow and
16 - 12.5 44.53 % passing ability of SCC and its paste demand. The more
12. - 510 48.27 % spherical the aggregate particles the less they are likely to
10 - 4.75 55.30% cause blocking and the greater the flow because of
4 Elongation index 20 - 16 23.84 % reduced internal friction. However, crushed aggregates
tend to improve the strength because of the interlocking
16 - 12.5 34.70 % of the angular particles. EFNARC, (2005)specifies a
12. - 510 typical volume content of coarse aggregate that ranged
68.11 %
from 28 to 35 % by volume of the mix. However, 42% of
10 - 4.75 80.00 % coarse aggregate is practically used [3].Collepardi et al
(2005)indicated that the volume and maximum size of
5 Angularity number 20 - 16 6 the coarse aggregate must be lower than 340 L/m3 and
16 - 12.5 7 25 mm respectively, in order to avoid segregation
12. - 510 9 collision among aggregate particles, which can block the
concrete flow [12].Brouwers et al. (2005)indicates that
10 - 4.75 10
the packing of all solids in the mix (gravel, sand, filler and

2 ICI Journal |July - September 2012

 Table - 3 Physical Properties of Fine Aggregates
Sl.no Properties Value /
description
1 Specific gravity 2.71
2 Water absorption 0.2%
3 Rodded bulk density 1729 (kg/m3)
4 Fineness modulus 2.27
cement) is of major importance [13]. Shakir et al.
(2001)indicated that the flowability of SCC decreases
with the increase of the maximum size of coarse
aggregate from 10 to 20 mm. Although the mechanical
properties of SCC mixes containing 10 mm maximum size
of coarse aggregate are higher than mixes with 20 mm
maximum size of coarse aggregate [14].Okamura and
Quchi(2003)indicate that if the coarse aggregate content
in a SCC mixture exceeds a certain limit, blockage would
occur independently of the viscosity of the mortar.
Superplasticizer and water content are then determined
to ensure desired self-compacting characteristics. It is
also suggested that to increase the passing ability, it is
better to reduce the volume of coarse aggregates in SCC
than to decrease the sand-to-paste ratio [15].Nan Su et
al. (2001) proposes thatthe aggregate packing factor (i.e.
the ratio of mass of aggregates of tightly packed state in
SCC to that of loosely packed state in air) determines the
aggregate content, and influences the strength,
flowability and self-compacting ability [16]. Sivarama
Sharma et al. (2010) studied the influence of two
different sizes of coarse aggregates of 10mm and 20mm
on the fresh and hardened properties of SCC and
suggested that crusher sand based SCC mixes has
improved T50 values [17]. Su et al (2002) studied the
effect of sand ratio on the elastic modulus of SCC and
reported that flowablity increases with the increase in the
S/A ratio and also indicates that the elastic modulus of
SCC is not significantly affected by S/A ratio when total
aggregate volume is kept constant. The ideal proportion
of S/A ratio for SCC is 47.5% [18].
Significance Of The Work
From the review of literature, it is understood that every
ingredient of concrete has a significant effect on the
characteristics of Self Compacting Concrete. Flow
characteristics are more influenced by the shape and size
of coarse aggregate as compared to the other
constituents such as powder content and fine
aggregates. Crusher used and the basic mineralogical
composition of the aggregates influence the shape and
size of the aggregates. If the minerals are harder, the
Table -4 Properties of Super Plasticizer
Sl.No Properties Value / description
1 Physical state Brown Liquid
2 Dry material content 42% ± 3%
3 Specific gravity 1.21 ± 0.015 @ 270 C
4 Chloride content Nil
5 pH 7 to 8
6 Air entrainment Less than 1%
crushing of the aggregates become difficult and results in
aggregates which are flaky and elongated. Due to the
above facts, the aggregates supplied from most of the
crushers in and around Puducherry region are flaky and
elongated. Rough-textured and elongated particles
require more cement paste to produce workable concrete
mixtures, this increasing the cost[19]. The size of
aggregates available is also quite varied and single sized
or all in aggregates ranging from 10 mm to 20 mm is quite
commonly used. A slight variation in the size and shape of
coarse aggregate changes the properties of SCC.
However, quality of fine aggregate available in
Puducherry conforms to Zone II to Zone III and has no
issues with regard to the strength and flow of SCC.
Further, while using SCC in one of the major projects in
Puducherry, for the construction of monolithic concrete
structures, requiring a total volume of concrete
approximately 3500 cu.m, it was found that controlling
the consistency of the mix at site is very difficult as it could
be done in the laboratory [20]. Hence, a study on the
influence of size and shape of locally available coarse
aggregates on the strength and flow characteristics of
SCC is the main intention of this paper.
Experimental Program
Materials Used
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC – 53 grade) conforming
to the requirements of IS:12269 – 1987[21], graded river
sand and crushed aggregate of size varying from 10mm
to 20mm conforming to IS : 383 – 1970 [22] were used.
Fly ash of class F from Ennore thermal power plant,
Tamilnadu and sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde
superplasticizer were used as mineral and chemical
admixtures. The basic properties of the above materials
evaluated by standard tests are given in Table- 1 to Table -
4.The elongation and flakiness indices of the aggregates
reveal that the aggregates are highly elongated and flaky
as the maximum size of aggregates reduces from 20mm
MSA to 10mm MSA. Moreover, smaller aggregates are
more angular than 20 mm aggregates. The gradation of
various coarse aggregate sizes namely 10mm, 12.5, 16
and 20mm are shown in Fig.-1.
ICI Journal | July - September 2012 3
 Fig. - 1 Gradation Curve for various Sizes of Coarse Aggregate
Mix Proportioning of Nvc and Scc
The normally vibrated concrete (NVC) mix of 35 MPa was
designed according to the standard procedures of IS:
10262:1982 [22]. SCC mixes of 35 MPa strength were
designed using Nan Su's method [16].Two SCC mixes
where prepared namely, low volume flyash concrete (LVF
– SCC) replacing 40% cement with Fly ash and high
volume fly ash concrete (HVF – SCC) with 60 %
replacement of cement with flyash. The mix proportions
are given in Table -5.
Results And Discussion
Based on the test results obtained, the fresh as well as
the hardened properties of normal vibrated concrete, low
volume Flyash SCC and High volume Flyash SCC are
discussed below.
Influence of coarse aggregate size and shape on the
flowability of SCC
The average slump flow spread and the time to reach the
500mm diameter circle i.e. T50 is given in Table - 6. The
slump flow increased with a reduction in the size of the
coarse aggregate. The time to reach 500 mm diameter
was lesser when 10 mm aggregates were used. Due to
the increase in the cohesiveness of the HVF-SCC the time
required was more than that of LVF – SCC.
Fig. - 2 Slump Flow Spread for LVF-SCC and
HVF-SCC and slump of NVC
It can be seen from the Fig.- 2, that as the size of the
coarse aggregate increases, the slump flow spread
decreases. As per EFNARC guidelines, the minimum
spread for SCC should be 600 mm. The maximum slump
flow was obtained for the low volume SCC in which 10 mm
aggregates were used, owing to the reason that the 10
mm aggregates will have higher filling ability than other
sizes of aggregates. It is also evident from Fig.-2 that the
spread for 10 mm aggregate is almost equal for LVF SCC
and HVF SCC irrespective of the dosage of fly ash content.
A maximum slump of 707 mm was obtained for LVF SCC
and 705 mm for HVF SCC mix containing 10 mm
aggregates. As the aggregate size decreased from 20 mm
to 10 mm, the slump flow was increased by 61 mm and
40 mm in LVF SCC and HVF SCC mix respectively.
The J-Ring test measures the ability of concrete to flow
through congested reinforcement and the maximum J-
Ring blocking Step value is 20 mm as per EFNARC
guidelines. A higher value is expected for the larger size of
the coarse aggregate. It is evident from Fig.-3 that for
mixes with 20 mm MSA, the maximum blocking step of
18.75 mm and 19.70 mm is obtained for LVF SCC and
HVF SCC respectively. This reduces by 8.55 mm and 5.1
mm for LVF SCC and HVF SCC respectively when MSA
reduces to 10 mm. It is evident from the gradation curves
shown in Fig.-1 that the % of aggregates passing 10 mm is

Table -5 Details of the mixes used in the study

Material, HVF -
Sl.No. NVC LVF -SCC
Kg/m3 SCC
1 Cement 400 390 350
2 Fly ash - 156 200
3 Sand 660 756 650
Coarse
4 1168 607 750
aggregate
5 Water 160 220 210
6 SP - 8 7 Fig.- 3 J-Ring Blocking Step for LVF-SCC and HVF-SCC

4 ICI Journal |July - September 2012

 Table - 7 Influence of Flyash content and MSA on the
Blocking Step of SCC mixes

Fly
MSA Blocking Fly MSA Blocking
ash step, Variation Variation
(mm) mm ash(%) (mm) step, mm
(%)

40 18.75 - 40 20 18.75 -
20
60 19.70 + 5.0 % 10 10.20 -45.6 %

40 10.20 - 60 20 19.70 -
Fig. - 4 V-Funnel time for LVF-SCC and HVF-SCC 10
60 14.60 +43.13% 10 14.60 -25.88%
3.70 %, 19.0 %, 72.0% and 88.0 % in 20 mm, 16 mm,
12.5 mm and 10 mm MSA respectively. Hence the
guidelines, the maximum limit of the flow time is 8 secs.
amount of coarse aggregates less than 10 mm is very
Similar to the other flow test results, V-funnel flow time
less in 20 mm MSA and hence the blocking step is high for
increased as the size of coarse aggregate increased.
mixes with 20 mm aggregates.
Hence, 10 mm size aggregate had the largest filling
In this study, the maximum blocking step of 19.70 mm ability.
was obtained for mixes with 20 mm MSA and 60 %
It is evident from Table -2 that as the maximum size of
flysash. This value is less than the maximum of 20 mm as
aggregates is reduced, the flaky and elongated nature of
per ENFARC standards. As the volume of flyash is
the aggregates increases. In spite of this drawback, the
increased from 40 % to 60 %, the blocking step increased
slump flow in SCC mixes with 10 mm MSA is more than
5.0 % in SCC with 20 mm MSA and 43.13 % in SCC with 10
SCC with 20 mm MSA. This proves that the influence of
mm MSA. The blocking step is less for 10 mm aggregates.
shape on the flowability of SCC is negligible. This is
The reduction in blocking step is 45.6% when 40% flyash
because of the fact that the resistance to flow due to
is used and 25.88%, when 60% of flyash is used in the
irregular shaped aggregates is overcome by the high
SCC mix. The addition of flyash makes the mix cohesive
paste volume in SCC mixes. Moreover, it is to be noted
and reduces the flowability of concrete.
that the slump of normal vibrated concrete reduces with
V-Funnel test results plotted in Fig. - 4 measures the flow reduction in the maximum size of coarse aggregate and
time required for SCC to pass a narrow opening and give the shape of aggregate.
an indication of the filling ability of SCC. As per EFNARC
Influence of coarse aggregate size and shape on the
Table -6 Fresh Properties of NVC and SCC mixes Compressive Strength
Type of SCC / Aggregate Size Slump Time (s)
NVC (mm) Spread /Slump The compressive strength of the various mixes used in
(mm) this study is reported in Table -8. It is evident from Table - 8
LVF - SCC 20.0 646 5.60 that the 7 days compressive strength of normally vibrated
LVF - SCC 16.0 660 4.80 concrete was more than that of LVF SCC and HVF SCC
LVF - SCC 12.5 695 4.30 .The % reduction in 7 days compressive strength of SCC
LVF - SCC 10.0 707 4.00 mixes as compared with the reference mix for 20 mm, 16
HVF -SCC 20.0 665 5.92 mm, 12.5 mm and 10 mm size coarse aggregates was
HVF -SCC 16.0 670 5.23 19.35%, 16%, 16.38% and 8.82% for LVF SCC mixes and
HVF -SCC 12.5 690 4.93 20%, 15.10%, 15.99%, 7.45% for HVF SCC respectively.
HVF -SCC 10.0 705 4.28 Similarly, the % reduction in 28 days compressive
NVC 20.0 87 * - strength of SCC mixes as compared with the reference
NVC 16.0 85 *
- mix for 20 mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm and 10 mm size was
NVC 12.5 81 * - found to be 10.80%, 7.42%, 5.97%, 3.34% for the LVF
SCC mix. In the case of HVF SCC mix the reduction was
NVC 10.0 76 * -
5.8%, 4.63% and 2.22% for 20,12.5 and 10 mm MSA
* In normal vibrated concrete only slump was measured respectively.

ICI Journal | July - September 2012 5

 Table- 8 Compressive Strength of NVC, LVF-SCC and HVF-SCC
NVC LVF -SCC HVF - SCC % increase in 7 % increase in
Max. Size
Sl. days strength of 28 days strength
of
No 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days HVF SCC over of HVF SCC
aggregate
LVF -SCC over LVF -SCC
1 20 37.35 47.96 30.12 42.76 29.87 45.16 -8.37 +5.61%
2 16 35.49 44.11 29.81 41.06 30.13 47.89 +1.07 +16.63
3 12.5 35.33 43.20 29.54 40.62 29.68 42.24 +0.47 +3.98
4 10 31.39 40.12 28.62 39.28 29.05 41.98 +1.50 +6.87

Comparing the compressive strength at 7 days and 28 mixes with elongated and flaky aggregates can be
days for both the SCC mixes, only a marginal variation was minimised by using high volume of flyash in the SCC mix.
seen to occur at 7 days age. (+4.00 to +16.5 % at 28 days
and +0.50 to -8.37%). Conclusions

In case of normally vibrated concrete and LVF SCC, it is
found that mix with 20 mm aggregate showed increase in
strength when compared to the mixes with smaller
maximum size of coarse aggregate.
The ratio of the 7 days compressive strength to 28 days
compressive strength of the normally vibrated concrete
and SCC for various sizes of aggregates is shown in Fig -5.
This ratio indicates the rate of attaining the early and 28
days strength. When studying the percentage increase
between the 7 days and 28 days compressive strength it
was found that HVF SCC mix showed higher percentage of
increase of 51.18%, 59.24%, 42.32%, 44.51% for 20
mm, 16 mm, 12.5 mm and 10 mm size respectively. It can
thus be concluded that as the flyash content increased
the rate of attaining the strengths also increases from the
age of 7 days to 28 days.
The compressive strength of the mixes with 10 mm MSA
is less than the compressive strength of mixes with 20
mm MSA. This is due to the fact that flaky and elongated
aggregates are more when the maximum size of
aggregate reduces. This is evident from the flakiness and
elongation indices reported in Table - 2. Moreover, it is
evident from Table – 8 that the reduction in strength with
Based on the limited study carried the following
conclusions can be drawn.
1. Irrespective of the maximum size of aggregates, Both
LVF SCC and HVF SCC concretes designed in this study
satisfy the filling and passing ability requirements
specified by EFNARC.
2. As the maximum size of the aggregate increased from
10 mm to 20 mm, the slump flow decreased by an
amount of 28.57% and 27.70% for LVF SCC and HVF
SCC respectively. However, the slump in normally
vibrated concrete decreased by 12.6 % as the
maximum size of coarse aggregate is decreased from
20 mm to 10 mm.
3. As the maximum size of aggregate is increased from
10 to 20 mm, the blocking step increased by 83.82%
for LVF SCC and by 34.93% for HVF SCC.
4. The flowability of the SCC mix with low volume flyash
concrete with 10 mm aggregates is better than any
other combination of mixes used in this study.
5. The shape of the aggregate has no influence on the
flowability of SCC mixes. However, use of flaky and
elongated aggregates reduces the strength of SCC
and normally vibrated concrete.
6. Use of 60% volume of flyash in SCC mixes with
elongated and flaky aggregates produces concrete
with good flowability and strength.

Fig.-5 Percentage of 7 days to 28 days
Compressive Strength of concretes
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18. SU J. K., CHO S. W., YANG C. C., and HUANG R. Effect of
sand ratio on the Elastic Modulus of Self-Compacting,

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