= A eS Se p |: AUNT th age SYSTEMS = ~ xInformation contained in this work has been obtained by Tala McGraw-Hill, from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither Tata McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that Tata McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. Tata McGraw-Hill © 1999, 1996, 1993, Tata McGraw- Publishing Company Limited 30th reprint 2009 ROXLCDDXRQRYL ‘No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, oF otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listings (if any) may be entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers, ‘Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited ISBN-13: 978-0-07-463579-7 ISBN-10; 0-07-463579-4 Published by Tata MeGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 7 West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110 008, and printed at India Binding House, Noida 201 301Contents Preface to the Second Revised Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Part I: SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING 1_Language Processors L1_Intraduction 7 1.2__Language Processing Activities 5 1.3 Fundamentals of Language Processing 9 14 Fundamentals of Language Specification 19 1.5__Language Processor Development Tools 37 Biblio; 34 2__ Data Structures for Language Processing 2.1_Search Data Structures _38 2.2__Allocation Data Structures _52 Bibliogre ST 3. Scanning and Parsing 3.1 Scanning 59 3.2_ Parsing 64 Bibliography 85 4__Assemblers 4.1__Elements of Assembly Language Programming 86 4.2 ASimple Assembly Scheme _9/ 4.3 Pass Stmcture of Assemblers 94 4.4 Design of a Two Pass Assembler_95. 4.5 A Single Pass Assembler forIBMPC_1// Bibliography 130 vii xi & Macros and Macro Processors CD 5.2_MacroExpansion 133