Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Map water bottom on Line DT B01-31-discuss apparent shelf-slope water depths-using a water velocity of 1500 m/s-what is apparent dip of slope-snapshot for discussions-show scales and
vertical exaggeration
ABYSSAL
PLAIN SLOPE SHELF x
α tan α = y/x
y α= tan-1 (y/x)
Horizontal Scale : Vertical Scale :
1 cm = 250 cmp 1 cm = 110 ms (TWT)
500 cmp = 6.28 km
1 cm = 55 ms = 0.055 s (OWT)
250 cmp = 3.14 km
If 1 cm = 250 cmp From velocity we know 1 s (OWT) = 1500 m
0.055 Vertical Exaggeration :
So, 1 cm = 3.14 km 0.055 s (OWT) = 1 x 1500 = 75 m 𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 3.14
So, 1 cm = 75 m VE = = = 42
𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 0.075
1 cm = 0.075 km
LAB 1: Identify sequence boundaries and maximum flooding surfaces on 2D seismic data. Define small scale and large scale-show an example of each. Identify different
reflection terminations-snapshot the examples and explain what it indicates for sequence stratigraphy.
3. Toplap 4. Truncation
3.55 km
MFS 3
2.) Downlap = Commonly occurs in
TST the base of lowstand system
track parasequences.
SB 3
1. Offlap
5. Onlap
LST
TST Incised Valley
4.) Truncation = Commonly occurs
in the top of highstand system
track parasequences as the
SB 2 FSTST sequence boundary eroded
SB 1 TST
away the highstand system track
sequence sediment.
HST
Downdip of
Incline Parasequence
(Younger Strata)
LST
FSST
Maximum
Sequence Boundary Flooding Surface
Downlap
Low Angle
Parasequence
(Older Strata)
1.5 km
1 km
Younger Strata
1 km Erotional Surface, 3 km (Transgressive
Sequence Boundary and Parasequences)
Angular Unconformity
Truncation
Younger Strata
Toplap Onlap
Older Strata
3.) Toplap : It typically occurs at the top of depositional sequence and also indicates the presence of sequence boundary. This type of reflections also representing
the result of non-deposition and/or minor erosion.
4.) Truncation = It commonly recognized at top of depositional sequence and at the base of incised valley. It indicates the presence of sequence boundary and the
development of angular unconformity.
5.) Onlap = It is typically seen at the base of depositional sequence and indicates the presence of a sequence boundary and phase of transgressive system tract. In
this case, the transgressive parasequences on lapping to the older strata (salt dome). This salt usually move from the bottom of younger sequence because of the
character of salt itself, moveable, always looking to the lower pressure. So, it is break through the younger strata and make onlap reflections.
Identify different clinoforms-discuss-using a velocity of 1800 m/sec-calculate the slope and accommodation space for two
clinoforms.
2.35 km
Sigmoid
Oblique
Sigmoid
Sigmoid Hummocky
Oblique
1.5 km
1.5 km
SB 4
HST
MFS 3
TST
SB 3
Transgressive Surface
HST
TST
HST MFS 1
MFS 2 Transgressive Surface
FSST LST Incised Valley
TST
LST
SB 2 FSST
SB 1 TST
LST
FSST
Based in identification of our system tract, the sequence boundary in this seismic
section probably classify to the sequence boundary type 1 which is forming FSST and
LST sediment that caused by forced regression and rapid changes basinward shift in
facies.
SEQUENCE BOUNDARY 1 SEQUENCE BOUNDARY 2
1 2
554.89 m Sequence
1.25 km
Incised Valley Boundary (SB)
FSST
HST
1.) Sequence Boundary (SB) usually identified by occurrence of valley incision that happened because of erosional surface
during falling stage system track (FSST).
2.) Sequence Boundary usually identified by irregular reflection in the base of FSST or LST sequences that represent
erosional truncation during sea level fall. Sometimes it is also followed by distinct amplitude impedance in the top and base
of sequence boundary.
3 SEQUENCE BOUNDARY 3 SEQUENCE BOUNDARY 4 4
1.5 km
TST
1 km
SB 3 Bounded by HST as its Onlapl Trend
base and TST as its top
HST
LST
FSST
Sequence
TST
Toplap Trend Eroded Boundary (SB)
3.) Sequence Boundary (SB) usually bounded by Highstand System Track (HST) as its base and Lowstand System Track / Falling
Stage System Track (FSST) as its top. It represent abrupt change of basinward facies from marine facies to the shelf or coastal
facies. The sediment from coastal or even from fluvial can be deposited during sea level fall with forced regression mechanism.
But, sometimes not all the system tracks are always show. Like in SB 3, we get TST overlying SB 3. Maybe the LST or FSST are
alreafy eroded or too thin to show in seismic section.
4.) Sequence Boundary usually identified by uncontinuous trend of strata/parasequences that makes the strata truncated (in
the example, toplad trend to onlap trend).
Identify 2 possible maximum flooding surfaces-explain your evidence.
• Maximum Flooding Surfaces
(MFS) is marine flooding
surface that formed at the
2.5 km time of maximum
transgression.
• Prograding clinoforms of
the overlying highstand
systen tract downlap the
maxium flooding surface
(MFS).
Progradational Aggradational Retrogradational
Stacking pattern in which each progressively Stacking pattern in which progressively younger Stacking pattern in which which each progressively
younger parasequence is deposited farther parasequence have been deposited above one younger parasequence is deposited farther
basinward. This stacking occurs when the rate of another with no significant lateral shift either landward. This stacking occurs when the rate of
accommodation is less than rate of deposition landward or basinward. This occurs when the rate of accommodation is greater than rate of deposition
accommodation equal to the rate of deposition
TST
MFS
MFS
Retrogradational/Backstepping
Parasequences Below MFS