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1

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Computers & Fluids

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / c o m p fl u i d

Adaptive mesh refinement for chevron nozzle jet flows

F
2

3 Jonghoon Bin a,1, Ali Uzun b,2, M. Yousuff Hussaini b,*

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4 a
MCH 414, Computational Science & Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4510, USA
5 b
MCH 413, Computational Science & Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4510, USA

6
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

PR
8
2 2
9 Article history: In this paper an adaptive mesh generation procedure is presented for improving the resolution of the 23
10 Received 12 June 2009 numerical simulation of a turbulent jet exhausting from a chevron nozzle. This procedure is based on 24
11 Received in revised form 18 November 2009 the minimization of a variational integral whose integrand depends on the metric (also called the mon- 25
12 Accepted 11 January 2010
itor function) induced by a curvilinear grid generated in the physical domain. Specifically, it leads to solv- 26
13 Available online xxxx
ing parabolic equations involving the monitor function, which is carefully designed to resolve the flow 27
gradients, and which, in the present instance, is determined by the time-averaged axial velocity profile 28
14 Keywords: D
within the jet. This mesh redistribution strategy is incorporated into a flow computation code (that solves 29
15 Adaptive mesh redistribution
16 Variational method
the compressible three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations using a prefactored optimized fourth-order 30
17 Monitor function compact difference scheme for spatial derivatives and the Beam-Warming method for the time derivative 31
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18 Prefactored optimized compact scheme on a multi-block overset grid) and is demonstrated to be efficient and effective. 32
19 Beam-Warming method Ó 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. 33
20 Chevron nozzle
21
34
35
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36 1. Introduction nozzle lip-line grid discretizes the region downstream of the noz- 58
zle lip-line, while the jet core grid discretizes the core region of 59
37 Adaptive mesh refinement/redistribution is desirable as it the jet. The side grid encloses the jet core region and is used for 60
38 enhances, in principle, the accuracy and efficiency of the numerical further extending the computational domain size in the radial 61
39 solution of a physical problem. It becomes a necessity for the com- direction. The computing machinery presently available to us 62
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40 putation of complex turbulent flows where it is imperative to opti- allows a total of 175 million grid points. The Reynolds number is 63
41 mally resolve the realistic range of scales within the constraint of 100,000 based on the jet exit center velocity and the nozzle exit 64
42 available computing power. The present instance is a quasi-direct diameter, and the Mach number is 0.9 based on the jet centerline 65
43 numerical simulation or large-eddy simulation of the turbulent exit velocity and the ambient sound speed. The initial grid distribu- 66
44 jet flow field issuing from a chevron nozzle. The main emphasis tion is carefully chosen to resolve the boundary layer in the inlet 67
CO

45 of the simulation is to capture the enhanced shear layer mixing region, the jet exit region, and the possible shape of the free shear 68
46 due to the chevrons and consequent noise generation due to the layers based on a priori estimates. For optimal resolution of the 69
47 mixing layers of the jet within the first few diameters downstream maximum range of scales that can be resolved, an adaptive grid 70
48 of the jet nozzle. The compressible three-dimensional Navier– refinement/redistribution strategy is a necessity. Among the 71
49 Stokes equations are numerically solved (using a prefactored numerous adaptive mesh refinement strategies [2–8], the time- 72
50 optimized fourth-order compact difference scheme for spatial dependent coordinate transformation procedure [7,8] is chosen 73
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51 derivatives and the Beam-Warming method for the time deriva- because it enables adapting the working structured mesh to 74
52 tive) on a multi-block overset grid [1]. The computational domain resolve the critical features of the flow, such as boundary layers, 75
53 is partitioned into 512 blocks total. The overset grid system con- shear layers and shock layers, without requiring major changes 76
54 sists of an inlet grid, an annular nozzle lip-line grid, a jet core annu- in the computer code constructed on a fixed grid. Specifically, we 77
55 lar grid, a side grid, and an acoustic grid surrounding the side grid. choose the variational version, which is based on the minimization 78
56 The inlet grid discretizes a cylindrical pipe, which is used for of a variational integral whose integrand depends on the metric 79
57 generating realistic inlet conditions for the chevron nozzle. The (also called the monitor function) induced by a curvilinear grid 80
generated in the physical domain [2]. This approach can be broadly 81
classified into two cases – dynamic and static. In the dynamic case, 82
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 850 644 0601; fax: +1 850 645 1514. the flow equations are solved along with the mesh equations, and 83
E-mail addresses: jbin@fsu.edu (J. Bin), auzun@fsu.edu (A. Uzun), myh@math.
the grid points move continuously in the space–time domain and 84
fsu.edu (M. Yousuff Hussaini).
1
Tel.: +1 850 645 9132; fax: +1 850 645 1514. cluster in the regions of the flow gradients. In the static case, mesh 85
2
Tel.: +1 850 645 9130; fax: +1 850 645 1514. points are moved around at fixed time levels. The static version is 86

0045-7930/$ - see front matter Ó 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

doi:10.1016/j.compfluid.2010.01.008

Please cite this article in press as: Bin J et al. Adaptive mesh refinement for chevron nozzle jet flows. Comput Fluids (2010), doi:10.1016/
j.compfluid.2010.01.008
 CAF 1241 No. of Pages 16, Model 5G
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Nomenclature

Mesh generation et total energy, q(u2 + v2 + w2)/2 + p/(c  1)

n1, n2, n3 coordinates in computational domain Fin v inviscid flux vectors in Navier–Stokes equations
i
x1, x2, x3 coordinates in physical domain (i = 1, 2, 3)
x, r, h cylindrical coordinates in physical domain Fiv is viscous flux vectors in Navier–Stokes equations
(i,j,k) grid indices in axial, azimuthal, and radial directions (i = 1, 2, 3)
A(x) scale factor of the monitor function f generic function
CFL Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy number p pressure
G general monitor function Q vector of conservative flow variables
gij contravariant metric tensors Q Q/J

F
gij covariant metric tensors Re Reynolds number, qrefUreflref/lref
I mesh adaptation functional
Reh momentum thickness Reynolds number
I identity matrix

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T fluid temperature
J Jacobian of coordinate transformation form physical to
Dt time step
computational domain
Uj jet nozzle exit centerline velocity
Uc mean velocity at the axis of symmetry of the jet flow
u, v, w Cartesian velocity components in x, y, and z directions
Xp physical domain
q fluid density
Xc computational domain
Dn uniform grid spacing along n direction in the computa-
x monitor or weight function

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tional domain
Ds minimum pseudo-time step
eI artificial dissipation parameter
c ratio of specific heats of air (assumed to be 1.4)
Flow computation l molecular viscosity
Dj jet nozzle exit diameter ri,j,k spectral radius of inviscid flux Jacobian at grid point
De throat diameter of a conical nozzle with the same dis- (i, j, k)
charge coefficient as the chevron nozzle, De  1.15Dj D
87 more suitable for turbulent flows where the grid redistribution can pend on the flow solution, is a key to the variational mesh adapta- 120
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88 be based on mean flow computed over specified time periods. This tion approach. A practical choice for monitor functions is Gj = xjI, 121
89 will keep the CPU time cost at a minimum, apart from precluding xj > 0, where I is the identity matrix. Then the mesh equations 122
90 issues associated with the dynamic adaptation to fluctuating flow are the Euler–Lagrange equations for I: 123
91 field.    
@ @nj 1
92 This paper is organized as follows. In the next section, the equa- G1 ¼ r  r n ¼0 ð2Þ
j
xj j
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@xi @xi 125

93 tions governing adaptive mesh generation are described briefly.
94 The numerical treatment of these equations is presented in Section The solution of the elliptic system (1) can be alternatively 126
95 3, which includes a discussion of the monitor function, numerical obtained as the steady state of the parabolic equations: 127
96 implementation details, such as time step determination and con-   128
97 vergence criterion and key steps in the mesh generation algorithm. @nj 1
þr rn ¼0 ð3Þ
@s xj j
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98 Section 4 presents the governing equations and the numerical 130

99 methods that are used to compute the jet flow exhausting from For computational expediency, we choose the mapping from 131
100 the chevron nozzle. Section 5 discusses the results of the applica- the computational domain to the physical domain [6], i.e., Xc ? Xp 132
101 tion of the proposed mesh redistribution methodology to the given by 133
102 practical case of the turbulent jet flow from a chevron nozzle. Con-   134
103 clusions are presented in Section 6. @xk 1 @xk @ Jgij
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þ ¼ 0; i; j; k ¼ 1; 2; 3 ð4Þ
@ s J @nj @ni xj 136

104 2. Equations for adaptive mesh generation ij

where g and gij denote contravariant and covariant metric tensors, 137
respectively, and J is the transformation Jacobian (see Appendix). 138
105 Adaptive mesh generation techniques [5–8] are generally a var- These equations are solved for the adaptive mesh generation in this 139
106 iant of the original procedure proposed by Winslow [2]. To recapit- study (specifically with x1 = x2 = x3 = x) along with boundary 140
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107 ulate his procedure, we consider an invertible time-dependent conditions, which are of two types: (i) the Dirichlet boundary con- 141
108 coordinate transformation, dition with fixed nodal distribution, and (ii) the Dirichlet–Neumann 142

110 nj ¼ nj ðxi :tÞ; xj ¼ xj ðni ; tÞ; i; j ¼ 1; 2; 3 boundary condition (also called sliding boundary condition), which 143
allows the mesh nodes to slide along the boundaries. The specific 144
111 which maps the physical domain Xp(x1, x2, x3) to the computational boundary conditions used in the current study are described in 145
112 domain Xc(n1, n2, n3) and vice versa. We define the mesh adaptation Section 3.2. 146
113 functional I:
114
Z X
3 3. Numerical methodology for adaptive mesh generation 147
I½n1 ; n2 ; n3  ¼ ðrnTj G1
j rnj Þdx1 dx2 dx3 ; nj ðxi Þ : Xp
Xp j¼1 3.1. Choice of monitor functions 148

116 ! Xc ; i; j ¼ 1; 2; 3 ð1Þ
The main goal of the chevron jet simulations is to accurately 149
117 where r ¼ @=@xi and the transformation metric Gj = Gj(xi) (which predict the noise generated by the turbulence in the mixing layers 150
118 are symmetric positive definite matrices that are referred to as of the jet. To that end, proper resolution of the turbulent mixing 151
119 monitor functions). A proper choice of monitor functions, which de- layer, which is the main aeroacoustic source, is imperative in a 152

Please cite this article in press as: Bin J et al. Adaptive mesh refinement for chevron nozzle jet flows. Comput Fluids (2010), doi:10.1016/
j.compfluid.2010.01.008
 CAF 1241 No. of Pages 16, Model 5G
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J. Bin et al. / Computers & Fluids xxx (2010) xxx–xxx 3

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Fig. 1. Instantaneous axial velocity contours at x/Dj = 2. Values are normalized by jet exit centerline velocity, Uj.
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153 large-eddy simulation. Fig. 1 displays the instantaneous axial 3.2. Computational details of mesh adaptation 181
154 velocity contours at x/Dj = 2, and it is representative of the fine
155 scales that need to be resolved. A dynamic adaptive mesh refine- The grid redistribution procedure is applied to the simulation of 182
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156 ment procedure where adaptation is performed every time step turbulent jet flow issuing from the SMC006 chevron nozzle, which 183
157 clearly presents significant memory and computational efficiency contains 6 symmetric chevrons [10]. Fig. 2 shows surface mesh on 184
158 issues, and thus such a procedure is not desirable for simulation the SMC006 chevron nozzle. The initial mesh for this jet flow field, 185
159 of turbulence. In this study, we propose a procedure based on including the inlet, contains approximately 175 million grid points, 186
160 the time-averaged values for the adaptation instead of the instan- which cover the whole circumference of the nozzle. When the grid 187
161 taneous ones. is partitioned into sub-blocks along a given direction for parallel 188
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162 The jet flow exhausting from a chevron nozzle involves large computing, a 7-point overlap is added in between two neighboring 189
163 radial and azimuthal velocity gradients in the mean (time-aver- blocks along that direction. The total number of points may in- 190
164 aged) axial velocity profile within the shear layer region. In order crease by as much as 30–40% when a large number of sub-blocks 191
165 to achieve appropriate grid point clustering within the shear layer are used. This is the price one has to pay for using a 7-point over- 192
166 region, the monitor function x is constructed to depend on the lap, which is necessary for maintaining high-order accuracy 193
167 mean axial velocity such that it assumes large values in the shear throughout the domain when compact finite difference schemes 194
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168 layer where the velocity gradients are large, and values close to are employed. The multi-block LES flow solver used in this work 195
169 unity where the velocity gradients are small: also has overset grid capability. The overset grid approach provides 196
added flexibility in meshing domains around complex geometries 197
 
uðr; hÞ uðr; hÞ and is useful for avoiding grid point singularities. We use overset 198
x ¼ AðxÞ 1:0  þ 1:0 ð5Þ
grids to avoid the grid point singularity along the jet axis in the
171 U c ðxÞ U c ðxÞ 199
simulation of a chevron jet. The reader is referred to our previous 200

172 where u is the axial velocity, Uc is the time-averaged axial velocity publications for the details of the overset grid systems used in 201

173 at the symmetry axis r = 0 of the jet, and r and h are the radial and these simulations [1,17]. 202

174 azimuthal coordinates, respectively. The function A(x) is problem- The purpose of the present effort is to appropriately cluster the 203

175 dependent and it is specified by the user. The larger the magnitude mesh in the free shear layers (whose location is not known a priori) 204

176 of A, the higher will be the grid clustering within the shear layer keeping the total number of grid points fixed. Therefore, only the 205

177 region. It is observed in the present case that the velocity gradient jet shear layer regions are redistributed using the adaptation meth- 206

178 along the axial direction in a jet flow is much smaller than that od described in this paper, as shown in Fig. 3. 207

179 along the radial and azimuthal directions. Therefore, we assume To exploit the symmetry, we only consider a 30-degree slice 208

180 A(x) is constant and set it equal to 16. (containing one half chevron), which is one-twelfth of the full 209

Please cite this article in press as: Bin J et al. Adaptive mesh refinement for chevron nozzle jet flows. Comput Fluids (2010), doi:10.1016/
j.compfluid.2010.01.008
 CAF 1241 No. of Pages 16, Model 5G
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Fig. 2. Surface mesh on the SMC006 chevron nozzle.
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210 domain of flow computation, shown in Fig. 3. This figure also dis- tional domain is divided into two blocks in the axial direction: 217
211 plays the time-averaged axial velocity contours. Thus the computa- the near-nozzle block ð1 6 i 6 85Þ and the downstream block 218
212 tional domain is xin 6 x 6 xout , rmin 6 r 6 rout , 0 6 h 6 30 . The ð85 6 i 6 287Þ, where i is the grid index running along the axial 219
213 initial mesh for the computational domain has the dimensions of direction. For the initial mesh, which is generated using the com- 220
214 (nx, nr, nh) = (287, 383, 55) where nx, nrand nh denote the number mercial software Gridgen [11], in the near-nozzle region, the mesh 221
EC

215 of axial, radial and circumferential grid points, respectively, and is body-oriented and adapted to the shape of the chevrons, and the 222
216 the total number of grid points is over 6 million. This computa- mesh in the downstream region is cylindrical. The near-nozzle 223
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Fig. 3. The mesh blocks used in the computation.

Please cite this article in press as: Bin J et al. Adaptive mesh refinement for chevron nozzle jet flows. Comput Fluids (2010), doi:10.1016/
j.compfluid.2010.01.008
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224 block mesh is treated by an elliptic solver obtained from Eq. (3) by direction, is used as a constraint in the grid adaptation process. This 281
225 setting the monitor function x to unity. The grid points of the is the mesh size needed to accurately resolve the maximum non- 282
226 downstream block are redistributed by the adaptive technique, dimensional frequency (also called the Strouhal frequency) of about 283
227 which is the focus of the paper. Due to the large number of grid 15. This constraint is implemented by stopping or not updating the 284
228 points, the domain is divided into 10 sub-blocks along the axial grid points during the computation where the grid size satisfies the 285
229 direction for parallel computing. The sub-blocks are constructed above mentioned convergence criterion. This usually happens in the 286
230 such that the total number of grid points in each sub-block is equal region near the outer boundary where the mean flow is almost 287
231 or approximately equal. When the grid is partitioned into sub- uniform. 288
232 blocks along a given direction for parallel computing, only one-
233 point overlap is added in between two neighboring blocks along 3.2.5. Smoothing of monitor functions 289
234 that direction because second-order central finite difference It is common to use some temporal or spatial smoothing on the 290
235 schemes are employed for spatial derivatives in Eq. (3). This auto-

F
monitor function or directly on the mesh map (r, h) to obtain 291
236 matically guarantees a good load balance during parallel comput- smoother meshes. In this study, we apply the following low-pass 292
237 ing because total grid points are kept constant during the filter to the monitor function for spatial smoothing 293

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238 adaptation. Once a satisfactory grid point distribution is obtained 294
239 within this downstream block, the surface mesh on its first axial 1 1
ui;j ui;j þ ðuiþ1;j þ ui1;j þ ui;jþ1 þ ui;j1 Þ
240 plane, which is located at i = 85, is used to exactly match the outlet 4 8
241 plane of the near-nozzle block. 1
þ ðuiþ1;jþ1 þ uiþ1;j1 þ ui1;jþ1 þ ui1;j1 Þ ð8:1Þ 296
16
242 3.2.1. Boundary conditions 297

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243 At r = rmin and r = rout, Dirichlet conditions are applied. At the 1 1
xi;j xi;j þ ðxiþ1;j þ xi1;j þ xi;jþ1 þ xi;j1 Þ
244 symmetry surfaces, h = 0° and h = 30°, Dirichlet–Neumann (sliding) 4 8
245 boundary conditions are used. At the inflow axial surface, x = xin 1
þ ðxiþ1;jþ1 þ xiþ1;j1 þ xi1;jþ1 þ xi1;j1 Þ ð8:2Þ 299
246 and the outflow axial surface x = xout, Dirichlet–Neumann (sliding) 16
247 boundary conditions are also applied. The filtered values of u given by Eq. (8.1) are used to compute 300

Dthe monitor function, x, defined in Eq. (4). The filtered values of 301
248 3.2.2. Numerical discretization the monitor function are obtained using Eq. (8.2). This spatial 302
249 In Eq. (3), first-order forward and second-order central finite- smoothing removes the spatial irregularities, which may be intro- 303
250 difference schemes are employed for the time and spatial deriva- duced during the averaging process of the turbulent flow (to obtain 304
TE
251 tives, respectively. The second-order derivatives in Eq. (3) are the mean flow on which depends the monitor function) and the tri- 305
252 essentially evaluated by the application of the first-derivative linear interpolation procedure used to interpolate the monitor 306
253 operator twice. Compared with the direct computation of the sec- function at each iteration from the original grid to the adapted grid. 307
254 ond-derivatives in the equations, this approach is more convenient
255 to implement in curvilinear coordinates and results in a simpler
EC

3.3. Key algorithmic steps in adaptation procedure 308

256 computational code.

In the static method, the mesh points are iteratively determined 309
257 3.2.3. Determination of time step
within the domain according to the flow field calculations. The key 310
258 Eq. (3) is advanced in time using the time step determined by
259 algorithmic steps are: 311
(  )
RR

sn1 sn2 sn3 1

Ds ¼ Min cfl   (a) Save the grid point coordinates, dependent variables, and 312
sn1 sn2 þ sn2 sn3 þ sn1 sn3 x i;j;k 
ðnÞ ðnÞ ðnÞ

the monitor function ~ x0 ; u0 ; x0 where the subscript 313
261 for all grid points ð6Þ
denotes the iteration number in the adaptive mesh genera- 314
262 where sn1 ¼ J=j@xi =@n1 j, sn2 ¼ J=j@xi =@n2 j and sn3 ¼ J=j@xi =@n3 j. Addi- tion of Eq. (3) and the superscript represents the physical 315
time, i.e., t(n) = nDt.
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263 tionally, the monitor function, which depends on the mean velocity 316
ðnÞ
264 distribution, should be interpolated at every iteration from the (b) Perform adaptive grid generation using Eq. (3) to obtain ~ xkþ1 317
ðnÞ ðnÞ ðnÞ
265 mean flow at the initial mesh. The use of large CFL number results from ~xk and xk . During the computation, interpolate xkþ1 318
ðnÞ
266 in large errors during this tri-linear interpolation. Although the sta- ~
onto the new grid xkþ1 using the tri-linear interpolation from 319
ðnÞ
267 bility limit of the CFL number is found to be 2, we choose the value the starting values x saved in step (a).
0 320
268 of 0.05 for the purpose of accuracy. (c) Repeat step (b) until convergence is reached. 321

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ðnÞ
(d) Interpolate all dependent variables ukþ1 onto the new 322
269 3.2.4. Convergence criterion ðnÞ
computational grid ~
xkþ1 from
the values saved in step (a). 323
270 The convergence condition is based on the maximum difference ðnþ1Þ ðnÞ
(e) Compute solution u from the flow equation ukþ1 and 324
271 between the grid coordinates at successive iteration:
then compute xðnþ1Þ with the smoothing. 325
n o1=2 
2 n1 2 n1 2
(f) Go to step (a) to perform the grid adaptation in time. 326
max ðxni;j;k  xn1 n n
i;j;k Þ þ ðyi;j;k  yi;j;k Þ þ ðzi;j;k  zi;j;k Þ < 106 ; 327
In the present study, as mentioned earlier, we employ the static 328
273 ð7Þ
method, which is based on the time-averaged velocity for the mon- 329
274 where n is the iteration number and (i, j, k) are the grid point indi- itor function. The simulation is first run on an initial static mesh to 330
275 ces. An additional constraint is also applied to the grid adaptation in gather some time-averaged statistical information about the flow 331
276 this study. As the main focus of the flow field calculations is to com- field, which is then used in the monitor function to redistribute 332
277 pute the noise generated by the shear layer turbulence, the grid out- the mesh to resolve the gradients wherever they occur. 333
278 side the turbulent mixing region should be sufficiently fine to The flow solver is then run on the new mesh with the enhanced 334
279 capture high-frequency acoustic waves. Thus, a maximum grid size resolution in appropriate regions. The mesh adaptation is carried 335
280 of Drmax = 0.015, where Dr represents the grid size in the radial out just once as the mean quantities used in the monitor function 336

Please cite this article in press as: Bin J et al. Adaptive mesh refinement for chevron nozzle jet flows. Comput Fluids (2010), doi:10.1016/
j.compfluid.2010.01.008
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6 J. Bin et al. / Computers & Fluids xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

337 are stationary. However, the instantaneous turbulent flow com- next section). Hence, the spatial filter can be regarded as an effec- 389
338 puted on a different mesh distribution will show the different tive SGS model in the LES. 390
339 behavior in time, which will affect the accuracy of noise prediction
340 produced by the turbulence within the mixing shear layer. 4.2. Numerical methods 391
341 To make the paper complete and self-contained, the details of
342 the governing equations and numerical method used for flow solu- 4.2.1. Spatial discretization 392
343 tion are briefly presented in the next section. The fourth-order optimized prefactored compact finite differ- 393
ence schemes developed by Ashcroft and Zhang [13] are used to 394
344 4. Simulation methods compute the spatial derivatives in the governing equations. These 395
schemes with a five-point stencil require the solution of two inde- 396
345 4.1. Governing equations pendent bi-diagonal matrices. For example, the spatial derivative 397
at a given grid point, i, is given by Di ¼ ðDFi þ DBi Þ=2, where DFi

F
398
346 In this study, the Favre-filtered, unsteady, compressible, non- and DBi represent the forward and backward operators, respectively 399
347 dimensional Navier–Stokes equations in the conservative form and are given as follows: 400

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348 are solved for the flow computation. The non-uniformly spaced
1 a
349 curvilinear grid in physical space is transformed to an uniform grid DFi ¼ ½a1 ðfiþ1  fi Þ þ a2 ðfi1  fi Þ þ a3 ðfi2  fi Þ  DFiþ1 ð13:1Þ
350 in computational space and the discretized governing equations bDn b
351 are solved on the uniform grid. B 1 a B
Di ¼ ½a1 ðfi  fi1 Þ þ a2 ðfi  fiþ1 Þ þ a3 ðfi  fiþ2 Þ  Di1 ð13:2Þ
( ! !) bDn b 402
X v v is
@Q 3
@ Fin @ Fi

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i
þ  ¼0 ð9Þ where the coefficients a; band aj ðj ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ are given by Ashcroft 403
353 @t i¼1
@ni J @ni J
and Zhang [13], fi denotes the value of f at grid point i, and Dn is 404
354 Here, t is the time, ni (i = 1, 2, 3) are the generalized curvilinear the uniform grid spacing along a given spatial direction in the com- 405
355 coordinates of the computational space, and J is the Jacobian of the putational space. 406
356 coordinate transformation from the physical domain to the com- The above scheme is applicable to grid points i = 3 through 407
357 putational domain. Q = Q/J, where Q ¼ ½q ; q ~1 , q
u u~2 ; q
u~3 , qet T is
~ i = N  2, where N is the number of grid points along the spatial 408
inv direction. However, different boundary stencils are required at grid 409
the vector of conservative flow variables, Fi are the inviscid flux
358
359 vectors, and Fvi is are the viscous flux vectors, which are given by
Dpoints i = 1, 2 and i = N  1, N. At grid points i = 2 and i = N  1, the 410

2 3 2 3 following explicit backward and forward stencils with the third- 411
q U~ i 0
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order accuracy are used [13]: 412
6
6 q u~ 1 U~ i þ nix1 p 7
7
6
6 nixj ðr
~ j1 þ sj1 Þ 7
7
6 7 6 7 1 X 4
1 X N
6
inv
Fi ¼ 6
6
q u~ 2 U~ i þ nix2 p 7
7;
7
v is
Fi ¼
1 66 nixj ðr
~ j2 þ sj2 Þ 7
7 ð10Þ DB2 ¼
Dn i¼1
bi fi ; DBN1 ¼
Dn i¼N3
ci fi ð14:1Þ
6 7 Re 6
6
7
7
6 q u~ 3 U~ i þ nix3 p 7 6 nixj ðr
~ j3 þ sj3 Þ 7
4 5 4 5 1 X4
1 X N
EC

~k r ~ j  ‘j Þ
~ jk  q DF2 ¼ cNþ1i fi ; DFN1 ¼ bNþ1i fi ð14:2Þ
361 q ~et U~ i þ nixj u~ j p nixj ðu Dn i¼1 Dn i¼N3 414

362 where U ~ i ¼ ni þ ni u ~ c  1Þ
~ j , nit ¼ @ni =@t, nix ¼ @ni =@xj , ~et ¼ T=½ð The coefficients bi (i = 1, . . . , 4) and ci (i = N  3, . . . , N) are given 415
t xj j
363 ~ i k2 =2, Mref ¼ U ref =cref , Re ¼ qref U ref lref =lref and c is the
M2ref  þ ku by Ashcroft and Zhang [13]. At grid points i = 1 and i ¼ N, the 416
364 specific heat ratio. The overbar and the tilde in vectors denote the following one-sided explicit schemes are employed to compute 417
RR

365 time-averaged and the Favre-averaged values, respectively. In these the spatial derivative: 418
366 equations, (u1, u2, u3)denote the Cartesian velocity components, q 
367 the density, p  the pressure, and T~ the temperature. Length scales 1 X 4
1 X N
D1 ¼ di fi ; DN ¼ dNþ1i fi ð15Þ
368 are non-dimensionalized by the reference length lref = Dj, nozzle exit Dn i¼1 Dn i¼N3 420
369 diameter), and dependent variables are normalized by their refer-
370 ence values except for p  which is normalized by qref U 2ref . In this where d1 ¼ 33=18; d2 ¼ 3; d3 ¼ 3=2 and d4 ¼ 1=3. The viscous 421
CO

371 study, the variables at the jet exit center are used as the reference stress terms in Eq. (11) are obtained using the first-derivatives of 422
372 values. The heat flux vector and stress tensor are expressed as the velocity components. The spatial derivatives of the inviscid 423
373 and viscous flux vectors are computed using the prefactored opti-
  424
~ i @nk @ u
@nk @ u ~ j 2 @nl @ u
~k mized compact scheme in each spatial direction. As a consequence 425
r~ ij ¼ l~ þ  dij ð11Þ
@xj @nk @xi @nk 3 @xk @nl of such an implementation, the second-derivatives in the viscous 426
 
l~ @nj @ T~
UN

1 fluxes are essentially evaluated by the application of the first-deriv- 427

~i ¼ 
q ð12Þ
2
ðc  1ÞM ref Pr @xi @nj ative operator twice. However, the characteristic-type boundary 428
375
conditions implemented on solid walls require the separation of 429
376 where l ~ is the non-dimensionalized molecular viscosity coefficient. inviscid and viscous fluxes, hence we compute the inviscid and vis- 430
377 The perfect gas relationship is used for the pressure, p ¼q ~ cM 2 .
 T= cous flux derivatives separately. 431
ref
378 The details of the governing equations can be found in Rizzetta
v is
379 et al. [12]. sij and ‘j in the viscous flux vectors, Fi , are the 4.2.2. Spatial filter for the LES 432
380 subgrid-scale stress and heat flux, respectively, which is usually The filtering process eliminates spurious high frequency 433
381 obtained from the SGS model. However, no explicit subgrid-scale numerical oscillations and ensures numerical stability. The follow- 434
382 (SGS) model is used in the present LES calculations. Instead, the spa- ing sixth-order tri-diagonal spatial filter used by Visbal and Gait- 435
383 tial filter implemented in the LES is treated as an implicit SGS mod- onde [14] are employed in the LES code: 436
384 el. This approach belongs to the implicit LES (ILES) class of methods
385 [24]. Since the grid resolution in an LES is too coarse to resolve all of X3
qn
the relevant length scales in a turbulent flow, unphysical energy
af f i1 þ f i þ af f iþ1 ¼ ðfiþn þ fin Þ ð16Þ
386
n¼0
2 438
387 accumulation at the high wavenumbers can be effectively elimi-
388 nated through the use of a spatial filter (which is described in the where f i denotes the filtered value of quantity f at grid point i, and 439

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11 5af 15 17af 3 3af A second-order accurate, three-point scheme is used to calculate 472
q0 ¼ þ ; q1 ¼ þ ; q2 ¼ þ ;
16 8 32 16 16 8 the time derivative on the right-hand side of Eq. (19). To condition- 473
1 af ally stabilize the scheme for the 3-D computations, we add artificial 474
441 q3 ¼  ð17Þ
32 16 dissipation [15] in the implicit side of Eq. (19). For example, while 475
applying the equation along the n1 direction, the artificial dissipa- 476
442 The parameter af must satisfy the inequality 0:5 < af < 0:5. A
tion operator is added to the implicit operator as follows; 477
443 less dissipative filter is obtained with higher values of af within the " ! #p
v
444 given range. A value of af ¼ 0:49 has been used in the present 2Dt @ @Fin @Fv is
445 simulations. Iþ 1
 1  eI rn1 ðriþ1;j;k J 1 1
iþ1;j;k þ ri;j;k J i;j;k ÞDn1 J
3 @n1 @Q @Q
446 At near-boundary points, the following sixth-order equation
447 with a one-sided right-hand side stencil is used at grid points near ð20Þ 479

448 the left boundary point: where rn1 fi;j;k ¼ fi;j;k  fi1;j;k , Dn1 fi;j;k ¼ fiþ1;j;k  fi;j;k , ri;j;k is the spectral 480

F
449
v
X
7 radius of the inviscid flux Jacobian ð@Fin 1 =@Q Þ at grid point ði; j; kÞ, and 481
af f i1 þ f i þ af f iþ1 ¼ qn;i fn ði ¼ 2; 3Þ ð18Þ eI controls the strength of the artificial dissipation. eI ¼ 0:5Dt was 482

OO
451 n¼1 found to provide adequate artificial dissipation to maintain stability. 483
Numerical experiments have shown that typically two or three 484
452 where the coefficients, qn;i , are given by Visbal and Gaitonde [14].
sub-iterations per time step are sufficient to reduce the errors due 485
453 For the points near the right boundary point i = N, we apply a sim-
to approximate factorization, linearization, artificial dissipation. 486
454 ilar formulation to Eq. (18). The boundary points, i = 1 and i = N are
The spatial derivatives operating on the fluxes on the right-hand side 487
455 left unfiltered.
are computed using the prefactored optimized compact scheme de- 488

PR
scribed previously. On the other hand, the spatial derivatives operat- 489
456 4.2.3. Time integration method
ing on the flux Jacobians on the left-hand side are computed using 490
457 Time advancement is performed by means of a second-order
the fourth-order compact scheme from Lele [16]. The solution is fil- 491
458 Beam-Warming type implicit time integration scheme [1]. The
tered after every sub-iteration in order to ensure numerical stability. 492
459 iterative form of the approximately factored finite difference algo-
460 rithm of Beam and Warming that is second-order accurate in time
4.3. Inflow conditions 493
461 is represented as D
462
" !#p Since implicit time stepping is used in the present simulation, 494
v
p
Y
3
2Dt @ @Fini @Fiv is
DQ Iþ  the inflow conditions at the nozzle inlet are specified in terms of 495
3 @ni @Q @Q
TE
i¼1 time derivatives. The rescaling–recycling procedure determines 496
  3  p
4 1 2Dt X @  inv the solution to be imposed on the inlet boundary at the future time 497
¼  Q p  Q n þ Q n1  Fi  Fiv is ð19Þ step n þ 1. Using the flow solution at three time levels, we can use 498
464 3 3 3 i¼1 @ni
the following approximation to specify the time derivative of the 499
solution at the inlet boundary: 500
465 The superscript p denotes the sub-iteration level, I represents
EC

466 the identity matrix, Dt is the time step and DQ p ¼ Q pþ1  Q p . For  
@Q 3Q nþ1  4Q n þ Q n1
467 p ¼ 1; Q p ¼ Q n , where n represents the current time level, and ¼ ð21Þ
@t inlet 2 Dt 502
468 n  1 represents the previous time level. Q pþ1 is the approximation
469 to the solution at the p + 1 level and will be Q nþ1 at n + 1 time level In our simulations, the mean velocity profile at the pipe inlet 503
470 when DQ p converges toward a very small value after several sub- upstream of the nozzle geometry is kept fixed and set to the mean 504
RR

471 iterations at each time step. velocity profile computed by Spalart’s DNS [18] of a turbulent 505
CO
UN

Fig. 4. The mesh redistribution results from different monitor functions.

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In addition, a rescaling law for two thermodynamic variables 509

is needed for compressible flows. In the present study, we 510
keep pressure constant on the entire inflow boundary and 511
we recycle temperature using the same recycling method which 512
Sagaut et al. [20] used. We do the temperature recycling only 513
inside the boundary layer. Outside the boundary layer, tempera- 514
ture is set to a constant value. The two regions are then 515
smoothly blended by using the commercial grid generation soft- 516
ware Gridgen [11]. 517

4.4. Boundary conditions 518

F
Tam and Dong radiation boundary conditions modified by Dong 519

OO
[21] are applied on the boundaries to which only acoustic distur- 520
bances are reaching. Outflow boundaries are handled by character- 521
istic-type outflow boundary conditions [22]. We additionally 522
attach a sponge zone downstream of the physical domain and ap- 523
ply grid stretching in combination with artificial damping in this 524
region in order to dissipate the turbulence in the flow field before 525

PR
Fig. 5. The initial mesh in 3-D block. it reaches the outflow boundary. This suppresses unwanted 526
numerical reflections from the outflow boundary. On solid walls, 527
506 boundary layer at a momentum thickness Reynolds number of a solid wall boundary condition with a generalized characteristic- 528
507 Reh ¼ 300. Only the velocity fluctuations are recycled and re-intro- type [26] is applied. The wall temperature is computed using either 529
508 duced at the pipe inlet [19,20]. isothermal or adiabatic boundary conditions. 530
D
TE
EC
RR
CO
UN

Fig. 6. Redistributed mesh with ra = 0.3.

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531 4.5. Parallel computation redistributed mesh displayed in Fig. 4. In the three-dimensional 552
case, the x-, y- and z-boundaries of the block are given by 553
532 A multi-block implementation strategy similar to that of Gait-
533 onde and Visbal [25] is incorporated in the multi-block version of
x ¼ 0; x ¼ 2; y ¼ 0; y ¼ 2; z ¼ 0:5 þ 0:1 cosð2pxÞ  cosð2pyÞ
534 the LES code with a seven-point grid overlap between neighboring ð22:1Þ
535 blocks. Grid point overlaps are used to exchange data between z ¼ 0:75 þ 0:25 cos½pðx  0:25Þ  cos½pðy  0:25Þ: ð22:2Þ 555
536 adjacent sub-domains during the course of the computations.
537 The attractiveness of this technique is that it allows high-order The mesh points are ðx; y; zÞ ¼ ð51; 51; 51Þ. In this example, the 556
h  2 2 2
538 accurate simulations to be performed in complex domains using monitor function is xm ðxÞ ¼ 100  exp 10 ðx1Þ r 2a
þ ðy1Þ
r 2a
þ ðz0:1Þ
r 2a 557
539 multi-block structured grids. The standard Message Passing Inter- hn
1Þ2  , and the convergence condition is max ðxni;j xn1 2
i;j Þ þðyi;j 
n
558
540 face library routines have been used in the code parallelization.
2 2 1=2 4
yn1
i;j Þþ ðzni;j
 zn1 < 10 . Fig. 5 shows the initial mesh and
i;j Þ g 

F
559
the adapted mesh after 217 iterations is shown in Figs. 6 and 7 560
541 5. Discussion of results corresponding to ra = 0.3 and ra = 0.5 in Eq. (23), respectively. Q1 561

OO
542 5.1. Numerical examples
5.2. Application to chevron nozzle jet flows 562

543 We first verify the effectiveness of the proposed mesh redistri-

Figs. 8–10 show the mean axial velocity contours plotted on the 563
544 bution method in the case of simple two and three-dimensional
initial mesh of the SMC006 chevron nozzle flow field computation 564
545 domains. In the two-dimensional case, the initial mesh is uniform
and the solution-adaptive grid point redistribution on three axial 565

PR
546 40  40 grid, and the mesh is redistributed, holding the boundary
planes. The axial indices of these planes are i = 85, i = 110, and 566
547 points fixed (Dirichlet boundary condition), according to the mon-
i = 137, respectively. As mentioned earlier, the computational 567
548 itor function x ¼ 1 þ a2 u2 where (i) u = exp[8(4x2 + 9y2  1)2]
domain is divided into two blocks. The surface at i = 85 is the first 568
549 and (ii) u = exp[200(y  x2 + 0.5)2]. hn
2 plane of the second block to which the adaptive mesh algorithm 569
550 The convergence criterion is max ðxni;j  xn1 n
i;j Þ þ ðyi;j 
has been applied. In these figures, although we see some grid point 570
2 1=2
551 yn1
i;j Þ g  < 106 which is satisfied in 221 iterations to yield the Dclustering within the shear layer region in which large gradients of 571
TE
EC
RR
CO
UN

Fig. 7. Redistributed mesh with ra = 0.5.

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j.compfluid.2010.01.008
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10 J. Bin et al. / Computers & Fluids xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

0.5

F
0
z

OO
-0.5

PR
-1

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
y
D
Fig. 8. Redistributed mesh (top half) and the mean axial velocity contours plotted on the original mesh (bottom half) on the axial plane i = 85.
TE
EC

0.5
RR

0
z

CO

-0.5
UN

-1

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

y
Fig. 9. Redistributed mesh (top half) and the mean axial velocity contours plotted on the original mesh (bottom half) on the axial plane i = 110.

572 axial velocity exists, grid clustering is not as intense as one would ex- tering that can be done within the mixing layer region. Thus, the best 578
573 pect. One of the reasons is the constraint of maximum radial grid size grid point redistribution, which the algorithm can produce under 579
574 of Drmax = 0.015 imposed on the algorithm. Moreover, as can be seen these circumstances, is what we observe in these figures. 580
575 from the velocity contour plots, the star-shaped jet shear layer has Figs. 11–13 show the comparison between the initial and the 581
576 rather long arms. The finite number of radial grid points available redistributed meshes on the same axial planes. We see noticeable 582
577 to cover the shear layer region limits the amount of grid point clus- differences between the initial and the new mesh on the first two 583

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1.5

0.5

F
0
z

OO
-0.5

-1

PR
-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
D y
Fig. 10. Redistributed mesh (top half) and the mean axial velocity contours plotted on the original mesh (bottom half) on the axial plane i = 137.
TE
EC
RR
CO
UN

Fig. 11. Comparison between the original (left) and the redistributed (right)
meshes on the axial plane at i = 85. Fig. 12. Comparison between the original (left) and the redistributed (right)
meshes on the axial plane at i = 110.

584 planes, while the differences are not quite as significant on the Since the main focus of the numerical simulations is to predict 594
585 third plane. the noise radiated by the jet, it was determined that a further 595
586 Figs. 14 and 15 show the comparison between the initial and increase in the azimuthal grid resolution greatly helps in improv- 596
587 the adaptive meshes on two planes in the near-nozzle region. ing the acoustics predictions. The number of azimuthal grid points 597
588 These planes are located at i = 31 and i = 61, respectively. As men- on the new mesh was manually doubled. However, to make a fair 598
589 tioned earlier, the first mesh block, that contains the axial planes comparison between the flow field solutions on the original mesh 599
590 from i = 1 to i = 84, is redistributed by using an adaptive mesh and the new mesh, we have removed every other grid point in the 600
591 generator with the value of x = 1 in Eq. (3). For better clarity, the azimuthal direction on the new mesh shown here. 601
592 figures shown here are obtained by skipping every other grid point The convergence of the solution of the mesh PDEs (Eq. (3)) is 602
593 along the radial and circumferential directions. examined in terms of L2 and L1 norms with respect to Ds. 603

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12 J. Bin et al. / Computers & Fluids xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

F
OO
PR
Fig. 13. Comparison between the original (left) and the adaptive (right) meshes at Fig. 15. Comparison between the original (left) and the adaptive (right) meshes at
on the axial plane at i = 137. on the axial plane at i = 61.

Dout at every physical time advance as would be the case for 617
dynamic adaptive mesh refinement. The dynamic adaptive mesh 618
refinement entails only significant memory and efficiency issues, 619
which may make it undesirable for turbulent flows, particularly 620
TE
if the monitor function depends on a fluctuating field. 621
Figs. 17–19 show the comparison of mean velocity profile on the 622
initial mesh and the new mesh. While the two sets of results do not 623
look significantly different, a careful comparison of the contour lev- 624
els shows that the arms of the star-shaped shear layer are somewhat 625
EC

thinner on the new mesh. Thus, the redistribution of the grid points 626
does indeed make an impact on the computational results. 627
The main goal of the chevron jet simulations is to accurately 628
predict the noise generated by the turbulence in the mixing layers 629
of the jet. Thus, to assess how well the simulations capture the flow 630
RR

unsteadiness and the resulting noise generation, we can examine 631

the sideline (90° to the jet axis) noise spectra. Fig. 20 displays 632
the sideline noise spectra from the simulations on the original 633
mesh and the redistributed mesh and compares them with the 634
experimental measurement. The spectra are computed using the 635
time history of pressure fluctuations at an observer location that 636
CO

is 40 nozzle effective diameters, De away from the jet centerline 637

in the sideline direction. De is the throat diameter of a conical noz- 638
zle with the same discharge coefficient as the chevron nozzle. The 639
Fig. 14. Comparison between the original (left) and the adaptive (right) meshes at measured mass flow rate was used to determine De in the experi- 640
on the axial plane at i = 31. ment. For the SMC006 nozzle, De  1.15Dj, where Dj is the nozzle 641
UN

exit diameter and the same as the chevron tip-to-tip distance. 642
Z 1=2
2 The sound pressure level (SPL) in terms of decibels (dB) is plotted 643
L2 norm : j~ xk1 j =Dsk dA
xk  ~ on the vertical axis of the spectra comparison plot, whereas the 644
Strouhal frequency, which is the frequency non-dimensionalized 645
605 L1 norm : Maxfj~ xk1 j=Dsk g
xk  ~
using De and Uj (jet nozzle exit centerline velocity) is plotted on 646
606 The L2 and L1 norms plotted in the Fig. 16 show the conver- the horizontal axis. The sideline direction is where the high-fre- 647
607 gence histories. The convergence criterion (Eq. (6), Section 3.2.4) quency noise generated in the near-nozzle region is most domi- 648
608 is satisfied by the time s  0:5, which is small compared to the nant. It is these high frequencies that are most annoying to the 649
609 time for full simulation. The total number of iterations for conver- human ear, thus their accurate prediction is very important. Start- 650
610 gence was on the order of 100. ing at around a Strouhal frequency of 1 or 2, it is seen that the 651
611 In this study, the static mesh adaptation was performed only redistributed mesh spectrum collapses onto the experimental 652
612 once as mentioned in Section 3.3. As the mean axial velocity used spectrum very well in the entire high frequency range. High-fre- 653
613 in the monitor function is stationary, there was no need to imple- quency noise is generated in the near-nozzle region, which is re- 654
614 ment stage (f) of the algorithm described in Section 3.3. solved very well by the redistributed mesh. The original mesh 655
615 The memory and computation efficiency issues are not signifi- cannot resolve the very high frequency range of the spectrum, as 656
616 cant because the grid adaptation is done but once and is not carried is evident from its under-prediction of the SPL values in the very 657

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×10 -3
4 1

3.5

L ∝ -norm with respect to Δτ

L2-norm with respect to Δτ 0.8
3

2.5
0.6

0.4
1.5

F
1
0.2

OO
0.5

0 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
τ τ
Fig. 16. Time histories of L2and L1 norms of the mesh speed.

PR
D
TE
EC
RR

Fig. 17. Comparison between the mean velocity contours on the original mesh (left) and the adaptive mesh (right) on the axial plane at i = 87.
CO
UN

Fig. 18. Comparison between the mean velocity contours on the original mesh (left) and the adaptive mesh (right) on the axial plane at i = 110.

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14 J. Bin et al. / Computers & Fluids xxx (2010) xxx–xxx

F
OO
PR
Fig. 19. Comparison between the mean velocity contours on the original mesh (left) and the adaptive mesh (right) on the axial plane at i = 137.

D
TE
EC
RR
CO

Fig. 20. Comparison of the sideline noise spectra from the two simulations with experiment.

658 high frequency range containing Strouhal frequencies greater than missing in the present simulations. Overall, despite these issues, 676
659 around 10. This is because the original mesh cannot effectively re- the sideline noise spectrum predicted by the redistributed mesh 677
UN

660 solve the very small-scale turbulence within the initial region of simulation is still quite satisfactory. 678
661 the jet mixing layers, which is responsible for high-frequency noise
662 generation. The original mesh over-predicts SPL values by a few dB
663 in the range from Strouhal frequency of around 1 until Strouhal 6. Conclusion 679
664 frequency of around 4. In the low frequency region, we see that
665 the SPL predictions of both simulations are a few dB lower than In this work, we have applied an adaptive mesh redistribution 680
666 the experimental SPL values. It is clearly seen that the overall method to improve the quality of the numerical solution of a jet 681
667 agreement between the redistributed mesh simulation and the exhausting from a chevron nozzle. The grid adaptation is based 682
668 experiment is better than that between the original mesh simula- on the static method where the mean flow solution obtained on 683
669 tion and the experiment. The differences seen between the redis- the original mesh is used to compute the monitor/weight function, 684
670 tributed mesh simulation and experiment could be due to several which in turn guides the coordinate transformation to redistribute 685
671 factors, such as jet shear layer initial condition effects, Reynolds the grid points to resolve the flow gradients. It is demonstrated 686
672 number difference between experiment and simulation and the that a satisfactory mesh distribution is obtained using this adapta- 687
673 relatively short domain size of the simulation. Since the domain tion technique with a positive impact on the computational results. 688
674 length is only 10 nozzle exit diameters long, the low frequency A three-dimensional version of the procedure that can handle the 689
675 noise generated farther downstream by large-scale turbulence is mesh redistribution in the near-nozzle block is being developed. 690

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691 7. Uncited references References 720

[1] Uzun A, Hussaini MY. Noise generation in the near-nozzle region of a chevron 721
692 Q2 [9,23].
nozzle jet flow. AIAA Paper 2007-3596. 722
[2] Winslow AM. Numerical solution of the quasilinear Poisson equation in a 723
693 Acknowledgments nonuniform triangle mesh. J Comput Phys 1997;135(2):128–38. 724
[3] Berger MJ. Local adaptive mesh refinement for shock hydrodynamics. J Comput 725
Phys 1989;82:64–84. 726
694 This work was partially supported by NASA Glenn Research [4] Moore PK, Flaherty JE. Adaptive local overlapping grid methods for parabolic 727
695 Center under the technical monitorship of Dr. Nicholas Georgiadis. systems in two space dimension. J Comput Phys 1992;98:54–63. 728
[5] Brackbill JU, Saltzman JS. Adaptive zoning for singular problems in two 729
dimensions. J Comput Phys 1982;46:342–68. 730
696 Appendix A [6] Dvinsky AS. Adaptive grid generation from harmonic maps on Riemannian 731
manifolds. J Comput Phys 1991;95:450–76. 732
[7] Huang W, Russell RD. Moving mesh strategy based on a gradient flow 733
The contravariant and covariant metric tensors, gij and gij, in Eq.

F
697
equation for two-dimensional problems. SIAM J Sci Comput 1999;20(3): 734
698 (3) are defined as 998–1015. 735
[8] Huang W. Practical aspects of formulation and solution of moving mesh partial 736

OO
@ni @nj @xk @xk 737
gij ¼ ¼ ðgkm gln  gkn glm Þ=g; gij ¼ ðA:1Þ differential equations. J Comput Phys 2001;171(2):753–75.
700 @xk @xk @ni @nj [9] Farrashkhalvat M, Miles JP. Basic structured grid generation. Butterworth- 738
Heinemann: Elsevier Science; 2003. 739
701 where (i, k, l) and (j, m, n) are cyclic, respectively, and g is given by [10] Bridges J, Brown CA. Parametric testing of chevrons on single flow hot jets. 740
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g ¼ J 2 ¼ detðgij Þ ¼ xn1  ðxn2  xn3 Þ [11] Gridgen, grid generation software, V15.11, POINTWISE, Inc., 213 South 742
Jennings Avenue, Fort Worth, Texas. 743
¼ ½x1n1 ðx2n2 x3n3  x2n3 x3n2 Þ þ x1n2 ðx2n3 x3n1  x2n1 x3n3 Þ 744

PR
[12] Rizzetta DP, Visbal MR, Blaisdell GA. A time-implicit high-order compact
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703 þ x1n3 ðx2n1 x3n2  x2n2 x3n1 Þ2 ðA:2Þ Fluid 2003;42(6):665–93. 746
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T 2003;190(2):459–77. 748
704 where x ¼ ½x1 ; x2 ; x3  , xs ¼ @x=@ s, xni ¼ @x=@ni and so on. The metric
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705 tensor gij is symmetric, i.e., gij = gji. By introducing the following computational aeroacoustics on curvilinear meshes. J Comput Acoust 750
706 sub-determinants, one can easily obtain the expression for gij: 2001;9(4):1259–86. 751
D[15] Pulliam TH. Artificial dissipation models for the Euler equations. AIAA J 752
C1 ¼ g22 g33  ðg23 Þ2 ; C2 ¼ g11 g33  ðg13 Þ2 ; 1986;24(12):1931–40. 753
709 [16] Lele SK. Compact finite difference schemes with spectral-like resolution. J 754
708 C3 ¼ g11 g22  ðg12 Þ2 ðA:3Þ Comput Phys 1992;103(1):16–42. 755
[17] Uzun A, Hussaini MY. High-fidelity numerical simulation of a chevron nozzle 756
TE
C4 ¼ g13 g23  g12 g33 ; C5 ¼ g12 g23  g13 g22 ; jet flow. AIAA Paper 2009-3194. 757
712 758
711 C6 ¼ g12 g13  g11 g23 ðA:4Þ [18] Spalart PR. Direct simulation of a turbulent boundary layer up to Reh =1410,
JFM. JFM 1988;187:61–98. 759
11 22 33 12 [19] Lund TS, Wu X, Squires KD. Generation of turbulent inflow data for 760
g ¼ C1 =g; g ¼ C2 =g; g ¼ C3 =g; g ¼ C4 =g; 761
spatially-developing boundary layer simulations. J Comput Phys
13 23 762
714 g ¼ C5 =g; g ¼ C6 =g ðA:5Þ 1998;140(2):233–58.
EC

[20] Sagaut P, Garnier E, Tromeur E, Larchevêque L, Labourasse E. Turbulent inflow 763

715 Finally, the grid generation system of equations may be written conditions for large-eddy simulation of compressible wall-bounded flows. 764
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716 as [21] Dong TZ. On boundary conditions for acoustic computations in non-uniform 766
  767
1X 3 X 3
@x @ Jgij mean flows. J Comput Acoust 1997;5(3):297–315.
768
xs ¼  [22] Kim JW, Lee DJ. Generalized characteristic boundary conditions for
J j¼1 i¼1 @nj @ni xj computational aeroacoustics. AIAA J 2000;38(11):2040–9. 769
RR

       [23] Kim JW, Lee DJ. Generalized characteristic boundary conditions for 770
xn @ C1 @ C4 @ C5 computational aeroacoustics, part 2. AIAA J 2004;42(1):47–55. 771
¼ 1 þ þ [24] Grinstein FF, Margolin LG, Rider WJ. Implicit large Eddy simulation: 772
J @n1 J x1 @n2 J x1 @n3 Jx1
       computing turbulent fluid dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University 773
x n2 @ C4 @ C2 @ C6 Press; 2007. 774
 þ þ [25] Gaitonde DV, Visbal MR. Padé-type higher-order boundary filters for the 775
J @n1 J x2 @n2 J x2 @n3 J x2 776
       Navier-Stokes equations. AIAA J 2000;38(11):2103–12.
CO

719 x n3 @ C5 @ C6 @ C3
 þ þ ðA:6Þ 777
718 J @n1 J x3 @n2 J x3 @n3 J x3
UN

Please cite this article in press as: Bin J et al. Adaptive mesh refinement for chevron nozzle jet flows. Comput Fluids (2010), doi:10.1016/
j.compfluid.2010.01.008