Hertzian dipole

Consider the Hertzian dipole shown in

the figure. We assume that it is located
at origin of a co-ordinate system and it
carries a uniform current, I  I 0 cos t

The related magnetic vector potential at

the field point P due this dipole is,

 I dl
A az (1)
4 r
where [I] is the retarded current at point P given by,

I   I 0 cos   t  r   I 0 cos t  r 

 u


 Re I 0 e j t   r   (2)
2
where,    / u  , and u  1 /  .


Substituting (2) in (1) and writing in phasor for we have,

I 0 dl  j r
A zs  e ; also A xs  A ys  0
4 r

Transferring this vector from Cartesian to spherical coordinate yields,


A s  Ars , A s , As 

We know for Cartesian to rectangular vector transformation uses following matrix,

 a r   sin  cos  sin  sin  cos    a x 

    
a   cos  cos  cos  sin   sin   a y 
 a    sin  cos  0   a z 
 

1
So,
I 0 dl  j r
A rs  Azs cos   e cos  ,
4 r
I 0 dl  j r
As   Azs sin    e sin 
4 r
As  0

Now,
B s   H s    As

   1 1   

1
 
  As sin     As  a r  r  sin    Ars   r rAs  a
r sin 
 
   
1

  rA s 
r  r


 Ars  a


1     I 0 dl  j r    I 0 dl  j r 
So, Bs   r   e sin     e cos  
r  r   4 r    4 r 

 
4 r  r
e 
I 0 dl    j r
sin   
  1  j r
 e
  r

cos  

I 0 dl   j r 1  j r 
   j e sin   e sin  
4 r  r 
I 0 dl  1
 sin   j  e  j r
4 r  r

I 0 dl  j 1 
 H s  sin    e  j r
4  r r2 

   I 0 dl  j r 
 0   
1
Brs  e sin    0
r sin      4 r 

 H rs  0

2
 1  1   I 0 dl  j r   
B s    e cos    0  0
r  sin    4 r  r 

 H s  0

Now we find E field by using,


 H  E 
t

   H s  j E s

Now,
  1 1 
 H s 
1
r sin 
  

  H s sin    H s  a r  r  sin   H rs   r rH s a
   
1
  rH  s
r  r
  


H rs  a

Using H rs  H s  0 we have,


 H s 
1
r sin 

  H s sin   a r  1r  r rH s  a  0a
   


 E rs 
1 1
j r sin  

H s sin  
1   I 0 dl  j 1 
  sin     e  j r sin  
j r sin    4  r r 
2



1 I 0 dl  j
j sin  4r  r
1
 e  j r



sin 2   
r 
2

1 I 0 dl  j 1   j r
  e 2 sin  cos 
j sin  4r  r r 2 

 I 0 dl 1 j   j r
 cos    e
 2  r 2 r 3 

I 0 dl 1 j   j r     
 cos    e      / 
2  r 2
 r 3
    

3
 1  1 
E s   
j  r  r

rH s 
1   I 0 dl  1 
  sin   j  e  j r 
j r  r  4  r 
1 I 0 dl   1   j r 
 sin   j  e 
j r 4  r  r 
I 0 dl  1  j r  1 
  j   j e  j r 
1
 sin   e
j r 4  r 2
 r 

1 I 0 dl  1  2 j   j r
 sin   3   e
j 4  r r r 2 

 I 0 dl  j 1 j   j r
 sin    2  3 e
 4  r r r 

 I 0 dl  j 1 j   j r     
 sin    2  3 e      / 
4  r r  r     

E s 
1
0  0
j

4
Half-wave dipole

 I 0 cos  z dz  j r '
dAzs  e
4 r '
If r >>l , then we can write,
r  r '  z cos 

 r '  r  z cos 

 I 0 cos  z dz  j r  z cos 
 dAzs  e
4 r  z cos  

 I 0 cos  z dz  j r  z cos 
 e
4 r

Now,

 I 0   j r  z cos 
4 r  
Azs  4 e cos  z dz
4

 I 0  j r  j z cos

4 r
e 4 e cos  z dz
4

We know that,

e az a cos bz  b sin bz 
 e cos b z dz  C
az
a2  b2


 I 0  j r  e j z cos  j cos  cos  z   sin  z   4
 Azs  e  
4 r    2 cos 2    2   
4

2
Using  

 j  cos
 I 0 e  j r  

 j cos    
e  
Azs  2  j cos  cos   sin   e 2  j cos  cos   sin 
4 r 2 sin 2    2 2  2 2 


5
  j  cos
 I 0 e  j r

 j cos 
 e 2 0   e 2 0   
4 r 2 sin 2   


 I 0 e  j r  
 2 cos  cos  
4 r sin 
2

2 2 

 I 0 e  j r 
 cos  cos  
2 r sin  2
 2 

Transferring this vector from Cartesian to spherical coordinate yields,

As  Ar s a r  A s a  A s a

Similarly as Hertzian dipole we have,

 I 0 e  j r 
Ars  cos  cos   cos 
2 r sin  22


 I 0 e  j r
   I 0 e  j r  
A s   cos  cos   sin    cos  cos  
2 r sin 
2
 2  2 r  sin   2 

A s  0

Now,
B s  H s    As


1 

r sin   

A s sin  



A s  ar  1r  sin1   Ar s   r rA s a
  
1
  rA s 
r  r
 

 
Ar s  a  


So,

1     I e  j r      I 0 e  j r   
B s     0 cos  cos      cos  cos   cos  
r  r  2 sin  2     2 r sin 2 
  2  



 I 0  1   e  j r    1   e
 j r
  
  cos  cos     cos  cos   cos  
2  r r  sin  2   r 2   r sin 2  2  


6
Discarding 1 terms,
r2

 I 0   e  j r  
B s   cos  cos   
2r r  sin  2  

j I 0 e  j r  
 cos  cos  
2r sin  2 

j I 0 e  j r  
 cos  cos  
2r sin  2 

 H  s  1 B s


j I 0 e  j r  
 cos  cos  
2r sin   2 

    I 0 e
 j r
  
 0 
1
Br s    cos  cos    =0
r sin      2 r sin  2  

1
H rs  Br s  0


B s 
1 1 

r  sin  
 
Ar s 

r

rA s  


1  1    I 0 e  j r     
  0  0
  cos  cos   cos 
r  sin    2 r sin 2  2   r 
 
1
H s  B s  0


Now,
j Es    H s

7

1
 
  H  s sin    H  s
r sin 
  a r  1r  sin1   H r s   r rH  s a
   
1

  rH  s 
r  r 

 
H r s  a  


Er s 
1 1 

j r sin   

H  s sin  



H s    


1   j I 0 e  j r   
   cos  cos   
j r sin     2r 2  


1 j I 0 e  j r    
  cos  cos   
j sin  2r 2   2 

This expression contains 1 term and can be neglected.

r2
 1   j I e  j r   
E s 
1
 0    0 cos  cos   
j r  sin  

r  2 sin  2  


1 I0
 2 r sin 
    j r
cos  cos  
2  r
e  

1 I0
 2 r sin 
 
cos  cos    j e  j r
 2 
 
 jI 0 e  j r  
 cos  cos  
 2 r sin   2 

j  I 0 e  j r       
 cos  cos       
2 r sin  2      

 H  s

E s 


1
j r  r
rH s  



Hrs    



1
 0   0 = 0
j r  r  

8
Now, time average power density,

Pave  1 ReEs  H s*   1 ReE s  H*s  ar

2 2
1 2
  H s ar
2
 
I 02 cos 2  cos  
 2 a
r
8 r sin 
2 22

So, time average radiated power,

Prad  Pave dS

   
 I 02 cos 2  cos   
2  2  r 2 sin  d  d
  
 0   0 8 2 r 2 sin 2  
 
 

 2  
  cos  2 cos  
I 02 
 2 
   sin  d 
8   0 1  cos 2 
2 
 
 

 2  
  cos  2 cos  
I 02 
    sin  d 
4   0 1  cos 2  
 
 

Let us assume,
u  cos 
  du  sin  d

Limits for the new variable u,

  0  u 1
    u  1

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  2  
 1 cos  2 u 
I 02 
 Prad      du 
4  1 1 u2 
 
 

 2  
 1 cos  2 u  
I 02
    du
4  1 1 u 2 
 
 

     
 cos 2  u  cos 2  u  
I 02
1 1  2  du  1  2  du
  
4 2  1 1  u 1 1 u 
 
 

 2    
 1 cos  2 u  cos 2  u  
I 02   du  1  2  du
  
8  1 1  u 1 1 u 
 
 

We now use 1  u  v in the first integral,

 du  dv

Limits for v,
u  1  v  0
u 1 v  2

   
cos 2  u  cos 2  v  1

1  2  du  2 2  dv
1 1 u 0 v
2
    
cos 2  2 v 
2  
 dv
0 v
 
sin 2  v 

2  2  dv
0 v

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Again, 1  u  v in the second integral,
 du  dv

Limits for v,
u  1  v  2
u 1 v  0

   
cos 2  u  cos 2  1  v 

1  2  du  0 2   dv
1 1 u  2 v

2
    
cos  2  2 v 
2  
 dv
0 v
 
sin 2  v 

2  2  dv
0 v

 2    
 2 sin  2 v  sin 2  v  
I 02   2 2  
 Prad   dv   dv
8  0 v 0 v 
 
 

 
sin 2  v 
I 022  2  dv
 
4 0 v

Now use,  v  w ,
1
 dv  dw

Limits for v,
v0w0
v  2  w  2

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  w
sin 2  
I 02 2  2
 Prad  0 1 /  dw
4 w/
 w
sin 2  
I 02 2 2

4 0 w
dw

I 2 2
1
1  cos w
0
 0 2 dw
4 w

I 02 2 1   w 2 w 4 w 6 
 0 1  1     ... dw
8 w   
2! 4! 6! 

I 02 2  w1 w3 w5 
  ...dw

8 0  2!

4!

6! 
 

I 02  2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 

      ...
8  22! 44! 66! 88! 

For free space propagation,   120 ,

 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 

 Prad  15 I 02      ...  36.56 I 02
 22! 44! 66! 88! 

Now,
2 Prad
Rrad   73
I 02

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