Two Port Network

Ram Prasad Sarkar

0
Two Post Network:

+ +
Post-I Port-II
Two Post
Input port Output port
Network

- -

Fig.1

A network which has two terminals (one port) on the one side and another two terminals on
the opposite side forms a two port network. One port functions as input and the other as
output to the network.
The networks may composed of active or passive elements, but we are not concerned with its
internal functioning and simple we assumed as a black box
From above fig.1 it is noted that there are four variable V1,I1,V2,I2 of the four , any two can be
dependent and other two independent, which gives rise to different parameters-
(a) Impedance parameters or Z parameters.
(b)Admittance parameters or Y parameters.
(C) Hybrid parameters or h parameters
(d)Transmission parameters.
(2) Reason why to study two port – network:
(a) Such networks are useful in communication, control system, power systems
and electronics.
(b) Knowing the parameters of a two – port network enables us to treat it as a
“black box” when embedded within a larger network.
(a) Impedance parameters or Z parameters.

+ +
Linear
Network

- -

Fig.2
1
Impedance parameters are commonly used in the synthesis of filters and also useful in the
design and analysis of impedance matching networks and power distribution networks.
V1, V2 are dependent variables.
II , I2 are independent variables.
The defining equations are-
V = z I + z I ...........(1)
1 11 1 12 2
V = z I + z I ............(2)
2 21 1 22 2
In matrix form as:

V   z z I 
 1  =  11 12   1 
………….. ……..(3)
V   z z  I 
 2   21 22   2 
To obtain Z parameters, we alternatively open circuit the output and input ports.
Thus-

V V
z = 1 z = 1
11 I 12 I
1 I =0 2 I =0
2 1
V V
z = 2 z = 2
21 I 22 I
1 I =0 2 I =0
2 1

These parameters are as follows:

z11 Open circuit input impedance
z12 Open circuit transfer impedance from port 1 to port 2
z21 Open circuit transfer impedance from port 2 to port 1
z22 Open circuit output impedance
When z11=z22, the network is said to be symmetrical.
• When the network is linear and has no dependent sources, the transfer impedances
are equal (z12=z21), the network is said to be reciprocal.

2
 • This means that if the input and output are switched, the transfer impedances remain
the same.
Any two-port network that is composed entirely of resistors, capacitors, and inductors
must be reciprocal
Since, the Z parameters are obtained by opening the input or output port, they are also called
the open circuit impedances.
Z11 and Z22 are called driving point impedances and Z12 and Z21 are called transfer
impedances.
Z- Parameters for a T-Network-

-
-
Fig.3
Z11 = ZA +ZC Z12 = Z21 =Zc Z22 =ZB +ZC
Network in which, Z12 = Z21 as in case in above T network are called reciprocal networks.
If ZA =ZB, the network is symmetrical.
Equivalent circuit for the Z parameters is here under-

3
 Z Z 22
I1 11 I2

+
Z12 I 2 Z 21 I1
V1 V2

Fig.4

(b)Admittance parameters or Y parameters.

+ +
Linear
Network

- -

Fig.2
Fig.5
Y – Parameter also called admittance parameter and the units is Siemens (S).
V1, V2 are independent variables.
II , I2 are dependent variables.
The defining equations are-

I  y y  V 
 1  =  11 12   1 
I   y y  V 
 2   21 22   2 
It is represented as a circuit as follows-

4
 I1 I2

Y11
Y12V2 Y22
V1 V2
Y21V1

Fig.6
This is a voltage controlled (dependent) current source (VCCS)

In the matrix form-

I  y y  V 
 1  =  11 12   1 
I   y y  V 
 2   21 22   2 
To obtain the Y parameters, we alternatively short circuited the input and output ports. Thus-

I I
Y = 1 Y = 1
11 V 12 V
1 V =0 2 V =0
2 1
I I
Y = 2 Y = 2
21 V 22 V
1 V =0 2 V =0
2 1
These parameters are as follows:
y11 Short circuit input admittance
y12 Short circuit transfer admittance from port 1 to port 2
y21 Short circuit transfer admittance from port 2 to port 1
y22 Short circuit output admittance
The impedance and admittance parameters are collectively called the immitance
parameters.

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Since, the Y parameters are obtained by short circuiting the input or output, therefore they
are also called the short circuit admittance parameters.
Y parameters for π network-

YC
I1 I2

YB
V1 YA V2

Fig.7
Y parameters can also be obtained from the Z parameters-
[V] = [Z][I] or, [I] = [Z]-1[V]
Therefore-

Y Y  −Z 
12  1  22
Z
 11 =
12 
Y Y  ∆Z  −Z Z 
 21 22   21 11 
Where ∆Z = determinant of Z
Reciprocal network
Symmetrical Network condition

(C) Hybrid parameters or h parameters

6
 + +
Linear
Network

- -

Fig.2
Fig.8

I1, V2 are independent variables.

I2 ,V1 are dependent variables the, defining equations are-
V =h I +h V
1 11 1 12 2
I =h I +h V
2 21 1 22 2
In the matrix form-

V   h11 h12   I1 
 1 =   
 I 2   h21 h22  V 
 2

The h terms are known as the hybrid parameters, or simply h-parameters. The name comes
from the fact that they are a hybrid combination of ratios. These parameters tend to be much
easier to measure than the z or y parameters. They are particularly useful for characterizing
transistors.Transformers too can be characterized by the h parameters.
The h parameters are obtained from above equations by setting V2=0 i.e output port short
circuited and I1=0 i.e input open circuited.

V V
h = 1 h = 1
11 I 12 V
1 V =0 2 I =0
2 1
I I
h = 2 h = 2
21 I 22 V
1 V =0 2 I =0
2 1
The parameters h11, h12, h21, and h22represent an impedance, a voltage gain, a current gain,
and an admittance respectively.
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The h-parameters correspond to:
h11 Short circuit input impedance
h12 Open circuit reverse voltage gain
h21 Short circuit forward current gain
h22 Open circuit output admittance
In a reciprocal network, h12=-h21.
The equivalent network is shown below:
The inverse of hybrid parameters are called g parameters, inverse hybrid parameters-
I =g V +g I
1 11 1 12 2
V =g V +g I
2 21 1 22 2
The values of the g parameters are determined as:

I I
g = 1 g = 1
11 V 12 I
1 I =0 2 V =0
2 1
V V
g = 2 g = 2
21 V 22 I
1 I =0 2 V =0
2 1
The equivalent model is shown below:

h11
+

h12V2 h21 I1 h22

V1 V2

Fig.9

The g parameters correspond to:

8
g11 Open circuit input admittance
g12 Short circuit reverse current gain
g21 Open circuit forward voltage gain
g22 Short circuit output impedance

(d)Transmission parameters or ABCD parameters:

+ +
Linear
Network

- -

Fig.2
Fig.10
T – parameter or ABCD – parameter is a set of parameters relates the variables at the
input port to those at the output port.
T – parameter also called transmission parameters because this parameter are useful in
the analysis of transmission lines because they express sending – end variables (V1 and I1)
in terms of the receiving – end variables (V2 and -I2).
The equation is:
V = AV − BI .......(1)
1 2 2
I = CV − DI .......(2)
1 2 2
In matrix form is:

V   A B   V2 
 1 =   
 I  C D   − I 
 1  2

The T – parameter that we want determine are A, B, C and D where A and D are
dimensionless, B is in ohm (Ω) and C is in Siemens (S).
The values can be evaluated by setting

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 I2 = 0 (input port open – circuit)
V2 = 0 (output port short circuit)
Thus;

V V
A= 1 B= 1
V I
2 I =0 2 V =0
2 2
I I
C= 1 D= 1
V I
2 I =0 2 V =0
2 2
In term of the transmission parameter, a network is reciprocal if;
AD-BC=1 and for symmetrical A=D.
Condition for reciprocity and symmetry:
Parameters Condition of Reciprocity Condition of symmetry
[Z] Z12=Z21 z11=z22
[Y] Y12=Y21 Y11=Y22
[h] h12=-h21 h11h22-h12h21=1
[g] g12=-g21 g11g22-g12g21=1
[ABCD] AD-BC=1 A=D
Interconnections of Networks
Often it is worthwhile to break up a complex network into smaller parts.
The sub-network may be modeled as interconnected two port networks.
From this perspective, two port networks can be seen as building blocks for constructing
a more complex network.
These connections may be in series, parallel, or cascaded.
(1)Series Connection
Two port networks with ABCD parameters are A,B,C,D and A’,B’,C’,D’ are connected in
series as shown in fig below-

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 I '2
I1 I2 I '1
A' B'

V1 V2 V1' V '2
C' D'

Fig.11

V   A B   V2  V '   A' B '   V 2 

'

 1 =    and  1 =  
 I  C D   − I   I '  C ' D '   − I ' 
 1  2  1   2

Here I2= I ' and V2= V1'

1
V   A B'   V 2 
'
B   A'
 1 =   
 I  C
 1
D  C ' D'   − I ' 
 2

Thus the overall transmission matrix for two port networks in tandem is the matrix
product of individual transmission network matrix.
When two port networks are connected in series, the Z parameter of the combination is
equal to the sum of the individual Z parameters.

Z
12   11a 12a   11b 12b 
Z Z Z Z Z
 11 = +
Z Z  Z Z  Z Z 
 21 22   21a 22a   21b 22b 

(2)Parallel Connection
Two port networks are in parallel when their port voltages are equal and the port
currents of the larger network are the sums of the individual port currents. Consider the
network shown-

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 I1 I1a I2
I 2a
+
V1
Network V2a V2
V1a
a
- -

I 2a I 2b

Network
V1b b V2b

Fig.12
Va=Vb=V, I1=Ia1+Ib1, I2=Ia2+Ib2
[I]=[IYaI+IYbI][V]. the Y parameter of the parallel network is equal to the sum of the
individual network’s Y parameter.
[Y]=[Ya]+[Yb]

(3)Series-Parallel Connection:
In this connection the input ports are connected in series while the output ports are
connected in parallel. The connection requires that-
V1=V1a+V1b, I1=I1a=I1b and V2=V2a=V2b, I2=I1a+I2b
I1 I2
I1a I 2a

V1a V2a

V1 V2
I1b I 2b

V1b V2b

Fig.13
The overall h-parameters of the combined series-parallel connection can be obtained by
adding their individual h-parameters.
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 h h  h h  h h 
 11 12   11a 12a   11b 12b 
= +
So, overall we have-  h h  h h  h h 
 21 22   21a 22a   21b 22b 

(4) Parallel-Series connection.

In this connection the input ports are connected in parallel while the output ports are
connected in series. The connection requires that-
V1=V1a=V1b, I1=I1a+I1b and V2=V2a+V2b, I2=I1a+I2b
I1 I1a I2
I 2a
+
V1a Network V2a
a

V1 V2
I1b I 2b

Network
V1b b V2b
-
-
Fig.14
The overall inverse h-parameters or g-parameters of the combined parallel series
connection can be obtained by adding their individual g-parameters.

g
12   11a 12a   11b 12b 
g g g g g
 11 = +
So, overall we have-  g g  g g  g g 
 21 22   21a 22a   21b 22b 

Image Impedance:

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In a two port network, if two impedances Zi1 and Zi2 are such that Zi1 is the driving point
impedance at port 1 with impedance Zi2 connected across port 2 and Zi2 is the driving
point impedance at port2 with impedance Zi1 connected across port1, then impedances Zi1
and zi2 are called the image impedances of the network.
For symmetrical network image impedances are equal to each other i.e Zi1=Zi2 and is
called the characteristic or iterative impedance Zc.

I1 I2

Z i1
Two port V2
V1
Network Zi 2

Fig.a

I1 I2

Z i1 V1 V2 Zi 2

V
In fig.a Z = 1 =driving point impedance at port 1.
i1 I
1
V2
In fig.b Z = = driving point impedance at port 2.
i2 I 2

T to π Transformation:

Z1 Z2 Yc

Z3 Ya Yb

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Impedances Z1, Z2, and Z3 of the above fig.a T network are known and it is require to
calculate equivalent admittances Ya , Yb and Yc of the π network in the fig.b
Z Z1 Z3
Ya = 2 , Yb = and Yc =
Z Z +Z Z +Z Z Z Z +Z Z +Z Z Z Z +Z Z +Z Z
1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1
π to T Transformation:

Yc Z1 Z2
Ya Yb Z3

In this case, admittances Ya,Yb ,and Yc of the above fig.a π network are known and it is
require to calculate equivalent impedances Z1 ,Z2 and Z3 of the T network in the fig.b
Y Ya Yc
Z = b ,Z = and Z 3 =
1 YaY + Y Yc + YcYa 2 YaY + Y Yc + YcYa YaY + Y Yc + YcYa
b b b b b b

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