Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
A S A FU E L
"
Q . F . yE RI N GTO N
Mec h a n i ca l E ng i n eer
84 I L L US TR A TI O N S
NE W Y O RK
D o V A N N O S TR A N D C O MP A N Y
2 5 P A R K P L A CE
191 8
P RE F A C E
P r of R C C arp e nte r
. . . Mr H B arnh urst
. .
Mr . A A . . H o lbe c k M r Ja m es L o rd
.
Mr J H Van B u skirk
. . .
th e merits of all .
C F H . . .
O C TO B E R 1 9 1 7 , .
37 61 32
C O N TE NT S
G e ne r a l O p e ration of —
Plant C omp ariso n of C o sts with
O il an d Gas
II C O A L S S UI TA B LE
. F OR P O W D E R I NG
III P R E PA RA TI O N
. OF P O WDE R E D C O A L
—
C rush ers D r ye s
r
— P l i
u ve r e rs
z —Air S e p aration
FE E DING A ND BURNI NG P O WD E R E D C O A L .
— —
Furna c e s Burn ers Pne um ati c Distribution
P O WD E R E D C O A L I N TH E C E M E N T IN D U S TR Y
A P PLI CA TI O N OF P O WD E R E D C O A L TO RE V E R B E R A T O R Y F U R
NACE S .
C anadian C opp e r —
C omp any W a sh o e Red u c tio n W o rks
“
—
Ana co nda P la nt
VII P O WD E RE D C O A L
. IN M E TA L L UR G I CA L F UR NA CE S
G e ne r a l E l e c tr i c C omp a ny
—F u rna c e L ining s—A meric an
L ocomo tive —
C omp any Le b ano n Pl ant
VIII P O WD E RE D C O A L
. U N DE R B O I LE R S .
vii
IX . P O WDE RE D C O A L F OR L O C O MO
E ar —
lyUse O pe o
r ati n
X E X P LO S IO N S
.
B IB LI O GRA P HY
L I ST OF IL L U S T RA T I O N S
PA G E
Fro ntisp ie c e
Jeffre y S ingle r oll
C ru sh e r
-
S -A Impro ved C o al C ru sh e r
Ful e Le g
l r-
hi h I n d re c t fire d
i -
D ryer
Ru ggle s C o le s
-
D ryer
Raymo n d Ro ll e r M ill .
Bo nno t Tu be Mill
P ul ver iz ed C o al Pl an t
Wh elpley S to rer App aratus
Wh el pley S to re r App ara tu s
C r amp to n A pp ara tu s
C ra mp to n App ara tus
S mi th B urn e r a n d Fee de r
S mith B urn e r a n d Fee d e r
S mith B u rn er a n d Fee de r
We st Fee de r .
We st Fee d er .
Ro tary C e m e n t Kil n
Inj e c to r fo r C e m ent Kil n . .
E l o n g ate d Fl a m e in C e m e n t Kil n
E diso n Syste m
E diso n S yste m
Rever b e ra to ry F urna c e Usin g P o w de r ed C o al
Re ve rb e r ato ry F u rn a c e Usin g P o wde re d C o al
P o wder e d C o al in O p e n He ar th F urn a c e
O pe n He arth Furn a c e fo r P o wde re d C o al
Fuller P ul veriz e d C o al Pl ant
Fulle r P ulve riz e d C o al Pl ant
Fuller P ulveriz e d C o al Pl ant . .
L IsT O F I LL U S TRA I O NS T
M ann B u rn e r
M ann B u rn e r
Fitting fo r Intr o du cing Primar y Air .
—
Fee der o x Lo n g itu din al S e c tio n
B
B —
Fee der o x C r o ss se c tion -
Fe e de r B o x S c re w
Ge n eral E l e c tr i c C o P o w de r e d C o al F u r n a c e
.
Ge n e r al E le c tr i c C o P o w de re d C o al F u r n a c e
.
Pl ate h e ating
-
Fu rna c e Arrang e ments .
O utline o f Le b an on F urna c e
Pl ant Using C o arse ly G r o u n d C o al u n de r S te a m B o ile r
H e ine B o ilers Arran ge d for P ul veriz e d C o al
He ine B o ilers Arra n ge d for P ul veriz e d C o al
He ine B o ile rs Ar range d for P ul veriz e d C o al
Pinth er App a ratu s .
B e ttin g to n B o ile r
B . .
—
W B o iler fo r P ow dere d C o al Gene ral E le c tric C omp any . .
P o w de re d C o al in B W B o iler
—
. . .
. . . . r
. n —
M K T R R Pl ant a so s Ka s Fu lle r E ng in ee rin g C o
P , ,
. . .
B o iler S e tting M K ,
T R R . . . . .
2 To ns p e r H o u r
D ouble Unit Plant an d Sin gl e Bin Locomotive C o aling S tation
- -
C a p a c ity 8 T o n s p e r H o u r
D ouble Unit Pl ant with Triple Bin fo r Lo a ding Locomotives
- -
C ap a c ity 1 6 To ns p er H o u r
D ouble Burner and Fire p an E quipment fo r Locomo tive C entral ,
LIST OF I L LU S T RATI O NS Xi
PAG E
D o uble Feed E qu ipme nt o n Locomo tive Fender C entral Rwy
-
, .
of B raz il 1 74
D ouble Fee de r E qu ipment fo r Locomo tive Fe nder N Y C R R
-
,
. . . . . 1 76
Tr ipl e B u rn e r a n d F ire p a n E qu ipm e n t for L ocomo tive N Y ,
.
C HA P T E R I
Po wD E RE D —
C O AL I N T R O D UC T O RY
goes but any fi nal analysis must co nsider also the compara
,
almost smo k eless fire with a steady inten se h eat and maxi ,
per cen t of the P ortlan d cemen t made in the Uni ted S tates
is b urn ed in k ilns in which powdered coal is the fuel The .
for fuel oil or gas may with slight changes b e utilized for
powdered coal .
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
G E N E RA L O P E R A T I O N OF P O WD E R E D C O A L P LA N T
C O M P A RI S O N OF C O S TS , F U E L O IL , WA TE R GA S A N D P U LV E R
I ZE D COA L
the gas is ( 2 0 lb .
Thr ee o g 1
tanks at $850
a . st rage
Pu mp and p ump h ou se
B lowers mo to r and blast conne c tions
,
00
G as plant ma c h ine ry e re c te d in p la c e
B uil ding compl ete with fo u nd ations
,
C h ang es in furna c e s .
T o ta l
C o ntra c to r profi t c ent
’
s ,
1 5 p er
3 P owdered Coa
. l S cr ew Conveyor P lant, Fi rst Cost
T o tal .
En
ginee ring and conting enc ies ,
1 0 pe r c ent
00
B u ildings a nd fo u n datio ns
M a c h ine ry fo u ndatio ns .
C o a l tr e stl e e tc ,
.
Fu rna c e c h ange s .
T o tal .
A gai n st
these in stallatio n costs for the four typ es of plant ,
Opera ti on
q
(
O il , g al . at
c e nts o
p e r g a ll n .
Lab o r ,
two m e n .
Re pairs, 2 p e r c ent of th e co st 00
00
Fi xed Charges
Inte r e st a t 5 p e r c e nt o f
D e pre c iatio n at 1 0 p e r c e nt
T ax e s a nd in su ran c e , 1 p e r c ent
Opera ti on
C o al , 5 760 to n s a t
Lab o r 1 O p e ra to r and two a ssistants
,
Unl o ading co a l at p e r c ar
C l eaning g e n e rato r s
Wate r
Ste a m
Re p air s 2 p e r c e nt of
, ,
00
00
Fi xed Charges :
Inte r e st, 5 pe r c e nt, of
D epre c iatio n, 1 0 pe r c ent .
E X P E R I E N CE W IT H V ARIO U S G RA D E S OF COAL
portio n s of the coun try are gen erally obtain ed from the soft
coal min es of P enn sylvania a nd Marylan d V irgin ia a nd ,
of fail ure has oft en bee n the immediate cause for the dis
,
°
moves very sluggishly at a temperature of 2 500 F a n d p r a c .
,
demo n strate the un avail abil ity of the sub stitute S lag .
”
complicatio ns an d ruined castin gs .
E X P E RI ME NTS
S out h B oston ,
Mass with both an thracite a n d semi .
,
burn ed upo n the grate in the ordin ary way than when burn ed ,
ture ,
per cent This coal h as a th ermal value of ab ou t
.
B t u per poun d
. . . .
—
from 75 per cen t ru n o f min e bitumin ous and 2 5 per cen t -
P ULV E RIZ E D .
I te m
B itu min o us
.
—
R u n -o f M rn e
B irdse y e ul m
.
. C .
M o istu re , per c e nt
V o l atil e , p e r c e nt
F ix e d c arb on pe r c ent .
Ash , p e r c e nt .
S u l ph u r , p e r c ent
B t u p e r po un d
. . .
S atisfactory
results are also reported from powdered
lignite havin g a n an alysis of : moisture per cen t ; ,
12 P OWD E RE D C OA L A S A FUE L
phur ,
per cen t ; ash p e r ce n t ; wit h a h eat value of ,
B t u per l b . . . .
reduce the boiler plan t labor cost ab out 40 per cen t H e has - -
.
—
power S tirli n g water tube boiler with the followi n g results ,
T e st No .
D u r a ti on h o , u rs . 72 336 24 48 1 20 2 40 24
H o rse p ow tin g er ra 463 463 463 46 3 463 463 463
H o r se pow e d e ve lop r ed, 1 33 1 35 1 47 1 78 1 12 1 18 1 24
Fu el : A u th . An th . An th . A n th . An th . A n th . An th .
B
’
e ye B
’
e ye B
’
e ye B
’
e ye C u lm C ul m C ul m
D r yn e ss, p er e n t c 0 8
Fin e n e ss, p er c e nt
o
th r u gh 2 00 —m h es .
E vapo r a ti on ,
f om r a nd
lb
°
at 2 12 F .
,
C 0 2 , a ve ra g e p e r ce n t .
V a cu u m in b re e chin g
pt k in of w te
u a e, . a r . .
V c m in co mb u tion
a uu s
c h m b in o f w a t
a er , . er
B il e p
o u re av
r ge r e ss e ra
lb . 1 40 1 42 1 41 1 40 1 43 1 44 1 45
Flu e -
g a s te mpe r a ture
deg F . .
, a v e ra g e . 49 6 60 3 47 5 580 5 76
S U MMA R Y
should be practically free from sul phur for all but the most ,
exceptio n al applicatio ns .
TH E ASH Q UE S TIO N
’
work obtained from a dollar s worth of fuel Coal has bee n .
-
.
while the floor was covered with a plastic mass which cooled ,
whe n the door was opened for its removal a nd could scarcely ,
vals F ine ash passes o n amo ng the tubes The slag weigh s
. .
per cen t and the soot per cent of t h e coal that made
it This coal gives
. per cen t of ash in the laboratory ,
tial however .
p itc h with
,
a drain pipe leadi n g to a pit a n d all this material ,
”
thus far .
S U M MA RY
P RE P ARATI O N O F P O W D E RE D C O AL
S ize
.
FIG . l .
— J e ffre y S in g l e ~
r o ll C r u sh e r .
18
P RE PARATI O N OF P OWD E RE D C O A L 19
hen ce the machin e will readily grip a large lump and reduce
it to such size as will pass thr ough the open in g betwee n the
roll and plates A coun tershaft mounted directly o n the
.
,
these wood pin s shear o ff and the roll stops while the pulley
,
—
F ig 2 shows the S A improved coal crush er fitted
.
,
wit h the paten ted toggle sprin g release which gives maxi ,
F IG . 2 .
—S—A Improved Coal C ru sh er .
?
calorifi c in vestmen t in the superheated steam passin g out
as a product but the temperature of the furn ace is lowered
,
this n ecessary part of the work in the most expen sive place
a n d at the sacrifice of temperatures which may be esse n tial
was used in the furn aces than would have b een co n sum ed
with adequate dryin g facilities : an d the power co n sumptio n
for pulverizin g was co n sidered to be about 5 0 per cen t in
excess of n ormal .
cars S torage will drain O ff some moi st ure but slack coal
.
,
T HE O RY OF D RYI N G
initial temperature .
water vapor given o ff by the moist coal The furn ace for .
The en tire furn ace is built of brick an d the walls are securely
boun d together by mean s of b u c kstays a n d tie rods .
e n tire len gth of the shell and is fin ally discharged from the
lower e n d .
The hot gases from the furn ace c irculate aroun d the out
side of the dryer shell pas sin g through the combustio n
,
Ru ggl e s C ol e s D rye r
-
This form of dr yer ill ustrated in
.
,
F ig 4 con sists of two lo n g con cen tric steel plate cyl in ders
.
,
whi ch are set with the delivery e n d slightly lower than the
head en d B etween the inn er cylinder which acts as a flue
.
,
for th e hot furn ace gases a n d the outer shell is the space
,
b ases
. Two large thrus t
wheels are provided o n o ne
of the bases to hold the
cylin der tires again st the
Wheels . S e t screws allow
the bearing wh eels to be
adj usted while th e machi n e
is in operatio n so that tires
,
D istributio n of the
weight of the dryer o n
eight bearin g wh eels each ,
in clin atio n of the dryer the coal is carried from the feed
e n d to the delivery e n d O n the i n side of the discharge .
head at the delivery end th ere are riveted buc k ets which
discharge the dried coal through a cen tral delivery casting .
z o n ta l
,
co n cave shaped grin di n g ri ng ( F ig
-
The ball s .
FIG . 5 .
—Fulle r Le hig h
-
P u l ve riz in g M il l .
in o n e operatio n .
F IG . 6 .
—Fuller Leh ig h
-
G r in d ing R in g .
bein g pulverized .
the coal to flow from the b in to the hopper of the mil l feeder .
placed close to the bin so that the flow of coal through the
chute may be co ntrolled .
to permit the free escape of the air The size of the air .
gri n di n g ri n g
.
such that the faces of the rollers always remai n parallel with
the face of the gri n di n g ri n g .
P O IN TS O N A I R S E P A RA TI O N
VO L U M E S AND WE IG H TS O F D RY A IR A T A T M O S P H E R I C PR E S S UR E ,
P O U N D S P E R S Q UA R E I N C H
W e i g h t i po unds
n 0 80 7 2 8 Vo l m e i c u b i c 1 0 0 2 0 35 8( T —3 2 )
u n
Weig h t o f
V o lu m e o f
1 C u ft 1 L b of Te mp
o f A i in in it h V l
. .
r A ir D eg F W o A ir in
P o unds C u bi c F eet u m e at 3 2 P o unds u i c e et
. .
.
°
C b F .
29 2 33
29 . 86 3
30 . 49 4
31 1 24
2 2 00
34 P OWD E RE D C OA L A S A FUE L
that they may pass out through the taili ng spout or bac k i n to
the pulverizer without carryi n g the fine material with them .
C O S T O F LABO R A ND M A I N T E N A N C E F O R P O W D E RE D C O A L
W IT H R AY M O N D P ULVE R IZ E R S
L A BOR
ai n M
T o tal C a p a c ity P e r C e nt Per C ent T o tal H o rse
0 1
05 : "1 T o ns 1 0 0 2 00 H o rse po wer
t
C o st p er
e n ance
p er T on , p er me s h m es h po w e r p er T M enat C 1 pe r 0 3 ?
n .
C e nts H o ur 3 2 p er
on
C e nts
.
. . .
,
T o n,
C ents
. .
.
D ya . .
0 0 0 0 0
rule doubli ng the fin e ness of the mesh dou b les the main
,
FIG . 8.
—J e ffre y S win g h amm e r
-
P ul ve riz er .
of the hammers .
passes over the cage of scree n bars H ere all that is suf .
fic ien tly fine will pass t h rough while the residue is car ,
FIG . 9 .
—
Ae r o P u l ve r i z e r .
ran ge .
-
,
I
S TA N D A RD S Z E S O F AE RO PULVE RIZE RS
N o r m al N o r m al H o rs e
Weig h t H eig h t F l oo r S p a c e O ut p ut S o f t
R p m
11
p 8 253;
p
gz t g
ve r f
P o nds
u
,
I n c h es
,
I n c h es C o al P o unds
,
mp
. .
e co m
o o
p er H o ur C R
. . .
,
o n su
ti o n .
. m ended .
sse 6 1 g x 2 7g
45 7 7% x 2 9
463
; 7 8% x 2 9
50 89 x 33
F IG . 10 .
—
B onn o t P ul ve riz er .
Th e Tu b e M ill
The B o nn ot tub e mill con sist s of a
.
of the mi ll are lin ed with hard iro n plates an d the cylin der
with either silex sto n e or hard iro n as may be desired The .
are cast solid with the circular steel heads formin g the en ds
of the cylin der These heads are bolted to h eavy cast
.
FIG . 11 — B
. o nn o t Tub e M ill .
of the cylin der b y mean s of slotted holes through the lin ers
an d discharge head Wh en the latter arran gemen t is used
.
,
in power .
CA P A C I TI E S O F TU B E MI L LS
9 6 per ce n t to 1 00 mesh
A 5 by 22 ft S ilex lin ed mill loaded wit h 1 1 tons of slugs
.
-
—
groun d 3é to 4 to ns per hour 9 6 per ce n t to 1 00 mesh , .
o nly this b ut the oxygen of the air must be h eated lik ewise
,
1 lb . c arb on with lb . a ir ( n o r ma l)
1 lb . c arb o n with lb . a ir 1 0 % e xc e ss)
1 lb . c arb o n with lb . a ir 2 0 % e xc e ss)
1 lb . c a r b o n with lb . a ir 30 % e xc e ss)
1 lb . c arb o n with lb . a ir 40 % e xc e ss)
1 lb . c arb o n with lb . a ir 5 0 % e xc e ss)
1 lb . c a rb o n with 1b . a ir e xc ess)
In
practice the furn ace ten der soo n becomes educated
,
Company remarked : ,
I recall a n i n stan ce where an oil
m an wan ted a really good fire a n d had n o oil to waste H e .
,
n 2 —
fire but it c an recog ize a 50 ft or even a 2 2 0 ft blaze .
-
. .
bad mixtures .
the ten den cy of the ligh t coal to flow of itself alo n g the feed
s crew. The screw exte n ds over a flan ged pipe cross in to -
is drawn through with the fuel The fuel sprayin g upo n this .
ten d to proj ect the fuel too far in to the furn ace before
flu shin g A s soo n as the fuel cloud begins to absorb the
.
fuel by a varied speed o f the feed screw The furn ace should -
.
damper .
F U R N A CE S
Wh ile coal ign ites freely in a hot chamber this ign itio n , ,
main tain the heat n ecessary for ign itio n where ign itio n is
n eeded i e , at the first e n tran ce of the coal in to the fu r
. .
,
5— in n ozzle
. .
but this is the probable re aso n why powdered coal has had
thus far o nl y limited applicatio n u n der steam boilers C o n .
the hearth In all cases the fuel must b e proj ected i nto a
.
,
a n d in good co n ditio n .
B U RN E RS
flush of coal .
the operatio n .
fires mai ntai n ed in the fire box of the fur n ace b ut merely ,
a large number of O pe ni n g s ( F ig sf 1 2 to
In 1 87 1 Mr T R Crampto n was gran ted a patent for
,
. . .
fur naces which co n sisted of six eight or more or less b urn ers
, ,
accor din g to the size of the furn ace S treams of air mixed .
FIG . l2 . Wh e lple y
- St o re r A ppara tus .
F IG . 13 .
—
W h e lp l e y St o re r A pp a ra tu s .
adj ace n t pipes ; and seco n d impi n gemen t upo n the b ridge
, ,
, ,
or mix this fuel with air an d to force the combin atio n then
, ,
”
called carb o nized air into the combustio n c hamber
,
.
series of openi n gs for in trodu cin g air min gled with the
steam or gas a nd powdered coal in to the furn ace or c o mbu s
-
tio n chamber .
FIG . 16 — S mith Bu r n er
. a nd Fe e d e r .
F IG . 17 —S mith Bu r n er a nd Fe e d e r .
F IG . 1 8 —S
. mith B u rn e r a nd Fe e d e r .
F E E D IN G AN D B URNIN G P OWD E RE D C OA L 57
F IG . 19 .
—
W
e st F eede r .
F IG . 20 .
—We st Fe e d e r .
cal fuel co n duit preven ted the blast o f air from strikin g
,
C OA L ~
’
58 P OWD E RE D AS A FU E L
where the first furn ace was 400 ft from the pulverizi n g .
plan t an d an other where the last furn ace o n the lin e was
,
of power for furnishi n g coal dust to the furn aces is very low .
mated that a 9 in
-
scre w co n veyer costs about
. per
lin eal foot and the po w er cost to turn it will average at least
3 Air
. distributio n en tirely elimi n ates th e storage b in
at each in di vidu al furn ace whi ch takes up a great deal O f
,
the han gin g u p of coal dust at the furn aces which may
-
,
mers .
two small bran ches of pipe are brought down to the furn ace
with a valve n ear the main fixed so that it c a n b e operated
,
the furn aces are built out a n d a sheet steel hood is placed
directly across the fro n t of each furn ace the bottom of the ,
ash c an be removed .
C HAP TE R V
P O W D E RE D C O AL IN TH E C E M E NT IND U S TRY
worth P orter
,
Compan y was usin g powdered coal em
, ,
of success .
c h arge open ing for the burn ed material an d which also acts
as a support for th e fuel supplyi n g devices The rotary c ylin
-
.
60 ft lo n g
. At the presen t time k iln s 1 0 ft in di ameter a n d
. .
1 50 to 2 00 ft lo n g are commo n
. The Atlas plan t at H udso n .
—
charge ga ses at B the supporti n g rolls at D D the sta
, ,
FIG . 23 .
—Inj e c tor fo r C e me n t Kiln .
draws in air which has first bee n warmed b y passi n g thr ough
a rotary cli nker cooler .
than the amou nt n eeded for combustio n The addi tio nal .
air needed for combustio n e n ters the kil n pri n cipall y through
ope n i n gs in the hood an d through the di scharge duct for
cli nker S uch openi n gs are shown in F ig 2 3 by arrows
. .
E D I S O N S Y S TE M
FI G . 25 .
—E d iso n S ys te m .
F IG . 2 6 — E d iso n S yste m
. .
70 P OWD E RE D C O A L A S A FU E L
“
With such cyli n drical kil n s as have h eretofore been
used there is i n serted in this chamber in a n axial li n e
, ,
extern al radiatio n .
K I LN C A L C U LA T I O N S
following formul a :
1 5 0—
ft kil n in place of a 60 ft kiln has exceeded 2 0 per cen t
.
-
.
H ea t re quire d : Bt . u .
D e compo sition o f 75 l b C a CO . 84
D e compo sition of 4 l b Mg C O . 4X 384
H e at su pplie d :
B urning o f lb . su l ph u r 0 3X
.
B u rning o f lb . c a rb o n
B al an c e to b e su pp lie d by fue l :
B tu . . .
comb ustio n ,
p e r c e nt in h o t c l inker ,
p e r c e nt i n r a d i a ti o n a nd co nv e c ti o n .
preven table .
le ngth ,
ft in di ameter at the lower e n d a n d
. ft in diam .
TA B LE 1
TWO R i ms 7 4 A N D 6% BY 60 FE E T
C o al co nsu m e d pe r h o u r , lb .
C link e r sp e c ific h e a t,
C linker p r o du c e d p e r h o u r ( C a O = 62 p e r c e n t) ,
lb
W e igh t C aC O 3 pe r h o ur , compute d , lb
M o istu re in m ate rial
raw p e r c e nt ,
Ar ea o f h oo d e xpo se d sq ft ,
.
G as l eaving b o il er de g F ,
.
G as leaving e co nom iz er d eg F ,
.
TA B LE 2
T o ta l h eat su pp lie d .
U TI L I Z A T I O N OF WA S TE H E A T
produce as much cli nker per poun d of coal as will the same
size of ki l n n o t coupled to a dryer A kiln 8 ft in diameter
. .
A P P LICATI O N S O F P O W D E RE D C O AL TO RE VE RB E RA T O RY
F UR NA C E S
type of furn ace also fur nishes opportu ni ty for the proper
han dli n g of co n verter slag derived from basic ores The .
Co .
,a nd Mr .L ouis V B e n der of the A n aco n da Copper
.
Mi ni ng Compan y .
(P a p er by D r D a vi d H B ro wne)
. .
CA N A D IA N CO PPE R CO .
78
80 P OWD E RE D C O AL As A FUE L
“
H is experien ces were supplemen ted by Mr Charles .
profitable con tract for the purchase of fuel oil led to the
disco n tinuan ce of these experimen ts but en ough had bee n ,
don e to show that the su b j ect was worthy of fur ther in vesti
g a tio n .
Mr S oren sen was the S upe rin ten den t ) was visited by the
.
report con firmed the opin io n that the process was pra e
tic ab le an d dur in g the win ter plan s were drawn for a rever
,
“
The mechan ical di fficulties en coun tered at H ighlan d
Bay an d at Can an ea co n sisted c h ie fl y of two t hi n gs viz ,
fuel oil ; provided o nly that proper met h ods were used in
,
specify that all bin s co nveyors etc for the powdered coal
, , .
, ,
out this idea the s kimmin g door was taken from its tradi
,
the traditio n .
power bei n g used in the plant the waste heat boiler was made ,
a whole .
D ecember 2 3 1 9 1 1 , .
the furn ace All the co n verter slag was poured in ; at first
.
the fur n ace worked the colder w as the ash an d the more it
,
factor .
poc kets were provided alo n g the side wall t hr ough holes ,
in Western smelters .
tabulatio n below .
84 P OWD E RE D C OAL AS A FUE L
—
1 9 1 4 CANAD IA N C O P PE R C O M PANY
J annar y . F e b ruar y . M ar c h .
F u rna c e d ays,
.
C al c in e s to ns
,
B l a st furna c e fl u e d ust to n s
, ,
.
C o a l , tons
C h a rg e p e r d ay, to ns
C o a l p e r d ay, to n s .
Ra tio o f c h a rg e to fu e l
at the level of the yard The furn aces are s kimmed i nto .
Un der the lin es where the furn ace side walls were to
“
footin gs tran sve rse rods were laid in iro n p ipes Then th e .
“
The horizo n tal dimen sio n s of the furn ace are 2 3 ft .
laid for the arc h roof This height is main tain ed for a .
Bow w zg oa
88 P OWD E RE D C OA L AS A FUE L
arch
Wh en the h earth is in the in side arch at the cen ter .
built doors were set o n 1 2 ft cen ters but t h ese have been
,
-
.
,
through the walls the heat was cut o ff for twen ty four -
carried over F rom this the cast iro n slag laun der curves to
.
-
a fine almost parallel with the furn ace an d d elivers the slag
in to 2 5 to n pots wh ich are brought in o n trac k at right
-
,
the furn ac e was started almost all of the charge was in tro ,
from the cars o n the track above them E ach trough has .
o n the side opposite the slag door is fed all the way to the
thr oat O n the slag side it is fed alo n g as far as the slag
.
cools the walls from the skim door to the throat a n d obviates
the n ecessity O f chargi n g beyo n d thi s poin t S ix similar .
furn ace the others are in horizo n tal lin e with it at a distan ce
,
wall betwee n the coal burn ers These ope ni n gs are stopped .
Ga s te mp e r atu r e a t th r o at d e g C ,
.
80 a nd 0 0 p e r c e nt
2 2,
O xyg en p e r c e nt
,
S0 p e r c e nt
3, .
more work than is usually the case are relatively cold The , .
absorbed from the coal gases in the furn ace the more ,
, ,
(P a p er by Mr . L ou i s V . B en der .
)
WA S H O E R E D U C TI O N WO RK S
O ff the burn ers a n d givi n g a few seco n ds time for the ga ses
’
i nto alo n g each side wall from the skimmi n g door bac k to
the poi nt where the charge had b een dropped The depth .
en cou ntered in tappi n g the matte The tap hole was o n the .
east side of the furn ace 83% ft from the fro n t e n d Chargi n g . .
96 P OWD E RE D COA L As A FUE L
A NA C O ND A P LA N T
is required for o n e furn ace but was i n stalled with the idea ,
Ru g gl eS Coles dryer -
The dryer co n sists of two cyli n ders
.
,
the material fed i nto the space b etwee n the cylin ders is .
with a fire box The gases are drawn from the fire box by
.
‘
well to have the pulverizer in the same b ui ldi n g with the
dryer for the reaso n that if a n acciden t should occur caus
, ,
fire chamber of the dryer and cause a fire with possible i n j ury ,
to employees .
P OWD E RE D C OA L A S A FUE L
every u nit of heat is proj ected i nto the furn ace : a n d in the
furn aces it is expected equal efficie n cies will be realized
, ,
n e w fuel co n templated .
p e r a tur e as the fur n ace ; a n d raise both the furn ace a n d the
material to a certai n fi n al temperature n oti n g the time c o n ,
passages that were too small givi n g the gases too high a
,
velocity .
The furn ace begi n s its work a lmost in stan tly a nd with
whatever degree of temperature i nte nsity may be desired .
te n a nc e of a l o w temperature about 2 1 00 F
0
,
to preven t .
,
usually made with this fuel at the rate of from 450 to 500 lb .
larger putput than whe n i nte n sely hot weather affects the
m e n at the furn ace I t is safe to say that iro n c an b e pud
.
screw per minute The operator adj usts these factors to the
.
FI G S . 3 4, 35 and 36.
—M a nn B ur n e r .
"
very lo n g fl ame ; eve n as much as 30 ft lo n g un der certai n .
( as at S a n d Y ) rotati n g i
,
n cou n ter di rectio n s meet rota , ,
rate air from solids In these devices either the body diam
.
less perfect mixture S ome of the furn aces are piped in j ust
.
plai n screw is little affected by these chan ges for the throat ,
the t hr ead is tapered so that after the screw has take n its ,
”
bite the volume i n creases as the thr e a dful advan ces a nd
, ,
—
3 1 é lb per cubic foot
. I n twe n ty four hours it will reach
.
-
lo n ger .
—
a n 8 to n b in of coal that has bee n n icely dried drippi n g
from the gases impi n gi n g upo n the furn ace walls at poi nts
w here chan ges of directio n of gas travel are n ec essary a n d ,
for passage .
progress is arrested .
°
in six hours the rate of temperature rise n ot to exceed 2 00 C
'
.
,
the he at was to be held for the rest of the day P erhaps this .
coal dust for fuel ; the seco n d upo n N o 0 furn ace with hot .
air a n d coal dust ; the third was with oil o n N O 0 furn ace . .
RE S U T S O F L F O R G E FU RNA C E T R IA S L
K ind o f C o al C o al C o al .
D u ra ti on o f t r ia l
Te m p of fu na ce a t st t
e r a tu re r ar
T e mp a tu of fu n c t finish
er re r a e a
A v e a g f n a c te m p
r e tur e er a u re
T im e p h e a t in cl u din g w min g
er ,
ar up
N mbu of he t er a s .
Av e
e ra
g t im o f h t n g l e c tineg fi ea ,
e rst .
T mp a t
e of comb u stion a i
er u re r
B t u p e po u n d f l
. . . r ue
T o t l fu e l in cl ding k in d lin g
a ,
u
T o t l st e l h ea te d
a e .
H o u r ly Qu a n ti ti es
Po un ds of t e l p s e er oh ur
P o unds of fu l p e e r ho ur .
E co n o mi c resu l ts:
B t . . u . in fu e l p e r pou n d o f ste e l
even t the same air h eater an d the same furn ace w ere used
in the two cases .
h owever that efficien cies are virtually the same The same
,
.
if the fuels are properly bur n ed a n d thi s will cover coal upo n
,
—
cann ot turn 75 per ce nt of itself i nto steam show 75 per
—
ce n t e ffic ie n c y either the operator is u ntrai ned or the
bur ni n g arran geme nts are wro n g A s killful man will .
able .
A ME R I C A N L O C O M O T IV E CO . P L AN T
used a fuel oil system for heati ng the b lanks for drop fo r g
- -
ve r i z —
e d coal storage b in from which it is distributed by
,
o ther ki n d of fuel .
N o v 1 4, 1 9 1 3
. . T e st sta rte d A M
. .
—r a n to P . M .
M inutes .
,
.
O il u se d , 1 2 38 ga ll ns o .
B last o n O il burner —
65 o unc es from 6-in . pipe c
r e du e d to 4 in at
, , .
b urner .
Mo to r ,
1 20 h orse power
-
,
ru ns th re e No . 1 0 S turtevant b l o we r s fo r
blast .
C O M P A RI S O N OF P OWD E RE D C OA L FURNA C E A N D O IL
FU RNAC E
( B o th sa m e siz e )
P o wdered C o al uel O il F urna c e
F urna c e
F .
Tim e r un . .
Fu el co nsum e d .
Av e ra g e tim e p e r h e at
Ave rag e tim e p e r fo r gin g
A c tua l f o rg ing s .
Fo rgings to b e co u nte d .
C o st o f fue l at co ntr a c t p ri c e
C o st o f fuel d e live re d to th e fu rn a c e .
1 30 P OWD E RE D C OA L As A FUE L
plate for heati n g the dies was n o t put i n at the proper time .
lost o n the powdered coal fur n ace would have bee n more than
sufficie n t for maki n g te n additio n al forgin gs so that the ,
S ome w eigh t Should be give n the fact that the oil costs
were probably k ept at a mi ni mum as the operator w a s ,
tan ce was that the ram used o n the hamm er at the oil furn ace
was about 5 00 lb heavier than the ram o n the hammer at
.
the coal furn ace Thi s did no t affect the time of heats but
.
,
A M E R I C AN IRO N AND S TE E L P LA N T S
cal fu rn aces .
It
has proved to be a commercial success for al l of the
above purposes a n d c a n probably be used with equal eco n omy
'
to 9 00 lb .
bridge wall S ome ash is col lected at the base of the stack
.
,
That whi ch falls upo n the material in the furn ace is too
small a perce ntage to affect it u nfavorably I n o ne of the .
touched by han d or shovel from the freight car to the furn ace .
P OWD E RE D C OA L I N M E TA LLU RG IC A L FU RNAC E S 1 33
"
U si n g slack coal a crusher is u nn ecessary V arious types
,
.
by a number of manufacturers .
the small scal es is checked up each day with the large scale .
sary to stop the supply a n d feed the burni n g coal i nto the
furn ace u n til the tank is empty There is n o dan ger of a n .
tio n to the pulverizi n g plan t and machi nery will elimi n ate
this possible dan ger .
of blast to blow the coal through a small pipe from the burn er
i nlet to the large blast pipe which in a heati n g furn ace is from
,
1 0 to 1 4 in in di ameter
. This large pipe co nveys the coal
.
fur n ace heatin g wrough t iro n for the rolli n g mill will last four
or five mo nths whe n ru nni n g dou b le turn six days per wee k -
,
.
1 34 P OWD E RE D C OA L AS A FUE L
as follows :
P u d dlin g F urn ac e s The followi n g figures show the .
made from gray forge pig iro n ( The product duri n g these .
A p ri l , Lb . M ay , Lb .
N O 23
. f u rna c e .
No . 24 fu r na c e
No . 2 5 fu rna c e
N a me of Mi ll . A p ril , Lb . M ay Lb
, .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
Re p airs to b u il ding s
O p e ratio n .
$0 60 2
1 36 P OWD E RE D C OAL AS A FUE L
cost of handli n g the coal from the cars up to the furn ace .
at o n ce corrected .
FIG . 45 — O u tlin e
. of L eban on F u rna c e .
G A S A N A L Y S IS
p eed
.
S
0
Z D ate T i me B ridge C enter Ne a r Ne ck C o ntr o l
S c rew
. . . .
3
4
g R p m .
54 C0 2 0 CC C0 2 0 CO C0 2 0 CO
1 MA 11 0 15 0 2 1 0 12 0 2 8 0
2 2 55 P M . 9 0 0 7 0 15 0 1 7 0
3 PM 6 4 6 0
4 P . M 8 0 0 2 0 5 4- 6 2 5 625 42 8
5 P M 0 0 Q 2 3 2 5 3 7 —42 5 62 5 0 500
6 52 5 P M 8 6 5 4 0 6 0 37— 42 5 62 5
S TA C K A ND F UR N A C E CO N D I T IO N S
B RIDG E . C E E
NT R . NE AR NE CK .
Test
No Sm k o e o e Sm k Sm k o e
f r om F urna c e T
f r o m F urna c e f r o m F urna ce
.
e rn
D g f
I
S ta c k S ta c k S ta c k
e .
, .
.
N o ne Ready N o ne D rawi ng
t o D raw
2 N o ne D w mg ra N o ne M a ki ng
B o tt om
3 Tra ce R e ady N o n e D rawing
t o D raw
4 Tra ce E m p t y 2 480 N o ne E mp ty
5 N o ne E mp t y 2 46 0 N o ne E mp ty
6 N o ne E mp ty 2 5 40 N o ne E mp ty
C H A P TE R V I II
P O W D E RE D C O AL U ND E R B O ILE R S
coal was fed through the top of the furn ace whi le the air ,
The boiler was of the horizo ntal type with two fl u e s havi n g ,
. .
—
2 99 sq ft of heati n g surface a n d 1 3 5 sq ft of grate A coal . . .
fire was mai ntai n ed upo n the grate an d the po w dered coal
fed in above it a fire arch bei n g used to mai n tai n the fur
,
1 38
1 40 P OWD E RE D C OA L AS A FUE L
FI GS . 47 , 48 and 49
.
—He ine o
B il e rs Ar ran ged for Pu l veriz e d C o al .
P OWD E RE D C O A L UND E R B O I L E RS 1 41
hour .
FIG . 50 .
—Pin th er A pp a r a tu s .
FU E L
FIG . 51 .
—S ch w a r tz kop f A pp a r a tu s .
air to the furn ace ; where in this i nstall atio n it was in tro
, , ,
ce n t .
coal but the cost of furn ace mai nte n an ce the freque n t
, ,
—
layi ng o ff of the boiler for the removal of slag a n d the cos t ,
slag which weld them i nto a solid wall a nd close the Crevices
,
draft drips i n to the ash pit below the lower header The
,
.
fi le r
Air /
Ho riz o n t a l S e ct io n
A B .
FIG . 53.
— o
B e tting to n B ile r .
1 46 P OWD E RE D C O A L AS A FU E L
i nte n sity is in the core while the tubes a n d S hell are sub
,
able to look after several boilers these advan tages are largely ,
charges .
.
,
P OWD E RE D C OA L AS A FUE L
th e s ame ove n an d the same fro n t for the coal furnace but ,
FIG . 55 —P wd e re d C
. o o al in B . W . o
B ile r .
Five hun dred a n d twen ty pou n ds per fro nt foot of furn ace
have bee n burned with o nly 7 ft b etwee n header a n d floor .
ma te r
Pr e f- an
F lo o r
F IG . 56 .
—
Fr o n t of Bo il e r .
—G e ne ra l c c Co
E l e tri .
periods .
The six burn ers across the furn ace fro nt are so arranged
that the air curre n ts iss ui ng from them revolve in cou nter
di rectio n s with respect to each pair The diagram of .
a n d are met with hot air from A The result is the curve D .
.
1 50 P OWD E RE D C OA L A S A FUE L
F IG . 57 —
.A r r a n g e me n t of Bu r n e rs —B . W . o
B il e r .
is a cork screw at least part way The side wall curre n ts help
.
—
40 or 5 0 ft p e r seco n d it mu st be co n sumed in o ne sixth
.
F IG . 58 —
. Ai r C u rr e n ts in B o ile r F ur na c e .
S i n ce t h e last and
best trial the b oiler has given as good
or better efficie n cie s for a week at a time i n cludi n g coal for ,
d ay .
N O 1 1 a n d this was n o t fin al
.
,
B etter wor k c an be do n e .
p er ce n t ) I n ge n eral
. it may be stated that as the air ,
fal ls .
.
,
all troubles commo nly met with o n this accou nt are abse nt .
is small for the furn ace is virtually surr ou n ded with air
,
passages and heat that gets i nto them is retur ned to the
,
syste mis used There are two elevatio ns and the additio n al
.
year .
chi n ery .
P arso n s K a n sas,
This plant will whe n completed co n tain
.
, ,
combustio n chambers .
the rest of whi ch employ mechani cal sto k ers It was fitted .
nipples 1 0 by 2 4 in
,
T h e air b last pressure is from
. to
1 % oz .atmospheric pressur e is mai ntain ed in the furn ace
, ,
fir e r o o m helper was ab le to give the fur n ace all the atte n tio n
required .
C HAP TE R IX
P O W D E RE D C O AL F O R L O C O M O TIVE S
1 61
1 62 P OWD E RE D C O A L AS A FUE L
mi nimum cost per pou n d of draw bar pull and with the -
,
of large u ni ts .
operatio n .
lignite a n d peat are suitable as are the larger sizes and better
,
R eferen ce to
62 a n d 63 will co
a ge n eral idea of t h e
equ ipmen t found
esse ntial for t h e b ur n
in g of powdered co al
in a steam locomotive .
2 To simplify a nd
.
standardize t h e vari
ous details and mak e
them i nterchangeable
for the di fferen t types
a n d sizes of l o c o mo
tive s
.
3 To
. apply all pos
sible operatin g equip
me n t in a self c o n
,
ten der to t h e e n gi n e ,
Cr us b e d Coa /
made
in fi e /d
Pal /ve r in
g g
F IG .
—
64 S ingl e u ni t
- Gr avi ty M illin g P l a nt , Hudson C o al C o . C ap a c ity
2 T ons p er H ou r
P OWD E RE D C O A L F O R L O C O M O TIVE S 1 69
F IG . 65
.
—Double u ni t
-
Pl a n t and S ingle -b in Locomo tive C o alin g S tatio n .
co n duits are employed for co nveyi n g the fan blast and fuel
feedi n g motive power .
o n the furn ace floor j ust ahead of the primary arch after
, ,
40
°
F .
tio ns the stack blower bei ng used o nly whe n the locomotive
,
is no t usi ng steam .
process .
or fin er
Miles run
Runnin g tim e , h o u r s
Tra in , nu mb e r o f c a rs
Train , to nnag e
S p ee d ,
mile s pe r h o ur
D rawb ar pul l po unds ,
H o rse po wer .
F ue l used tons ,
.
E va po r atio n wa te r pe r po un d of c oa l po u nd s
, ,
.
E va po ra tio n fr om a nd a t 2 1 2 F po un ds
°
.
,
F I G 69
.
—Do
. Fee d er E q u ipme nt for Locomotive Fe nde r
ub le- ,
N Y C R R
. . . . .
N o 3 fuel there were less than two han dfuls of slag ash a n d
.
,
sparks a nd n oise .
C H AP TE R X
E XP LO S I O N S
ledge has started a fire whi ch has spread rapidl y but this
, ,
lights or fire .
’
D uri n g o n e of the writer s i nspectio n trips special i n qui ry
was made regardi n g explosio n s N o ne had occurred at .
fx/mus f P/p e fr om
7ad v/7 ?
FI G . 73.
—Locomotiv F ont E nd fe r or o
P wde re d C oal .
The me n came out they were absolutely den uded yet seemed
, ,
”
a n d am goi n g to di e H e was ab le to tell wh at h ad h ap
.
afterward .
it was fre quen tly necessary to walk alo n g the iro n gallery
in front of the supply bins T his gallery is practically .
5 60 11 0 11 611 Ele va t io n
FIG . 75 —
.P ow d e r e d C oa l E q ui pme n t fo r S tir li n g B o il e r . Th e H u dson C oal C o .
1 86 P OWD E RE D O OAt As A FUE L
applied .
”
me n t dryers o n the market which are safe .
from the storage of coal for short peri ods of time It shoul d .
more freely with the result that the coal dust leak ed in
,
the coal dust across the heat with the result that it i n stantly
too k fire The co n ditio n s here were ideal for combustio n
. .
It was a coi n ciden ce that j ust above thi s fur n ace the shop
was di vided into two parts the old o ne havi n g a roof of wood
,
the steel trusses did n o t catch fire thanks to the efforts of the
,
with wal kways came do w n w ith the roof but there was n o
, ,
Gaze tt e Ju ly 4 1 9 1 3 p 1 —
3 1 5 ; Au g 1 p 1 74
, , ,
. .
, . .
P U LVE RI Z E D C O A L As A C H E A P F UE L A u tomo bi le Ju ne 5 1 9 1 3 p 1 1 77 .
, , ,
. .
are give n .
A ge, Se p te m be r 1 8 1 9 1 3 p 6 1 8 , ,
. .
US E OF P U LVE RI Z E D C O A L A s F U E L F O R M E TA LL UR GI CA L F UR NACE S ,
H R B arnh urst
. . . A mer ic an I n sti tute o f M i ning E ngi ne ers, B ull ,
O c tob er 1 9 1 3 p , ,
.
—
2 52 3 2 5 32 ; disc u ssio n , D e c emb er ,
1 9 1 3, p . 2 85 6
2 863 .
Chem a li c E ng i n eer i ng F e b r u a ry 1 9 1 3 p 1 —
08 1 09 O n th e use of , , ,
. .
—
47 p 1 46 1 47 Fe b ru ary 3 1 9 1 3 .
, ,
.
,
,
—
Revi ew N o ve mb er 1 5 1 9 1 3 p 1 067 1 068 P a pe r rea d be fo re th e , ,
. .
p 4 1 4 6; d s u
. 2 4 i c ss i o n p 4 4 6 — 44 9 1 9 1 2 1913 S a m e in Ma nches ,
.
,
.
th e S tirling B oiler C o .
.
—
vo l 5 1 p 1 60 1 6 1 1 9 1 2 ,
.
,
.
—
.
,
c
logi a l a n d M i n i ng S o ci e ty T r a n s v o l 22 p 22 4 2 33 ; disc u ssio n , ,
.
,
.
,
.
—
p 2 33 242 1 9 1 2 Ab stra c t in I ron a nd Coal Tra des Review Febru ary .
, ,
2 3 1 9 1 2 p 1 98 9 9 ;
,
2 E n g i n ee
,
r i n g M a. a
g z i ne - —
M ar ch 1 9 1 3 p 9 36 938 , , ,
. .
P U LV E RI Z E D C O A L AN E C O N O M I CA L S TE A M F UE L S team Ma y 1 9 1 2 .
,
p 1 35—
, ,
tricc l World D e c e mb e r 7 1 9 1 2 , ,
.
RE CE N T IM P R O V E ME N TS A N D ADDI TI O N S To TH E S ME LTI NG P LA N T O F TH E
C A N AD I A N C O PP E R C O M PA NY D H B r o wne Ca nadian Mi ni ng
—
. .
, .
of Chemica l E ngineer s Tr a n s
—
v o l 4 p 347 349 1 9 1 1 , ,
.
,
. .
,
BI B LI O G RAP HY 1 93
P U L VE R I Z E D C O A L , A NE W F UE L Wm D ,
. . E nnis . A u to mobi le , vo l . 2 5,
p .
—
62 0 62 1 ,
C o ntain s p ar a gr a p h on th e u se o f powdere d coal
u n de r ste a m b oilers .
B E TT I N GT O N B O I LE R S F O R
F UE L Railwa y News vol 9 6 P U LVE R I Z E D .
, .
,
D E L E M P L O I D E S P O U S S I E R S D A N S L E S F O YE R S ME CA N I QU E S J Iz art
’
. .
,
’
1 4—
L E lec tri cie n v o l 4 p 5 5 7 1 9 1 1 ,
.
,
.
,
.
.
—
p 26 2 67 1 9 1 1 Tests were m ad e at the Henry Ph ipps plant
4 ,
.
,
P ittsbu rg .
neers, Journa l O c to b e r , ,
1 9 1 0 ; di sc ussi o n , A p ril , 1 9 1 1 In th e p a pe r .
and in th e di sc u ssio n
c is m ade to th e earliest su cc essful use of f
r e er e n e
US E O F P U LVE RI Z E D C O A L F O R F O UN D R Y P UR P O S E S Ri c h ar d K Me a de , . .
A me ri ca n F ou n drymen s A ssoci a ti on Tr a ns 1 8 p 39 45
’
vo l , ,
.
,
.
-
,
g iv es a n e sti m a te of th e co st of p u l ve ri z in g .
C O A L D U S T F I R I N G O F RE VE R B E R A T O R Y F UR NA C E S E dwar d G Th om as , . .
C O A L D U S T F I RI NG F O R RE VE R B E R A T O R Y F UR N A C E S C h arles F Sh el b y , . .
2 8 p 2 99 300 1 90 8
,
.
-
,
.
P U LV E R I Z E D C O A L A N D I T S IN D U S TR I A L A PPLI CA TI O N S W D E nnis , . . .
give n .
US E OF P U LV E RI Z E D F UE L F OR H E A TI NG ME TAL L UR GI CA L F UR NA C E S ,
vo l p 9 8 1 1 5 1 90 8
. 1, .
-
,
.
E C O N O M Y O F T H E L O NG K I LN E ,
. C S op e r
. . A meri ca n S oci ety of Mechan
p —
i ca l E ngi neers , ; disc ussio n p 1 49 1 5 8
Tra ns vol 2 9, 1 43 1 48 -
.
,
. .
, ,
re l a tive to th e co st of p u l v e r iz in g co al .
S CH W A R TZ K O P F F S Y S TE M O F C O A L D U S T F I R I NG P M P ritc h ar d L i ver . .
—
, .
—
1 66 1 76 1 907 An a cco u nt o f te sts
,
. .
1 94 P OWD E RE D C OAL AS A FUE L
E TC .
,
We ge ner A sphaltkunde u Teer I ndu strie Zei tu ng vo l 6 p 4
. .
,
.
,
.
,
1 906 .
P O WD E RE D C O A L FI RI N G F O R S TE A M B O I LE R S Ge o C M c F arl ane ,
. . .
—
vo l 2 9
.
p t 2 p 5 54 1 90 6
2
,
P o wdere d co al is comp are d with
.
,
.
,
.
o th er fuels as to co st e fficien cy , ,
.
Associa tio n .
RO AD TE S TS O F B R O O K S P A S S E NG E R L O C O M O TI VE S E A Hitc h coc k ,
. . .
—
306 ; disc ussio n p 306 3 1 1 1 9 0 5 In th e disc ussio n o n pp 3 1 0 . . .
, ,
C O M PA R A T I V E B O I LE R T E S T S WI TH O RDI NA RY A N D P U LVE RI ZE D C O A L
FI RI NG E ngineeri ng Record vo l 49 p 342 1 904
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
2 7 1 1 9 04,
Te sts o f v ario us syste m s al so comp arative te sts o f
.
,
h an d fir e d a n d p u lv e riz e d—
-
fu el b oilers .
US E O F P U LVE R I Z E D C O A L F O R F UE L U N D E R S TE A M B O I LE R S J M S wee ,
. .
,
.
,
se c u r e d fr om p ul ve riz e d f u e l a nd h a nd fir e d co al -
.
1 96 P OWD E RE D C OAL AS A FU E L
KO H LE N S TA U B FE UE RU NGE N , Ruhl —
35 37 1 901 . Kraft, vo l .
pt . 1, p .
, .
P O WD E R E D F UE L F O R B O I LE R F UR NA C E S A T TH E A LPHA C E ME NT C O M
FA NY S W O R KS A LPH A N J E ngi neeri ng News vo l 45 p 452 45 3
’
-
. .
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
1 90 1 .
of tests .
P U LV E R I Z E D F UE L ,
R . A . D ou gl as . A meri ca n E lectri ci a n , vol . 1 3, p .
434
Two RE CE N T S YS TE MS F OR BUR NI NG P O WD E R E D C O A L . E ngi neeri ng
News, vo l . 46, .
—
p 41 5 41 6 ,
1 90 1 . C yc l o n e and Ae r o P ul ve riz er
syste ms .
242 1 900 ,
E dito rial n o te o n th e use o f pu l ve riz e d co al in r o tary
.
c ement kilns .
.
—
p 560 5 62 1 900 ,
.
.
—
V o l 42 p 6 1 5 616 1 900 Te sts wi th We stla ke a pp a ratu s
. . .
, ,
E MPL O I D U C HA R B O N P U LV E R I S E DA N S L E S F o Y E R s D E S C HA UD I E R E S E T
D E S F O UR S M E TA L L U R GI Q U E ( systeme S c h wa rtz ko pff) A H alleu x ,
. .
US E O F C O A L D U S T A S F U E L F O R B O I LE R S C o u nt C ar a c risti I ron a nd ,
.
TH E U TI LI Z A TI O N O F C O A L S L U D G E AN D C O A L D U S T Colliery Gu ardi a n .
,
vo l 7 7 p 477 1 899
. Ab stra c t from Neues S aarbrueckener Gewerbe
,
.
,
.
blatt .
vol 2 2 p 1 0 1 1 89 9
.
,
.
, .
—
Oest Zei tschrift fur B erg u H uttenwesen vo l 5 7 p 1 2 7 1 2 9 1 89 9 . . .
, ,
. .
,
1 898 1 899 -
.
B IB L I O G RAP HY 1 97
1 77 1 78, 1 898
-
Pin th er , Russe ll , Le ste r E rnst, P e ck an d P a tterso n
.
syste ms .
maschinenbe trie be s vo l 2 0 p 7 6 1 89 7 ,
.
,
.
,
.
vo l 63 p 72 1 89 7
.
,
.
,
.
vo l 38 p 1 89 1 90 1 89 7
.
,
We ge ne r syste m
.
-
,
. .
Jou rna l vo l 30 5 p 7 2 76 1 89 7
2 2 — . . .
, , ,
1 89 7 p t 1 p 2 53 2 54
,
.
,
.
-
.
RU H L S A PPA RA TU S F O R B UR NI NG P O WD E RE D C O A L
’
E ngi neeri ng vol .
, .
63 p 7 1 73 1 89 7
,
.
-
,
.
FO RTS CH RITTE A U F D E M G E B I E T D E R K O H LE N S TA U B FE U E RU NG S c hu tz e ,
.
D ampf v ol 1 3 p 1 2 05 1 89 6
,
.
,
.
,
.
scha u 1 89 6 N o 3 p 55
, ,
.
,
. .
p 861 1 896
.
,
.
wall u ng vo l 1 6 p 59 1 89 6,
.
,
.
,
.
E CO N O MI C VA L U E O F C O A L D U S T W B lake mo re Ca nadia n M i ni ng ,
. .
Revi e w vo l 1 ,
—
5 p 2 00 2 0 1 1 89 6 P a pe r re a d b efo re O n tari o Mining
.
,
.
,
.
Institu te .
-
.
48 p 342 35 3 1 896
,
. Th e S c hwar tz ko pff apparatus is d e sc ribe d
, ,
.
‘
.
5 1 8 1 895 1 896
,
Ab stra c t of p a pe r b y C S ch neider in M i tthei lu ngen
-
. .
aus der P raxi s des D ampflcessel u nd D ampfmaschi nen B etri ebes, 1 895 ,
p 836. .
of article by M essrs Zam iko and PrO pfe in Gesu ndhei ts-I ngenieur, .
1 896, p 210 . .
K O H LE N S TA U B FE U E RU NG E N Fer dinan d ,
Bleic h steiner . Oest . Zei tschrift
fur B er g u nd Huttenwesen , v ol 44, . p .
—
2 37 2 40 , 1 896 .
K O H LE N S TA U B FE UE RU NGE N A UF D E R B E R LI NE R GE WE RB E A U S S TE LL UN G -
,
1 896 S chmidt ,
Gesu ndhei ts— I ngenieu r v ol 1 9 354 1 896
.
, .
, ,
.
6 p 1 1 7 1 89 6
,
.
,
.
,
—
40 p 432 436 1 896 . Give s re su lts of tests with differe nt system s
,
. .
H E R S TE LLU NG V O N K O H LE N S TA U B F U E R K O H LE N S TA U B FE U E RU NGE N ,
Friedri ch D ampf vo l 1 3 p 7 1 0 1 89 6.
,
.
,
.
,
.
AP PA RA T O S PA R A L A C O MB U S TI O N D E C A RB O N E S ME N UD O S C ol o mer ,
.
u n d E i sen v o l 1 5 p 2 35 2 42 1 89 5 ,
.
,
.
-
,
.
B au wesen vol 36 p 2 1 —
3 2 1 9 ; disc u ssio n p 2 1 9 2 2 0 1 89 5 Pa p er -
,
. .
.
,
.
, ,
UE B E R EI N E N E UE FE UE RU NG ( PA TE N T KUD LI CZ ) ZUM VE R B R E NN E N
VO N FE IN K O HLE ,
KO H L E N L O E S C H E ,
S CH LA MMKO H L E , KO KS KL E IN ,
B RA U N K O H L E N AB F A E L L E N U ND B E R GL L Glaser ,
. . Glaser
’
s A nna len
fur Gewer be u nd B au wesen , vo l .1 —
33 p 3 37 1 893 ,
. .
,
ON S O ME A PPLI A N C E S D U S T F UE L
F O R TH E UTI LI Z A TI O N O F RE F U S E A ND ,
—
discu ssio n p 540 542 1 886 Va rio us furna c es are d e scribe d a nd
. .
, , ,
P O WD E RE D AN TH RA CI TE A N D GA S F UE L E ngineeri ng N ews vo l 1 6 .
,
.
,
3 1 4 —3 1 5 1 88 6 A b str a c t fr om r e po rt of S cr an to n Bo ar d of
p .
,
.
Trade .
p 1 63 1 883
—
. .
,
CO A L D U S T F U E L E ngi ne er v o l
. 43 p 3 35 336 1 877 Gives .
,
.
,
.
D awes in 1 831 .
NO TE S S U R L E S D A NGE R S Q U E PA RA I T P RE S E N TE R LA P O U S S IE R E D E
H O UI LLE D A N S L E s MI N E S MEME E N L A B S E NC E D E GRI S O N A nnales ,
’
.
des , ,
. 7, vo l . 7 , 1 76 1 79 , 1 875 -
.
ON TH E C O M B U S TI O N OF P O WD E RE D F UE L IN RE V O LVI NG F UR NA CE S ,
A ND I T S A PPLI CA TI O N To H E A TI N G A ND P UDD LI NG F UR NA CE S T R ,
. .
discu ssion , p .
—
1 0 1 1 07 .
and S to rer
proc ess .
.
, ,
g a se o u s I nd i a na p o li s Y o
.hn B ros 1 87 9 C h a p te r 1 4 C o a l d u st , ,
.
o b
R erts n o Ed 2 N e w Y or k V a n N os tr a nd .
1 906 p 1 1 4 1 20
. .
, , , . .
C LA R K D KI NN E A R e dito r
,
. Fuel : its com bustio n an d e co nomy ,
.
,
Nostrand 1 879 —
C h ap te r 2 5 P o wde re d F u el
,
. .
1 904 .
sto ke rs .
GR O V E S C HA R LE S E D WA R D A N D TH O R P WI LLI AM
, C h e mi c al Te ch , _ , .
HO F MA N H 0 ,
G e ner al M e tallurg y New York M cGra w Hi ll B ook Co
. . .
,
-
.
,
—
1 9 1 3 p 1 83 1 89 M e ntio n is m a de of the e arly a tte mp ts to utiliz e
. .
,
e nc e s is give n .
o n p ul veri z e d co al .
1 9 1 3 p 1 56 1 6 1
,
. .
Re po rt 1 876 ,
Washi ngton Govt 1 876 E xpe riments were m a de
.
,
.
,
.
b oil er at E ast B o sto n M ass to test the proc ess of Wh elp ley and
, , ,
C a n adian C opper Co .
,
re po wdered co al ,
84
C e me nt :
A tlas P o rtlan d C e ment C o .
, e xpe riments by 62 ,
c ap a city o f kilns 73 ,
ch ar a c te r o f in c e ment kilns 66 , ,
E di so n syste m of b urni n g c li nk er 68 ,
e co n omy of dry vs W e t co al 73 .
,
kiln c al c ul a tio ns 73 ,
m e th o d o f m anu f a c ture 63 ,
o il as f u el in m a n u f a c tu r e o f 62 ,
r o ta ry c e m e n t kiln 64 ,
S ee P o wd er e d C o al .
C lin k er a n d sl a g , 16
“
h ard c link er ,
”
14
h o n eycom b
”
( fl u e -sh
ee t) , 14, 1 5
sof t c li nk e r ,
14
C o al :
a n al ysis of th ose giving g oo d re sults 2 1 2 , ,
c ru sh e d 1 8 1 9 1 38
, , ,
hi gh vs lo w— .
g ra de 8 1 2 6 , ,
pric e o f 1 ,
r a w vs po w d e re d 1
.
,
su itab l e fo r po w d e r in g 2 8 , ,
su mm a ry 1 2 ,
S ee P o w de r e d C o al .
C omb u stio n 42 45 66 68 82 , , , , ,
C o st ,
a mo u n t of co al vs q ual ity 1 5 8 .
,
a n al ysis of 1 ,
an el e m en tary f a c to r in c h o i c e of fu el s 1 ,
C o st, —
B t u Continued
. . .
in firing un de r b o il e rs, 1 53
inmetall urgic al furna c e s 1 0 1 ,
C ru sh e d co al 1 38 ,
c ru shi ng co al , 1 8
Distribu tion of co al 1 ,
D rying co al :
be fo re po wdering 2 0 2 2 , ,
dry vs W e t, 2 1
.
Ru ggle s C o le s dryer , 2 4
-
th e ory of ,
22
E arly u se of po wdered co al ,
1 63
E diso n syste m 68 ,
E fficien c y:
a sh vs ,
13
clinker 1 4 ,
comparative as by fuels 1 1 0 1 , , ,
d e te r m inatio n of 1 0 1 ,
qu ality of ash as a fa c to r of 1 3 ,
E xpl o sio n s 1 78 ,
co al 1 78
,
g r in d in g r oom d
-
a n g e r s 1 7 8 1 82 , ,
ways of safe ty 1 84 ,
Ferri c sulphi de in a sh 14 ,
“
Flue shee t cli nker 1 4
-
,
”
2 06 IND E X
F uel
co al the sta ple ,
1
vs . e fli c ien c y, 1 01
Furna c es for b urning powdered co al 49 ,
h e a tin g f u rna ce s 1 05 ,
puddling f u rna c es 1 05 ,
re ver b e r a to ry f urn a c e s 78 ,
burners 50 ,
ch anging o il furna c es to co al 1 1 7 ,
co nstru c tion of 1 1 7 ,
co ntrol o f fee d 1 30 ,
d ur ab ility 1 20 ,
"
tu b e s 52 ,
lini ng of 1 2 0 1 2 1 , ,
o il vs po wder e d co al 1 30
.
,
r e p air s co st of 1 36, ,
tu b e s 5 2 ,
Hard clinker 1 4 ,
H eating furnac es 1 05 ,
1 33, 1 34
‘
2 08 I ND E X
Pl ants u sing —
po wdere d coal Continued
cost of g as 4 ,
tem, 7
cost of ope ra tion with fuel o il 6 ,
with g a s 6 ,
with po wd e re d co al sc re w co nve yo rs 6 , ,
P n e u m a tic f e e di ng syste m 5 8 ,
Po wde r e d co al a s a fu e l 1 ,
a ir se p ar a tio n 32 ,
an alyse s, 1 , 2, 1 2, 1 5
a nthr a cite vs . se mi bituminou s vs bitu min ous
-
.
,
10
a pp aratus 9 1 93 , ,
a rr a ng e m e n t of a ir p ip in g 1 33 ,
as f u e l 43 ,
a sh q u e stio n 1 3 ,
B lake a pp ara tu s 1 42 ,
m ill s 41 ,
bu sh eling furn a c e s 1 05 ,
c ement industry 62 ,
r aw , 44
comp arison of co sts of fu el o il g as an d powdere d co al -
, , 45
constru c tion of furn a c es fo r u se u nder b oil ers 1 39 ,
fo r g as, 4
for po wde re d co al sc rew conve yo rs 5 , ,
Co st o f op e ra ting pl a n t with f ue l o il 6 ,
with g a s 6 ,
summ ari e s 7 ,
S ee C em ent ; C o al ; Furna c es .
I ND E X 2 09
P o wdered —
co al as a j fuel Continued
cost o n fir in g u nder b oile rs ,
1 53
cost o f lab or a n d ma intenan c e with Raymond crush er ,
18
D a y o r ideal a pp ara tus 1 42 ,
d elive ry to fur n a c e 1 32 ,
c ir c um ve n tio n o f th e se 81 ,
dr y vs we t co al fo r po w der in g 2 1 73
.
, ,
drying , 2 0 , 2 2
e xpe r im e n ts b y th e Atl a s P o r tl a n d C e m e n t C o .
,
62
e xpl bsio ns , 1 88 S ee E xp lo sio ns . .
furna c es fo r po wdere d co al 49 1 39 , ,
h eatin g f u rn a c es 1 05 ,
high vs lo w gr a de co al 8
.
-
,
H o lb e ck syste m 5 ,
locomo tive s ru n by 1 6 1 ,
e qu ipm e n t 1 65 ,
pe rform anc e 1 73 ,
1 62
O pe ratio n ,
1 69
sa vin g in co al ,
1 62
cc essful installations 1 64
su ,
metallu rg ic a l fu rna c es 9 9 ,
a s u se d b y Am e ri c a n ir o n a n d stee l p l ants ,
1 30
by Am e ri c an Locomo tive C o 1 2 6 .
,
by Ge ne r al E le c tric C o 1 1 1 .
,
101
cost of fuel vs o utput 9 9 .
,
P owdere d co al as a —
fue Conti nued
l
me tal lurgica l fu rna ce s fa c tors contributing , to profitable use ,
1 04
g as vs pow dere d co al 99
.
,
h ea t trea tme n t 99 ,
moistu re 1 32 ,
O p e ra to r 1 0 1 ,
1 01
te mp era tu re s in m etal w ork 1 03 ,
.
S ee M e tallu rg ic al F u rn a c e s .
o il vs po wd e re d co al f u rn a c e s 1 30
.
,
op en h earth work 1 05
-
,
ope ration of pl an t 2 , ,
Pin th er a pp aratu s 2 ,
plants u sin g 2 ,
pulveriz ation 1 32 ,
a e r o p u l ve riz e r 36 ,
tab le of p u l ve r iz er s 34 ,
r aw vs po w d e r e d co a l 44
.
,
re ve rb e r a to ry f u rn a c e s 78 ,
e co n om ic a l in u se 78 ,
Ru ggle s C o l es dr ye r 2 4
-
,
S c h w ar tz kopf a pp a ratu s 1 42 ,
sm e l tin g ( n e w ) p r oc e ss 80 9 3 9 6 , , , ,
su mm ary 1 2 ,
ten de n c y to c l o g a n d p a ck 1 1 6 , _
vo lu m e s an d we ig h ts o f d ry air 33 ,
S ee C o al ; Fu rn a c e s ; Locomo tive s .
Pric e of co al 1,
P u d dlin g fu rn a c e s 1 0 5 1 32 1 33 1 34
, , , ,
P u lley D in g m a g ne tic 2 0
, ,