History History

History Notes
Notes by Ms Salma Nazir Malik and compiled by Class O -3 White

History History
HISTORY NOTES BY MS.SALMA NAZIR
2014-2017

SECTION 1:

THE BRITISH IN INDIA:

In the early sixteenth century, the world did not only witness the
foundation of the Mughal Empire but also the series of events which
led to its decline in the SC. The Mughals were then replaced by the
British.22nd May 1498,Vasco da Gama completed his discovery of the
sea route from Europe to India .By 1510,da Gama had come to India to
seek for spices and Christians. Gradually with improvements in ship
building and navigational skills the European sailors and merchants
travelled to India to establish trade.

Portuguese:
For nearly a 100 years the Portuguese had controlled the waters of
India.They were hated by the Indians because they imposed heavy
taxes on non Portuguese ships sailing from Indian ports.In
1586,Abdullah Khan Uzbeg wrote to Akbar the king that he would
destroy the ferenghi infidels who were oppressing the pilgrims to their
holy places.They were defeated by the Dutch and the British which
later on reduced their presence in SC since 1588.They intermarried the
locals of Goa who were known as Goans.They are of Indian blood but
follow the Catholic Religion.The Goans used to grow maize,potatoes
and tobacco.

Dutch:
Dutch were the people of Holland.They were the first ones to confront
the Portuguese on Indian soil.Despite the opposition of the Portuguese
the Dutch took over Ceylon,Malacca and Sumatara.After taking over
Malabar and Chinsurn,they also took over Goa.

British:
On the last day of year 1600,Elisabeth(1) granted the permission to EIC
to trade and that the merchants could establish themselves.But the
Dutch didn’t want to put up with them.In 1623 the British posts were
stormed by the Dutch and many people were killed.The British wanted
to concentrate on the trade so they made the Mughals their
friends.Wars in Europe against the French weakened the Dutch.British
took advantage of this.Now France and Britain were the contenders for
power in the SC.After Aurangzeb died political exploitation was open
for British.
EAST INDIA COMPANY:
East India Company was a group of English people.It was formed by
Robert Clive who came to India for trade.Captain William Hawkins led
the ship HECTOR to SC.Janhangir and Shah Jehan granted their wish.EIC
established their trading posts in India.After kicking out the French they
ruled over the SC for the next 150 years.

ANNEXATIONS BY THE BRITISH:

Wars between the French and the British were fought on the Indian
soil.Madras was captured by the French in 1764.

1751;Battle of Arcot:
Muhammad Ali was the nawab of Karnatic.He was supported by the
British but was besieged by the French.Clive marched to Arcot and
captured Karnatic.

1757;Battle of Plassey:
In 1740,Ali Wardi Khan was the nawab of Bengal.Siraj ud daula became
the nawab of Bengal after the death of his grandfather.Ali Wardi Khan
had prevented the British to fortify their forts.After his death,British
constructed the Fort William.Siraj marched on Calcutta and seized the
the fort.The residents were caught and 23 captives were found dead in
a room.Clive defeated Siraj at the Plassey.Mir Jaffar,Siraj general was
bribed by Clive.Siraj was killed and his body was found in the
river,floating.

1764;Battle of Buxar:
Mir Qasim joined forces with Shah Alam 2 and nawab of Oudh.They
were defeated by Major Munro at Buxar.

Annexation of Sindh:
In 1843,British forces under Charles Napier seized Sindh.They wanted
to control the pass through Bolan Pass into India.In 1839,British forces
invaded Afghanistan and installed their own government.Two years
later,Afghans rebelled against the new king.Out of 4000 soldiers only,1
survived based in Kabul.The British felt their pride had been hurt.They
instigated the Ameers of Sindh for this act.The Ameers of Sindh were
defeated and Sindh was annexed.

Annexation of Punjab:
Ranjit Singh had been a friend of the British.He had been ruling Punjab
and by 1809 had signed treaties with the British.After his death in 1839
and loss of Afghanistan,Britishers turned towards Punjab.They wanted
to control the important pass of Khyber.Now they could control the
habour of Karachi.The first steam powered boats made the route
attractive.With the help of Gulab Singh Dogra,the British were able to
defeat the successors of Ranjit Singh.Kashmir was given to him as a
reward.In 1845 and 1848-1849,Sikh wars were fought against the
British.The Sikhs were defeated.In 1849,NWFP was annexed as well.

Battle of Kanpur:
At Kanpur troops led by Nana Sahib revolted.He had some problems
with the British who had stopped a large amount of pension he had
been receiving.British at Kanpur held on to defense position but later
on surrendered.Nana Sahib opened fire killing almost 100 women and
children,and kept as prisoners.Reinforcements arrived and Nana Sahib
escaped.

British Reforms and Policies:

Pitts India Act:

This act was introduced by William Pitt in 1784.It made royal
appointments in India and replaced the traders of EIC.Now the
company became a ruling body.The outcome of this was that the rule
of the EIC was finished.It now became a ruling body of India.
Subsidary Alliances:
In 1798,Lord Wellesely was the GG of India.He forced the local princes
to sign the treaties and subsidiary alliances.The ruler would continue to
rule the country but would be protected by a force of British soldiers
and a British adviser would help him.This act gave the power to the
British and later the Mughals did not have any choice but to do what
the British said.

Doctrine of Lapse:
In 1848,Lord Dalhousie introduced this act.It stated that any ruler
walking without a natural heir would give all his lands and wealth to the
British.Satara,Nagpur,Jhansi and Oudh were capured according to this
act.
Famous Personalities:

Lord Wellesely:
Richard Colley Wellasely was born on 20th June,1760.He was appointed
the GG of India from 1798-1805.A member of parliament for several
years he had been the Control o Board.His tenure of 7 years helped him
to develop India.He expelled the French from the SC and also
established Fort William College.Here Civil Servants were taught
Urdu,Sanskrit and Persian.

Sir Thomas Roe:

Thomas Roe was born in Essex.From 1615-1618 he was appointed the
ambassador of court of AgraHe was successful in 1618.Thoams Roe was
given a royal proclamation by Shah Jehan and Prine Khurram to trade
with SC.He became the favourite of Jehangir at the court.

Lord Dalhousie:
Dalhousie was born in 1812 in Scotland.He was made the GG of India
from 1848-1856.Dalhousie annexed Punjab and NWFP in 1849 and
introduced the Doctrine of Lapse.Railway from Thane to Bombay
started in 1853.Postal and telegraph services were introduced.widow
marriage was allowed by 1856.

Captain William Hawkins:

William Hawkins was born in England.He was an officer in the navy of
King Henry 7.He began his career by exporting cloth and importing from
India.Hawkins travelled to India carrying gifts for the Mughals in Surat
in 1608.In the year 1612 he got the permission to trade with India.

Ranjit Singh:
Ranjit Singh had full control over Punjab and Kashmir and parts of
Afghanistan.In 1809 he had signed treaties with the British.ranjit Singh
did not want Afghanistan to become a part of the British Empire so he
did not help them.Ranjit Singh died in 1839.
Robert Clive:
He was sent to the SC to work as the clerk for EIC.From 1725-1774 he
was present in India.He defeated French and the Dutch and the Indians.

Arrival of the British:

Europens had an envious on India.They made commercial treaties with
the Mughals and the local rulers.The rapid growth of prosperity by
trade was impressive.The merchants became skilled in dealing with the
Mughals and by 1600-90,they had established trading posts in
India.They developed an army protect themselves.

They considered their life style culture superior.To flourish trade they
built roads and railways.They irrigated 20 million acres of land.The
British also established schools and colleges.They also took advantage
of the diversity of their culture,religion etc.Annexing of lands began.As
a result poverty in SC.Taxes were high.British controlled the cottojn
industry.Indian industry collapsed while the British prospered.

(B)How was Aurangzeb responsible for the

decline of the Mughal Empire?
Aurangzeb was a rigid ruler who ruled for more than 50 years.When he
ruled the SC,there were wars against Rajputs from 1679-1681 and
rebellions by Sikhs and Satnamis in Mewar and Jats in Gokal.His
toughest rival was Shivaji.Aurangzeb had emptied the treasury.In 1707
his empire extended from Kashmir to Karnatic and Ghazni to
Chittagong.Aurangzeb was spend thrift.He imposed Jizya tax on the
Hindus and other non Muslims.Hindu practices were banned and their
temples were destroyed.Dancing,singing was banned in the courts.The
beard was kept according to the Sunnah and he only built a mosque for
his own private prayers.

Causes of War Independence:

Political Reasons:
The unpopularity of the Doctrine of Lapse and the seizure of Oudh
convinced the Indians that the British were greedy land snatchers.The
Mughal emperors had little power but was a symbolic figure.The Royal
Family was shifted from Red Fort in Delhi to Qutab Sahib.The British felt
this as an insult.Persian was replaced by English.Taxes on land were
made high.British had an arrogant attitude towards the Indians.In
1870,the ICS exams were to be held and the Indians were not ready for
this.

Social and Economical Reasons:

The British India was now full of Indian schools and colleges.There was
a network of many metalled roads and steam engines.These were a
threat to the Indians and their culture.The Indian markets and shops
were full cheap,mass produced goods.Many Indians were poor and
they could not afford the taxes.The CHARTER ACT in 1833 allowed the
Indians to join the Civil Service.Lack of business and jobs and poverty
increased.Indians were the sepoys in the army.The officers in the army
were all British.The British controlled the cotton rate.he felt that the
European ideas were better for ruling the SC.

Religious and Military Reasons:

Christian missionaries were sent to convert the Indians to Christianity.It
was rumoured the Hindu sepoys would be converted forcibly.Hindus
did not want to leave their mother India.Muslims were forced to fight
against other Muslim countries.Female infanticide was declared a
murder in 1795.Suttee was also outlawed in 1829.The greased
cartridges issue triggered the War of Independence.

Failures of the War of Independence

Indian Weaknesses:
1. There was no concept of united India.
2. War was fought by ordinary people like peasants, teachers and
students.
3. Not a single leader came forward to motivate the Indians.
4. Kashmir sent troops of 2000 men to help British.
5. Punjab and Sindh were under British.
6. Nana Sahib and Rani of Jhansi wanted to restore their own rule.
7. Many princes wanted to restore their old feudal system.

British Strengths:
1. They were well equipped.
2. British were united and disciplined.
3. They had modern weapons.
4. Most of the SC was under British.
5. The British could travel easily through the railways and steam
engines etc.
SIR SYED AHMED KHAN

(B)How did Sir Syed Ahmed Khan want the

Muslims to have good relations with the
British?
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was extremely unhappy about the position of the
Muslims in the SC.They were blamed for the war of
Independence.According to the British the Muslims were a group of
people who had rebels against them amnd were no willing to
cooperate.Muslims thought of the British as foreign invaders.
Sir Syed wanted to improve the relations of the muslims with the
British.He wanted the Muslims to take advantage of the Western
ideas.In 1860,SSAK wrote Loyal Muhammadan of India.In this book,he
defended the Muslims against the British accusations.He told that
Muslims had been kind to the British at many events.Another
pamphlet,Causes of Indian Revolt was published pointing out the
uprising of the Muslims.Tabyin ul kalaam,a book was issued which
pointed out similarities between Christianity and Islam.Tehzib ul akhlaq
another book was issued which contained articles by many famous
people who had agreed to the ideas of SSAK of receiving western
education.

Heence,SSAK wanted the Muslims to receive the western education

and improve their relations with the British.

Contributions of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:

Education Contributions:
SSAK worked tirelessly to promote the western ideas among the
Muslims of SC.First he faced the opposition by Ulemas and later on
Tabyin ul Akhlaq.It had the details of people who had accepted the
western ideas and education.He travelled to England to study the
Oxford System.He came back and raised same kinds of schools an
institutions.He collected funds and then opened his first school at
Muradabad and later on chains of schools at Ghazipur and other places
in SC.The schools were given a name of MAO.This was first a school and
later on became a college and then it became a university after SSAK
died.It was open for all Indians who were taught modern
sciences,agricultural,Islamic teachings and mathematics.

Political Contributions:
SSAK saw that Congress was demanding Hindi to be replaced by Urdu
as an official language.He set up a scientific society at Ghazipur to
translate the Arabic,hindi and Persian work to Urdu.Congress only
promoted Hindu views to the British.SSAK advised the Muslims to stay
away from the Congress.he formed MDA where the Muslims were
protected,their rights were protected.TheCongress wanted Civil Service
Exams.SSAk knew that Muslims were not ready for this so he rejected
the idea.SSAK detected a move in USA which was democratic.If this
system was introduced in SC,Hindus would dominate so he asked for
the separate electorates for Muslims.Both the nations were differnet
from each other.his was the TWO NATION THEORY.

Religious Contributions:
SSAK was an important figure in the history if the SC.He worked hard to
revive the status of the Muslims.He pointed out the similarities
between Islam and Christianity.SSAK was offended by a book he read in
England about Prophet(s.a.w).He wrote his own book correcting many
errors.SSAK wanted the Muslims to be recognized as a different
nation.He gave the idea of the TWO NATION THEORY.Thsi led to the
Pakistan Movment in 1940.

What was the Loyal Mohammaden of India?

SSAK wrote a book in 1860,Loyal Mohammaden of India.In this book he
wrote that Muslims had been generous and loyal to the British at
several moments.Generally SSAK defended the Muslims.

What were the aims of the Aligarh Movement?

The Aligarh Movement wanted to improve the relations between the
Muslims and the British by clearing any doubts.Aligarh was a center of
Muslim Renaissance.It wanted to encourage the Muslims to receive
western education.

Describe the Two Nation Theory.

The Congress demanded elections but SSAK felt that if democracy came
then the Congress would cary out the elections.Thu the Muslims and
Hindus were culturally and religiously different from each other.
(B)Why did SSAK introduce the Two Nation
Theory?
SSAK was determined to improve the political status of the Muslims of
the SC.By 1884-88,many men in USA and Britain were free to vote in a
local council elections.Sir Syed feared that extension of democracy to
India would severly damage the Muslims.They would be overrun by the
Hindus who were in majority.In one of his speeches,SSAK stated that if
British left India,then both the communities would fight for power.He
stated in 1878 that both communities were religiously,morally different
from each other.This came to be known as the Two Nation Theory.

However,SSAK wanted the Muslims to have good relations with the

Hindus but this did not happen due to some reasons.The Congress
suggested some appointments to be made in the government
sector.SSAK knew that Muslims had little knowledge and were not
educated so he objected to the ICS exams idea.Congress was a Hindu
dominating party which only promoted Hindu views.SSAK also
advocated for separate seats for the Muslims.

SSAK managed to bring political awareness among the Muslims and the
idea of Two Nation led to independence in 1947.
Hindi Urdu Controversey:
In 1867,it was suggested that Hindi should be made the official
language of SC.Urdu was written in Persian and Arabic script which was
the language of the QURAN.Urdu was the language of the Muslims who
invaded the SC.Muslims saw this as an attack on the Islam.British said
that English should be the official language.All the officers should be
fluent in Urdu,Hindi and English.

Indian National Language:

It was set up in 1885 to promote the Indian views to the British.Allan
Hume and Henry Cottton developed it.Later it became a Hindu
dominating party.Gandhi acted as a spearhead of the party.He too
wanted to eradicate the British from the SC.

Describe the Proclamation Act:

It was passed in 1858.This act stated that the British would not be
allowed to interfere in the matters of the Indians especially the
religious matters.The British should pay respect to them.They would be
abide by all treaty obligations and the Indians would not agree to
territorial accusations.
Who was Haider Ali?
Haider Ali was the father of Tipu Sultan and the ruler of Mysore.Haider
Ali knew how to speak Arabic,Persian,French,English.he foughty bravely
during Anglo Mysore wars against the British.In 2nd war he signed a
treaty and gave it up in 3rd war,the treaty of Mangrore 1784.

Who was Tipu Sultan?

Tipu sultan was born in 1750.He was famous as the Tiger of
Mysore.Tipusultan gave a tough time to the British.He was a
strong,powerful and a brave man.He had modern weapons and modern
ammunition and could easily face the British.

Who was Shivaji Bhonsle?

Shivaji Bhonsle was born in 1627 and died in 1680.He was a tenacious
fighter and the leader of the Marathas.Shivaji took advantage of the
Mughal conflicts and worked against them.Shivajis headquarters were
at Pune which became the Maratha capital later on.He gave a tough
time to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.Marathas were defeated by
Ahmed Shah Abdali in 1761.
(B)Why did SASB’s Jihad movement have such
a great influence on the revival of Islam?
Syed Ahmed was a man of action.He saw that the Muslims of NWFP
were suffering at the hands of the Sikhs.Adhan was banned and the
Muslims were not allowed to practice their own religion Syed decided
to wage Jihad against them.

He believed that the military and political forces were very important in
the revival of Islam.Syed Ahmed collected an army of Mujahideens who
believed that it was their duty to revive Islam in the the SC.They fought
in the way of Allah.They only wanted to liberate the Muslims from Sikh
tyranny.The Movement became popular.Many Muslims joined the
Movement.Though the movement failed,it was one of the bravest
efforts in the SC.

Why did Jihad Movement fail?

Syed Ahmed was becoming successful and was the Imam of the
Muslims.The tribesman of the NWFP,Yar Muhammad Khan and Sultan
Muhammad Khan,disagreed to the Jihad.They said that Jihad was not
correctly waged.SASB wanted to collect many funds and many people
resisted him.SASB’s army consisted of peasants and teachers,children
and some old people who could not fight.They did not have any
modern weapons and were not ordered.The Sikhs were supported by
the British and they also bribed the Khan brothers mentioned
above.Both of them betrayed SASB.SASB made his headquarters at
Balakot in 1831.he Mujahideens lost the battle and SASB was
martyured.The movemet was a failure.

Languages of Pakistan:

Punjabi:
Punjabi is spoken in Azad Kashmir,Punjab and some parts of Nwfp.It has
several names in the history like MASOODI,HINDKO and AL HIND.it is
thought that in 1080,hafiz Barkhurdar was the first person to use the
term Punjabi.It was written in Gurmukhi script but later was written in
Arabic script.Punjabi is influenced by Persian,Arabic,English and
Turkish.here are several Punjabi dialects.Some famous folk tales are
Heer Ranjha,Sassi Punno,Sohni Mahiwal.Some sufi poets are Baba Farid
ud din Ganj Shakar and Sultan Bahu.Some modern authors and singers
are Ustad Damman and Abrar ul Haq respectively.

Pashto:
Pashto is a language spoken in NWFP and northern parts of
Baochistan.It is also influenced by Greek,Arabic and Persian.The period
of this language is divided into three parts.The first part dates from 2nd
century to 13th century.Amir Khan Pehivan was the first poet and was
the most famous poet was Bayzad Ansari.The second period dated from
13th century to 14th century.During this Pashto prose was at its
peak.The greatest scholar was Hazrat Mian Umer.Saadat Khan was a
famous poet.The third part was from British rule and was the golden
period of Pashto language.famous writers were Khushal khan Khattak
and Akhund Dardeeza.pahto played an important role in opossing the
British.Some modern singers are Hadiqa Kiani and Gul Panra.

Sindhi:
Sindhi is spoken in the province of Sindh.Before Muhammad bin
Qasim’s arrival in Sindh in 710 AD,it was written in Mahwari and Arz
Nagari script.Sindhi has been influenced by many other languages and
was then written in Arabic script.There were many famous poets and
writers like Makhdm Nuh of Hala and Qazi Qazan of Thatta.The poetry
of Sachal Sarmast and Shah Abdul Latif Bahttai is famous.

Balochi:
Balochi is spoken in Balochistan.There are two main kinds of
Balochi,Sulemanki and Mekrani.The Balochi was brought by the
tribesmen of North West Iran.There is very little development in
Balochi.Many Balochi folk songs are found.Jam Darang is an early
poet.The first time Balochi was introduced in 1830 by W-Leech.Before
partition Balochi language began to decline.There were few books and
magazines published in Balochi.

Urdu:
Urdu is the national language of Pakistan.It is spoken in all provinces
and is understood everywhere.The language is of
Persian,Greek,Turkish,hindi etc.Urdu language helped to promote the
culture and literature.AmirKhusro(1253-1325)was a famous
poet.Famous poets of the Mughal era were
MirDard,MirTaqiMir,Zauq,Sauda,Ghalib and BahadurShahZafar,last
Mughal emperor.The Aligarh Muslim University became a center for
the promotion of Urdu language.It produced talented writers like Jazbi
and Hasrat Mokani.From 1800s,there were many writers like Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan.Deputy Nazir Ahmed and Maulana Hussain Azad.At the
end of the century poetry of Allama Iqbal was famous.Shah Waliullah’s
son translated the Quran into Urdu for easier understanding Modern
authors include Umera Ahmed,Ishtiaq Ahmed and Bano Qudsiya.Some
modern singers include Ali Zafar,Rahat Fateh Ali Khan and Ghulam Ali.
(B)How did the British extend their empire
from 1782-1818?
In 1782,the first GG of India,Warren Hastings signed a treaty ending the
first Martha war between British and Marathas.This helped the British
to spread their influence everywhere.In1799,GG Lord Wellesely
invaded Mysore and killed Tipu Sultan.In 1799,the Nawabs of Oudh
were defeated and were forced to grant large areas of their territory to
British.IN 1803,British entered Delhi and forced Shah Alam that he was
ruling under British protection.In 1818,the Marathas were defeated by
the British.

Shah Wali Ullah:

Shah Wali Ullah was born on 21st February,1703.His real name was
Qutub-ud-Din but he came to be known as Shah Wali Ullah because of
his piety.His father was the founder of Madrassa al Rahimiya.After
studying for sometime in Saudi Arabia,he returned back to Delhi in
1732.Shah Wali Ullah realised the weak reforms of the emperor.He
believed that many of the problems occurred because of lack of
education of Islam and Shariah.Another problem was that the Muslims
were divided into groups.Shah Wali Ullah wanted the Muslims to
concentrateon the basic fundamentals of Islam.Shah Wali Ullah’s
knowledge made him knowledgeable at an early age.He translated the
Quran into Persian and his sons translated Quran into Urdu.He wrote
51 books in Arabic and Persian.He formed an organization that opposed
the Marathas.He joined forces with Ahmed Shah Abdali and defeated
them at Panipat in 1761.He was the first Muslim thinker to state the
decline of the Mughals.His father’s madrassa played a vital role in
spreading Islam.The writings and the translations into Persian enabled
the people to understand them.Shah Wali Ullah also showed that
Muslim revival could only take place if there was an acceptance that
secetarian division was to stop.

Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barailvi:

SASB was born in Rai Bareli,near Lucknow.His father died while he was
still young.Then he migrated to Delhi where he was enrolled in
Madrassa Rahimiya.He was a man of action.In Delhi,he got a position in
the army of Nawab Amir Khan.He was also the commander of a group
of soldiers.SASB was also the Imam and led the forces in prayer.In
1817,he returned back to Delhi.As a man of action,SASB worked as a
leader against the British power.He believed that now that there was a
need to end and finish the evils that had corrupted the Islamic
society.SASB founded the Jihad Movement and tried to free the
Muslims from Sikh tyranny.
Haji Shariat Ullah:
HSU was born in 1781 in Faridpur district.His family was very well off.In
1799,he went to Makkah to perform Hajj and then stayed for
19years.On his return to East Bengal,he started a movement.Although
HSU died in 1840,his work was carried by his son.Hsu wrote more than
54 books.HSU believed that the miserable condition of India it to be a
Dar-ul-Harb.This meant an area where non Muslims ruled or Hindus in
this case.HSU also said that Muslims had moved away from Islamic
practices.For this he introduced the Faraizi Movement.HSU also
supported the jihad against the non Muslims.this movement was
started to restore the pride of the Muslims and to remove any Hindu
practices.Emphasis was on praying past sins and leading a righteous
life.Faraizi movement was carried on by his son,Mohsin-Ud-
Din.Mohsin-Ud-Din divided East Bengal into circleswhich were under
khalifas.He helped the oppressed peasants to oppose the unfair
taxes.Mohsin-Ud-Din also threatened the British to declare Jihad.He
was arrested by the British and died in 1860.After his death,Faraizi
movement declined.HSU died in 1840.
(B)How was Aurangzeb responsible for the
decline of the Mughal Empire?
Aurangzeb was a rigid Muslim ruler who ruled India for more than 50
years.When Aurangzeb became the king,there were rebellions against
the Rajputs from 1679-1681 and there were rebellions by
Sikhs,Satnamis in Mewar and Jats in Gokal.Aurangzeb had to fight the
Pathan tribes as well as the leader of the Marathas,Shivaji.He had
almost emptied the treasury.In 1707,his empire stretched from Kashmir
to Karnatak and Ghazni to Chittagong.He introduced Jizya tax on Non-
Muslims.A large number of temples were destroyed and suttee was
banned.Dancing and singing were banned,alcohol was banned and
beard was kept according to Sunnah.Aurangzeb was spendthrift.

(B)Why did the Mughal Empire decline

following the rule of Aurangzeb?
Many weak successors came and declared themselves kings.In 12 years
time 20 people claimed to be the king.the new kings were pleasure
seeking and ere fond of pleasure and leisure.They were not interested
in ruling SC.At last Muhammad Shah became the king and ruled for 30
years.there were foreign invasions by many rulers.Nadir Shah came to
SC and took back the prestige of the Mughals and collected as many
booty as he could.Ahmed Shah Durrani also took adavantage of this.

He also collected as much booty as he could.

Hence the mighty Mughal Empire came to an end.

(B)Why was Urdu chosen as national

language?
Jinnah chose Urdu as the national language since it was understood in
every part of Pakistan.

It was considered the language of Muslims,pre partition due to its rich

literary background.The Quran was translated into Urdu by the sons of
Shah Wali Ullah.SSAk protected Urdu during Hindi Urdu Controversey in
1867.The Muslim leaders communicated with each other in urdu during
the Pakistan Resolution in 1940.it is promoted by many literary
forums.Urdu is chosen in media,radio,television etc.It is taught as a
compulsory subject in colleges and schools.It unites the Pakistani
nation.There is a degree of M.A and Ph.D in Urdu.It is a symbol of
solidarity.Urdu has a bright future in Pakistan.
SECTION 2:

Reasons for the Partition of Bengal:

Geographic Reasons:
The boundary of Bengal had reached River Sutlej in 1803.It had a
population of 78000000 people and an area of 190000 square miles.In
1905,Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal.he felt it was too large to be
governed.He divided it into East Bengal and West Bengal.West Bengal
had a population of 42 million Hindus and 12 million Muslims.East
Bengal had a population of 18 million Muslims and 12 million
Hindus.Assam,Dhaka,Meymen Singh and Chittagong were also given to
East Bengal.Curzon said that it was easier to rule Bengal now.he called
it a mere adjustment of boundaries.

Political Reasons:
There were many Hindu Muslim differences which could not be kept
aside after the War of Independence.To avoid any communal
rioting,partition of Bengal was a bright option.Curzon partitioned
Bengal on this.The British were upset over the quick growth of
nationalism in India.Leaders like Tilak made impassion speeches.There
were many secret insurgencies working against the British in 1870.In
1897,a British officer and his companions were also killed.Curzon could
not think of anything else so he partitioned Bengal.

Reasons for the Reversal of the partition of

Bengal:
Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal in 1905.The Muslims were very happy
while the Hindus were upset.

The Hindus felt that Muslims had tried to weaken their position in the
SC.16th October was declared a mourning day.Hundreds of protests
were taken out.Even an assassination attempt was also made on
Minto.Many petitions were sent to Lord Minto to reverse the partition
of Bengal.The Swadeshi Movement was introduced.It stated that all the
British goods were to be thrown in bonfires or in rivers.It became an
honour to wear locally made cloth.The Movement spread at a great
pace and rapidly.12th December,King George 5 was to visit India
himself.The Indians threatened the British of severe consequences if
reversal was not observed.So Lord Harding agreed to this.King George 5
himself announced the partition of Bengal in 1911 in Delhi darbar.
What were the reasons for the foundation of
ML?
 Muslims increasingly felt they needed an organization of their own
to stay united.
 In 1900,GUP elevated Hindi to the same level as Urdu.
 The Muslims were shocked to see the behavior of the Congress at
the partition of Bengal.
 Arya Samaj was a group of Hindu extremists who were converting
the Muslim to Hindus forcibly.
 If the Muslims did not have their own party,they would remain
disunited.
 The Congress India to be treated as a cultural hole.
 The new organization would protect the rights of the Muslims.
 Congress only promoted Hindu views.
 If a party was not founded,the Muslims would remain disunited.
In 1906,Sir Agha Khan and Feroze Shah Mehta went to Simla to Lord
Minto and asked him for a separate party for the Muslims.
Reforms introduced by the British:

Morley Minto Reforms:

Morley Minto Reforms were introduced by John Morley and Lord Minto
in 1909.They allowed the Indians to sit in the Imp.Leg.Con.Direct
elections were introduced for the Prov.Leg.Con.Separate
representation for the Muslims in the council and other
minorities.Function of the council was to advise only.The law making
power rested with the British.

How were these important?

They increased the Indian representation in the council. In
Imp.Leg.Conc,60 members were added to the previous number. In
Prov.Leg.Con,50 members were added to the previous number. In small
provinces,30 members were added to the previous number. Muslim
representatives would be elected by only Muslim community.

What were the drawbacks of MMR,1909?

The pure advisory role was not acceptable by the Indians. The British
had the power to make the laws which was not fair. These reforms
were not a move towards the Indian parliament.
Why was the Congress not happy?
They declared the reforms undemocratic. Muslims got a right to vote as
well as they were also allowed to sit in the councils. The Congress felt
that Muslims had been exploiting them with the British. The Congress
wanted more importance in the government sector,called for self rule
and condemned the partition of Bengal.

Reasons for WW1:

Germany and Italy were new powers in the world.They wanted to
compete with USA,France and Britian.France wanted to regain its lost
territory and also to avenge her defeat.The Arch Duke of Austria was
killed by a Serbian student.

Effects of WW1 on India:

It had a great political effect.The door towards self rule had been
opened and the British needed to change their attitude towards the
Indians.

Lucknow Pact 1914-1916:

Both Hindus and Muslims represented their repression policy of the
British and also that they did not have an overall control over the
country. Both the parties hoped for some gains but nothing happened.
In 1913,ML declared to work for suitable government for India.
In 1915,Jinnah arranged a meeting between the Muslims and the
Hindus at Bombay. They had a few proposals and hoped that something
would happen. At least half of the number of the executive council
should be elected. The Leg.Con should have a majority of elected
members.The British failed to grant these.

What was the Lucknow Pact?

Both the parties met in 1916 in Lucknow and also kept a few proposals.
In this the Congress agreed to the separate seats of the Muslims. One
third seats to be given to the Muslims. No law affecting a community
should be passed. If 75% supported the law then it should be passed.
The number of elected members should increase. Motions passed by
majority should be accepted. Minorities should be protected. Provinces
must have autonomy.

How was the LP important?

LP-1916 was a significant move towards self rule. It was the first time
the Muslims and Congress had made political demands joint. Muslims
felt their rights were protected. It showed self rule was possible and the
Hindu Muslim unity.
What were the MCRf”s?
In 1919,Lord Chelmsford and Lord Montague introduced a new system
of government. They stated that they wanted to give responsibility to
the Indians. Leg.Con would be called a Leg.Assembly. There would be
145 members out of which 103 would be elected. 32 seats reserved for
the Muslims. This would be for 3 years. Council state to have 60
members, 33 would be elected. 108 members council would comprise
of the princes. 12 were to be elected.

What was the importance of the MCRf”s?

Diarchy was introduced and government structure would have reserved
subjects for the British.They would control revenue,police and
media.The transferred subjects were for the Indians like
education,health and forestry.The British claimed that 5.5 million
people out of 250 million could vote.The viceroy could pass any law for
the safety of India.He could dismiss the council at any time.

Why were the MCRf”s ineffective?

Many Indians expected greater concessions. The vice roy’s authority of
ruling India did not go unnoticed.The British had accepted the separate
electorates for the Muslims. The minorities were asking for
concessions. Indian society division was also emphasized.
Reasons for establishment of the KM:
The Turkish Ottoman Empire was the largest empire ruling in 1520’s. by
the end of WW1,the Muslims were threatened by the Greeks. Britian
and USA were keen to reduce the power of the Muslims. They wanted
to abolish the government of Kemal Attaturk. The fact that Turkey had
sided with Germany had not yet been confirmed. Now the British
wanted the Indians to help them in WW1.They refused to fight since
this would make the non Muslims the leader of the holy places of the
Muslims. The British promised not to do anything. Thousands of men
joined the army. Turkey lost. British did not keep their promise. After
the war many treaties were signed. According to them the German
colonies were to be taken away by USA and UK. George Lloyd himself
announced the split of Turkey.

This outraged the Muslims. In 1919 many conferences were held. By

1920 many delegations were sent to British not to do this. The caliphate
had been abolished and Turkey was split.

Describe the Treaty of Versallies:

The victorious nations met in Paris.32 countries sent their delegations
to the conferences. Decisions were made by France,USA and Italy in
Versallies. They said that the colonies would be taken away by the
victorious nations.Germans were blamed for the war.
What was Satyagarha?
Satyagarha was a truth force.This was its literal meaning.Satyagarha
Gandhi.He said that the Indians would cheerfully endure the
torture.There were hunger strikes,sit down strikes.This also coinsided
with the KM.

What was the Hijrat Movement?

Hijrat Movement was introduced by the Muslims of the SC.According to
them,the British had made India a Dar-ul-Harb.This meant that a place
where the non muslim ruled.So many Muslim leaders advised the
Muslims to go to Afghanistan.They migrated to Afghanistan.There were
18000 Muslims who migrated to Afghanistan.There they were not
welcomed and had to come back helpless and homless.

What was the Simmon Commision?

Simmon Commision was a group of 7 men sent to India.Due to the
quick growth of communalism in India,riots were expected between
Hindus and Muslims.According to 1919 act,commission would be sent
to India after every 10 years.In UK the elections were to be held in 1931
and the fact that the Labour Party had sympathized for Indians.
Recommendations of the Simmon Commision:
It abolished the diarchy.It suggested a federal system for the
SC.Separate electorates for the Muslims but no 0.33333 seats for the
Muslims in the Cen.Leg.Coun.Sindh will remain part of Bombay
presidency.Status of NWFP will remain the same until further
negotiations take place.

(B)What were the reasons for the opposition

of the Simmon Commision?
There were only British members in the council.It was suspicious that
the Commission had arrived two years early.The Act did not support
the self rule.There were no 0.333 seats for the Muslims in the Central
Legislative Council,so the council to be cancelled.As aresult a
conference was held to discuss the political conditions of India and to
formulate a constitution for India.

(B)Why was the Nehru Report issued?

Nehru report was issued in response to the Simmon Commision.In
1927,a 7 men committee was established under John Simons to make
laws and rules for India.All members were British.The Indians felt
insulted that they were being ruled by British and that their matters
were being solved by the British.Congress said that it would boycott the
commission and called for mass demonstrations.In 1925,members of
Muslim League,Congress,Liberals,Hindu Mashabas and Central Sikh
League met in All Party Conference which the Indians thought that
should be used to govern India.Nehru chaired the committee and
issued his report.It called for India to have Dominion Status.india to be
federation,vote for male and female,adult.

Hence the Nehru report was the first step towards self rule and
independence.

Jinnah’s 14 points:
 Jinnah’s 14 points were a response to the Nehru Report.
 The Congress had backed away from Lucknow Pact.
 There was no room left for reconciliation and negotiations.
 Maulana Shaukat Ali Jauhar said thet Nehru Report had treated the
Muslims with undeserved contempt.
 Jinnah said that Nehru Report was the parting ways between with no
room for reconciliation.
 Jinnah drafted 14 points which later led to a major political
development leading to partition.
The 14 points of Jinnah:
A future constitution should be federal with uniform autonomy for all
provinces.Minorities will have an adequate and effective
representation in the Cen.Leg.Con.Muslims have a 0.333 representation
in the council.

What were the 14 points of Jinnah?

1) Any future constitution should be federal,with power resting with
provinces.
2) All provinces should have uniform autonomy.
3) All legislatures and local bodies should be constituted with adequate
representation of the minorities.
4) Muslims should have 0.33 representation in the assembly.
5) Election should be by separate electorates.
6) Any territorial changes should not effect the Muslims.
7) They must be granted full liberty of belief.
8) No bill shall be passed if 0.75 does not agree.
9) Sindh shall be separated from Bombay.
10) There must be reforms in NWFP and Balochistan to put them on
the same putting with other provinces.
11) Muslims must have a share in the Services.
12) Muslim culture,rights,religion must be protected.
13) All cabinets have must 0.333 representation of the Muslims.
14) The federation of India must not change the laws without the
consent of the provinces.

Salt March:
In 1923,the British imposed heavy taxes on the Indians as well as they
doubled the tax on salt.On 12th march Gandhi led a famous salt march
from his village Sabi Mati Asharam to a sea side village Dandi.It was a
24 long day march to Dandi.The British cloth shops were stoned and
also the British schools and colleges were also stoned.As a result,the
Congress was outlawed and the famous Congress leaders like Gandhi
and Nehru were arrested.

Irwin Pact:
February 1931,Gandhi met Lord Irwin.They signed Gandhi Irwin Pact on
5th March 1931.Irwin agreed to release Gandhi and in return Gandhi
would have to attend the RTC 2.Gandhi agreed to call of the non
cooperation movement and also Irwin agreed to set free all the
prisoners.

Describe the Communal Award.

August 1932,PM Ramsay Macdonald announced the communal award
following the RTC’s.The Muslims were given the majority in the Hindu
provinces. In the Muslim provinces their weightage was
reduced.Congress was upset over this but the Muslims were happy.

Round Table Conference 1:1930

It was inaugurated by the king and was presided over by PM Ramsay.It
was attended by the ML,liberals,Princely State.The Congree had
refused to attend the RTC since there was no guarantee of dominion
status was given.Some advances were made.Princes declared they
would join the future federation of India.There were 462 Princely staes
and the largest one was Kashmir with an area of 84471 square miles
and the smallest had an area of 0.29 square miles.British agreed that a
representative government would be established at provincial level.All
India federation and provincial autonomy was promised;non muslims
minorities demanded to be safeguarded as well.The RTC 1 paved a way
for the British India but were unable to solve the communal problems
of the country.

Round Table Conference 2:1931

In 1931 Irwin announced that the Congress was the most mature party
in the SC so it could discuss its matters with India.Gandhi decided to
join the RTC 2 and also spoke some words in front the British.He said
that Congress only represented all Indian interests and did not
represent the minorities.Gandhi did not support the separate
electorates.He said that if independence was given,he wanted
complete control over the army,defence and foreign affairs.In the
second RTC,NWFP was made a governor’s province and Sindh was
given provincial status.The Labour Party lost and the British were not
ready to compensate with the Indians.

Round Table Conference 3:1932

The last session turned out to be least important.Only the delegated
attended it.The Labour party in opposition refused to
participate.Congress didn’t go.Princes sent ten delegations to see what
happened..A communal award was given.

Government of India Act 1935:

 Some provincial autonomy was given.
 Ministers could carry out their own programs.
 They were responsible for their own legislatures.
 Additional rights were given and local population of 35 million could
vote and this was 5 times more than the previous number.
 Provisions for the federal government.
 Princely state would decide to join in the political affairs of the SC.
 Diarchy was dropped at provincial level.
 11 provinces were registered.
 Sindh and NWFP were made provinces.

Drawbacks of Government of India Act 1935:

 The act appeared to give real power but in the reality the things
were a little different.
 It was opposed on all sides of India as the viceroy could exert special
powers in the SC.
 Diarchy remained in the center----------defense and foreign affairs
under the British.
 Part concerning 104 princes was not mentioned.
 Property qualification for voting meant only 25% could vote.
 It did not give self rule and also did not give parliament democracy.
 Governors could use veto powers to dissolve the provincial
legislature.

Rule of Congress:
Nehru had been reluctant to contest the provincial elections.

Once he received assurances from Lord Linlithgow that the provincial

governors could use their powers.

Congress formed government in the 8 provinces.

Congress treated the Muslims with disdain.

Congress soon introduced a series of events which threatened the
Muslims.

Band-e-Matram:
 It was the national song of India.
 It encouraged the Indians to expel the Muslims from the SC.
 The singing of the song was made compulsory before every event.

The Wardha Scheme:

 Introduced by Gandhi throughout the SC.
 Teaching was to be in Hindi.
 Spinning of cotton was introduced.
 No religious education.
 All students were expected to bow down before Gandhi’s portrait.

The Congress Tyranny:

 Muslims feared that a major aim of the Hindus was to eradicate the
Muslims from SC.
 Muslims were forbidden to eat the beef and received harsh
punishments if cows were slaughtered.
 Azaan was banned and there were attacks on the mosques.
 Noisy processions were arranged near the mosques and sometimes
the pigs were forced in the mosques.
 Anti-Muslim riots set the Muslim properties on fire.

The Day of Deliverance:

In 1939,British announced a war against the Germans.Lord Linlithgow
announced that India was also on a fight with Germans.Congress did
not agree.They said that Dominion Status to be given now.The British
did not promise this so the Congress ministries resigned.Jinnah
celebrated this day as the Day of Deliverance.The Congress rule was
over.

Pakistan Resolution was passed in 1940

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah:

 He was born in 1876 in Karachi.
 He came from a Gujrati Family.
 At the age of 15,he was sent to England to study Law.
 Jinnah returned back in 1897 and established a highly successful law
practice.
 He made his first move in politics in 1909.
 Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a barrister by profession but he got
involved in politics.
 Muhammad Ali Jinnah was in the favour that the Muslims and the
Hindus should live together.Later he joined the ML and worked for a
separate country for the Muslims.
 Jinnah in 1928 gave his 14 points that were a response to the Nehru
Report.
 Jinnah also attended the Round Table Conferences from 1930-1931
in UK.
 In 1940,Muhammad Ali Jinnah celebrated the Day of Deliverance
along the Muslims of the SC.
 The Gandhi Jinnah Talks in 1944 were not successful but still MAJ
kept some proposals.
 In 1947,Pakistan was made and the Quaid was chosen as the first
Governor General of Pakistan.
 Jinnah died in 1948.

Allama Muhammad Iqbal:

 Allama Iqbal was born in 1877 in Sialkot.
 He belonged to Rajput family.
 Iqbal was poet and took his inspirations from the Holy Quran.
 He was a philosopher and a doctorate from Munich university
Germany.
 His poetry was designed to awaken the Muslims.
 He wanted the Muslims to improve their position in SC.
 In 1922 he was knighted by the British army.
 He was elected to the Punjab assembly in 1926.
 In 1930 gave his famous Allahabad address and also he was in favour
a new state for the Muslims.

Chaudhry Rehmat Ali:

 He was born in 1897 in Punjab.
 Rehmat Ali was a leader of the Muslims in the early 20th century.
 Rehmat Ali completed his degree in 1918 and then practiced law in
Lahore.
 During the RTC he was in London and he also told Jinnah that he
should demand for a separate country for the Muslims.
 In 1933,he issued the pamphlet Now or Never.This was a first direct
call to the new state for the Muslims.
 In 1933 he also formed the Pakistan National movement.
 In 1951,Rehmat Ali passed away in Cambridge.

Cripps Mission:
Sir Stafford Cripps was sent India in 1941/1942 to reach a compromise.
The Mission promised an Indian union after WW2 ended. The individual
provinces could opt for independence and negotiate. The constituent
assembly would be formed and also a constitution would be framed.
Why Muslim League rejected the proposals?
 The proposals did not mention Pakistan.
 Jinnah appreciated the option to negotiate independence.
 The minority rights had been protected.

Why Congress rejected the proposals?

 Congress demanded immediate control of the SC.
 They were not ready for the war to end.
 Criticized the option to negotiate.
 They were desperate to exploit the British. Called for Quit India
Resolution.

The Gandhi Jinnah Talks:

Gandhi had been in prison. He was released since he was ill. These talks
were held at Jinnah’s house in Bombay.The met 13 times and also
exchanged 27 letters.Both wanted to reach a conclusion but this was
not possible.They need to talk about the communal affairs but they
failed and the meetings were not a success.

Reasons for the failure of the talks:

 Gandhi wanted independence first and then he considered he
minorities.
 Jinnah wanted to settle the partition matter before the British left.
Gandhi claimed he spoke for all of the India.
 Jinnah viewed that by all international views Muslims were a
separate nation.
 Gandhi didn’t accept the Two Nation theory which was the agenda
of the M now.
 Gandhi said that Muslims were converts from Hindusim.
 Gandhi accepted the communal divide. NWFP,Balochistan,Sindh and
Punjab were Muslim majority.Assam,Dhaka and Bengal were partly
Muslims.
 Jinnah said that all these provinces should comprise of Pakistan.
 Gandhi asked for immediate control and corporation from ML.
 Also Gandhi wanted the control of defense and foreign affairs.
 Jinnah knew that decisions should be speeded up.

Political Benefits of these talks:

 Gandhi had been forced to negotiate with ML on equal putting.
 Gandhi almost came to terms of the provincial distribution.
 Jinnah looked through congress plot to gain full control of India after
British left.
Importance of Wavell Simla Conference:
By 1945,the war had ended.In March 1945,Lord Wavell flew to London
to consult the future of the SC.

Proposals:
 An executive council should be set up to govern India under the 1935
Act until a new constitution was devised.
 Executive council should have equal number of Muslims and Hindus.
 British viceroy wanted to control the defense policy.

Reasons for Disagreement:

 Who should be in the council?
 Jinnah said that if the Sikhs and other minorities voted for Congress,
then Muslims would not be in equal putting.
 Jinnah disagreed that the Congress could nominate the Muslims.
 Lord Wavell saw no solution and also closed the conference.

Cabinet Mission Plan:

In 1946,a three men delegation came to India. They include Lord
Pethick,A.V Alexander and Stafford Cripps.Jinnah wanted the 6
provinces to become Pakistan.Congress opposed this.
Proposals:
There was a temporary govt to rule India while British organized their
with drawl.All Indian Commission to comprise of Provincial and Central
Legislatures.

Radcliffe Award 1947:

In May,1947,Lord Mountbatten announced a boundary commission
plan for the transfer of power from India to Pakistan. The princely
states could either opt for India or Pakistan. There would be an equal
distribution of money and military assets among the 2 countries. Date
of British with drawl was 14th and 15th August. India made Gandhi the
GG and Pakistan made Jinnah the GG.

Section 3:

Initial problems faced by Pakistan after partition:

There were several problems faced by Pakistan immediately after
partition.

1) Problem of the Refugees:

The boundary commission 1947 established two new states,India and
Pakistan.Both of them emerged as the sovereign states.The division
was made on communal lines.Millions of people found themselves in
the wrong country.They were the victims of the communal attacks.The
Muslims moved to Pakistan while the non Muslims moved to India.The
largest migration was seen by the world on the border.Over 10 million
people emigrated and only 2 million migrated to Karachi.To help the
refugees, Relief Funds were set up.The people donated generously for
the refugees .The government looked after the health,food and shelter
of the refugees.Efforts were made by both the countries.In 1950-
51,Liaqat Ali Khan signed a Minorities Act and it stated that the
minorities in both the countries would be helped and would be
settled.In 1960,General Azam was chosen to settle the refugees.He
settled 75000 refugees near Karachi and Hyderabad.

2) Accession of Princely States:

There were 462 Princely States.The largest one was Kashmir and the
smallest one had an area of 0.29 square miles.Chitral,Hunza,Swat,Gilgit,
Amb,Hunza decided to join Pakistan.Bahawalpur also joined Pakistan
and added a population of 1.5 million to Pakistan.However there were
other Princely States which decided to join India.There were 3 states
over which both countries fought.

Hyderabad was a princely state ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad.He

ruled an Indian majority meaning there were more Hindus.India sent its
troops to Hyderabad and they took over Hyderabad.Only a small area
of Hyderabad was given to Pakistan. There was a state of Junagarh,300
miles from Karachi.It was ruled by a Muslim Prince.Also there was a
Hindu majority in that area.India also sent its troops in
Junagarh.Junagrah was taken over by India.Pakistan also protested
against this and the matter was referred to UN but there was no
result.The state of Kashmir was ruled by Hindu maharaja.He ruled a
majority of Muslims.In 1947-48,maharaja had signed a temporary
agreement with India of the accession.The matter was referred to the
Un but there was no result.Neither side was strong enough to fight a
war.A ceasefire was arranged and Kashmir was divided into 2 parts.The
capital of Kashmir,Srinagar was given to India while Pakistan received
Muzzafarabad,Neelum valley etc.Nehru said that after the condition
settle down there would be a referendum held in Kashmir.

3) Canal Water dispute:

The partition of SC cut across several rivers.The head works of Ravi and
Sutlej were in India.In 1948,India threatened to stop the water of
Pakistan.A temporary agreement was made between Pakistan and
India.This threat endangered the agro based areas of Pakistan.Soon
after the agreement there was a Bari Doab Dispute.Paki called for the
dispute to be settled by International Court of Justice.In 1960,Indus
Water Treaty was signed.According to this Pakistan had control over
the waters of Jhelum,Chenab and Indus.While India had control over
Ravi and Sutlej.During this time Pakistan was expected to build one
gated syphon,8 link canlas,2 multi storage dams and 5 barrages.

4) Division of Armed forces:

The division of military and armed forces was a problem.It was
important to establish national security.Pakistan was temporary filled
by the British officers as Pakistan did not have its army officers. Jinnah
wanted to ensure that Pakistan was able to defend itself from any kind
of attack from India.In 1948,first war between India and Pakistan was
fought over Kashmir. Despite being outnumbered Pakistan held onto a
defensive position.Jinnah decided to build an Ordinance factory at
Ulah. 16 ordinances factories were in India but they refused to give any
one to Pakistan.Later 60 million were given to Pakistan to build a
defense system.Pakistan army had 15000 men and only 2500
officers.Jinnah had taken 500 trained British officers temporarily.The
armed division as also unfair.Pakistan got 6 armored divisions while
India got 14. Pakistan got 8 artillery divisions while India got 40.
Pakistan got 8 infantry divisions while India got 21.
5) Geographical Problems:
Pakistan comprised of East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Both of the
areas were thousands of miles far apart from each other. West Pakistan
consisted of Punjab,Sindh,NWFP and Balochistan. East Pakistan
consisted of Sylhet,Dhaka and Bengal. Amb,Hunza,Gilgit joined West
Pakistan.It was difficult to rule both the parts because of the distance in
between them. Also that both the parts only shared the same religion.
Except religion everything was different in between the two parts like
the language, life style, culture, customs etc.

6) Political Problems:
India inherited the government buildings, furnishings from the British.
India had official members of Congress who were well trained and had
some knowledge of politics. In Pakistan,mostly the members of the NA
were weak land lords.There was a large distance between the EP and
WP. Pakistan lacked both the administrative and governmental
machinery.

7) Economic Problems:
Pakistan was made up of states that were generally poor and weak.
They had very little industry. Around 90% of the people of Pakistan
lived in rural areas.There were only 8 major towns with a population of
more than 1 lac.There was no jute mill in Pakistan.All of the jute mills
were in India.After the partition the industrial enterprises in Pakistan
were only 10%.The industrial workers were only 6.5%.The electrical
capacity was only 5%.The mineral deposits were 10%.

8) Social Problems:
Pakistan was mainly made up of 5 different regions.They all had
different culture and different lifestyle.There were Sindhis in the
south,Punjabis in the north east,Pakhtuns in the north west,Balochis in
the west and Bengalis in east.These people had different cultures and
lifestyles.In 1947 some of the Balochis and Bengalis were not sure that
whether there languages would be the national languages in Pakistan .

Regimes and Resolutions:

 Khwaja Nizamuddin:
He was the GG of Pakistan after Jinnah died.Nizamuddin gave all the
responsibilities of the state to Liaqat Ali Khan.Like this the power of GG
was reduced then the PM.During his reign,Objective resolution was
passed and also the minorities act was signed as well as the Liaqat
Nehru Pact was signed.
 Liaqat Ali Khan:
Liaqat Ali Khan was the first PM of Pakistan when Jinan was the
GG.Liaqat Ali was left to steer the country after Jinnah died.In 1949
Objective Resolution was passed and Pakistan got some laws.Liaqat Ali
introduced Pak in Commonwealth in 1950.IN 1950,minorities act was
signed.In 1951,Liaqat Nehru Pact was signed.Liaqat Ali was murdered in
1952 by some army generals.

 What was PRODA?

PRODA was Public Representative Officer Disqualification Act.According
to this if an officer was found guilty,he was debarred for some time
period from his job. PRODA was introduced in 1949.

 What was Minorities Act?

It was introduced in 1950.Minorities Act was signed between Liaqat Ali
Khan and Nehru.According to this they were given their cultural rights
and religious freedom and were allowed to live in a foreign country.

 What was Liaqat Nehru Pact 1951?

It was signed in 1951.According to this pact the minorities were not
encouraged to migrate.They were told to settle where they were.
 Malik Ghulam Muhammad:
After Liaqat Ali was assassinated in 1951,Nizamuddin became the PM
and Malik Ghulam Muhammad sworn in as the GG.PM made some
proposals but they were not accepted.In 1950,Planning Commission
was set up and a six year plan was also made.Jute processing plant was
opened in EP.Another five year plan was drawn up.However asevere
drought hit Pakistan.There was shortage of food.Ulemas protested
against Ahmedis.

 Muhammad Ali Bogra:

Bogra sworn in as the PM of Pakistan after Nizamuddin retired. Malik
Ghulam and Bogra were always on a fight with each other.Bogra had
been an ambassador to USA and believed that aid could boost Pak’s
economy. On his call USA,Germany and Canada sent wheat and food to
Pak.A board was made to prevent the shortage of food.PM and GG
were always on a fight with each other.Once when Malik went
out,Bogra called for a meeting and limited PM’s powers.Thyen Bogra
went out and Ghulam called for a state of emergency.Bogra had to run
back and then he resigned.Soon when Bogra resigned,Iskander Mirza
took over as the PM.After Malik Ghulam Muhammad retired,Mirza
became the GG.
 Iskander Mirza:
Mirza became the PM in 1955.He introduced One Unit scheme.

According to this all the 4 provinces of WP would be united and would

form a government and would form a combined unit.Mirza also
introduced 1956 constitution in which he became the President.Mirza
made developments.He completed the Karachi port and also the
railway lines were expanded.Health and education services were also
provided.Industrial developments were also made.There was a
discontent in EP due to floods.One Unit Scheme faced criticism.Mirza
gave power to Ayub and Ayub imposed ML in 1958.Later Mirza was
exiled.

 Why did One Unit Scheme face so much opposition?

In 1955,One Unit Scheme was introduced.The 4 provinces of WP were
unified.Mirza claimed that this would cause rapid development of the
country.Also this would reduce the administrative expenses and would
reduce provincialism. A major reason was the politicians of WP feared
that the politicians of EP would gain power. Provinces were upset over
the loss of provincialism. Sindh protested that Sindhi to be the national
language.
 1956 Constitution:
1956 constitution was introduced during the reign of Mirza. According
to this Pakistan would be called Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The
president would be chosen by the Central and Provincial Legislatures.
The President would choose PM and the cabinet. President could
dissolve the NA on the advice of the PM. President would choose the
governors. All the members of the NA would be ministers. The
president had the powers to pass ordinances if the cabinet or the
assembly was absent. One Unit Scheme was introduced. Constitution
could be amended by 0.66666 majority in the NA.President had the
powers to suspend or interfere the assembly.

 Why did Ayub take over in 1958?

ML was imposed by Ayub because the politicians were unable to rule
the country and they criticized the army. The army was only functioning
department in the country. In 1958,56 constitution was suspended. NA
and PA were dissolved. All political parties were banned. Many
politicians problems led to the instability in Pakistan. Mirza was
unpopular in EP and his One Unit Scheme was not popular. The
parliamentary democracy in Pakistan was doomed. There was a famine
in EP. Pakistan was threatened over Kashmir issue. No unity between
EP and WP. All the people fought for the power.
Hence, Ayub imposed martial law in 1958.

 What was the Basic Democracy Order?

This order was issued on 26th October,1959.It was issued during Ayub’s
reign.In this people elected the union council.That union council then
elected the district and divisional members.On 17th
February,1960,these people confirmed Ayub as the president.

 What was EBDO?

Ayub introduced Elective Body Disqualification Order. According to
this,any person accused of corruption would go through a trial or he
would be asked to retire from the public life. Any person found guilty
would be debarred from his office. According to this 7000 people were
dealt.

 1962 constitution:
Ayub introduced 1962 constitution. It was a presidential form of
constitution. Ayub combined democracy with order. The President
would be elected by a college of electorates. They were called Basic
Democrats. According to 1962 constitution, they were 80000 in
number. One Unit Scheme was abolished. President had sweeping
powers. The ministers for NA would be elected by the President.
Pakistan would be a Republic. There would be an executive authority
with the President. Constituiton would be federal and there would be a
single house.

 Why Islamabad was made capital?

Islamabad’s construction started in 1961.It ended on 24th
October,1966.This was when the first building office was occupied. The
secretariat blocks were administrative and policy planning nerve center
of the country. It covers an area of 92000 square meters. The city is
divided into 8 zones. Each zone has its own parks, shopping centers and
educational inns.

Ayub wanted to have a keen sight on the northern areas of Pakistan as

well so he chose Islamabad. Also that he wanted to keep an eye on the
Muhajireen moving from Afghanistan to Pakistan. Karachi had a bad
climate. India might do anything. Karachi had a border with sea and it
was easy to attack it from water. Also Ayub wanted to keep an eye on
his areas. Hence, Islamabad was chosen as the capital.

 Agricultural reforms of Ayub:

Ayub brought reforms in agriculture. Laws were passed. A farm not
smaller than 12.5 acres or larger than 500 acres irrigated. A farm
cannot be larger than 1000 acres unirrigated. The landlords were forced
to find tenants of their parts. There were 3 dams which were built,
Tarbela, Warsak and Mangla dams. Thus the agricultural output
increased. Ayub said that they had brought Green Revolution in the
country. This was due to the mechanization in machinery.

 Industrial reforms:
There was help in the form of loans from USA, UK and Germany. In
1962 an oil refinery was set up at Karachi. Also a mineral development
corporation was set up for extraction of minerals. In 1964,regional
corporation development was set up. This was between Pakistan,
Turkey and Iran to enhance trade, commerce and industry. In
1960,economy rate in Pakistan was 7%.The money of Pakistan was
concentrated among the 22 elite families of Pakistan. They controlled
80% of banking and insurance and also 66% industrial assets.

 Social and educational reforms:

A new curriculum was introduced for the schools and the colleges.
Literacy Planning Programs were also introduced. General Azam Khan
settled 7500 refugees. Family Planning Programmes were also
introduced. Ulemas opposed these because they said that this was
against Islam. Training centers were opened for the doctors and nurses.

 Fall of Ayub Khan;

There were several reasons for the fall of Ayub Khan. 1968 Ayub Khan
celebrated the decade of development. People were angry that millions
of rupees were spent on this event. There was an economic crisis.
However Ayub Khan was the most successful leader in Pakistan. He had
introduced Basic Democrats which were not appreciated by the people
of EP. The people were not in favor of the ML.The people of EP wanted
democracy. Ayub had introduced televisions and radios which were not
appreciated by the Ulemas of the time. The 1962 constitution gave all
the power to the president, hence it was a presidential form of
government. The people said that Ayub should fight for the seat as a
civilian. The food prices were extremely high. The money of Pakistan
was concentrated among the 22 elite families in WP. Also the money
earned from exchange was invested in WP. Ayub resigned and handed
over the power to Yahya Khan.

 General Yahya Khan:

Yahya Khan took over as the Chief Martial Law Administrator. He too
became the President. Yahya also said that there would be elections
after 90 days but they could not be held because of the cyclone in EP.
The provinces would be reestablished. The EP endured heavy losses. All
the jute mills were also destroyed. The elections were finally held in
1970, 7th December. The one man, one vote rule was applied. The
results created a constitutional crisis in Pakistan. This led to separation
of EP.
 Social and Cultural disparity between EP and WP:
After Pakistan was formed, it consisted of EP and WP. The capital was in
WP so the people of EP didn’t feel in equal putting. Urdu was chosen as
the national language of Pakistan, although Urdu was understood by
only 6% of the people in Pakistan but Bengali was understood by most
of the people living in Pakistan. A State Language Day was introduced
on 21st Feb. The government banned protests on that day, however the
march continued and as a result of the tear gas, several people died. In
1956,Bengali was raised to a higher level. Bengalis were ethically,
culturally, socially different from the W Pak’s.

 Economic disparity:
Pakistan was a poor country. EP was much poorer than WP. According
to the Bengalis the foreign exchange earned from selling jute was
invested in WP and was for the Wpak’s. Between 1949-60,per capita
income in WP was increased from 330 to 373 rupees and in EP the per
capita income decreased from 303 to 288 rupees.The per capita income
of EP was 85% more than that of WP.By 1970,the gap had gone to
40%.Bengalis believed that WP’s economy grew because of the
resources of EP. According to EP,money was spent on WP’s defense.
 Political disparity:
EP complained although they were in majority they had little power in
the NA. All seniors in the army were from the WP. Very few people
were there from EP who were at high posts. Also that in 1970,a cyclone
came and all of the people in EP were killed. 500000 people were killed.
The government in WP was slow to react. EP accused WP of their
callous behavior. India offered help.

 Six Points of Mujib-ur-Rehman:

Mujib was the leader of the Awami League. He introduced his 6 points
in 1970. According to these 6 points there would be a directed
government and also this would be elected. There should be separate
currencies for both of the states. All decisions to be made at provincial
level. This would stop the flow of money from EP to WP. Also that the
provinces should tax their own people and should send some of it to
the government. Each province could set up it own treaties and its own
troops.

 Problematic results:
Awami League and PPP were true parties in Pakistan. PPP was led by
Z.A.Bhutto and Awami League was led by Mujib. PPP was in WP while
Awami League was in EP. EP won 162 seats out of 300 total in WP and
EP. PPP won 81 seats out of 138 in WP. Awami League won a majority
in NA. Yahya Khan and some other politicians were not in favor of the
Six points. Mujib believed they were negotiable but people turned
against him.

 Crisis deepens:
Yahya Khan hoped that he could reach a compromise with Mujib. In
1971 Mujib was declared the next President of Pakistan. In
Feb,1971,PPP decided that it would not take seats in NA until Mujib
discusses the problem of power sharing with other parties. Yahya had
to postpone the opening of the NA. The people of EP thought that they
had been betrayed by the people of WP. Yahya began a campaign of
mass civil disobedience. On 15th March Bhutto, Yahya and Mujib met in
Dhaka and they were ready to discuss the problem. It so happened that
General Tikka Khan brought his troops in EP. Bhutto escaped to USA
and Yahya to Islamabad. Mujib was arrested and several of his
followers were also arrested and killed.

 Outbreak of Civil War:

Yahya sent an army into EP to keep control. Awami League was banned.
Fears increased when on 26th March, Sovereign republic of Bangladesh
was formed. Indian army showed its support with EP on 31st
March.MUkti Banni forces were formed who attacked WP. Yahya sent
more troops in EP.
 Consequences of War:
Defeat in war brought disgrace to Yahya and his army. 90000 men were
captured. On 20th December,Yahya stepped down and Bhutto became
the President. He also released Mujib two weeks later and Mujib
became the first PM of Bangladesh.

 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto:

After the breakup of Pakistan Bhutto rose as the PM of Pak.He was
resourceful, tireless and an energetic leader. He had a previous
experience of a government. Bhutto took control over the army.
Although he was not a military person he had controlled army for some
time. For a while he became the COAS. He was determined to limit the
powers of the men in army. So he removed 29 important leaders and
appointed his own army leader, General Tikka Khan. In 1972,Bhutto set
up FSF to assist police.

 What was the FSF?

FSF worked on the orders of the PM. It was also made to assist the PM.
It had military officers in it. In an ambush against Raza Shah Kasuri, FSF
killed his father. As a result Bhutto was arrested.
 Simla Accord:
This Simla Accord was introduced in 1972. He brought back the
prisoners by signing the Simla Accord. According to this, Pak would not
discuss Kashmir issue on international level and only with India. India’s
PM agreed to release the prisoners.

 Effectiveness of Simla Accord:

The signing of Simla agreement made Bhutto less dependent on the
army. He made this possible by reducing the chances of fighting
between India and Pak. Bhutto improved his government’s reputation
by being seen as willing to negotiate to maintain peace. Bhutto
increased his popularity in Pak.

 Constitution of 1973:
* A parliamentary democracy was introduced. Concessions were made
to provinces to alleviate their fear that Central Govt would overrule
them. The new constitution was passed and the members were elected
by voting. One man one vote was introduced. This gave 1973
constitution great esteem and authority. It remains to date and also
some amendments have been made in it. Members of the PA were
elected by voting. Each province is given its autonomy and also its own
assembly. The PM would countersign the orders of the Pres. Pak would
be called Islamic Republic of Pakistan. There would be two houses
Senate and the NA.

 Agreements signed with other parties:

In KPK and Baluchistan , PPP didn’t have much seats in the NA. JUI and
the National Awami League were working in coalition. They had enough
strength to work out in the PA. In 1972 PPP signed a coalition
agreement.

 NA could not appoint provincial governors unless the members of PA

didn’t agree.
 NAP and JUI wanted a free hand in the provinces and then would
support PPP.
 In April 1974, this limited the press freedom and banned the political
parties if they were a threat to the country.
 In 1975, law was passed that security forces could detain the
suspects for a long period of time. If the FSF held the suspects they
did not have a right to bail.

 Industrial Reforms:
Bhutto introduced the industrial reforms. He wanted to lower the
inflation rate. The prices of sugar, cotton, rice along the banking and
insurance were taken up by the government. 70 major units were
placed under the control of the Federal Ministry of Production. Inflation
rate fell to 6%.These were the changes by Bhutto:

 Control the industrial output.

 Channel investment into industrialization.
 Raise workers living and standard of living.
 Allow workers to set up their unions.
 Even out the inequalities that had collected most of the wealth of
industries.
 Economic growth of industries was seen.
 Create wealth to help other governmental reforms.
 Raise PPP popularity in urban populace.
However these faced some difficulties.
 Pak’s educational system was not yet producing any educated
workers who could take managerial positions.
 The Federal Ministry had a huge job to do.
 The world was going through a recession.
 Newly nationalized industries faced a declining demand for their
goods.
 Agricultural Reforms:

 Land Owner Ship:

Bhutto believed that modern technology and use of modern methods
could improve agriculture had raised the production. So land owners
could maintain income on smaller, more productive lands. He
therefore cut the ceilings of 250 acres, irrigated or 500 acres un
irrigated. The surplus land could be sold to the farmers. Land would be
available to allow the ownership of the people for the first time.
Bhutto’s reforms were undermined by the landlords. Bhutto faced
opposition from them. Some landlords gave land on lease and some
gave their land to their trusted tenants and some gave their lands to
their relatives.

 Security of Tenure:
Bhutto wanted to give security to the tenants. He introduced the
measure giving the first rights to the tenants to purchase. The land
owners could not sell the land to a third person. Such improvements
encouraged the tenants to work on their lands and to improve their
condition. They felt that they would not be evicted. However the
landlords undermined these as well. There was mass eviction by the
landlords to prevent the tenants to enjoy security of tenure. If a
landowner didn’t want to sell to a tenant then tenant could not raise
his voice nor he could raise finance for buying land.

 Educational Reforms:
Government was concerned about education. Only half of the children
attended school and official literacy rate was 25%. Article 37 stated that
government should provide education to poor and needy. Bhutto’s
government outlined 8 main points:

 To eradicate ignorance.
 Provide education for all including men, women, mentally ill etc.
 Ensure that school’s curriculum meets the demand of Pakistan’s
economy, social.
 Raise a common man’s confidence.
 Raise aspirations for higher education among youth.
 Develop each person’s potential and personality.
However there were some oppositions o this.
 The administration which had to make the reforms was not yet in
place.
 Only 13% govt budget was allocated to the primary schools.
 Many people in rural areas didn’t want to make their children
literate.
 There was a drop in the standard of education in certain schools.
 Govt was unable to manage.

 Health and Social Reforms:

Pakistan had poor health facilities. It had one of the highest infant
mortality rate in world. Life expectancy was very low. Bhutto
introduced some reforms:

 The center plank of the reforms was RHU, Rural Health Centers and
BHU Basic Health Units.
 Training colleges for doctors and nurses were set up.
 The sale of medicines under brand names was banned.
These reforms health facilities in Pakistan but there was a shortage
of doctors and nurses. The removal of brand names was also a result
that chemists lost their jobs and many drug companies closed their
action in Pak.

 Administrative Reforms:
Bhutto wanted an efficient Civil Service. He felt that the civil service of
Pakistan was corrupt and weak. He made small number of levels and
also unified the pay scales. Entry requirements were also reformed so
that people could join at any level. Bhutto encouraged CSS exams. Also
he improved them as well.
 1977 elections:
Bhutto called for general elections in 1977. He was over confident
about his success in the elections. However once election was called, 9
different parties combined to form PNA (Pakistan National Alliance).
They wanted to end the rule of Bhutto and make Pakistan an Islamic
country. PNA gained support of the people. The government only
allowed a public gathering of just 5 people. Out of 200 seats, PPP won
154 and PNA won 38.PNA accused the government for vote rigging and
demanded new elections.

Bhutto refused the idea of new elections and PNA organized a mass
protests against PPP. Bhutto was forced to negotiate with the PNA and
banned gambling, drinking and holiday on Friday was introduced. On
19th April country was in a state of emergency and PNA leaders were
arrested. By June 10000 of their supporters were in prison. On 5th July,
army staged a coup named OPERATION FAIRPLAY. This night Bhutto
was arrested and the ML was imposed. General Zia became the ML
dictator.
General Zia ul Haq:

 How has Islamisation been successful in Pakistan since

1947?
In 1947, Pak emerged as an independent state. It was made to
safeguard the Muslim identity and to protect their rights. In the face of
difficulties Jinnah had established a new homeland.

In 1949 Liaqat Ali Khan formed a constitution which clearly mentioned

democracy, freedom and tolerance. Muslims would be able to live
according to the teachings of Quran and Islam. In 1950,it was clearly
stated that the head of the state would be a Muslim. According to 1956
constitution Pakistan would be called Islamic Republic. Often politicians
have been severely criticized by the Ulemas. In 1962 Ayub’s moderate
behavior towards Islamic policies was evident. 1962 constitution
declared Pak Republic. However 1973 constitution was Islamic
Republic. Law was guided by Quran and Sunnah. Bhutto hosted the
Islamic conferences in 1974 to promote brotherhood and mutual love.

During Zia’s tenure he wanted an Islamic tenure and wanted to Islamise

Pakistan. He introduced a series of Hudood Ordinances, under which
Islamic punishments were given. He appointed religious scholars to
monitor that whether the rules were being applied or not. Majlis-e-
Shura was appointed to oversee the proceedings of NA. Interest free
banking and sanctity of Ramazan was observed. Pak studies and
Islamiyat were made compulsory but all his efforts were in vain.

The governments of Sharif and BB faced several problems. They did not
make reforms to improve the Islamic policies in Pakistan. Hence Pak
remains deprived of Islamic policies even till now.

 Why did Zia introduce a series of Islamic laws

between 1979-1988?
As soon as Zia took over, he introduced some reforms.

From 1979-80, Zia’s govt passed a series of laws. A full fledged Federal
Shariat Court was established. There would be 5 judges, a chairman and
3 ulemas in the panel. The panel will decide whether the laws passed
were Islamic or not. In 1979, Shariat Law was imposed and the
punishments were to be given according to the Islamic Law. Offense
against adultery, against Qazf punishments could be 100 stripes, for
drinking 80 stripes, 3 years prison in case robbery amputation of right
hand.

Public flogging in case of crime etc. Furthermore a council of Islamic

Ideology was established to make economic and legal infrastructure.
Interest free banking and sanctity for the month Ramadan; disrespect
of Quran and Holy Prophet made punishable. Islamiyat and Pakistan
studies were made compulsory in schools. Zakat ordinances were
implemented and in 1983 zakat committees organized to distribute
money between the poor. Candidates who had learnt Quran by heart
were given extra numbers in the board exams.

Zia’s policies to Islamise Pakistan were not successful. They aroused

criticism from leaders and other countries. Hence the steps taken were
unrealistic and they were not implemented.

 Foreign policy leading to industrial development:

Zia’s foreign policy was successful between 1977-86. The GNP increased
to 6.2%.The reason was that a large number of Pakistanis were living
abroad and they were sending remittances. 2 million Pakistanis were
working in Middle East and they remitted an amount of $4 billion per
year. Despite the dictatorship of Zia, he supported Afghan War. Foreign
investors were given the confidence to invest in the industries which
had been nationalized previously. Zia privatized the industries again,
mostly were given to their previous owners or sold to new owner;
investors laws were passed that there would be no more
nationalization and the investors and owners were safe. However there
was a shortage of labor in Pakistan due to people working abroad.

 Law and government under Zia:

During 1977-80, Zia passed several laws which restricted the power of
the courts. Ammendments were made in 1973 constitution and in
1979, military accountability courts were established, offenders would
be tried according to the ML. In 1980,PCO (Provincial Constitutional
Orders) was made. This took away the rights of the courts to challenge
political executive decisions. 19 judges protested and they were
replaced by judges who accepted the PCO. In 1983,he announced the
elections and also made an amendment in con by Article 48.

 What was the Article 48?

This was introduced in 1983.It gave automatic validity to decisions
taken by the President. All actions even if they violated the human
rights were legal. All military actions taken after the 1977 and on wards
were not open to inquiry. Decisions taken under ML were not
questioned by the people. Also that the president would choose the PM
and other 3 members.

 Elections 1983-85:
 Zia announced elections for the NA-PA to be held and his intentions
were that elections should be fought by the political parties and he
would continue as the President of Pakistan.

The political parties united and they formed a new MRD (Movement for
the restoration of the democracy).They campaigned for free elections.

 Zia ignored them and also added the article 48 to the con.And in
1984,a referendum was held in order to take the opinion of the
 people whether Islamization should continue or not. A yes vote
would confirm Zia as the president while a no would make some one
other the president. MRD called on the people to boycott
referendum, still 10% voting was made and Zia got the majority.
 Zia won the 1985 elections defeating 9 ministers. A tame obedient
assembly was made and was elected.
 Muhammad Khan Junejo was chosen as the PM. PM worked Chief
Minister of Punjab and formed the lost Muslim League. The ML was
uplifted in 1985 and 1973 con had been restored.\

 Problems for Zia:

 Kalashinkov and other ammunition became common on the streets.
Drug trafficking, rates of drugs were very high.
 There was violence and crime in Pak. Sindh became ungovernable.
KPK had unrest due to the occasional skirmishes.
 Meanwhile the super powers resolved their issues with Russia and as
a result Russia withdrew its forces from Afghanistan. Money and
arms aid stopped from USA.
 In 1984,Indira Gandhi was killed by her Sikh guard and there were
sikh uprisings in India. Rajiv Gandhi blamed Pakistan for killing Indira
Gandhi. Ojhri camp issues added fuel to this matter.
 What was kalashinklov culture?
During Afghan Russian war several weapons were brought to Pakistan.
Much of the ammunition was smuggled in Pakistan and especially the
kalashinklov was sold in Pakistan. Soon many copies of these guns were
made and were sold. Zia was directly responsible for this because he
gave the permission to the refugees to settle in Pakistan.

 What was the Ojhiri Camp issue?

This happened on 10th april 1988.This occurred in the middle of a
densely populated area. Hundreds of people were killed in this. Zia was
blamed for this and Junejo was assigned to look for the ones who were
responsible.

 Zia and Afghan War:

Russia invaded Afghanistan on 25th December,1988.Zia supported
afghans.His image and position transformed overnight in the world.USA
supported Pakistan’s support for Afghanistan.The long porous and
mountainous borders enabled the Pakistanis to transfer weapons
through the border.Russia suffered huge losses and had to withdraw
their troops.At this stage CIA was at its large in Islamabad and USA
wanted to know exactly what was happening.

Pak supported encouraged the emigrants to move from Afghanistan to

Pakistan.There were 3 million in number.Such a number was difficult to
handle.Tension was often seen between the refugees and
Pakistanis.Smuggled ammunition was sold in Pakistan.USA gave $3.2
billion to help the government settle the refugees.These were the
largest displaced group in the world.

 How did the cricket diplomacy avert a war between

India and Pakistan during Zia’s tenure?
In 1984,Indira Gandhi was killed and her son Rajiv Gandhi accused Zia
for this and also blamed Pakistan for the Sikh aggression resulting in her
murder. Indian army carried a massive military action on the Rajasthan
border and also the Siachan glacier was a war zone.

In Feb 1987,Zia flew to India to watch a cricket match between Pakistan

and India. In fact he seized the opportunity to release the tension and
agreed to call of the army.

 How was Zia killed?

On 17th August,1988 Zia accompanied by the US ambassador flew from
Bahawalnagar to Islamabad.They had been inspecting a new American
tank.They were accompanied by the heads of the intelligence and 9
generals from the army.Almost immediately after the plane took
off,radar contact was finished.At the village of Dhol Karnal the plane
crashed.All 36 people on board were killed.Zia’s end was mysterious.It
was called to be a criminal act and it remains unsolved.
 Junejo:
Following the elections of 1985,Junejo was made the PM of Pak.He was
a mild person and had a good reputation as a person.He had been a
former member of PPP and also he made a new party with CM of
Punjab,Nawaz sharif.Both Pm and CM worked effectively.In
1988,Junejo called for a RTC of all parties.He wanted to discuss the
Afghan issue.In 1988,he announced that he would look into the Ojhri
camp issue and would bring the crimi9nals on line and on the screen.He
made moves in foreign and economic policies of Zia.These
interferences made Zia dissolve the assembly on 29th April 1988
according to the Article 48.

Another election was to be held after 90 days but they were not
possible because Zia was killed 17 days later.Chairman Ghulam Ishaq
Khan became the president and BB won the elections and became the
PM of Pak.

 Benazir Bhutto:(1988-90)(1993-96)
BB and PPP won the elections of 1988. She faced difficulties from the
start. It took 11 months and she was severely opposed by the a non
confidence motion in NA in 1989. She had to make a coalition govt in
Sindh with MQM.
In her first tenure she promised democracy according to Islamic values.
She ended ban on trade unions and also released political prisoners and
restored students union. Built electric generators across several rural
areas. Her foreign policy was successful and she introduced Pakistan in
C wealth. She hosted the 4th summit conference in 1988.These separate
agreements signed with India.

She faced problems in Sindh. MQM had managed a coalition govt in

Sindh with PPP. BB could not protect the interest of the Sindhis and
stamp out violence. On 30th September 1989,gunmen on motorbike
fired in a crowd killing 250 people. This made MQM finish the
agreement with PPP. Sindh government launched a crackdown in
Hyderabad the center of MQM. Pucca Qila claimed 300 deaths.

In her second tenure(1993-96) she planned social and health centers

for women. She addressed women discrimination issues, established
women courts, police stations and banks. She could not propose major
legislation for women.

In 1996,her govt provided military and financial support to Talibans.

She thought this would stabilize Afghanistan and open trade route to
CAS. Later she took an anti Taliban stance. During her tenure, fighting
and shooting continued on glacier of Siachan.
Her marriage to Zardari proved fatal and she was blamed for her
brother’s death. Both faced charges of corruption and money
laundering. They had more than 10 million in their Dubai banks.

Hence both of her tenures were a complete failure and also that she
was not a successful woman.

 Reasons for the fall of BB:

Ground of corruption;not able to lead the country democratively;failed
to maintain law and order;MQM abandoned her in Sindh;aggressive
opposition from IJI;Zardari and herself accused of corruption;Pak rupee
deprecated;unrest in army;inflation;unemployment;conflicts with
Sharif;drug trafikking;Siachan issue;Kashmir issue;terrorism;bank
scandals;Murtaza murdered.

 Nawaz Sharif:(1990-93)(1996-99)
Sharif became the PM on 1st Nov 1990.He announced his govt would
industrialize Pak and carry out a national reconstruction programs.The
exploration of natural resources would end unemployment and
planned programs to make use of man power.He felt that partnership
with the private sector would help boost the economy. Hence
privatization policies were introduced.

Shipping, airlines and electric supply was improved. Barotha Electric

power was started. Advanced telecommunications systems were
developed. Gwadar Mini port was started.Thousands of cabs were
provided by cheap loans.Motorway project was started to encourage
trade to CAS and also locally.

During his first tenure army remained powerful.In 1993,CNC Asif Nawaz
died mysteriously.Sharif was accused of his death.Ghulam Ishaq Khan
used the Article 48 and dissolved the NA and also the PM.There was
growth of crime and privatization.US support was lost.Pm and
President both resigned.Moin Qureshi took over as acting PM.Shortly
BB succeeded in 93.

During his 1st tenure,govt had been spending a lot.Remittances from

overseas Pakistanis had ceased. Sharif was involved in BCCI scandal
(Bank of Credit and Commerce International).This was a british partner
shipped program. It collapsed in 1991.Billions of Pakistanis lost their
money.It was proved that money had been invested in Itefaq
Groups.The loss was repaid but Sharif lost his repute.

Feb,97,Sharif returned as the PM.The first act he made was to scrape

the 48th amendment(article 58-2b).Shahbaz Sharif instigated the
dismissal of CJ Sajjad Ali shah.Farooq Leghari resigned and Rafique
Tarrar became the President.97,Sharif declared Pak atomic power. He is
credited for the completion of Motorway and the Yellow cab
scheme.This was to be followed by Rescue 1122.Friday holidays were
abolished.Tried to stabilize Karachi.Some peace restored in
Sindh.Started Bus facility from Wagha border in 99 after signing Lahore
Decleration.

His downfall coincided with his secular policies. Friday holiday

abolished. He did not have good relations with the army. Many officers
resigned due to his rigid policies. He suspended many civil liberties and
dismissed Sindh’s PA.l98,appointed Musharraf as the COAS.Musharraf
proved fatal for Sharif.Pakistan intruded Kashmir through Kargil
War.The fight resulted in many casualties. Musharaf blamed NS but
Musharraf was the master mind.Later NS was exiled.

 Reasons for Nawaz Sharif’s fall:

Suspended Friday holiday;suspended many civil liberties;dismissal of PA
of Sindh;set up military accountability courts;poor relations with the
army;Kargil issue;BCCI issue;profiteering;investments in family
business;loss of USA aid;growth of crime.

 What was the Lahore Declaration?

This was introduced in 1999. PM Atal Vijapee of India came to visit Pak.
The two PMs met and signed an agreement that steps would be taken
to normalize the conditions of both the countries of trade,
economy,culture.
 What was the Kargil issue?
Pak intruded Kashmir in 1999. Indian militants removed the Pakistani
terrorist activities and Pakistanis withdrew their troops from Kashmir.
People believed that Sharif did this but later the mastermind was
Musharraf.

 What was the U2 crisis?

In 1965,USA inaugurated a series of spy flights over Russia. They used
an aircraft U2 especially for this purpose. The Russians knew this and
they shot one of the U2.USA said that it was one of the weather planes.
Pak lent the Peshawar base from where the plane flew. The pilot was
caught alive with his spy photographs.

 Why has Pakistan faced difficulties in establishing a

democratic system since 1947?
 Lack of literacy.
 People don’t elect right members.
 Malpractices and vote rigging was common.
 People not elected on merit.
 Elected Pm and MPA’s MNA’s lose contact with masses after some
time.
 Elected members concentrate on personal gains and benefits.
 Locals are ignored.
 Power orientated landlords have dominated Pak since 1950.
 Landlords join politics.
 Rural pop deprived of basic facilities.
 Enmity prevails.

Why have educational reforms become an important

issue in Pakistan since 1947?
Pakistan has the world’s worst statistic on basic education.Succesive
governments have agreed to give priority to the issue but Pakistan
remains deprived of some laws and rules about education.According to
an independent survey in Pakistan in 1998,less than 30% of Pak
population is illiterate.Pre partition the exclusive privilege of small
Muslim minority.Though the Aligarh Movement of SSAK was successful.

In 1947,over half of the primary schools were under nongovernmental

hands.All con formulaed policies to improve the standard of
education.Academic training forums and ciriculums were developed.It
is the question that why the education have been a failure?

In 1960,2% budget was set up for education,in 1985 only 2.9%.Even the
mass nationalization during Bhutto’s reign saw only 3% of the budget
spent.Most neglected are the primary school sectors.In 1955-60,56% of
the budget was set up for the education in secondary and higher
education.In 1972-72,13% for primary sector and 35% for the higher
education.In 1983,there was a rise of 32% and 1988 saw the rise to
43%.

The quality and the quantity f teachers are dubious.Habitat of many

schools are a place of political interests or terrorist acivities.Some
operate without the furniture and the books.Hence an efficient school
system is missing.The rural areas suffer due to the lack of funds and
also due to the cultural aspects.They discourage the female education
completely.There is a rise in child labour because of the poverty,male
children also don’t study.

Private education is common in urban cities and rural areas are

deprived.Poorer class cannot afford the fees,books,uniforms
etc.Schools,madrassas are run by religious founders.Refugees
issues,language issue and other issues have created a major issue in the
education sector as it is ignored.

 Wars and conflicts with India 1947 onwards:

 1948 war:
There was a serious unrest among the Muslims in the area of Poonch
who were fighting for accession. Oct,1947,tribesmen from KPK invaded
the valley of Kashmir. The Pakistan govt maintains that it was a
spontaneous reaction and that they were fighting against the Hindu
Mahraja who was oppressing them. Neither side was strong enough.
The matter was referred to the UN and cease fire was arranged.

 1965 war:
September 1965, war broke out between Pakistan and India. Ayub’s
presidency marked the war over the issue of Kashmir. Infilteration of
Pak’s army in Kashmir provoked India. A full undeclared war lasted for
17 days.On 25th Sept both the countries accepted cease fire.The
security council laid arms embargo on both countries.1967,Taskhtent
Peace Treaty was signed between India and Pak.Pak was not successful
because of the superiority of the arms and troops of Indians.Pak was
not supported by the West.Russia supported India.The war ended in a
military statement and Ayub was questioned as a military commander.

 1971 war:
Talks between Yahya,Bhutto and Mujib failed. Yahya ordered military
action in EP to control the insurgency.Military activity on both sides
increased.Mukti Bahini forces were prepared by India.PAF launched
attacks in India and Indians had been expecting this.Indian
ground,air,naval attacks dislodged Pakistan and 90000 soldiers of pak
surrendered.They were taken as prisoners.Pak was not successful
because of Indian army’s superiority.No dialogue took place.India was
keen to see Pak broken.Lack of leadership was seen hence vital
decisions were not taken.

 Different Organizations:
1.OIC is the Organization of Islamic Conferences.This works closely with
UN.It shares its aims to keep tolerance and peace.Also works closely
with other organizations.OIC is currently made of 57 member staes.It
was founded in Morocco in 1969.It aims to promote solidarity and also
cooperation among member states.1947,1997,2003,2005 meetings
were held concerning the muslim world issues.

2.UNICEF is the United Nations International Children’s Emergency

Fund.This was created in Dec 11 1946.It provided health and food
facilities to countries devastated by WW2.In 1953,it became a complete
part of the UN.It’s headquarters are in New York.It aims to provide child
survival and development,basic education and gender
equality,protection from child abuse and violation,child rights all over
the world.

3.WHO is the World Health Organization.It is a specified agency of

UN.Established in 1948.It has its headquarters in Geneva,Switzerland.It
aims to attain highest possible level of health and combat diseases.It
monitors epidemics and other diseases.
4.WFP is the World Food Program.It is a branch of Un and also provides
food to the people. Average 90 million people per year.Aims to
eradicate hunger,save famine stricken areas etc.

5.IMF is the International Monetary Fund.It is the financial organization

of the UN.Gives loans to developing countries which are members of
UN.

6.UNESCO is the United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural

Organization.It aims to promote international cooperation by
promoting agreements and exchange of ideas in science,education and
arts.

7.ILO is the International Labor Organization.It was found in 1919.Seeks

to provide social justice to all labors of the world.Ensures people get
adequate working conditions to employees over the world.Conferneces
are held.1st May is an international holiday.

8.SAARC is the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.It

promotes peace stability and progress in regions.It worked for between
India and Pak.Issues debated are for the development of
economic,energy resources,terrorism,agricultural and rural projects.

9.NAM is the Non Aligned Movement.It promotes good willand

development between Afro Asian countries. Social, economic and
cultural problems are discussed. Problems related to racialism and
colonialism are highlighted.

10.SEATO is the South East Asian Treaty Organization.It was created in

1954,after the Manila Conference..Members are USA,UK,Germnay
etc.It does not have a provision of combined military forces. It is
designed to protect to South East Asian countries from violence. It did
not support Indo Pak wars. Bhutto withdrew from SEATO in 1971.It
follows anticommunist policies. The organization ended in 1977.

11.CENTO:It had its original name METO.Middle East Treaty

Oragnization.It was also known as the Baghdad Pact.It was established
in 1955 by Iran,Turkey,Britain and was financed by USA to prevent
Russian influence in the Middle East.CEATO did not support Indo Pak
wars and Arab Israel conflicts.It finished in 1979.

12.UNO:United Nations Organizations was established in 1945.It aims

to bring nations together and prevent further war.It established equal
rights between large and small nations,promote tolerance among
people;used armed forces for common interest only,promote social
advancement of nations.

 Pakistan and UN:

Pak needed to join UN to discuss the Kashmir issue and also the waer
dispute with India.Pakistan is the spokesman of the Asian States of the
Muslim world.Pak is a nuclear power,afghan issues,growth of Taliban
and Al Qaeda and the Palestine cause,Siachan issue,are matters
concerned with UN.

 How Pak has been successful as the member of the

world organizations between 1947-99?
Pak has always taken keen interest in the international organizations.

In 1947,Pak joined UN.It was important because Pak needed to solve

Kashmir issue.Since 1947,many solutions were in vain. Russia vetoed a
referendum for Kashmiris,three wars have been fought over this
issue.However UN solved the Water issue between Pak and India.Indus
Water Treaty 1960,gave Pak access to canals and loans for building
dams and barrages.Pak needed to solve Afghan issues,growth of
Taliban and counter Al Qaeda aggression.The Siachan issue is under
discussion.

Pak was also the member of the OIC.An Islamic conference was
organized in 1974,in Lahore.Sharif ud din Peerzada acted as the general
secetery of the OIC.The Palestine issue is a main issue under
discussion.Pak as an active member participated in all conferences.

Other than that Pak has been a member of NAM,CEATO and SENTO
which have been finished now.C wealth is an organization which
supports the countries which were under British rule till WW2 and now
they are free.Pak is a member of Cwealth as the queen visited Pak, in
1962 viza system started from Pk to England.Cwealth remains neutral
on the issue of Kashmir.1999 Cwealth supported Pak support for the
war against terror.Pak students participate in different kinds of
competitions.

Hence,Pak has good relations with the organizations.

 Why does Pak support the Israel cause?

Israel had forcibly taken over Palestine and continues violating Muslim
rights. Pak does not recognize Israel and has no diplomatic relations.

In 1948,Jinnah warned USA against the partition of Palestine and the

creation of Israel. In 1969,Al Aqsa mosque was attacked. Pak
condemned this. Pak fully supported the Arabs during 1967-73 and
disapproved of Israel aggression. In 1974,Bhutoo hosted an Islamic
conference and in this Palestine issue was highlighted. Yasir Arafat
spent his life in protecting Palestine from Israel. Pak supports Palestine
because they share the same religion. It further supports the policy of
self determination and sovereignty of the Muslim states. It feels that
Israel is violating the rights of the Muslims. In the international forum,
Pak voices its demands that Israel should vacate Palestine. Pak
recognizes PLO(Palestine Liberisation Organization) and demands that
Palestine should be allowed to have a sovereign state.
 How successful have been the relations between
Pakistan and Afghanistan?Exp your answer.
Afghanistan is the north western neighbour of Pakistan.Several issues
have prevented good relations.

In 1947,Afghanistan did not support the partition of SC and they didn’t

support Pakistan. This was because the afghans laid claim to KPK and
Balochistan. During 1947,Afghans wanted a transit route through
Pakistan and the route was offered if they dropped the idea of
Pakhtunistan. In 1950-55,Afghanistan encouraged anti Pakistan
campaigns and angry mobs ransacked Pak embassy in Kabul.All
diplomatic relations between both the countries were finished and the
border was closed for 5 months. During 1956,the Pakhtunistan issue
was supported by Russia and India also.There were thin chances of
friendship between both the countries. By 1961,Afghans were driven
back by the Pak soldiers in KPK. During Indo Pak war 1965,neutral
stance by Afghanistan.They did not join RCD.

However some successes have been observed.In 1963,Iranian

president,Raza Shah Pehlvi brought Afghanistan and Pak closer to each
other.1972 Bhutoo visited Kabul and donated for the earthquake
affecties.Trucks moved and planes flew from India over Pak.1977-78,Zia
gave support to afghanis and they were allowed to settle in
Pakistan.Refugees camps were organized in Pak.

Hence the relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan have been

hostile but some improvements have also been made.

 Have relations between Bangladesh and Pakistan

been successful?
In 1971-72,Bangladesh emerged as a separate homeland for the
Bengalis or the people living in EP.Pak saw Bdesh as a rebel
nation.Problems arose when Mujib ur Rehman asked for share in
assets.There were problems as the people in each country wanted to
settle in a new country.In 1974,pak accepted Bdesh as a country and
invited it to Islamic conference.

After Mujib was assassinated,the new PM Khondekar withdrew the

claim of assets.In 1976,ambassadors were exchanged and in the next
few years culture and tourism progressed.1985-88 Bdesh was hit by a
severe flood.Currently both countries play cricket matches.Though
relations are a little strained a sometimes the Bihari minorities face
persecution,which had to settle in Pak after partition in 1947.
 How successful have been the relations between
Pakistan with other Muslim countries since 1947?Exp
your answer.
Pakistan has strong bonds with other Muslim countries.

Starting from the closest neighbors,Iran and Turkey.There is similarity in

Urdu and in Persian. In 1964,RCD was signed between the 3
countries.RCD was a source of enhancing trade,culture and commerce
between the 3 countires. Economic ties were strengthened winder
ECO.1965 Iran offered military aid during Indo Pak wars.

With the Middle East countries,Feroze Khan Noor was sent in 1947-48
to Syria,Lebanon and Saudi Arabia for promoting diplomatic
relations.1949,Pak held World Muslim conference in Karachi.Though
Saudi Arabia and Egypt opposed each other when Pak signed the
Baghdad Pact.Some Muslim states don’t approve of pro US approach.

Pak supports the Palestine issue and voices its disapproval that Israel is
a country.King Hussain of Jordan visited Pak in 1968 for good will
relations.Raza Shah of Iran was the first person to visit Pak.Indonesia
gave full support to Pak during the 1965 war.Gulf states have financed
the industrial development in Pak.Libya,Qatar and UAE all invested to
boost the oil refinery,shipping and banking.Many banks in Muslim
countries are being operated from Pak.
In 1980’s Pak’s largest foreign was remitted by 3 million
Pakistanis.Many Pakistanis are living abroad,sending money home.Pak
has provided 50000 military personnels to Gulf States.

Conclusively,Pak shares religious and has bonds with Muslim countries

but some of them disapprove of Pak because of its policies.

 Why did Musharraf come to power in 1999?

Musharraf was COAS of Pak army.Through a military coup he ousted
Sharif and declared himself as the Chief Executive and effective PM in
1999.

Sharif’s second tenure faced some problems. He had damaged relations

with USA..He had declared Pak as the nuclear power ad had supported
the Taliban in Afghanistan. They refused to hand over Osama bin Laden
accused of bombing USA embassy in Kenya. Aid and technical
assistance was halted to Pakistan which brought Sharif criticism.1998-
99 Pak intruded Kashmir through the Kargil Peak. Fighting broke out
resulting in many casualities.Sharif asked Musharraf to retreat,the army
took as an insult and refused. Furthermore Sharif tried to sack
Musharraf whilst in official visit to Sri Lanka as a result army intervened.

Sharif was caught and later on exiled to Saudi Arabia.

 Describe Musharraf’s coup.
1999,Nawaz Sharif blamed Musharraf for retreating from Kashmir but
Musharraf didn’t accept this.Sharif tried to sack him while he was in Sri
Lanka.His army staff overthrew Nawaz Sharif and Musharraf became
the ML administrator.

 How successful have been the relations between Pak

and UK since 1947?
UK handled the transfer of regions and powers in 1947.Even then the
relations have been successful.

In 1948 military and civil support was provided and in 1950 a Colombo
Plan was made.According to this an aid of 1 million pounds were given
for the Sui Gas Project.In 1962,Pakistanis who were keen to work in UK
were given visas under the Cwealth Immigration Act.During the Afghan
War in 1979,UK supported Pak.PM Margaret Thatcher visited Pak and
gave 30 million pounds for the Afghan Refugees and 16 million pounds
for Balochistan refugees.In the 1980’s UK was an important trading
partner and by 1986 almost 379 million pounds were traded between
the two countries.

Other than that UK and Pak share love of cricket,test and country
cricket is played between both the countries.Since 1996-99,half of Pak
community lives in UK and earns there.In 1997,Pa’s M.Sarwar was the
first member of UK parliament.Tourism and trade are successful.Many
Pakistanis are employed in UK.Love of Pak cuisine is also seen.British
education is also cherished by Pakistanis.However a few failures are
present.In 1956,Pak objected when UK took over Suiz Canal.UK laid
arms embargo on Pak during Indo Pak wars.UK remained neutral Bdesh
crisis.

Hence Pak and Uk have good relations with each other.

 How successful is Pak as a member of Cwealth?

Common wealth is associated with the free nations which were once a
British colony.Pak is a member of Common Wealth.

In 1950,Canada gave 40 million euros to Pak to develop Pak.Baghdad

Pact confirmed that UK and Pak were allies.Immigration Act
1962,allowed the Pakistanis to move to UK and work there.In
1999,Cwealth appreciated Pak’s support on War for Terrorism.Bhutto
left Cwealth in 1972 when it recognized Bdesh as a new state.BB
readmitted to Cwealth in 1989.During 1977-79,Zia turned down
because his govt was undemocratic.Pak has been an active member
and Cwealth is supportive.
 PIA operated flights in certain Chinese citiesHow
successful have been the relations between China and
Pak since 1947?Explain your answer.
In 1947,Pak emerged as an independent state.China was involved in
civil war till 1949.Chairman Mao was the victorious communist
leader.Since then Pak has good relations with China.

In 1953,Pak voted for China to take up seats in UN but USA didn’t agree
because they were communist.Pak objected when USA interfered by
blocking Chinese coast and trade of both countries.1962,Pak supported
China in Indo Sino wars.During 1963’s series of trade agreements were
signed between both the countries.China gave $60 million interest free
loans and was the largest purchaser of Pak’s cotton.PIA operated flights
in certain cities of China.Tourism was promoted.In 1972,Bhutto visited
China and loans given previously became grants.Supply of military and
aircrafts was given to Pak.Karakoram Highway was opened in 1978 and
till today trade flourishes via this route.1986,Zia signed nuclear treaty
and promised cooperation from China.Chinese cuisine is loved by
Pakistanis.

Few reasons for discontent have been seen.During 1990-93’s relations

cooled and China made other friends also it signed treaties with other
countries.
Hence both are good neighbors and have good relations with each
other.Many Chinese live in Pakistan and also that many Pakistanis work
in China.

 How successful have been the relations between Pak

and India since 1947?Explain your answer.
Pak and India distrust each other since 1947 after the partition.

1947 Indian troops captured Kashmir and since then 3 wars have been
fought.India was bitter as Pak supported China in 1962 over Tibet.In
1971,war and breakaway of EP was instigated by India.90000 POW’s
were taken by India.In 1974,India exploded the nuclear bombs creating
insecurity in the region.1980’s was crucial.Pak was blamed for the Sikh
oppression and Rajiv Gandhi blamed Zia for Indira Gandhi’s deaths.In
1987,Indian army was active on the Rajasthan border.1997 Musharraf
led an assault on India to gain control of Bilo Fond La Pass.Inspite of
heavy fighting India held on and the fighting continues over the siachan
glacier.

However some mutual pacts were signed.In 1950’s the Minorities Act
was signed between Liaqat Ali Khan and Nehru.Also the Liaqat Nehru
Pact was signed.1952-55,cricket ,one day and test matches were
played.1960,Indus Water Treaty was signed and in 1967,Tashkent
Peace Treaty was signed.1972,Bhutto signed the Simla Acoord and
brought home the POW’s of war.Zia restored relations in
1987.1999,Sharif signed the Lahore Declaration and bus service was
started via Wagha border.

Hence the relations between Pak and India are not very good and are
strained due to Kashmir issue.

 How successful have been the relations between Pak

and USA since 1947?Explain your answer.
USA was a wealthy super power and it was difficult for Pak to resist its
influence.

Generally both he countries get along very well with each other.In
1947-48 Jinnah wanted to have a democratic system similar to USA in
Pak.Pres Truoman offered financial aid for military assistance and
refugees.In 1950,Liaqat Ali visited USA and established a Pak embassy
in 1951.Upto 1955’s numerous defense agreements were signed,CEATO
and CENTO,to counter the communist invasions.In 1960-64’s Jacqueline
Kennedy visited Pak to improve the relations.In 1979,Pres Carter
offered 400 million $ as military and economic aid for Afghan
militands.1980 Pres Roland Reagan supported Zia in Afghan Russia war.

Pak is a strong and old ally of USA.But there have been several
disadvantages for the relations.Pak armed forces heavily depend on
USA aid and support for weapons and has not concentrated on their
ordinance factories.Muslim countries and Pakistanis dislike the ideas of
USA being followed in Pak.USA agencies are influential in Pak.

Few failures have been observed.USA has a neutral stance over the
Kashmir issue.1965 Indo Pak war,USA supported India and also duringh
Indo Sino wars US supported India.Pak disapproved of USA support of
Israel over Palestine issue.1972-77 US disagreed with Bhutto and his
nuclear program and condemned Pak when she declared herself
nuclear power herself in 1994-96.

Hence,many Pakistanis live in USA and earn their living thus there have
good relations.

 How successful have been the relations between Pak

and Russia since 1947?Explain your answer.
Pak chose to follow the west than the communist Russia.

Relations were strained as Liaqat Ali Khan went to USA instead of

Russia and he set up a Pak embassy in USA. Russia took this as an insult
and went forward to support India over Kashmir issue and also during
the 1954-55 Pak signed anticommunist treaties with USA and Russia
warned Pak of the consequences.1955,Russia supported Afghanistan
over their claim of Pakhtunistan.Pak rejected Russian help to build a
steel mill at Pipri under the US influence.1960,U2 plane flew from Pak
and from Peshawar base which went to Russia. In 1971,Russia
supported India against Pak.During 1984-89,Afghan militants were
supported by Zia and relations were hostile.Russia also opposed Pak’s
nuclear program.In 1994,BB wanted to restore the visits but her visit
was delayed.

However there are few successes.During 1960-70 there was some

peace between both the countries.Ayub visited Russia and trade
treaties were made and also the Tashkent Treaty was signed between
India and Pak in Tashkent in 1967.Due to Z.A.Bhutto,economic and
technical aid was given and Pipri Steel Mill Project was finalized.In
1990-99 cultural and economic ties strengthened due to Sharif’s
efforts.Sardar Asif visited Russia and Alexander Rutsaki visited
pak.Under Sharif problems were solved,Nawaz asked for help for South
Asian Issues,Kashmir issue to normalize relations with India.

Conclusively Russia is sceptic and careful while dealing with Pakistan

since Pakistan is a Western ally.