Libro-Como Hacer Tu Trabajo de Investigación

Product Comparison
Scanning Systems, Gamma Camera
UMDNS information
This Product Comparison covers the following device terms and product codes as listed in ECRI’s Universal Medical Device
Nomenclature System™ (UMDNS™):
9 Scanning Systems, Gamma Camera, Mobile [16-891]
9 Scanning Systems, Gamma Camera, Planar Image [16-892]
9 Scanning Systems, Gamma Camera, Single Photon Emission Tomography [18-444]
Table of Contents
Scope of this Product Comparison ...............................................................................................................................3
Purpose..........................................................................................................................................................................3
Principles of operation..................................................................................................................................................4
Mobile gamma cameras ...........................................................................................................................................6
SPECT ......................................................................................................................................................................6
Image processing......................................................................................................................................................7
Reported problems........................................................................................................................................................7
Purchase considerations...............................................................................................................................................9
ECRI recommendations...........................................................................................................................................9
Other considerations................................................................................................................................................9
Cost containment ...................................................................................................................................................10
Present Value/Life-Cycle Cost Analysis...........................................................................................................10
Stage of development..................................................................................................................................................12
Bibliography................................................................................................................................................................13
Standards and guidelines...........................................................................................................................................14
Citations from other ECRI publications ....................................................................................................................15
Supplier information ..................................................................................................................................................16
About the chart specifications....................................................................................................................................19
Chart A: Mobile Gamma Cameras.............................................................................................................................22
Chart B: Stationary Gamma Cameras ......................................................................................................................25
Policy Statement
The Healthcare Product Comparison System (HPCS) is published by ECRI, a nonprofit health
services research agency established in 1955. HPCS provides comprehensive information to help
healthcare professionals select and purchase diagnostic and therapeutic capital equipment more
effectively in support of improved patient care.
The information in Product Comparisons comes from a number of sources: medical and biomedical
engineering literature, correspondence and discussion with manufacturers and distributors,
specifications from product literature, and ECRI’s Problem Reporting System. While these data are
reviewed by qualified health professionals, they have not been tested by ECRI’s clinical and
engineering personnel and are largely unconfirmed. The Healthcare Product Comparison System and
ECRI are not responsible for the quality or validity of information derived from outside sources or for
any adverse consequences of acting on such information.
The appearance or listing of any item, or the use of a photograph thereof, in the Healthcare
Product Comparison System does not constitute the endorsement or approval of the product’s
quality, performance, or value, or of claims made for it by the manufacturer. The information and
photographs published in Product Comparisons appear at no charge to manufacturers.
Many of the words or model descriptions appearing in the Healthcare Product Comparison System
are proprietary names (e.g., trademarks), even though no reference to this fact may be made. The
appearance of any name without designation as proprietary should not be regarded as a
representation that is not the subject of proprietary rights.
ECRI respects and is impartial to all ethical medical device companies and practices. The
Healthcare Product Comparison System accepts no advertising and has no obligations to any
commercial interests. ECRI and its employees accept no royalties, gifts, finder’s fees, or commissions
from the medical device industry, nor do they own stock in medical device companies. Employees
engage in no private consulting work for the medical device industry.
About ECRI
ECRI (formerly the Emergency Care Research Institute) is a nonprofit health services research
agency. Its mission is to improve the safety, quality, and cost-effectiveness of healthcare. It is widely
recognized as one of the world’s leading independent organizations committed to advancing the
quality of healthcare.
ECRI’s focus is healthcare technology, healthcare risk and quality management, and healthcare
environmental management. It provides information services and technical assistance to more than
5,000 hospitals, healthcare organizations, ministries of health, government and planning agencies,
voluntary sector organizations, associations, and accrediting agencies worldwide. Its more than 30
databases, publications, information services, and technical assistance services set the standard for
the healthcare community.
ECRI’s services alert readers to technology-related hazards; disseminate the results of medical
product evaluations and technology assessments; provide expert advice on technology acquisitions,
staffing, and management; report on hazardous materials management policy and practices; and
supply authoritative information on risk control in healthcare facilities and clinical practice
guidelines and standards.
©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

2
September 2005
Scope of this Product Comparison

This Product Comparison covers single-detector and multidetector stationary and mobile gamma
cameras (formerly called Anger or scintillation cameras). Most of the systems listed are capable of
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), also called single photon emission
tomography, and some are capable of dual-head coincidence imaging with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose
(FDG), a radiopharmaceutical used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. For more
information on PET, see the Product Comparison titled SCANNING SYSTEMS, POSITRON
EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY. Hybrid computed tomography (CT)/SPECT systems are also included.
For more information on CT, see the Product Comparison titled SCANNING SYSTEMS, COMPUTED
TOMOGRAPHY, FULL-BODY.
These devices are also called: nuclear imaging gantries, SPECT systems, SPET systems,
stationary gamma cameras, whole-body gamma camera systems.
Purpose
Gamma cameras are used to produce
images of the radiation generated by
radiopharmaceuticals within a patient’s
body in order to examine organ anatomy
and function and to visualize bone
abnormalities. The wide variety of
radiopharmaceuticals and procedures
used allows evaluation of almost every
organ system. In addition to producing a
conventional planar image (a two-
dimensional [2-D] image of the three-
dimensional [3-D] radiopharmaceutical
distribution within a patient’s body), most
stationary gamma camera systems can
also produce whole-body images (single head-to-toe skeletal profiles) and tomographic images (cross-
sectional slices of the body acquired at various angles around the patient and displayed as a
computer-reconstructed image).
SPECT is most commonly used for whole-body bone imaging, brain-perfusion studies, and cardiac
imaging; 30% of SPECT procedures are cardiac studies. Through sequential image acquisition, the
gamma camera can image blood flow to various organs, including the brain, lungs, liver, kidneys,
and bones. It also helps physicians detect and identify lesions, such as cysts, tumors, hematomas,
and infarcted tissue, as well as areas of altered osteogenesis and abnormalities of the cortex and
white matter. In addition, the gamma camera can work in tandem with a computer to evaluate
cardiac function and perfusion—for example, SPECT gamma cameras can perform myocardial
perfusion imaging with thallium-201 and technetium-99m. SPECT is also used to detect femoral
head avascular necrosis, knee osteoarthritis, metastatic liver disease, temporomandibular joint
abnormalities, and deep-seated small hemangiomas, as well as to assess bone metabolism in
hyperparathyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. Such techniques reduce the need for interventional
radiography, thereby circumventing its associated morbidity. Brain SPECT is being used in the
prognosis of strokes, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex, psychiatric
diseases, and Parkinson’s disease. One study indicates that FDG-SPECT is as effective as PET in
detecting myocardial viability and diagnosing certain malignant tumors (Martin et al. 1995).

3
Mobile gamma camera images facilitate the assessment of cardiac function and perfusion in
patients with impending myocardial infarction (MI), as well as in those who have suffered acute MI.
Bedside evaluation of these and other critically ill patients greatly reduces the need to transport
them by stretcher to a stationary gamma camera system.
Principles of operation
The gamma camera detects and counts photons emanating from a target organ and maps
individual scintillation events in a spatial configuration that creates an image of the organ. Static
images display data acquired at a specific point during an exam, and dynamic images display a
change in data measurements over time. A gamma camera system is composed of a collimator, a
thallium-activated sodium iodide (NaI[Tl]) crystal detector, photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), electronic
circuitry to determine the location and magnitude of scintillation events, an imaging computer, and
an operator console. An integral computer and/or a separate image-acquisition, processing, and
display workstation is also used. Whole-body imaging requires either a track-mounted movable
detector that passes over the patient or a patient table that moves beneath a stationary detector.
SPECT systems require a mechanical gantry to support and rotate the camera head and collimators
in a circular, body-contour, or elliptical orbit. Noncircular orbits allow the camera head to be closer
to the body, thereby improving spatial resolution. Recently, at least one manufacturer began
marketing a chair-based cardiac system, in which the patient sits in an upright position rather than
lying on a table.
Two energy-matter interactions
are important to conventional
gamma camera imaging: the
photoelectric effect and Compton
scattering. In photoelectric
interactions, an incident
(incoming) photon with slightly
more energy than the binding
energy of a k-shell electron
encounters one of these electrons
and ejects it from its orbit; because
all its energy is imparted to the
orbital electron, the photon is
absorbed. The ejected
photoelectron possesses kinetic
energy equal to the energy from
the incident photon minus the
energy required to eject the
electron from its orbit. The resultant vacancy in the k-shell is filled by an l- or m-shell electron,
which emits energy in the form of an x-ray photon. The energy of radiation produced by the
movement of electrons within an atom is characteristic of each element and is therefore called
characteristic radiation.
Compton scattering results from a collision between a high-energy incident photon and a loosely
held outer-shell electron. The incident photon transfers some of its energy to the electron, which is
ejected from its orbit by the collision. Because incident photons cannot transfer all their energy to
the orbiting electron, Compton scattering always produces an ion pair—a positive ion and the ejected
negative electron (called a recoil electron)—and always results in the formation of a scatter photon.
An incident photon frequently initiates a chain of Compton reactions and photoelectric absorption
events, which result in the sequential degradation of photon energy.
Because gamma photons cannot be focused using lenses, as light can, a collimator is used to
selectively absorb scattered radiation; only photons traveling along the desired path are allowed to
pass through to the detector. The collimator is usually made of a heavy-metal absorber such as lead,

4
with some tungsten or platinum parts. The basic types used in conventional gamma camera imaging
are pinhole, parallel-hole, diverging, and converging collimators.
The pinhole collimator, which works much like a pinhole camera, is a lead cone with a small
aperture at the tip. Gamma rays passing through the pinhole produce an inverted image that can be
magnified or minified, depending on the length of the cone and the distance of the organ from the
aperture. Pinhole collimators are best suited for magnification imaging of small, thin structures,
such as the thyroid. Most have a removable aperture insert that allows changes in aperture size; a
smaller aperture produces sharper images but also reduces sensitivity and increases imaging time.
The parallel-hole collimator, which
is the most widely used, is a piece of
lead up to a few inches thick
containing many parallel holes
perpendicular to the collimator
surface. The projected image is the
same size as the source distribution
onto the detector. Gamma rays
leaving the organ almost
perpendicular to the collimator face
pass through to the detector; all other
rays are absorbed by the walls (septa)
of the collimator holes. The use of
high-energy radionuclides requires
thicker septa to absorb unwanted
photons and to keep photons from
crossing from one hole to the next;
however, thicker septa are not as efficient because they allow fewer photons to pass. Collimators
used specifically with low-energy radionuclides have lead foil septa that are only a few tenths of a
millimeter thick and thus are very fragile. Hole length and diameter also affect performance:
collimators with long, narrow holes provide better resolution but sacrifice efficiency. Septal materials
with high atomic numbers and high density provide the best results. Lead is by far the most popular
material because of its cost and availability, although tungsten, tantalum, and gold have some
limited research applications. For maximum versatility, gamma cameras usually come equipped
with several parallel-hole collimators, including a low-energy all-purpose (LEAP) collimator for
imaging photons of up to 150 keV, as well as low-energy high-resolution (LEHR) and medium-energy
all-purpose (MEAP) collimators for imaging photons of up to 1 MeV.
The diverging collimator has angled holes that diverge from a point 40 to 50 cm behind the
collimator. A minified image of source distribution is projected onto the detector. Particularly useful
when imaging large organs with a standard field-of-view (FOV) detector (e.g., lung scanning with a
portable gamma camera), the diverging collimator effectively increases the diameter of the detector
FOV by approximately one-third.
The converging collimator has angled holes that converge at a point 40 to 50 cm in front of the
collimator. The image is magnified but not inverted, provided that the organ is between the
collimator face and the convergence point. At the convergence point, images are reduced; beyond it,
they are not magnified but inverted. Some gamma cameras have a single collimator with a
removable center insert that allows both diverging and converging collimation. Specialty collimators,
such as seven-pinhole, rotating slant-hole, fan beam, and coded-aperture collimators, are also
available; most are used primarily for tomographic cardiac imaging.
The collimator projects radiation from the organ to be imaged onto the NaI(Tl) crystal, which
converts incoming gamma ray photons into visible light energy. The scintillation process involves a
series of Compton collisions in the NaI(Tl) crystal, each producing a scattered photon of lesser energy
and a Compton recoil electron that excites the NaI(Tl) electrons in its path and causes them to
scintillate (produce a flash of light) at an intensity proportional to the energy of the incident photon.
The scattered photon interacts with another crystal atom, produces another scattered photon and

5
recoil electron, and causes more scintillations until the photons lose enough energy to be
photoelectrically absorbed. Lower-energy photons undergo fewer interactions before absorption and
produce fewer scintillations.
Because light produced by scintillation is scattered within the crystal, thin crystals provide better
resolution by bringing the light flashes closer to the PMTs. However, thin crystals absorb fewer
gamma-ray photons; therefore, the number of scintillations is reduced. The crystals of most units are
9.5 mm (3/8 in) thick; however, cameras equipped for coincidence imaging have thicker crystals,
typically 15.9 mm (5/8 in) thick. Crystal dimensions range from 25 × 25 cm (10 × 10 in) to 52 × 64 cm
(20.5 × 25 in). Because sodium iodide (NaI) absorbs water, a hermetically sealed aluminum housing
covers the sides and front of the crystal. The back is sealed by a clear Lucite light pipe or is optically
coupled directly to the face of the PMTs.
The light pulse created by the incident photon is converted into a measurable electrical signal by
the PMT array, which can be composed of 37 to 150 PMTs arranged hexagonally (although several
manufacturers use rectangular arrays). Each PMT has a preamplifier, a simple circuit that allows
the PMT to be tuned so that each yields the same output for a given scintillation intensity, ensuring
uniform detector performance throughout the entire FOV. Several cameras have an automatic
tuning option that electronically balances PMT output from a single control on the operator console.
The light photons strike the photocathode in the PMT and form photoelectrons that are then
directed through a series of 10 to 12 dynodes, which boost the signal. The output is sent to a
position-encoding circuit, which determines the 2-D location of the scintillation event and encodes
this position as four signals: x, x-, y, and y-. These signals are combined to form two signals that are
transmitted to a summation amplifier. All the light pulses viewed by the PMTs are summed into one
pulse, which is transmitted to a pulse height analyzer (PHA) that accepts only those pulses within a
predetermined range of energies. These pulses are used to generate an image.
Mobile gamma cameras
In mobile gamma cameras, the system components are configured in one of two ways. In one
configuration, the detector and wheeled detector stand are separate from the data processing
console, which is also mounted on wheels; each component is manually pushed to the patient’s
bedside and interconnected by coaxial or fiberoptic cable. In another configuration, the detector,
detector stand, and data processing console are integrated into a single, motor-driven, wheeled unit
powered by rechargeable batteries. Either a chain drive or a friction wheel mechanism delivers
power to the system’s wheels. Images stored by these systems can be transferred to a workstation
via disk or Ethernet connection at a later time.
The principles of operation and image acquisition for mobile cameras are identical to those for
stationary models.
SPECT
Apart from some basic models and those intended only for whole-body studies, most stationary
and some mobile gamma cameras can perform SPECT, a nuclear medicine technique used to create a
3-D representation of the distribution of an administered radiopharmaceutical. SPECT cameras
detect only radionuclides that produce a cascaded emission of single photons; the technology is thus
distinguished from PET, which uses radionuclides that simultaneously produce two high-energy
photons 180° from each other. (See the Product Comparison titled SCANNING SYSTEMS, POSITRON
EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY.)
FDG, a radiopharmaceutical used for PET studies, is also used as an imaging agent for SPECT.
FDG-SPECT, also called 511 keV or positron-emitting SPECT, has been used with dual- or triple-
head SPECT systems fitted with specially designed high-energy collimators that optimize relative
resolution and sensitivity. However, now that PET imaging is widely available, FDG-SPECT is
rarely used.
SPECT systems can be configured with one, two, or three camera heads. Single-head gamma

6
camera systems have one detector mounted on a specialized mechanical gantry that automatically
rotates the camera 360° around the patient. SPECT systems acquire data in a series of projections at
increments of ≥2°. (In limited-angle systems, the camera is moved a limited number of times, usually
six.) From the sequence of projections, an image is reconstructed by an algorithm in what is called
filtered-back projection: after nontarget data is mathematically removed or suppressed (filtered) for
each view, the reconstructed, 3-D image is derived from back projection, which composites the
multiangled, 2-D views and projects them onto a computer matrix. The projection data is combined
to produce transverse (also called axial or transaxial) slices; sagittal and coronal image slices can
also be produced through mathematical manipulation of the data.
SPECT systems with multiple camera heads are also available. In a dual-head system, two 180°-
opposed camera heads are used, and acquisition time is reduced by half, with no loss of sensitivity; a
triple-head SPECT system further improves sensitivity (Patton 2000). Some suppliers also offer
variable-angle dual-head systems for improved positioning during cardiac, brain, and whole-body
imaging. One supplier offers a triple-head system with the detectors electronically grouped in pairs
for coincidence imaging. Combining this configuration with improved signal processing improves
sensitivity significantly. Imaging times can be decreased by using another SPECT configuration—a
ring of detectors completely surrounding the patient. Although multiple camera heads reduce
acquisition time, they do not significantly shorten procedure/exam time because of factors such as
patient preparation and data processing.
Recently introduced diagnostic-quality hybrid SPECT/CT systems have propelled the technology
into a number of new research and clinical arenas, allowing anatomic information to be seen
simultaneously with metabolic information. The first hybrid SPECT/CT systems combined SPECT
with a nondiagnostic CT scanner, but the coupling of SPECT technology with today’s high-powered
high-speed CT scanners has widened the range of clinical applications and enhanced anatomic
mapping and localization. Increased speed and improved attenuation correction are advantages of
the new SPECT/CT systems. Anatomic maps derived from CT images can be used to correct likely
photon attenuation and improve diagnostic accuracy of the images.
Image processing
System software allows a variety of image-processing protocols, many of which are user defined.
Some of the more popular general software applications provided by manufacturers are image
smoothing, normalization, and interpolation; image addition or subtraction; background subtraction;
contrast enhancement; cyclic display of sequential images (cine); region-of-interest construction and
display; curve or histogram construction and display; and creation of alphanumeric overlays. Cardiac
applications include first-pass acquisition; multigated acquisition; automatic edge detection;
determination of end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, stroke volume, cardiac output, global
ejection fraction, regional ejection fraction, and pulmonary transit time; shunt quantification;
thallium perfusion profiles; and rest/exercise thallium image comparison.
Electrocardiographic synchronizers are often offered as optional equipment for gamma cameras.
They are used in gated-acquisition studies to synchronize image collection with the cardiac cycle
defined by electrocardiogram R waves. The beginning of the R wave triggers the synchronizer to
signal the start of data collection. The computer divides the interval between R waves into equal
subdivisions, usually between 16 and 32. During each cardiac cycle, data is stored in the
corresponding subdivisions so that a composite image of the cycle can be developed; a number of
quantitative and qualitative assessments are then possible.
Reported problems
Gamma camera systems have certain limitations in image linearity, image uniformity, intrinsic
and extrinsic spatial resolution, and efficiency.
Because of limitations in detector electronics, straight-line objects may appear curved: areas
directly in front of the PMTs are subject to pincushion distortion (inward bowing of lines), whereas

7
areas between the tubes undergo barrel distortion (outward bowing), neither of which is usually
clinically significant. Image intensity can also vary—for example, pincushion distortion tends to
concentrate signals in the center of the PMT, resulting in areas of increased intensity at each PMT
location.
Improperly balanced PMTs and imperfections inherent in the NaI(Tl) crystal can also contribute
to field nonuniformity. Edge packing occurs when scintillation photons near the edge of the crystal
reflect off the inside of the aluminum housing into the outer-edge PMTs, resulting in a FOV outlined
by a ring of increased intensity. Some cameras eliminate this ring by electronically creating an iris
that masks edge packing but reduces the FOV by a few centimeters.
Optical problems can occur if hydrated spots—small white spots caused by water absorption—
develop on the surface of the NaI(Tl) crystal; these spots scatter or absorb light and cause a loss of
light in some scintillation events. Off-peak testing can reveal these defects in aged crystals.
Variations in spatial resolution are usually caused by statistical fluctuations in the distribution of
light photons between PMTs. These fluctuations can be as great as one standard deviation from one
scintillation to the next. Intrinsic spatial resolution also depends in part on crystal thickness; thicker
crystals allow photons to spread out before reaching the PMTs. In addition, lower-energy gamma
rays produce fewer photons, causing greater statistical fluctuations and therefore decreased spatial
resolution.
Extrinsic spatial resolution is a function of collimator and detector resolution and, surprisingly, is
less than either one alone. Because collimator resolution decreases with increasing distance from the
source, extrinsic resolution also decreases. Differences in resolution between gamma cameras,
although detectable on bar-phantom performance checks, are seldom clinically significant.
A gamma camera cannot efficiently detect high-energy gamma photons because they pass through
the thin crystal before being absorbed and produce fewer scintillations. Detector efficiency is also
limited by dead time (a period of a few microseconds during which a scintillation is processed and no
other scintillations can be recorded) and pulse pileup, both of which can be clinically significant in
high-count-rate dynamic studies, such as first-pass cardiac function analysis.
SPECT image quality can be limited by Compton scatter and attenuation of the radiation beam as
it travels through the patient. The patient’s body size and anatomic structure (e.g., amount of soft
tissue, chest or breast size) affect the degree of scatter and attenuation. Compton scatter reduces the
contrast in SPECT images. Advanced scatter correction techniques have been introduced to
minimize the effect of Compton scatter on data acquisition. Attenuation is caused by the weakening
of the radiation beam produced by the radiopharmaceutical as it passes through the patient’s body.
Attenuation correction techniques to reduce or eliminate artifacts have also been introduced. These
techniques use hardware that transmits a controlled radiation beam to the detector(s) during data
acquisition. The signals produced from the control beam and the radiation beam produced by the
radiopharmaceutical are integrated, and patient-specific attenuation is calculated. These
attenuation correction techniques can increase diagnostic specificity, and possibly sensitivity, of
SPECT studies and are required for cardiac imaging.
Defects in collimators can cause sensitivity loss, longer acquisition times, errors in image
reconstruction, and image artifacts. Collimators should be checked for proper angulation, sensitivity
contrast, and center-of-rotation offset variations.
Quality-control procedures should be established for planar and SPECT imaging systems to
ensure proper operation and creation of the highest-quality images possible for the equipment used.
Daily tests should include energy peaking and intrinsic uniformity; intrinsic sensitivity and
resolution/linearity should be tested weekly. In addition, center-of-rotation, uniformity correction,
and motion correction testing should be performed for SPECT systems. For further information, see
the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2001 guideline article cited below (see Bibliography).
To obtain optimal image quality, hospitals should carefully select the appropriate imaging
protocol or test, patient position, and collimator.
The crystal and the detector assembly of a mobile gamma camera can be damaged during
transport through hospital corridors.

8
Purchase considerations
ECRI recommendations
Included in the accompanying comparison charts are ECRI’s recommendations for minimum
performance requirements for gamma cameras. Whole-body gamma cameras are general-purpose
imagers that typically use detectors with a relatively large FOV. They are commonly used for both
large and small organ studies. Some have SPECT, FDG-SPECT, and coincidence imaging
capabilities.
Dedicated gamma cameras are designed for particular studies, including PET/SPECT brain, small
parts (thyroid, mammographic), cardiac, and neurologic applications. The detectors are generally
smaller with a small FOV.
Mobile gamma cameras are unlike stationary whole-body gamma cameras; they typically use
smaller detectors with a reduced field of view. They are commonly used for small organ studies
including the thyroid and heart.
Other considerations
ECRI recommends that buyers consider the number of nuclear medicine studies that will be
performed before deciding on a specific system configuration. Multihead systems allow faster
acquisition times and better image resolution than single-head systems. However, the cost of a dual-
head or triple-head system can be double or triple that of a single-head system. In addition,
purchasers should keep in mind that, although multihead cameras have faster acquisition times,
their use will not necessarily result in a significantly greater throughput because other factors, such
as patient preparation time, remain unchanged.
Purchasers should also consider the clinical applications for which the new system will be used.
For example, a dual-head camera is ideal for single-pass whole-body bone scanning and general
SPECT. However, for cardiac SPECT, a dual-head camera with opposing detectors offers little
advantage over a single-head camera, since SPECT data is typically acquired in a 180° arc, with
most of the data acquired by one detector. A variable-angle dual-head camera, which allows the
detectors to be positioned at 90°, 101°, or 180° relative to each other, offers a more efficient
configuration for hospitals planning to perform a wide range of studies. Whole-body bone scans and
general SPECT studies can be performed with the detectors positioned at 180°, and cardiac scans
and certain other procedures can be performed with the detectors positioned at 90° or 101°. Triple-
head cameras are more commonly used for brain and cardiac SPECT; they can collect all image data
for a heart scan in about one-third the time of a single-head camera and are well suited for nuclear
medicine departments that conduct numerous stress thallium or cardiac studies.
Most cameras have a 51 × 38 cm (20 × 15 in) rectangular large field of view (LFOV), and some
provide an ultralarge 61 × 38 cm (24 × 15 in) FOV. LFOV cameras cover larger areas of the body
and acquire a complete study in less time, thereby increasing patient throughput.
Hospitals planning to purchase more than one gamma camera or purchase additional cameras for
a nuclear medicine department should consider whether the new equipment can interface with their
existing nuclear medicine computers and other cameras and can therefore be integrated into one
comprehensive network. In addition, hospitals should consider purchasing multiple systems from
one supplier. Standardizing equipment can make staff training easier, simplify servicing and parts
acquisition, and provide greater bargaining leverage when negotiating the purchase of new
equipment and/or service-contract costs.
Other purchase considerations include the dimensions and weight of the system and humidity and
temperature requirements.
Many gamma camera scanning systems incorporate the American College of Radiology/National
Electrical Manufacturers Association Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)
3.0 Standard into their scanning systems. The purpose of this standard is to allow digital images
produced by any medical device to be stored and transferred through picture archiving and

9
communication systems or other means, regardless of the device supplier. Despite DICOM, buyers
must ensure that a gamma camera can share data with existing computer systems. When
purchasing a mobile gamma camera system, buyers should pay careful attention to selecting optional
features, the type and number of which can greatly affect the final purchase price. For instance, an
onboard computer can significantly increase the cost of a system.
Cost containment
Because gamma cameras entail ongoing maintenance and operational costs, the initial acquisition
cost does not accurately reflect the total cost of ownership. Therefore, a purchase decision should be
based on issues such as life-cycle cost (LCC), local service support, discount rates and non-price-
related benefits offered by the supplier, and standardization with existing equipment in the
department or hospital (i.e., purchasing all gamma cameras and computers from one supplier).
An LCC analysis can be used to compare high-cost alternatives and/or to determine the positive or
negative economic value of a single alternative. For example, hospitals can use LCC analysis
techniques to examine the cost-effectiveness of leasing or renting equipment versus purchasing the
equipment outright. Because it examines the cash-flow impact of initial acquisition costs and
operating costs over a period of time, LCC analysis is most useful for comparing alternatives with
different cash flows and for revealing the total costs of equipment ownership. One LCC technique—
present value (PV) analysis—is especially useful because it accounts for inflation and for the time
value of money (i.e., money received today is worth more than money received at a later date).
Conducting a PV/LCC analysis often demonstrates that the cost of ownership includes more than
just the initial acquisition cost and that a small increase in initial acquisition cost may produce
significant savings in long-term operating costs. The PV is calculated using the annual cash outflow,
the dollar discount factor (the cost of capital), and the lifetime of the equipment (in years) in a
mathematical equation.
The following represents a sample six-year PV/LCC analysis for a dual-detector digital gamma
camera with an integral computer.
Present Value/Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
Assumptions
• Operating costs are considered for years 1 through 6
• Dollar discount factor is 6.25%
• Inflation rate is 6% for a full service contract
• Inflation rate is 4% for disposables
• Operating and ownership costs are for 1 gamma camera, with 2,000 procedures/year in
years 1 and 2 and 2,200 procedures/year in years 3 through 6
• Staff costs are for 2 full-time nuclear medicine technologists (years 1 through 6) and 1
part-time technologist (years 3 through 6), including salary, benefits, payroll expenses,
and continuing education
Capital Costs
• Gamma camera and computer = $600,000
• Coincidence imaging in year 2 = $350,000
• Hardware and software upgrade for attenuation correction algorithm in year 2 =
$55,000
Total Capital Costs = $600,000 initially; $405,000 in year 2
Operating and Ownership Costs

• Service contract for years 2 through 6 = $49,000/year
• Salary and expenses for 2 full-time technologists in years 1 through 6 = $90,000/year
• Salary and expenses for 1 part-time technologist in years 3 through 6 = $20,000/year
• Cost of Nuclear Regulatory Commission licensing = $20,000/year

10
• Cost for accessories, such as syringes, film, and optical disks, at $15/procedure =
$30,000/year in years 1 and 2 and $33,000/year in years 3 through 6
• Cost for radiopharmaceuticals at $250/dose = $500,000/year in years 1 and 2 and
$550,000/year in years 3 through 6
Total Operating Costs = $640,000 in year 1; $689,000 in year 2;
$762,000/year in years 3 through 6
PV = ($5,124,582)
Other factors not included in the above analysis that should be considered for budgetary planning
include the following:
• Costs associated with software upgrades
• Cost of utilities
• Cost of other accessories, such as phantoms and patient monitoring equipment
• Contributions to overhead
• Reimbursements received from third-party payers for standard procedures
As illustrated by the above sample PV/LCC analysis, the initial acquisition cost is only a fraction
of the total cost of operation over six years. Therefore, before making a purchase decision based
solely on the acquisition cost of a gamma camera, buyers should consider operating costs over the
lifetime of the equipment.
For further information on PV/LCC analysis, customized analyses, and purchase decision support,
readers should contact ECRI’s SELECT™ Group.
When deciding whether to upgrade current gamma cameras to obtain PET-like images, hospitals
should consider the following costs:
• Up to $350,000 for a coincidence upgrade to a dual-detector gamma camera
• $750,000 to $900,000 for a new dual-detector gamma camera that performs SPECT and
coincidence imaging
Hospitals can purchase service contracts or service on a time-and-materials basis from the
supplier. Service may also be available from a third-party organization. The decision to purchase a
service contract should be carefully considered and can be justified for several reasons. Most
suppliers provide routine software updates, which enhance the system’s performance, at no charge to
service contract customers. Furthermore, software updates are often cumulative; that is, previous
software revisions may be required in order to install and operate a new performance feature.
Purchasing a service contract also ensures that preventive maintenance will be performed at regular
intervals, thereby eliminating the possibility of unexpected maintenance costs. Also, many suppliers
do not extend system performance and uptime guarantees beyond the length of the warranty unless
the system is covered by a service contract.
ECRI recommends that, to maximize bargaining leverage, hospitals negotiate pricing for service
contracts before the system is purchased. Depending on the added cost and the contract conditions,
hospitals may want to negotiate for coverage of the crystal(s) to be included in the service contract. A
few suppliers offer “no questions asked” crystal coverage, while other suppliers will cover the crystal
only under certain conditions.
Additional service-contract discounts may be negotiable for multiple-year agreements or for
service contracts that are bundled with contracts on other systems in the department or hospital.
Service contracts should include a guarantee of at least two preventive maintenance inspections per
year, a guarantee of at least 95% uptime, and specified response time to service requests.
In addition, given the current highly competitive nuclear medicine market, hospitals should
negotiate for a significant discount—some suppliers may discount up to 40%. The actual discount
received will depend on the hospital’s negotiating skills and/or previous experience with the supplier,
the system configuration and options to be purchased, and the extent of concessions granted by the
supplier, such as extended warranties, fixed prices for annual service contracts, and guaranteed on-
site service response. Buyers should make sure that applications training is included in the purchase

11
price of the system. Some suppliers offer more extensive on- or off-site training programs for an
additional cost.
To aid in installation planning, two facilities in the United Kingdom have applied virtual-reality
techniques to planning a gamma camera suite before purchase and installation. A virtual-reality
computer system was used to model existing and new gamma camera rooms to identify design
problems (e.g., restricted bed access and camera movements due to equipment placement). The study
(Penrose et al. 1996) suggests that virtual reality can be used successfully for planning and
installation of gamma camera suites, as well as for nuclear medicine pharmacies and magnetic
resonance imaging suites.
Stage of development
The Anger scintillation camera was developed in the 1950s and introduced commercially in the
1960s. In the late 1980s, multihead SPECT cameras were introduced, and in early 1994, an FDG
imaging agent for SPECT was introduced. Other significant developments include decreased imaging
times, faster and more powerful computers, new radiopharmaceuticals, new collimators for
ultrahigh-resolution imaging, variable-angle capabilities, and digital features.
Many suppliers are now marketing digital gamma cameras that perform analog-to-digital
conversion, either within each PMT or immediately after the signal leaves the PMT. By digitizing
the signal at this point, signal averaging, which affects image resolution, can be computer controlled.
Because digital detection provides more precise event-positioning information, detector performance
characteristics, such as maximum count rate, intrinsic spatial resolution, intrinsic energy resolution,
intrinsic uniformity, and system sensitivity, are improved. Software-controlled operation of digital
cameras also improves system reliability and allows use of remote diagnostics for servicing.
A number of manufacturers have recently received FDA clearance to market small handheld
gamma cameras. One manufacturer has introduced a mobile camera that uses new solid-state
detectors constructed of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) that replace the crystal/PMT structure
currently used in other cameras. The solid-state CZT detectors directly convert gamma rays to
electrical pulses. The entire system is approximately the size of an ultrasound scanner. The smaller
detector head has a 20 × 20 cm (7.9 × 7.9 in) FOV for organ-specific imaging, although whole-body
data can be acquired by scanning sections. Another solid-state camera system converts the energy of
the gamma rays into an electronic signal by utilizing silicon photodiodes, rather than PMTs, coupled
to segmented cesium iodide scintillators.
Clinical applications research is focused on breast cancer imaging and expanded cardiology,
oncology, and neurology applications. Scintimammography, a technique that uses a gamma camera
to image the breasts of a patient injected with technetium-99m-sestamibi (a radioisotope
traditionally used for cardiac imaging), has been introduced as an adjunct to conventional
mammography. Initial research suggests that scintimammography may be useful for imaging
patients who have dense breasts, who have had breast surgery, or who have radiotherapy-altered
breasts. Because the radioisotope identifies malignancies, scintimammography may also prove useful
for targeting malignant tumors, thereby reducing the need for biopsy. (See the Product Comparison
titled RADIOGRAPHIC UNITS, MAMMOGRAPHIC; STEREOTACTIC SYSTEMS, BIOPSY,
MAMMOGRAPHIC for more information on mammography.)
Many suppliers are pursuing chair-based cardiac systems, which can cause less patient movement
artifact and improve patient comfort by imaging in an upright position. Other research into cardiac
and brain SPECT is focused on the development of new imaging agents, including
radiopharmaceuticals, monoclonal antibodies, and peptides, as well as on new applications of dual-
isotope imaging with multihead cameras. Monoclonal antibodies, which may prove useful for early
detection and staging of tumors and ovarian, colorectal, prostate, and lung cancers, have not been
used clinically on a regular basis. Peptide imaging agents are under development for tumor,
thrombus, atherosclerotic plaque, and infection imaging and are more promising because they are
safer and less expensive than monoclonal antibodies. Also, some evidence exists that SPECT may
improve diagnostic accuracy for Alzheimer’s disease.

12
Because hybrid systems provide users with more clinical options than conventional systems and
purchasing a hybrid system cost less than purchasing separate systems for each modality,
diagnostic-quality SPECT/CT systems are expected to see enhanced market interest. Additional
efforts focused on evaluating the effectiveness of FDG-SPECT and continued developments in
radiopharmaceuticals, as well as expanding applications, should increase the attractiveness of
multihead SPECT.
Bibliography
American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. Updated imaging guidelines for nuclear cardiology
procedures, part 1. J Nucl Cardiol 2001 Jan-Feb;8(1):G5-8.
Blust J. Gamma camera acceptance testing: the first quality control. J Nucl Med Technol 1994
Jun;22(2):58-60.
Brice J. Dual-head SPECT lifts nuclear medicine market. Diagn Imaging 1994 Jan;16(1):29, 33-4.
Drane WE, Abbott FD, Nicole MW, et al. Technology for FDG SPECT with a relatively inexpensive
gamma camera. Work in progress. Radiology 1994 May;191(2):461-5.
Early PJ, Sodee DB. Principles and practice of nuclear medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Mosby-Year
Book; 1995.
English RJ, Brown SE. SPECT: single-photon emission computed tomography: a primer. 2nd ed. New
York: Society of Nuclear Medicine; 1990.
Feldkamp MJ. SPECT quality improvement [commentary]. J Nucl Med Technol 1994 Mar;22(1):35-
8.
Forstrom LA, Dunn WL, O’Connor MK, et al. Technical pitfalls in image acquisition, processing, and
display. Semin Nucl Med 1996 Oct;26(4):278-94.
Howarth DM, Forstrom LA, O’Connor MK, et al. Patient-related pitfalls and artifacts in nuclear
medicine imaging. Semin Nucl Med 1996 Oct;26(4):295-307.
Keszthelyi-Lándori S. NaI(Tl) camera crystals: imaging capabilities of hydrated regions on the
crystal surface. Radiology 1986 Mar;158(3):823-6.
Klocke FJ, Baird MG, Bateman TM, et al. ACC/AHA/ASNC guidelines for the clinical use of cardiac
radionuclide imaging: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASNC Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for
the Clinical Use of Radionuclide Imaging) (online).[Cited 2006 Feb 27}. Available from
Internet:http://www.acc.org/clinical/guidelines/radio/index.pdf.
Lummis RC, Wexler JP. Networks in nuclear medicine. Semin Nucl Med 1994 Jan;24(1):66-74.
Martin WH, Delbeke D, Patton JA, et al. FDG-SPECT: correlation with FDG-PET. J Nucl Med 1995
Jun;36(6):988-95.
O’Connor MK. Instrument- and computer-related problems and artifacts in nuclear medicine. Semin
Nucl Med 1996 Oct;26(4):256-77.
Patton JA. Instrumentation for coincidence imaging with multihead scintillation cameras. Semin
Nucl Med 2000 Oct;30(4):239-54.
Penrose JM, Trowbridge EA, Tindale WB. The virtual gamma camera room. Nucl Med Commun
1996 May;17(5):367-72.
Périé S, Talbot JN, Monceaux G, et al. Use of a coincidence gamma camera to detect primary tumor
with 18fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose in cervical lymph node metastases from an unknown origin. Ann
Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2000 Aug;109(8):755-60.

13
Schraml FV, Driver DR, Randolph T, et al. PET versus SPECT for determining myocardial tissue
viability using fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose. J Nucl Med Technol 1997 Dec;25(4):272-4.
Superconductor detector array could revolutionize nuclear medicine imaging. Radiol Imaging Lett
1995 Jun 1;15(10):74-5.
Wells CP, Buxton-Thomas M. Gamma camera purchasing. Nucl Med Commun 1995 Mar;16(3):168-
85.
Yoshizumi TT, Suneja SK, Teal JS, et al. Defective parallel-hole collimator encountered in SPECT: a
suggested approach to avoid potential problems [letter]. J Nucl Med 1990 Nov;31(11):1892-3.
Zickler P. Digital imaging: nuclear medicine’s new hope. Med Imaging 1995 Feb;10(2):42-50.
Standards and guidelines

Note: Although every effort is made to ensure that the following list is comprehensive, please note
that other applicable standards may exist.
American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Computer-aided scintillation camera acceptance
testing [report]. Nuclear Medicine Committee Task Group. Catalog 9. 1981.
Quantitation of SPECT performance [report]. Nuclear Medicine Committee Task Group #4.
Catalog 52. Med Phys 1995 Apr;22(4):401-9.
Rotating scintillation camera SPECT acceptance testing and quality control [report]. Nuclear
Medicine Committee Task Group. Catalog 22. 1987.
Scintillation camera acceptance testing and performance evaluation [report]. Nuclear Medicine
Committee. Catalog 6. 1980.
American College of Radiology. Practice guidelines for the performance of single photon emission
computed tomography (SPECT) brain perfusion imaging [standard]. 2002.
Technical standard for medical nuclear physics performance monitoring of nuclear medicine
imaging equipment [standard]. 1998 (revised 2003).
American Heart Association. Guidelines for clinical use of cardiac radionuclide imaging. Task Force
on Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures [guideline]. 1995
(revised 2003 Aug).
American National Standards Institute/Association for the Advancement of Medical
Instrumentation. Safe current limits for electromedical apparatus [standard]. 3rd ed. ANSI/AAMI
ES1-1993. 1985 (revised 1993).
International Electrotechnical Commission. Medical electrical equipment—part 1: general
requirements for safety [standard]. IEC 60601-1 (1988-12). 1988.
Medical electrical equipment—part 1: general requirements for safety. Amendment 1 [standard].
IEC 60601-1-am1 (1991-11). 1991.
Medical electrical equipment—part 1: general requirements for safety. Amendment 2 [standard].

IEC 60601-1-am2 (1995-03). 1995.
Medical electrical equipment—part 1-1: general requirements for safety. Collateral standard:
safety requirements for medical electrical systems. 2nd ed. IEC 60601-1-1 (2000-12). 1992
(revised 2000).

14
electromagnetic compatibility—requirements and tests. IEC 60601-1-2 (2001-09). 1993 (revised
2001).
programmable electrical medical systems. IEC 60601-1-4 (2000-04). 1996 (revised 2000).
Radionuclide imaging devices. Characteristics and test conditions—part 3: gamma camera based
wholebody imaging systems [standard]. IEC 61675-3 (1998-02). 1998.
National Electrical Manufacturers Association. Performance measurements of scintillation cameras
[standard]. NU1-2001. 1986 (revised 2001).
Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Medical use of byproduct material. 10 CFR Part 35. 2002.
Scintillation (gamma) camera. 21 CFR Part 892.1100. 2004.
Society of Nuclear Medicine. Procedure guideline for brain perfusion single photon computed
tomography (SPECT): 2.0 [guideline]. 1997 Jun (revised 1999 Feb).
Procedure guideline for gallium scintigraphy in the evaluation of malignant disease: 3.0
[guideline]. 1997 (revised 2001).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. Radiology devices.
21 CFR Part 892. 2004.
Citations from other ECRI publications

Health Devices
Leaving SPECT patients unattended [hazard]. 1986 Jun;15(6):177-8.
Falling detector on Elscint Apex SP-4M gamma camera [hazard report]. 2000 Oct;29(10):378.
Health Devices Alerts

This Product Comparison lists Health Devices Alerts (HDA) citations published since the last
update of this report. Each HDA abstract is identified by an Accession Number. Recalls and hazard
reports include descriptions of the problem involved; abstracts of other published articles are
referenced by bibliographic information. HPCS subscribers can call the Hotline for additional
information on any of these citations or to request more extensive searches of the HDA database.
There are more abstracts in the HDA database relating to clinical issues surrounding these
devices. Below, we have included only the most recent.
A5935 FDA has designated this Class II Recall No. Z-0012-05 for certain GE Healthcare Discovery
VH/Millennium VG/Vericam single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) gamma
cameras. The above SPECT systems may produce intermittent low ejection fraction (EF) results for
multigated acquisition (MUGA) studies, leading to distortions in the resulting volume curve and
lower calculated EF values relative to actual values. GE Healthcare states that it has received no
reports of injuries or misdiagnoses related to this problem but warns that low EF values could lead a
physician to stop needed patient treatments. To rectify the problem, the manufacturer developed a
software patch, which was delivered to affected customers starting in September 2004. The firm
initiated a field correction by Safety Notice letter dated August 5, 2004. Verify that you have
received the August 5, 2004, Safety Notice letter titled “Intermittent Low Ejection Fraction Results
for MUGA Studies on Millennium VG” from GE Healthcare. Identify any affected product in your
inventory. Contact your GE Healthcare local field engineer if you conduct MUGA studies. Otherwise,
await contact from your GE Healthcare local field engineer regarding software patch installation for
affected systems. The manufacturer states that you can continue to use the above systems while
awaiting software patch installation. However, the firm recommends that users be watchful for

15
volume curves and EF values that appear to be lower than expected and not rely solely on these EF
values for diagnostic purposes. Source: FDA Enforcement Rep 2004 Oct 27; Manufacturer.
D6158 FDA has designated this Class II Recall Nos. Z-0029/0030-2 complete for certain Siemens
Medical Solutions E.CAM gantry emission-imaging computed tomography systems and AccuSync 7
electrocardiogram gating devices/monitors. The above monitors, which are used as accessories to
E.CAM emission-imaging computed tomography systems, may generate electrocardiogram patterns
and traces when not connected to the patient. The manufacturer initiated a field correction by
Service Bulletin FM1-281 dated September 30, 1999. The firm states that no affected product
remains on the market. No further action is required of customers. Source: FDA Enforcement Rep
2001 Oct 24; Manufacturer.
Health Technology Trends

New smaller, lighter solid-state gamma camera revolutionizes nuclear medicine. 1999 Jan;11(1):11-
2.
Health Technology Forecast

New imaging technique may improve diagnostic accuracy for Alzheimer’s [database online]. 2004.
Available from Internet: http://www.ecri.org.
Supplier information
Chart A: Mobile Gamma Cameras
Digirad
Digirad Corp [328751]
13950 Stowe Dr
Poway, CA 92064-8803
Phone: (800) 947-6134 Fax: (858) 726-1700
Internet: http://www.digirad.com
E-mail: info@digirad.com
Gamma Medica
Gamma Medica Inc [370899]
19355 Business Center Dr Suite 8
Northridge, CA 91324
Phone: (818) 709-2468 (877) 426-2633 Fax: (818) 709-2464
Internet: http://www.gammamedica.com
E-mail: info@gammamedica.com
Chart B: Stationary Gamma Cameras

GE Healthcare
GE Healthcare Asia (Japan) [300443]
4-7-127 Asahigaoka Hino-shi
Tokyo 191-8503
Japan
Phone: 81 (3) 425826820 Fax: 81 (3) 425826830
Internet: http://www.gehealthcare.com.jp
E-mail: hisao.matsuka@gemsa.med.ge.com
GE Healthcare Europe [171319]

283 rue de la Miniere boite postale 34
F-78533 Buc Cedex
France

16
Phone: 33 (1) 30704040 Fax: 33 (1) 30709855

Internet: http://www.gehealthcareeurope.com/frfr
GE Healthcare South Africa [340559]

Private Bag X124
Halfway House 1685
South Africa
Phone: 27 (11) 6538800 Fax: 27 (11) 6538801
Internet: http://www.gehealthcareeurope.com/safen/
GE Healthcare USA [439946]

3000 N Grandview Blvd
Waukesha, WI 53188
Phone: (262) 544-3011 (800) 643-6439 Fax: (262) 544-3384
Internet: http://www.gehealthcare.com
Mediso
Mediso Ltd [186785]
Alsotorokvesz 14
H-1022 Budapest
Hungary
Phone: 36 (1) 3993030 Fax: 36 (1) 3993040
Internet: http://www.mediso.hu
E-mail: info@mediso.hu
NeuroPhysics
NeuroPhysics Corp [234813]
900 Mount Laurel Circle
Shirley, MA 01464-2422
Phone: (978) 425-6371 Fax: (978) 425-6154
Internet: http://www.neurophysics.com
E-mail: info@neurophysics.com
Nuclear Cardiology
NC Systems Inc (Nuclear Cardiology Systems Inc) [155967]
5660 Airport Blvd Suite 101
Boulder, CO 80301-2340
Phone: (303) 541-0044 (800) 548-4024 Fax: (303) 541-0066
Internet: http://www.nuclearcardiology.com
E-mail: ncs@nuclearcardiology.com
Philips
Philips Medical Systems, Cardiac & Monitoring Systems Div [397917]
3000 Minuteman Rd Mailstop 101
Andover, MA 01810
Phone: (978) 687-1501 (800) 934-7372 Fax: (800) 947-3299
Internet: http://www.medical.philips.com
Philips Medical Systems (Asia Pacific), Cardiac & Monitoring Systems Div [398048]
24/Fl Cityplaza One 1111 King’s Road
Taikoo Shing
People’s Republic of China
Phone: 852 31977777 Fax: 852 25069261
Philips Medical Systems (Europe), Cardiac & Monitoring Systems Div [398047]
Herrenberger Strasse 124
D-71034 Boeblingen
Germany
Phone: 49 (7031) 4641552 Fax: 49 (7031) 4644096

17
E-mail: pmscc@philips.com
Philips Medical Systems International bv [415450]

Veenpluis 4-6 Postbus 10000
NL-5680 DA Best
The Netherlands
Phone: 31 (40) 2763051
Siemens
Siemens AG, Siemens Medical Solutions [401832]
Henkestrasse 127
D-91052 Erlangen
Germany
Phone: 49 (9131) 840 Fax: 49 (9131) 845400
Internet: http://www.siemensmedical.com
E-mail: melanie.schmude@siemens.com
Siemens Canada Ltd [174735]

2185 Derry Rd W
Mississauga, ON L5N 7A6
Canada
Phone: (905) 819-8000 (888) 303-3353 Fax: (905) 819-5777
Internet: http://www.siemens.ca
E-mail: corporate.relations@siemens.ca
Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc, Nuclear Medicine Group [399200]

2501 N Barrington Rd
Hoffman Estates, IL 60195-5203
Phone: (847) 304-7700 (800) 767-2313 Fax: (847) 304-7707
Internet: http://www.usa.siemens.com/medical
Siemens-Asahi Medical Technologies Ltd [178463]

20-14 Higashi-Gotanda 3-chome Shinagawa-ku
Tokyo 141-8644
Japan
Phone: 81 (3) 54238489 Fax: 81 (3) 54238491
Internet: http://www.siemens.com
E-mail: jun.tajirma@sam.siemens.co.jp
Toshiba
Toshiba America Medical Systems Inc [101894]
2441 Michelle Dr
Tustin, CA 92780
Phone: (714) 730-5000 (800) 621-1968 Fax: (714) 734-0362
Internet: http://www.medical.toshiba.com
E-mail: info@tams.com
Toshiba Corp, Medical Systems Co Ltd [140664]

1385 Shimoishigami
Otawara-shi Tochigi Pref 324-8550
Japan
Phone: 81 (287) 266301 Fax: 81 (287) 266050
Internet: http://www.toshiba-medical.co.jp
E-mail: info@tams.com
Toshiba Medical (Australia) Pty Ltd [373230]

5 Byfield Street
North Ryde NSW 2113

18
Australia
Phone: 61 (2) 98876000 Fax: 61 (2) 98874866
Internet: http://www.medical.toshiba.com.au
E-mail: intouch@toshiba-tap.com
Toshiba Medical Systems Europe bv [160817]

Zilverstraat 1
NL-2718 RP Zoetermeer
The Netherlands
Phone: 31 (79) 3689222 Fax: 31 (79) 3689444
Internet: http://www.toshiba-europe.com/medical
E-mail: info@tmse.nl
Note: The following company did not provide us with any product information in time for
publication. Its address is listed as a service to our readers.
Dilon Technologies [441585]

12050 Jefferson Ave
Newport News, VA 23606
Phone: (757) 269-4910 Fax: (757) 269-4912
Internet: http://www.dilon.com
E-mail: sales@dilon.com
About the chart specifications

This report includes two charts. Chart A covers mobile gamma cameras; Chart B covers stationary
models.
Many of the performance characteristics listed in the charts are measured according to National
Electrical Manufacturers Association standards. The purpose of these standards is to provide a
uniform set of criteria by which manufacturers can measure and report their respective systems’
performance. These standards are not intended for use in acceptance testing at the installation site
or as part of routine quality-control testing by the user.
The following terms are used in the charts:
Crystal dimensions, cm (in): A single dimension for this specification represents a diameter.
UFOV, cm (in): Useful field of view—for a hexagonal or circular crystal, the circular area with a
diameter the same as that of the largest inscribed circle in a collimated field of view; for a
rectangular crystal, the rectangular area with dimensions the same as those of the largest inscribed
rectangle in a collimated field of view. In the charts, a single number indicates a diameter for a
circular or hexagonal crystal.
Spatial resolution: The ability to accurately determine the original location of a gamma event in an
x-y plane.
System sensitivity, LEAP, counts/min/µCi: The ability to efficiently convert gamma photons to
count and position data for imaging.
Intrinsic energy resolution, FWHM, 140 keV: The ability to accurately isolate and identify the
radionuclide photopeak and distinguish it from secondary or scattered radiation events.
Intrinsic spatial linearity, mm: Integral linearity is the ability to present x-y data without positional
distortion. Differential linearity is a measure of the positional distortion over a predefined distance.
Intrinsic uniformity, uncorrected: Integral uniformity is the detector’s ability to maintain a
constant count density over a predefined distance when exposed to a uniform or homogeneous
gamma photon flux over the field of view. Differential uniformity is a measure of the rate of count
density change over a predefined distance.

19
Collimators: The following abbreviations are used to describe the collimators offered with the
gamma camera. Acronyms not defined below may be proprietary collimators specific to a certain
manufacturer.
Abbreviations
511 keV — Collimators for 511 keV (FDG- MEAP — Medium-energy all-purpose
SPECT) imaging
MEGP — Medium-energy general-purpose
FB — Fan beam, a specialized converging
MEHR — Medium-energy high-resolution
collimator
MELP — Medium-energy low-penetration
HE — High energy
SHEGP — Superhigh-energy general-purpose
HEGP — High-energy general-purpose
UHE — Ultrahigh-energy
HEHR — High-energy high-resolution
UHEHR — Ultrahigh-energy high-resolution
HR — High resolution
UHGP — Ultrahigh general-purpose
LEAP — Low-energy all-purpose
UHR — Ultrahigh resolution
LEFB — Low-energy fan beam
VXGP — Vertex general-purpose
LEGP — Low-energy general-purpose
VXHR — Vertex high-resolution
LEHR — Low-energy high-resolution
VXUR — Vertex ultrahigh-resolution
LEHS — Low-energy high-sensitivity
WRME — Wide-range medium-energy
LEUHR — Low-energy ultrahigh-resolution
LEUHS — Low-energy ultrahigh-sensitivity
List price, std configuration: Some of the pricing information in these charts has been derived from
list prices reported to ECRI’s in-house information services by healthcare institutions and by
suppliers. A footnote identifies these prices. In these instances, suppliers have declined to provide
HPCS directly with prices and may not have confirmed the information. These prices are estimates
and may not reflect discounts, options, special packages, and multiple-unit sales. They are provided
for the convenience of our readers.
Other abbreviations:
ADC — Analog-to-digital converter ETL — ETL Testing Laboratories
ARO — After receipt of order FDA — U.S. Food and Drug Administration
BTU — British thermal unit FDG — Fluorodeoxyglucose
B/W — Black and white FOV — Field of view
CD-R — Recordable compact disc FWHM — Full width at half maximum—the
measure of the width of a point or line spread
CD-RW — Rewritable compact disc
function across points 50% down each side
CE mark — Conformite Europeane mark from the peak
CFOV — Central field of view FWTM — Full width at tenth maximum—the
measure of the width of a point or line spread
cps — Counts per second
function across points 90% down each side
CPU — Central processing unit from the peak
DICOM — Digital Imaging and GMP — Good Manufacturing Practices
Communications in Medicine 3.0 standard
HIS — Hospital information system
ECG — Electrocardiogram

20
IEC — International Electrotechnical QC — Quality control

Commission
QGS — Quantitative gated SPECT
ISO — International Organization for
RFOV — Rectangular field of view
Standardization
RIS — Radiology information system
IV — Intravenous
SCSI — Small computer system interface
LED — Light-emitting diode
SPECT — Single photon emission computed
MDD — Medical Devices Directive
tomography
NEMA — National Electrical Manufacturers
TCP/IP — Transmission Control
Association
Protocol/Internet Protocol
PACS — Picture archiving and
TVGA — Top-Extended Video Graphics Array
communication systems
UL — Underwriters Laboratories
PET — Positron emission tomography
VCR — Videocassette recorder
PHA — Pulse height analyzer
WORM — Write once, read many
PMT — Photomultiplier tube
Note: The data in the charts derive from suppliers’ specifications and have not been verified
through independent testing by ECRI or any other agency. Because test methods vary, different
products’ specifications are not always comparable. Moreover, products and specifications are subject
to frequent changes. ECRI is not responsible for the quality or validity of the information presented
or for any adverse consequences of acting on such information.
When reading the charts, keep in mind that, unless otherwise noted, the list price does not reflect
supplier discounts. And although we try to indicate which features and characteristics are standard
and which are not, some may be optional, at additional cost.
For those models whose prices were supplied to us in currencies other than U.S. dollars, we have
also listed the conversion to U.S. dollars to facilitate comparison among models. However, keep in
mind that exchange rates change often.
Need to know more?

For further information about the contents of this Product Comparison, contact the HPCS Hotline
at +1 (610) 825-6000, ext. 5265; +1 (610) 834-1275 (fax); or hpcs@ecri.org (e-mail).
Last updated September 2005

21
MODEL ECRI-RECOMMENDED DIGIRAD GAMMA MEDICA GAMMA MEDICA

SPECIFICATIONS1
1
Mobile Gamma Camera 2020tc Imager GammaCAM/OR LumaGEM 3200S-12K
WHERE MARKETED Canada, Japan, Russia, Worldwide Worldwide
USA
FDA CLEARANCE Yes Yes Yes
CE MARK (MDD) Submitted No No
CLINICAL APPLICATION Not specified
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal thickness, mm 6 (0.24) minimum 6 (0.24) 6 (0.24) 5 (0.2)
(in)
Number of PMTs None, 4,096 solid-state 25 NA
detectors
Lead shield thickness, 0.5 (0.2) 0.6 (0.2) front, 0.8 (0.3) 0.8 (0.3) front, 0.85 (0.33)
cm (in) side side
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) >21 (8.3) 21.6 x 21.6 (8.4 x 8.4) 12.5 x 12.5 (5 x 5) 16 x 20 (6.3 x 7.9)
Maximum count rate, >200,000 >250,000 25,000 100,000
cps
Count rate, cps, @ 20% >100,000 >250,000 20,000 75,000
loss
Intrinsic spatial 3, detector size 2.2 1.6
resolution, mm
Intrinsic energy 3.6% or better <12.5% 12% 5%
resolution, FWHM, 140
keV
Intrinsic spatial 0.7 integral, UFOV Not specified Not specified
linearity, mm
Intrinsic flood field ±1.4% differential with Not specified Not specified
uniformity collimator
Energy range, keV ≤6 to ≥300 60 to 300 20 to 300 20 to 300
DETECTOR/YOKE
MOTION
Rotation, deg
Collimator ±360 NA NA
Detector +90 up/-10 down NA NA
Yoke ±360, arm NA NA
Vertical position
Maximum, cm (in) 133 (52.5) NA NA
Minimum, cm (in) 48 (19) NA NA
Maximum reach
Perpendicular to bed, 131 (51.5) NA NA
cm (in)
Parallel to bed, cm (in) 131 (51.5) NA NA
Vertical speed up Varies, maximum 3 NA NA
cm/sec
Vertical speed down Varies, maximum 3 NA NA
cm/sec
COLLIMATORS LEAP, LEHR, diverging, LEAP, LEHR, MEGP LEAP, LEHR, MEGP
converging, MEAP,
LEUHS, pinhole, low-
energy cardiac
This is the first of three

pages covering the above
model(s). These
specifications continue
onto the next two pages.

22

SPECIFICATIONS1
Mobile Gamma Camera 2020tc Imager1 GammaCAM/OR LumaGEM 3200S-12K
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Persistence scope Yes Yes Yes
Image scope, cm(in) Real-time display 8 (3.1) 8 (3.1)
Zoom control Yes No No
Anatomic marker No No No
Ratemeter Yes Yes Yes Yes
Scaler Yes Yes Yes Yes
Time readout Yes Yes Yes Yes
Information density Yes Not specified Not specified
Automatic energy Yes No Yes Yes
selection
Manual energy Yes Yes Yes Yes
selection
Autopeaking Yes Yes Not specified Not specified
Image rotation control Yes Yes 90° increments 90° increments
PHA capacity 1,024; 3 peaks 4 peaks 4 peaks
simultaneously
Automatic window Yes Yes Yes Yes
selection
Manual window Yes Yes Yes Yes
selection
Auto uniformity Yes Yes Yes Yes
correction
INTEGRAL COMPUTER
Main CPU Intel Pentium class Intel Pentium IV, 800 MHz Intel Pentium IV 1.2 GHz
Display processor Not specified Not specified Not specified
Array processor NA Not specified Not specified
Display matrix 800 x 600 minimum 1024 x 768 Not specified Not specified
Storage, MB
Hard disk 40 GB 40 GB 40 GB
Floppy disk Yes 1.44 (3.5") 1.44 (3.5") NA
Other CD-RW CD-RW CD-RW, DVD-RW
Software Complete image Image processing, renal, Not specified
acquisition and processing cardiac, thyroid, gastric
DICOM 3.0 Yes Not specified Yes Yes
COMPLIANCE
DRIVE SPECIFICATIONS
Power source Manual Manual Manual
Maximum speed
Forward NA Not specified Not specified
Reverse NA Not specified Not specified
Brakes Mechanical Manual Manual
Steering All wheel Manual Manual
Maximum incline 10% Not specified Not specified
Emergency drive NA NA NA
disengagement
This is the second of three

model(s). These
onto the next page.

23

SPECIFICATIONS1
Mobile Gamma Camera 2020tc Imager1 GammaCAM/OR LumaGEM 3200S-12K
POWER
REQUIREMENTS
Line power, VAC 115 ±10%, 10 A 110, 60 Hz, 2.5 A 110/220, 50/60 Hz, 8 A/4
A
Battery run time w/max NA 5 min NA
load, hr
Charging time, hr NA 1-8 NA
Continuous high NA Yes NA (solid-state detector)
voltage to PMTs
DIMENSIONS
L x W x H, cm (in) 117 x 76 x 127 (46 x 30 x 68 x 55 x 200 (27 x 22 x 68 x 68 x 175 (27 x 27 x
50) 79) 70)
Weight, kg (lb) 193 (425) 150 (330) 72.5 (160)
Floor clearance, cm (in) 10 (4) 5 (2) 5 (2)
OPTIONAL FEATURES SPECT rotating chair, None specified None specified
integrated ECG cardiac
gate, printers, additional
collimators
PLANNING &
PURCHASE
List price, std <$300,000 Not specified Not specified
configuration
Warranty 1 year 1 year 1 year
Delivery time, ARO 30 days 4 months 4 months
Service contract 1 year; multiyear optional Available Available
Training/support On-site with each camera 5 days 5 days
Year first sold 1999 2002 2002
Number of systems Not specified Not specified 7
installed
Fiscal year January to December April to March April to March
OTHER Solid-state, single-head, None specified. None specified.
SPECIFICATIONS multicrystal mobile
camera; 12 mm dead
space from leading edge
to UFOV; thin camera-
head design.
1
Supplier Footnotes These recommendations
are the opinions of ECRI's
technology experts. ECRI
assumes no liability for
decisions made based on
this data.
1
Model Footnotes Models listed are
currently marketed.
Specifications are current
as of July 2003.
Data Footnotes

24
MODEL ECRI-RECOMMENDED ECRI-RECOMMENDED ECRI-RECOMMENDED ECRI-RECOMMENDED

SPECIFICATIONS1 SPECIFICATIONS1 SPECIFICATIONS1 SPECIFICATIONS1
Dedicated Cardiac Dedicated Neurology Dedicated PET/SPECT Dedicated Small Parts
Brain, Pediatric
WHERE MARKETED
FDA CLEARANCE
CE MARK (MDD)
SYSTEM TYPE
CLINICAL APPLICATION
SPECT Yes Yes Yes
FDG-SPECT Yes
COINCIDENCE IMAGING
WHOLE BODY
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions, cm 43 x 24.6 (16.9 x 9.7) 12.7 x 20 (5 x 7.9) 26 x 24.6 (10.2 x 9.7) 26 x 24.6 (10.2 x 9.7)
(in) minimum minimum minimum minimum
Thickness, mm (in)
Number of PMTs
Diameter, cm (in)
Digital detectors
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 34 x 21 (13.4 x 8.3) 20 x 20 (7.9 x 7.9) 23 x 21.5 (9 x 8.5) 18 x 18 (7 x 7) minimum
minimum minimum minimum
Max count rate, cps 200,000 minimum 1,200,000 minimum 200,000 minimum 200,000 minimum
Dead time, µsec
Energy range, keV ≤50 to ≥300 ≤50 to ≥400 ≤50 to ≥560 ≤50 to ≥560
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV
FWTM, UFOV
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm
FWTM at 10 cm, mm
System sensitivity,
LEAP, counts/min/µCi
Intrinsic energy
keV
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV
Differential UFOV
Intrinsic uniformity,
uncorrected
Integral UFOV
Differential UFOV

model(s). These

25

Brain, Pediatric
COLLIMATORS
DETECTOR/YOKE
MOTION
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min
Mode
Area, cm
Contouring
Yoke rotation, deg
Radius, cm (in)
Detector rotation, deg
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in)
Minimum, cm (in)
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Persistence scope
Zoom control Yes Yes Yes Yes
Anatomic marker Yes Yes Yes Yes
Information density Yes
Energy selection
Automatic Yes Yes Yes Yes
Manual Yes Yes Yes Yes
Autopeaking Yes Yes Yes Yes
Image rotation control Yes Yes Yes Yes
PHA window capacity
Window selection
Auto uniformity Yes Yes Yes
correction
Nonuniform attenuation
correction

model(s). These
onto the next page.

26

Brain, Pediatric
COMPUTER
Acquisition
Processing
Data transfer
DICOM 3.0 Yes Yes Yes Yes
Display matrix 1152 x 900 minimum 1152 x 900 minimum 1280 x 1024 minimum 1280 x 1024 minimum
Storage
HEAT LOADING, BTU/hr
(gantry only)
STABILITY (max °C
change/hour)
HUMIDITY
POWER
REQUIREMENTS
H x D x W, cm (in)
WEIGHT, kg (lb)
PLANNING &
PURCHASE
List price, std
configuration
Warranty
OPTIONAL FEATURES
OTHER
SPECIFICATIONS
LAST UPDATED
1 1 1 1
Supplier Footnotes These recommendations These recommendations These recommendations These recommendations
are the opinions of ECRI's are the opinions of ECRI's are the opinions of ECRI's are the opinions of ECRI's
technology experts. ECRI technology experts. ECRI technology experts. ECRI technology experts. ECRI
assumes no liability for the assumes no liability for the assumes no liability for the assumes no liability for the
decisions made based on decisions made based on decisions made based on decisions made based on
this data. this data. this data. this data.
Model Footnotes
Data Footnotes

27

MODEL ECRI-RECOMMENDED GE HEALTHCARE GE HEALTHCARE GE HEALTHCARE
SPECIFICATIONS1
Whole-Body Infinia Hawkeye : Infinia Millennium MG Millennium MPR
VC Hawkeye
WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide
FDA CLEARANCE Yes Yes Yes
CE MARK (MDD) Yes Yes Yes
SYSTEM TYPE Dual-detector, free- Dual-detector, variable- Single-detector
geometry digital camera angle digital camera rectangular FOV camera
CLINICAL APPLICATION All-purpose All-purpose All-purpose
SPECT Yes Yes Yes Yes
FDG-SPECT Optional No No
COINCIDENCE IMAGING Optional No No
WHOLE BODY Yes Yes Yes
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions, cm 40.2 x 40.2 (15.8 x 15.8) 60 x 45.7 (23.5 x 18) 55.8 x 40.2 (22 x 15.8) 55.8 x 40.2 (22 x 15.8)
(in) minimum
Thickness, mm (in) 9.5 (3/8), 25.4 (1) 8.5 (1/3) 8.5 (1/3)
Number of PMTs 59 (3/8"), 95 (1") 48 48 square
Diameter, cm (in) 7.6 (3) circular, 3.8 (1.5) 6.4 (3) square 6.4 (3) square
circular
Digital detectors 1 ADC/PMT CSE non-Anger-design CSE non-Anger design
rows/columns rows/columns
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 36 x 36 (14.2 x 14.2) 54 x 40 (21.25 x 15.75), 55.8 x 40.2 (22 x 15.8), no 55.8 x 40.2 (22 x 15.8), no
minimum no cut-off corners cut-off corners cut-off corners
Max count rate, cps 220,000 minimum >460,000 >260,000 >260,000
Dead time, µsec 132 nsec, fast mode; 792 0.7 0.7
nsec, normal mode
Energy range, keV ≤60 to ≥511 40 to 511, 40 to 681 400 400
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 3.9, 4.5 3.9 3.9
FWTM, UFOV 7.2, 8.5 7.6 7.6
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm <7.4 (3/8"), <8.1 (1") 10.2 (LEGP) 10.2 (LEGP)
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 13.2 (3/8"), 13.7 (1") Not specified Not specified
System sensitivity, 270 (3/8"), 290 (1") 262 (LEGP) 262 (LEGP)
Intrinsic energy <9.8% 9.7% 9.7%
keV
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV 0.5 0.5 0.5
Differential UFOV 0.1 0.2 0.2
uncorrected
Integral UFOV <3.6%, <4.5% 3.5% 3.5%
Differential UFOV <2.3%, <2.5% 2.5% 2.5%

model(s). These

28

SPECIFICATIONS1
VC Hawkeye
COLLIMATORS LEHR, LEGP, HEGP, LEGP, LEHR, LEUHS, LEGP, LEHR, LEUHS,
MEGP, UHEHR, fan- MEGP, HEGP, pinhole MEGP, HEGP, pinhole
beam, pinhole
DETECTOR/YOKE
MOTION
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min 5-60 0.9-90 0.9-90
Mode Continuous, step-and- Single pass Single pass
shoot
Area, cm 54 x 195 51 x 190 51 x 190
Contouring Real time, automatic Real time, automatic; no Learn mode
need for prescan contour
learning
Yoke rotation, deg Unlimited, slip-ring gantry ±270 ±270
Radius, cm (in) 11-30 (4-12) with LEGP 10.6-28.6 (4.2-11.3) 1-32 (0.4-12.5)
Detector rotation, deg 90, 180, horizontal and 0, 101, 180 -20 to +90
face out
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 110 (43.3) horizontal Not specified Not specified
mode
Minimum, cm (in) 42.5 (16.7) vertical out Not specified Not specified
mode
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Persistence scope Yes No Yes
Anatomic marker No No No
Information density No No Yes
Energy selection
PHA window capacity 16 windows/detector 12 12
Window selection
Auto uniformity Yes Yes Yes
correction
Nonuniform attenuation Optional Optional No
correction

model(s). These
onto the next page.

29

SPECIFICATIONS1
VC Hawkeye
COMPUTER
Acquisition Pentium IV-based PC, 3.2 GeniAcq (Pentium III) GeniAcq (Pentium III)
GHz, Windows OS
Processing Xeleris Xeleris Xeleris
Data transfer TCP/IP, Interfile, DICOM, TCP/IP, Interfile, DICOM, TCP/IP, Interfile, DICOM,
Ethernet, CD, DVD Ethernet, CD, DVD Ethernet, CD, DVD
Display matrix 1152 x 900 minimum 1280 x 1024 1280 x 1024 1280 x 1024
Storage 1 GB RAM, 36 GB SCSI 40 GB disk/8 GB usable, 40 GB disk/8 GB usable,
HD, 30 GB online, 73 GB 73 GB HD 73 GB HD
HD
HEAT LOADING, BTU/hr 5,600 5,000 4,000
(gantry only)
STABILITY (max °C
change/hour) 1 1 1
HUMIDITY 40-60% 20-80% noncondensing 20-80% noncondensing
POWER 208 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 4.2 100/120 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 100/120 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 1
REQUIREMENTS kVA, 3-phase 1.5 kVA kVA
H x D x W, cm (in) 190 x 195 x 175 (74.8 x 158 x 125 x 125 (62 x 49 x 112 x 409 x 145 (44.1 x
76.8 x 68.9) 49) 161 x 57.1)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 2,351 (5,172) 1,406 (3,100) 1,484 (3,272)
PLANNING &
PURCHASE
List price, std $450,000-550,000 $425,000-500,000 $250,000-300,000
configuration
Warranty 1 year 1 year 1 year
OPTIONAL FEATURES CoDe coincidence Mobile/removable table, Mobile/removable table,
imaging mode, fan-beam table extension, snap-on table extension, snap-on
collimator, Tc-99m/FDG IV/catheter pole, IV/catheter pole,
dual-isotope simultaneous headholder, R-Made headholder, R-Made
acquisition, upgrade to armrest, armrest,
Infinia Hawkeye CT/NM scintimammography scintimammography
hybrid extension extension
OTHER All-digital, all-purpose slip- Non-Anger digital camera Non-Anger all-purpose
SPECIFICATIONS ring dual-head camera; system with 101° and camera system with digital
WB; real-time auto body 180° detector geometry; CSE detectors and all-
contouring. Meets optional simultaneous function patient table.
requirements of CSA, IEC, transmission attenuation-
and UL; ISO compliant. corrected SPECT.
LAST UPDATED September 2005 September 2005 September 2005
1
Supplier Footnotes These recommendations
are the opinions of ECRI's
technology experts. ECRI
assumes no liability for the
decisions made based on
this data.
Model Footnotes
Data Footnotes

30

MODEL GE HEALTHCARE GE HEALTHCARE MEDISO MEDISO
Millennium MPS Millennium MyoSIGHT NUCLINE CARDIO-C NUCLINE CARDIO-DESK
WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide
FDA CLEARANCE Yes Yes Submitted Submitted
CE MARK (MDD) Yes Yes Yes Yes
SYSTEM TYPE Single-detector square Dual-detector, variable- 2 single-crystal detectors 2 single-crystal detectors
FOV camera angle digital camera
CLINICAL APPLICATION All-purpose Nuclear cardiology Cardiology Cardiology
FDG-SPECT No No No No
COINCIDENCE IMAGING No No No No
WHOLE BODY Yes No No No
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions, cm 40.2 x 40.2 (15.8 x 15.8) 55.8 x 40.2 (22 x 15.8) 43 x 24.6 (16.9 x 9.7) 43 x 24.6 (16.9 x 9.7)
(in)
Thickness, mm (in) 8.5 (1/3) 8.5 (1/3) 6.5 (1/4); optional 9.5 (3/8) 6.5 (1/4); optional 9.5 (3/8)
Number of PMTs 36 48 33 (2.3"), 4 (1.5") 33 (2.3"), 4 (1.5")
Diameter, cm (in) 6.4 (3) square 6.4 (3) square 6 (2.3), 3.8 (1.5) 6 (2.3), 3.8 (1.5)
Digital detectors CSE non-Anger design CSE non-Anger-design Yes Yes
rows/columns
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 36 x 36 (14.1 x 14.1) 55.8 x 40.2 (22 x 15.8), no 36 x 21 (14.1 x 8.3) 36 x 21 (14.1 x 8.3)
cut-off corners
Max count rate, cps >279,000 >260,000 220,000 220,000
Dead time, µsec 0.7 0.7 NA NA
Energy range, keV 400 400 40-300 40-300
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 3.9 3.9 2.8 2.8
FWTM, UFOV 7.6 7.6 5.4 5.4
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 10.2 (LEGP) 10.2 (LEGP) 8.7 8.7
FWTM at 10 cm, mm Not specified Not specified 15.9 15.9
System sensitivity, 262 (LEGP) 262 (LEGP) 260 260
Intrinsic energy 9.7% 9.7% 9.7% 9.7%
keV
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV 0.5 0.5 0.38 0.38
Differential UFOV 0.2 0.2 0.18 0.18
uncorrected
Integral UFOV 3.5% 3.5% 2.9% 2.9%
Differential UFOV 2.5% 2.5% 2.4% 2.4%

model(s). These

31

COLLIMATORS LEGP, LEHR, LEUHS, LEGP, LEHR, LEUHS, LEHS, LEGP, LEHR, LEHS, LEGP, LEHR,
MEGP, HEGP, pinhole MEGP, HEGP, pinhole MEGP MEGP
DETECTOR/YOKE
MOTION
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min NA 0.9-90 NA NA
Mode NA Single pass NA NA
Area, cm NA 51 x 190 NA NA
Contouring NA Real time, automatic; no NA NA
need for prescan contour
learning
Yoke rotation, deg ±270 ±270 NA NA
Radius, cm (in) 1-32 (0.4-12.5) 10.6-28.6 (4.2-11.3) 23.5 (9.3) 23.5 (9.3)
Detector rotation, deg -20 to +90 0, 101, 180 90 90
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) Not specified Not specified 47 (18.5) 47 (18.5)
Minimum, cm (in) Not specified Not specified NA NA
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Persistence scope Yes No Yes Yes
Anatomic marker No No Yes Yes
Information density Yes No Optional Optional
Energy selection
PHA window capacity 12 12 4 peaks 4 peaks
Window selection
correction
Nonuniform attenuation No Optional Optional Optional
correction

model(s). These
onto the next page.

32

COMPUTER
Acquisition GeniAcq (Pentium III) GeniAcq (Pentium III) Built-in acquisition Built-in acquisition
console, Pentium IV console, Pentium IV
Processing Xeleris Xeleris Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06
GHz GHz
Data transfer TCP/IP, Interfile, DICOM, TCP/IP, Interfile, DICOM, Ethernet, Interfile, TCP/IP, Ethernet, Interfile, TCP/IP,
Ethernet, CD, DVD Ethernet, CD, DVD DICOM 3.0 DICOM 3.0
Display matrix 1280 x 1024 1280 x 1024 1280 x 1024 1280 x 1024
Storage 40 GB disk/8 GB usable, 40 GB disk/8 GB usable, 160 GB HD, CD-RW, 160 GB HD, CD-RW,
73 GB HD 73 GB HD floppy floppy
HEAT LOADING, BTU/hr 4,000 5,000 2,000 2,000
(gantry only)
STABILITY (max °C
change/hour) 1 1 3 3
HUMIDITY 20-80% noncondensing 20-80% noncondensing 40-80% 40-80%
POWER 100/120 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 1 100/120 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 230 VAC, 12 A; 110 VAC, 230 VAC, 12 A; 110 VAC,
REQUIREMENTS kVA 1.5 kVA 6A 6A
H x D x W, cm (in) 112 x 409 x 145 (44.1 x 158 x 125 x 125 (62 x 49 x 165 x 145 x 110 (65 x 57 x 165 x 145 x 110 (65 x 57 x
161 x 57.1) 49) 43) 43)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 1,438 (3,170) 1,406 (3,100) 490 (1,080) 390 (860)
PLANNING &
PURCHASE
List price, std $230,000-280,000 $200,000-240,000 $200,000-280,000 $200,000-280,000
configuration
Warranty 1 year 1 year 3 years, parts 3 years, parts
OPTIONAL FEATURES Mobile/removable table, Mobile/removable table, R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger,
table extension, snap-on table extension, snap-on processing workstation, processing workstation,
IV/catheter pole, IV/catheter pole, MODEM long-distance MODEM long-distance
headholder, R-Made headholder, R-Made service service
armrest, armrest,
scintimammography scintimammography
extension extension
OTHER Non-Anger all-purpose Non-Anger digital camera Digitally controlled PMTs; Digitally controlled PMTs;
SPECIFICATIONS camera system with digital system with 101° and high-energy shielding; high-energy shielding;
CSE detectors and all- 180° detector geometry; robotic gantry motions; robotic gantry motions;
function patient table. optional simultaneous iterative reconstruction; iterative reconstruction;
transmission attenuation- automatic real-time gantry automatic real-time gantry
corrected SPECT. calibration; silent calibration; silent
operation. Meets operation. Meets
requirements of IEC 601- requirements of IEC 601-
1, ISO-9001, and NEMA. 1, ISO-9001, and NEMA.
LAST UPDATED September 2005 September 2005 February 2007 February 2007
Supplier Footnotes
Model Footnotes
Data Footnotes

33

MODEL MEDISO MEDISO MEDISO MEDISO
NUCLINE NUCLINE SPIRIT DH-V NUCLINE SPIRIT DH-V-S NUCLINE TH/22
CARDIOSPECT D90
FDA CLEARANCE Yes Submitted Submitted No
SYSTEM TYPE 2 single-crystal detectors 2 single-crystal variable- 1 single-crystal detector, 1 single-crystal detector
angle detectors upgradable to variable-
angle dual head
CLINICAL APPLICATION Cardiology Not specified Not specified Not specified
SPECT Yes Yes Yes No
FDG-SPECT No Yes Yes No
COINCIDENCE IMAGING No Optional Optional No
WHOLE BODY Optional Yes Yes No
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions, cm 43 x 24.6 (16.9 x 9.7) 59 x 47 (23 x 18.5) 59 x 47 (23 x 18.5) 26 x 24.6 (10.2 x 9.7)
(in)
Thickness, mm (in) 6.5 (1/4); optional 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8); optional 15.9 9.5 (3/8)
(5/8)
Number of PMTs 33 (2.3"), 4 (1.5") 49 (3"), 6 (2") 49 (3"), 6 (2") 22
Diameter, cm (in) 6 (2.3), 3.8 (1.5) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 6 (2.3)
Digital detectors Yes Yes Yes ADC at summation,
digital-control PMTs
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 36 x 21 (14.1 x 8.3) 53 x 39 (20.9 x 15.4) 53 x 39 (20.9 x 15.4) 18 x 18 (7.1 x 7.1)
Max count rate, cps 220,000 220,000 220,000 200,000
Dead time, µsec NA NA NA NA
Energy range, keV 40-300 20-511 20-511 50-560
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 2.8 3.7 3.7 3.2
FWTM, UFOV 5.4 7.4 7.4 6.2
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 8.7 8.9 8.9 8.5
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 15.9 16.9 16.9 15.5
System sensitivity, 260 270 270 270
keV
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV 0.38 0.4 0.4 0.2
uncorrected
Integral UFOV 2.9% 2.9% 2.9% 2.9%

model(s). These

34

CARDIOSPECT D90
COLLIMATORS LEHS, LEGP, LEHR, LEGP, LEHR, LEUHR, LEGP, LEHR, LEUHR, LEAP, LEHR, MEGP,
LEUHR, MEGP MEGP, HEGP MEGP, HEGP HEGP, HEHR, pinhole,
thyroid Tc, thyroid I-131
DETECTOR/YOKE
MOTION
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min NA 1-200 1-200 NA
Mode NA Single pass Single pass NA
Area, cm NA 53 x 200 53 x 200 NA
Contouring NA Fully automatic Fully automatic NA
Yoke rotation, deg NA Not specified Not specified ±90
Radius, cm (in) 12-30 (4.7-11.8) 12-30 (4.7-11.8) 12-30 (4.7-11.8) Not specified
Detector rotation, deg ±190 ±270 ±270 -70 to +180
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 60 (23.6) 60 (23.6) 60 (23.6) 21 (8.5)
Minimum, cm (in) 24 (9.4) 24 (9.4) 24 (9.4) 0
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Persistence scope Yes Yes Yes Yes
Information density Optional Optional Optional No
Energy selection
PHA window capacity 4 peaks 4 peaks 4 peaks 4 peaks
Window selection
correction
Nonuniform attenuation Optional Optional Optional No
correction

model(s). These
onto the next page.

35

CARDIOSPECT D90
COMPUTER
Acquisition Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06
GHz GHz GHz GHz
Processing Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06
GHz GHz GHz GHz
Data transfer Ethernet, Interfile, TCP/IP, Ethernet, Interfile, TCP/IP, Ethernet, Interfile, TCP/IP, Ethernet, Interfile, TCP/IP,
DICOM 3.0 DICOM 3.0 DICOM 3.0 DICOM 3.0
Storage 160 GB HD, CD-RW, 160 GB HD, CD-RW, 160 GB HD, CD-RW, 160 GB HD, CD-RW,
floppy floppy floppy floppy
(gantry only)
STABILITY (max °C
HUMIDITY 40-80% 40-80% 40-80% 40-80%
POWER 230 VAC, 15 A; 110 VAC, 230 VAC, 15 A; 110 VAC, 230 VAC, 15 A; 110 VAC, 230 VAC, 4 A; 110 VAC, 8
REQUIREMENTS 30 A 30 A 30 A A
H x D x W, cm (in) 165 x 145 x 110 (65 x 57 x 165 x 145 x 120 (65 x 57 x 165 x 145 x 120 (65 x 57 x 86 x 70 x 120 (33.8 x 27.5
43) 47) 47) x 47)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 1,900 (4,180) 2,100 (4,620) 1,500 (3,308) 180 (397)
PLANNING &
PURCHASE
List price, std $200,000-280,000 $200,000-300,000 $180,000-250,000 $70,000-75,000
configuration
Warranty 3 years, parts 3 years, parts 3 years, parts 3 years, parts
OPTIONAL FEATURES R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger,
processing workstation, processing workstation, processing workstation, processing workstation,
MODEM long-distance MODEM long-distance MODEM long-distance MODEM long-distance
service service service service
OTHER Digitally controlled PMTs; Digitally controlled PMTs; Digital detector; high- Digitally controlled PMTs;
SPECIFICATIONS high-energy shielding; high-energy shielding; energy shielding; robotic high-energy shielding.
robotic gantry motions; robotic gantry motions; gantry motions; iterative Meets requirements of
iterative reconstruction; iterative reconstruction; reconstruction; automatic IEC 601-1, ISO-9001, and
automatic real-time gantry automatic real-time gantry real-time gantry NEMA.
calibration; silent calibration; silent calibration; silent
operation. Meets operation. Meets operation. Meets
requirements of IEC 601- requirements of IEC 601- requirements of IEC 601-
1, ISO-9001, and NEMA. 1, ISO-9001, and NEMA. 1, ISO-9001, and NEMA.
LAST UPDATED February 2007 February 2007 February 2007 February 2007
Supplier Footnotes
Model Footnotes
Data Footnotes

36

NUCLINE TH/33 NUCLINE TH/45 NUCLINE X-RING/4R NUCLINE X-RING/4R-HR
FDA CLEARANCE No No Yes Yes
SYSTEM TYPE 1 single-crystal detector 1 single-crystal detector 4 single-crystal detectors 4 single-crystal detectors
CLINICAL APPLICATION Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified
SPECT No No Yes Yes
FDG-SPECT No No Yes Yes
COINCIDENCE IMAGING No No Optional Optional
WHOLE BODY No No No No
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions, cm 26 x 24.6 (10.2 x 9.7) 30 x 30 (11.8 x 11.8) 26 x 24.6 (10.2 x 9.7) 26 x 24.6 (10.2 x 9.7)
(in)
Thickness, mm (in) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8) 6.5 (1/4); optional 15.9 6.5 (1/4); optional 15.9
(5/8) (5/8)
Number of PMTs 27 (2"), 6 (1.5") 45 33 60
Diameter, cm (in) 3.8 (1.5), 5 (2) 5 (2) 5 (2) 3.8 (1.5)
Digital detectors ADC at summation, ADC at summation, ADC at summation, ADC at summation,
digital-control PMTs digital-control PMTs digital-control PMTs digital-control PMTs
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 23 x 21.5 (9.1 x 8.5) 27 x 27 (10.6 x 10.6) 23 x 21.5 (9.1 x 8.5) 23 x 21.5 (9.1 x 8.5)
Energy range, keV 50-560 50-560 50-560 50-560
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.3
FWTM, UFOV 6.2 6.2 5.8 4.6
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.3
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 15.5 15.5 14.9 14.7
keV
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
uncorrected
Integral UFOV 2.9% 2.9% 2.9% 2.9%

model(s). These

37

COLLIMATORS LEAP, LEHR, MEGP, LEAP, LEHR, MEGP, LEGP, LEHR, MEGP, LEGP, LEHR, MEGP,
HEGP, HEHR, pinhole, HEGP, HEHR, pinhole, HEGP, HEHR HEGP, HEHR
thyroid Tc, thyroid I-131 thyroid Tc, thyroid I-131
DETECTOR/YOKE
MOTION
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min NA NA NA NA
Mode NA NA NA NA
Area, cm NA NA NA NA
Contouring NA NA NA NA
Yoke rotation, deg ±90 ±90 NA NA
Radius, cm (in) Not specified Not specified NA NA
Detector rotation, deg -70 to +180 -70 to +180 ±190 ±190
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 21 (8.5) 21 (8.5) 28 (11) 28 (11)
Minimum, cm (in) 0 0 NA NA
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Information density No No Optional Optional
Energy selection
Window selection
correction
Nonuniform attenuation No No No No
correction

model(s). These
onto the next page.

38

COMPUTER
Acquisition Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06
GHz GHz GHz GHz
Processing Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06
GHz GHz GHz GHz
Data transfer Ethernet, Interfile, TCP/IP, Ethernet, Interfile, TCP/IP, Ethernet, Interfile, TCP/IP, Ethernet, Interfile, TCP/IP,
DICOM 3.0 DICOM 3.0 DICOM 3.0 DICOM 3.0
Storage 160 GB HD, CD-RW, 160 GB HD, CD-RW, 160 GB HD, CD-RW, 160 GB HD, CD-RW,
floppy floppy floppy floppy
(gantry only)
STABILITY (max °C
HUMIDITY 40-80% 40-80% 40-80% 40-80%
POWER 230 VAC, 4 A; 110 VAC, 8 230 VAC, 4 A; 110 VAC, 8 230 VAC, 6 A; 110 VAC, 230 VAC, 6 A; 110 VAC,
REQUIREMENTS A A 12 A 12 A
H x D x W, cm (in) 86 x 70 x 120 (33.8 x 27.5 86 x 70 x 120 (33.8 x 27.5 180 x 105 x 105 (70.9 x 180 x 105 x 105 (70.9 x
x 47.2) x 47.2) 41.3 x 41.3) 41.3 x 41.3)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 180 (397) 180 (397) 800 (1,760) 800 (1,760)
PLANNING &
PURCHASE
List price, std $80,000-85,000 $90,000-95,000 $220,000-300,000 $220,000-300,000
configuration
Warranty 3 years, parts 3 years, parts 3 years, parts 3 years, parts
OPTIONAL FEATURES R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger,
processing workstation, processing workstation, processing workstation, processing workstation,
MODEM long-distance MODEM long-distance MODEM long-distance MODEM long-distance
service service service service
OTHER Digitally controlled PMTs; Digitally controlled PMTs; Digitally controlled PMTs; Digitally controlled PMTs;
SPECIFICATIONS high-energy shielding. high-energy shielding. high-energy shielding; high-energy shielding;
Meets requirements of Meets requirements of robotic gantry motions; robotic gantry motions;
IEC 601-1, ISO-9001, and IEC 601-1, ISO-9001, and iterative reconstruction; iterative reconstruction;
NEMA. NEMA. automatic real-time gantry automatic real-time gantry
calibration; silent calibration; silent
Supplier Footnotes
Model Footnotes
Data Footnotes

39

MODEL MEDISO MEDISO MEDISO NEUROPHYSICS
(FAILED TO RESPOND)1
NUCLINE X-RING/C NUCLINE X-RING/HR NUCLINE X-RING/R NeuroFOCUS
WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Worldwide Worldwide Europe, North America
FDA CLEARANCE Yes No No Not specified
CE MARK (MDD) Yes Yes Yes Not specified
SYSTEM TYPE 1 single-crystal detector 1 single-crystal detector 1 single-crystal detector Dedicated SPECT
CLINICAL APPLICATION Not specified Not specified Not specified Neurology
FDG-SPECT Yes Yes Yes No
COINCIDENCE IMAGING No No No No
WHOLE BODY Yes Yes Yes No
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions, cm 41.3 (16.3) diameter 58.6 x 47 (23 x 18.5) 58.6 x 47 (23 x 18.5) 12.7 x 20 (5 x 8), 12
(in) detectors
Thickness, mm (in) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8) 25.4 (1)
Number of PMTs 37 49 (3"), 6 (2") 49 (3"), 6 (2") 24
Diameter, cm (in) 7.6 (3) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3)
Digital detectors ADC at summation, ADC at summation, ADC at summation, Not specified
digital-control PMTs digital-control PMTs digital-control PMTs
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 38 (15) diameter 53 x 39 (20.9 x 15.4) 53 x 39 (20.9 x 15.4) 20 (8)
Max count rate, cps 220,000 220,000 220,000 1,200,000
Dead time, µsec NA NA NA Not specified
Energy range, keV 50-560 50-560 50-560 50-400
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 3.9 3.4 3.9 NA
FWTM, UFOV 7.5 6.5 7.5 NA
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 8.7 8.5 8.7 3.0; 660,000
counts/sec/µCi/mL, NPC
high-resolution collimator
with 3-D reconstruction
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 15.9 15.5 15.9 NA
System sensitivity, 270 270 270 660,000
LEAP, counts/min/µCi counts/sec/µCi/mL, NPC
high-resolution collimator
with 3-D reconstruction
keV
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV 0.2 0.4 0.4 Abs in uniformity
Differential UFOV 0.1 0.2 0.2 Abs in uniformity
uncorrected
Integral UFOV 2.9% 2.9% 2.9% NA
Differential UFOV 2.4% 2.4% 2.4% NA

model(s). These

40

COLLIMATORS LEAP, LEHR, MEGP, LEGP, LEHR, MEGP, LEGP, LEHR, MEGP, High sensitivity (point
HEGP, HEHR, pinhole HEGP, HEHR, pinhole HEGP, HEHR, pinhole focus), general purpose
(point focus), HR (point
focus)
DETECTOR/YOKE
MOTION
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min 0.5-200 0.5-200 0.5-200 NA
Mode Continuous, single or dual Continuous, single pass Continuous, single pass NA
pass
Area, cm 60 x 210 53 x 210 53 x 210 NA
Contouring Computer controlled Yes Yes NA
Yoke rotation, deg ±185 ±185 ±185 None
Radius, cm (in) 0-36 (0-14.2) 0-36 (0-14.2) 0-36 (0-14.2) NA
Detector rotation, deg -45 to +190 -45 to +190 -45 to +190 12 at 30° apart
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 72 (28.4) 72 (28.4) 72 (28.4) 29 (11.4)
Minimum, cm (in) 0 0 0 Not specified
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Persistence scope Yes Yes Yes NA
Time readout Yes Yes Yes No
Information density Optional Optional Optional No
Energy selection
Automatic Yes Yes Yes No
Image rotation control Yes Yes Yes 1° increments
Window selection
Automatic Yes Yes Yes No
correction
Nonuniform attenuation No No No Not specified
correction

model(s). These
onto the next page.

41

COMPUTER
Acquisition Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Macintosh
GHz GHz GHz
Processing Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 Intel Pentium IV, 3.06 G5
GHz GHz GHz
Data transfer Ethernet, Interfile, TCP/IP, Ethernet, Interfile, TCP/IP, Ethernet, Interfile, TCP/IP, Ethernet
DICOM 3.0 DICOM 3.0 DICOM 3.0
Display matrix 1280 x 1024 1280 x 1024 1280 x 1024 Not specified
Storage 160 GB HD, CD-RW, 160 GB HD, CD-RW, 160 GB HD, CD-RW, Not specified
floppy floppy floppy
(gantry only)
STABILITY (max °C
change/hour) 4 4 4 2.8
HUMIDITY 40-80% 40-80% 40-80% 50-80%
POWER 230 VAC, 6 A; 110 VAC, 230 VAC, 6 A; 110 VAC, 230 VAC, 6 A; 110 VAC, 120/240 VAC, 20/10 A
REQUIREMENTS 12 A 12 A 12 A
H x D x W, cm (in) 180 x 185 x 105 (70.9 x 180 x 185 x 105 (70.9 x 180 x 185 x 105 (70.9 x 223 x 251 x 76 (88 x 99 x
72.8 x 41.3) 72.8 x 41.3) 72.8 x 41.3) 30)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 1,100 (2,426) 1,200 (2,640) 1,200 (2,640) 1,588 (3,500)
PLANNING &
PURCHASE
List price, std $130,000-200,000 $170,000-240,000 $150,000-220,000 $550,000
configuration
Warranty 3 years, parts 3 years, parts 3 years, parts 1 year
OPTIONAL FEATURES R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger, R-wave trigger, Collimators, color printer,
processing workstation, processing workstation, processing workstation, optical drive
MODEM long-distance MODEM long-distance MODEM long-distance
service service service
OTHER Digitally controlled PMTs; Digitally controlled PMTs; Digitally controlled PMTs; Uses an array of point-
SPECIFICATIONS high-energy shielding; high-energy shielding; high-energy shielding; focus, large-angle
robotic gantry motions; robotic gantry motions; robotic gantry motions; collimators for 3-D
fast iterative computer-controlled body computer-controlled body sampling of brain volume;
reconstruction; automatic contouring; automatic contouring; automatic transaxial, coronal,
real-time gantry detector spirit leveling; detector spirit leveling; sagittal, and oblique
calibration; silent fast iterative fast iterative reconstructions.
operation. Meets reconstruction; automatic reconstruction; automatic
requirements of IEC 601- real-time gantry real-time gantry
1, ISO-9001, and NEMA. calibration; silent calibration; silent
LAST UPDATED February 2007 February 2007 February 2007 September 2005
1
Supplier Footnotes Specifications current as
of August 2004.
Model Footnotes
Data Footnotes

42

MODEL NUCLEAR NUCLEAR NUCLEAR NUCLEAR
CARDIOLOGY CARDIOLOGY CARDIOLOGY CARDIOLOGY
CardioSpect D90 CardioSpect SC CardioSpect SR CardioSpect VMAX
WHERE MARKETED USA USA USA USA
FDA CLEARANCE Yes Yes Yes Yes
SYSTEM TYPE Dual-detector 1 Single-crystal detector 1 Single-crystal detector Variable-angle, dual-
detector
CLINICAL APPLICATION Cardiology, all-purpose Cardiology, all-purpose Cardiology, all-purpose Cardiology, all-purpose
FDG-SPECT No Yes Yes Yes
COINCIDENCE IMAGING No No No Optional
WHOLE BODY Optional Yes Yes Yes
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions, cm 43 x 24.6 (16.9 x 9.7) 41.3 (16.3) diameter 59 x 47 (23 x 18.5) 59 x 47 (23 x 18.5)
(in)
Thickness, mm (in) 6.5 (1/4) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8)
Number of PMTs 33 (2.3"), 4 (1.5") 37 (3") 49 (3"), 6 (2") 49 (3"), 6 (2")
Diameter, cm (in) 6 (2.3), 3.8 (1.5) 7.6 (3) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5 (2)
Digital detectors Yes ADC at summation digital- ADC at summation digital- Yes
control PMTs control PMTs
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 36 x 21 (14.1 x 8.3) 38 (15) diameter 53 x 39 (20.9 x 15.4) 53 x 39 (20.9 x 15.4)
Energy range, keV 40-300 50-560 50-560 20-511
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 2.8 3.9 3.9 3.7
FWTM, UFOV 5.4 7.5 7.5 7.4
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.9
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 15.9 15.9 15.9 16.9
Intrinsic energy 0.097 0.102 0.102 0.097
keV
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
uncorrected
Integral UFOV 0.029 0.029 0.029 0.029

model(s). These

43

COLLIMATORS LEHS, LEGP, LEHR, LEAP, LEHR, MEGP, LEGP, LEHR, MEGP, LEGP, LEHR, LEUHR,
LEUHR, MEGP HEGP, HEHR, pinhole HEGP, HEHR, pinhole MEGP, HEGP
DETECTOR/YOKE
MOTION
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min NA 0.5-200 0.5-200 1-200
Mode NA Continuous, single or dual Continuous, single pass Single pass
pass
Area, cm NA 60 x 210 53 x 210 53 x 200
Contouring NA Computer controlled Yes Fully automatic
Yoke rotation, deg NA ±185 ±185 NA
Radius, cm (in) 12-30 (4.7-11.8) 0-36 (0-14.2) 0-36 (0-14.2) 12-30 (4.7-11.8)
Detector rotation, deg ± 190 -45 to +190 -45 to +190 ±270
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 60 (23.6) 72 (28.4) 72 (28.4) 60 (23.6)
Minimum, cm (in) 24 (9.4) 0 0 24 (9.4)
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Information density Optional Optional Optional Optional
Energy selection
Window selection
correction
Nonuniform attenuation Optional No No Optional
correction

model(s). These
onto the next page.

44

COMPUTER
Acquisition Pentium IV, 3.0+ MHz Pentium IV, 3.0+ MHz Pentium IV, 3.0+ MHz Pentium IV, 3.0+ MHz
Windows XP OS G4 and Windows XP OS G4 and Windows XP OS G4 and Windows XP OS G4 and
Macintosh dual 1+ GB, Macintosh dual 1+ GB, Macintosh dual 1+ GB, Macintosh dual 1+ GB,
Macintosh OSX Macintosh OSX Macintosh OSX Macintosh OSX
Processing CARDIO-integrated CARDIO-integrated CARDIO-integrated CARDIO-integrated
processing system processing system processing system processing system
Data transfer DICOM DICOM DICOM DICOM
Storage 512 MB+ RAM, 100 GB 512 MB+ RAM, 100 GB 512 MB+ RAM, 100 GB 512 MB+ RAM, 100 GB
hard drive, 48 X CD-RW hard drive, 48 X CD-RW hard drive, 48 X CD-RW hard drive, 48 X CD-RW
drive drive drive drive
(gantry only)
STABILITY (max °C
HUMIDITY 40-80% 40-80% 40-80% 40-80%
POWER 100/120 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 100/120 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 100/120 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 100/120 VAC, 50/60 Hz,
REQUIREMENTS 30 A, dedicated 30 A, dedicated 30 A, dedicated 30 A, dedicated
H x D x W, cm (in) 165 x 145 x 110 (65 x 57 x 180 x 185 x 105 (70.9 x 180 x 185 x 105 (70.9 x 165 x 145 x 120 (65 x 57 x
43) 72.8 x 41.3) 72.8 x 41.3) 47)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 1,900 (4,180) 1,100 (2,426) 1,200 (2,640) 2,100 (4,620)
PLANNING &
PURCHASE
List price, std Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified
configuration
Warranty 1 year (24/7 service) 1 year (24/7 service) 1 year (24/7 service) 1 year (24/7 service)
OPTIONAL FEATURES None specified None specified None specified None specified
OTHER None specified. None specified. None specified. None specified.
SPECIFICATIONS
LAST UPDATED September 2005 September 2005 September 2005 September 2005
Supplier Footnotes
Model Footnotes
Data Footnotes

45

MODEL NUCLEAR PHILIPS PHILIPS PHILIPS
CARDIOLOGY
NeuroSpect QUAD BrightView CardioMD Forte with EPIC-AZ
detectors
WHERE MARKETED USA Worldwide Asia, Europe, Latin Worldwide
America, North America
CE MARK (MDD) Yes Submitted Yes Yes
SYSTEM TYPE 4 single-crystal detectors 2 single-crystal detectors, 2 single-crystal detectors, 2 single-crystal detectors,
gantry-free variable angle fixed at 90° variable angle
CLINICAL APPLICATION Not specified General nuclear medicine, Cardiology General nuclear medicine,
cardiology cardiology
FDG-SPECT Yes No No No
COINCIDENCE IMAGING Optional No No No
WHOLE BODY No Yes No Yes
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions, cm 26 x 24.6 (10.2 x 9.7) 52 x 64 (20.5 x 25) 40.2 x 24.6 (15.8 x 9.7) 52 x 64 (20.5 x 25)
(in)
Thickness, mm (in) 6.5 (1/4); optional 15.9 9.5 (3/8), 19.1 (3/4) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8)
(5/8)
Number of PMTs 33 (2") 49 (3"), 10 (2") 24 49 (3"), 6 (2")
Diameter, cm (in) 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3) 7.6 (3), 5 (2)
Digital detectors ADC at summation, ADC on each PMT Yes 1 ADC/PMT
digital-control PMTs
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 23 x 21.5 (9.1 x 8.5) 54 x 40.6 (21.25 x 16) 36 x 20.4 (14.2 x 8) 50.8 x 38.1 (20 x 15)
Dead time, µsec NA 1.3 0.7 1.3
Energy range, keV 50-560 56-920 60-170 56-920
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 2.9 3.3 3.7 3.3
FWTM, UFOV 5.8 6.3 7.6 6.2
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 8.5 8.9 9.4 8.8
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 14.9 16.1 Not specified 16
Intrinsic energy 0.097 9.6% 9.5% 9.6%
keV
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV 0.2 ≤0.5 0.5 0.5
Differential UFOV 0.1 ≤0.10 0.2 0.08
uncorrected
Integral UFOV 0.029 ±2.5% ±2.5% ±2.5%
Differential UFOV 0.024 ±2% ±1.5% ±2%

model(s). These

46

CARDIOLOGY
detectors
COLLIMATORS LEGP, LEHR, MEGP, LEGP, LEHR, MEGP, LEGP, LEHR LEGP, LEHR, MEGP,
HEGP, HEHR HEGP, pinhole, CHR HEGP, HEHR, pinhole,
VXUR, VXHR, VXGP
DETECTOR/YOKE
MOTION
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min NA 0-190 NA 5-190
Mode NA Single pass NA Single pass
Area, cm NA 54 x 240.6 NA 51 x 206
Contouring NA Automatic conductive Automatic Manual, automated learn
method and learn mode mode
contouring
Yoke rotation, deg NA 540 180 (CCW, CW) 540 (±270)
Radius, cm (in) NA 0-40 (0-15.8) 32.3-52.8 (12.7-20.8) 11.2-37.2 (4.4-14.6)
Detector rotation, deg +190 -45 to +180 -45 to +45 supine, -45 to 0-195
+135 prone
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 28 (11) 80 (31.5) diameter Not specified 73.7 (29) diameter
Minimum, cm (in) NA 0 Not specified 14 (5.5) diameter
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Anatomic marker Yes No No No
Information density Optional No No No
Energy selection
PHA window capacity 4 peaks 16 energy windows, 3 peaks 16 energy windows,
overlap allowed overlap allowed
Window selection
Auto uniformity Yes Yes Not required Yes
correction
Nonuniform attenuation No WIP Optional Optional line source
correction

model(s). These
onto the next page.

47

CARDIOLOGY
detectors
COMPUTER
Acquisition Pentium IV, 3.0+ MHz Jetstream mobile or wall- Mobile acquisition Jetstream, Windows
Windows XP OS G4 and mount console console, Windows based based
Macintosh dual 1+ GB,
Macintosh OSX
Processing CARDIO-integrated Jetstream, Windows Jetstream, Windows Jetstream, Windows
processing system based based based
Data transfer DICOM DICOM, Ethernet, floppy, DICOM, Ethernet, TCP/IP, DICOM, Ethernet, floppy,
CD-ROM CD-RW CD-ROM
Storage 512 MB+ RAM, 100 GB 80 GB hard disk, CD-RW, 80 GB hard disk, CD-RW, 80 GB hard disk, CD-RW,
hard drive, 48 X CD-RW 1.44 MB floppy (minimum) 1.44 MB floppy (minimum) 1.44 MB floppy (minimum)
drive
HEAT LOADING, BTU/hr 2,000 2,731 <4,800 6,500
(gantry only)
STABILITY (max °C
change/hour) 4 5 5 2.8
HUMIDITY 40-80% 20-75% 45-80% 45-75%
POWER 100/120 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 208-240 VAV, 50/60 Hz, 100/120 VAC ±10%, 12 A; 208-240 VAC, 30 A
REQUIREMENTS 30 A, dedicated 30 A, single phase 200/220/240 VAC ±10%,
6.25 A
H x D x W, cm (in) 180 x 105 x 105 (70.9 x 221.5 x 174 x 198 (87 x 186 x 189 x 200 (73 x 74 x 186 x 168 x 439 (73 x 66 x
41.3 x 41.3) 68.5 x 78) 79) 173)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 800 (1,760) 1,755 (3,862) 1,100 (2,426) 1,960 (4,300)
PLANNING &
PURCHASE
List price, std Not specified Not specified $320,000 $460,000
configuration
Warranty 1 year (24/7 service) 1 year 1 year 1 year
OPTIONAL FEATURES None specified DICOM Worklist, MPPS, AutoQUANT, AutoSPECT, Vantage attenuation
mammography pad, Vantage Pro attenuation correction
oncology pad, brain correction
SPECT head holder,
SPECT phantom holder,
premium comfort kit,
chamfered pallet, list
mode acquisition,
advanced concurrent
imaging, pediatric pallet
OTHER None specified. CloseUp technologies to Integrated gantry/table; Simultaneously acquires
SPECIFICATIONS enable closer detector self-tuning detector. up to 15 data sets from a
positioning to the patient; single acquisition step;
BodyGuard- conductive EPIC-AZ digital detectors
method for auto body with remote diagnostics;
contouring- "sees" the 90 cm open-ring gantry;
patient, user-customizable software-upgradable
distance, adjustable on- detector; robotic-
the-fly during live controlled motions. ETL
acquisition; concurrent listed, GMP compliant.
imaging of up to 15
separate data sets with
independent acquisition
parameters; 16 energy
windows with overlap
capability; "Green
Flagship" designation for
environmental EcoDesign.
LAST UPDATED September 2005 February 2007 February 2007 February 2007
Supplier Footnotes
Model Footnotes
Data Footnotes

48

MODEL PHILIPS SIEMENS SIEMENS SIEMENS
Skylight c.cam e.cam Fixed 180 e.cam Multiangle Cardiac
WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Canada, Europe, USA Worldwide Worldwide
SYSTEM TYPE 2 single-crystal detectors, Dual detector, dedicated Dual detector Dual detector, dedicated
gantry-free variable angle cardiac camera
CLINICAL APPLICATION General nuclear medicine, Nuclear cardiology General NM; whole Nuclear cardiology(planar,
cardiology (planar, SPECT, gated body/general SPECT SPECT, gated SPECT)
SPECT)
SPECT Yes Cardiac Yes Cardiac
FDG-SPECT No No Yes Yes
COINCIDENCE IMAGING No No Yes No
WHOLE BODY Yes No Yes No
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions, cm 52 x 64 (20.5 x 25) 37.1 x 21.3 (14.6 x 8.4) 59.1 x 44.5 (23.3 x 17.4) 59.1 x 44.5 (23 x 17.4)
(in)
Thickness, mm (in) 9.5 (3/8) 8.5 (1/3) 9.5 (3/8), optional 15.9 9.5 (3/8)
(5/8)
Number of PMTs 49 (3"), 6 (2") 24 per detector 53 (3"), 6 (2"); per detector 53 (3"), 6 (2"); per detector
Diameter, cm (in) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3) 7.6 (3), 5.1 (2) 7.6 (3), 5.1 (2)
Digital detectors ADC on each PMT 5-channel row and column ADC on each PMT ADC on each PMT
for each PMT
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 50.8 x 38.1 (20 x 15) 36 x 20.4 (14.2 x 8) 53.3 x 38.7 (21 x 15.3) 53.3 x 38.7 (21 x 15.3)
Max count rate, cps 350,000 290,000 without scatter 310,000 without scatter 310,000 without scatter
per detector per detector per detector
Dead time, µsec 1.3 Not specified Not specified Not specified
Energy range, keV 56-920 60-170 50-511 50-511
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV 3.3 ≤3.7 ≥3.8 ≥3.8
FWTM, UFOV 6.3 ≤7.6 ≤7.7 ≤7.7
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 8.8 7.6 with LEHR 7.4 with LEHR 7.4 with LEHR
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 16 Not specified 14.1 with LEHR 14.1 with LEHR
System sensitivity, 265 170 per detector with 202 per detector with 202 per detector with
LEAP, counts/min/µCi LEHR; 290 (3/8") with LEHR; 565 (5/8") with LEHR; 565 (5/8") with
LEAP MELP MELP
Intrinsic energy 9.6% ≤9.4% ≤9.9% ≤9.9%
keV
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV ≤0.5 ≤0.5 absolute ≤0.7 absolute ≤0.7 absolute
Differential UFOV ≤0.10 ≤0.2 ≤0.2 ≤0.2
uncorrected
Integral UFOV ±2.5% ≤2.5% ≤3.7% ≤3.7%
Differential UFOV ±2% ≤1.5% ≤2.7% ≤2.7%

model(s). These

49

COLLIMATORS LEGP, LEHR, MEGP, LEHR, LEAP LEHS, LEAP, LEHR, LEHS, LEAP, LEHR,
HEGP, HEHR, pinhole, LEFB, MELP, HE, UHE, LEFB, MELP, HE, UHE
VXGP, VXHR, VXUR pinhole
DETECTOR/YOKE
MOTION
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min 0-190 NA 0.1-240 NA
Mode Single pass NA Single pass NA
Area, cm 51 x 206 NA 53.3 x 202 NA
Contouring Manual, automated learn NA Automatic Automatic
mode
Yoke rotation, deg 405 90 to -180 440 CW, 30 CCW 350 CW, 120 CCW
Radius, cm (in) 0-40.4 (0-15.9) 9.5-27.5 (3.7-10.8) 14 minimum to 67 Not specified
maximum, LEHR
collimator
Detector rotation, deg 225 NA 20 cephalic in, 90 caudal NA
out
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 73.7 (29) diameter NA 67 (26.4) LEHR 67 (26.4) LEHR
Minimum, cm (in) 0 NA 9.0 (3.5) HE 9.0 (3.5) HE
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Anatomic marker No Yes No No
Ratemeter Yes No Yes Yes
Information density No Yes No No
Energy selection
PHA window capacity 16 energy windows, 9 energy windows 6 energy windows 6 energy windows
overlap allowed
Window selection
correction
Nonuniform attenuation No Optional c.clear, No Optional profile,
correction transmission source transmission source
based profil attanuation based profil attanuation
corection corection

model(s). These
onto the next page.

50

COMPUTER
Acquisition Jetstream mobile or wall- c.cam acquisition PC e.soft A e.soft A
mount console laptop
Processing Jetstream, Windows e.soft P e.soft P e.soft P
based
Data transfer DICOM, Ethernet, floppy, DICOM, TCP/IP DICOM, TCP/IP DICOM, TCP/IP
CD-ROM
DICOM 3.0 Yes Standard Standard Standard
Storage 80 GB hard disk, CD-RW, 40 GB OS data, 80 GB 40 GB OS data, 80 GB 40 GB OS data, 80 GB
1.44 MB floppy (minimum) patient data patient data patient data
(gantry only)
STABILITY (max °C
change/hour) 6 3 4.4 4.4
HUMIDITY 20-75% 45-80% 15-80% 15-80%
POWER 208-240 VAC, 30 A 100-240 ±10% VAC, 200-240 ±10% VAC, 200-240 ±10% VAC,
REQUIREMENTS 50/60 Hz, single phase 50/60 Hz, single phase 50/60 Hz, single phase
H x D x W, cm (in) 411 x 361 x 244 (161.8 x 170 x 150 x 180 (69.9 x 193 x 167.6 x 169.5 (76 x 193 x 167.6 x 169.5 (76 x
142 x 96) 59 x 70.8) 66 x 66.8) 66 x 66.8)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 2,774 (6,117) 975 (2,150) 1,755 (3,900), with 2 HE 1,755 (3,900), with 2 HE
collimators collimators
PLANNING &
PURCHASE
List price, std $600,000 $575,000-625,000 $575,000-700,000 $625,000-675,000
configuration
Warranty 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year
OPTIONAL FEATURES None specified c.clear attenuation Pediatric and Pediatric and
correction, Flash 3-D scintimammography scintimammography
advanced cardiac SPECT pallets, Flash 3-D pallets, Flash 3-D
interactive reconstruction advanced SPECT advanced cardiac SPECT
software, cardiac interactive reconstruction interactive reconstruction
quantification and software, coincidence software, profile
reporting software, dual- imaging, dual-monitor attenuation correction,
monitor display on display, upgrade path to cardiac quantification and
processing workstation, variable-angle e.cam, CT- reporting software,
e.soft express remote based attenuation upgrade path to variable-
viewing and processing correction software for angle e.cam and e.soft
software SPECT and coincidence express remote viewing
scans and and processing software,
e.soft@LEONARDO dual-monitor display
multimodality workspace
OTHER DualPlanar imaging of 2 Open gantry design with HD energy-independent Cardiac SPECT with 76°
SPECIFICATIONS simultaneous patients; reclining chair; detectors; 0.1" low- and 90° detector
concurrent acquisition of unobstructed cardiac attenuation imaging pallet; orientations; HD energy-
15 simultaneous data imaging for noncircular auto body contouring; independent detector; 0.1"
sets/types; detector with and circular orbits; user- user-configurable low-attenuation imaging
remote diagnostics; Smart configurable workflows workflow/display; pallet; auto body
Step automatic acquisition and display; DICOM connectivity to contouring; user-
workflow for patient setup; connectivity; syngo HIS/RIS/PACS via DICOM configurable workflows
Mega Body Mode multimodality platform. worklist/DICOM; syngo and display; connectivity
simultaneous imaging of ISO 9001 certified. multimodality platform. to HIS/RIS/PACS via
different body segments ISO-9001 certified. DICOM; syngo
on single patient; 500 lb multimodality platform.
table weight limit; ISO-9001 certified.
software-upgradable
detector; robotic-
controlled motions; gantry-
free dual-head imaging.
ETL and GMP listed.
Supplier Footnotes
Model Footnotes
Data Footnotes

51

MODEL SIEMENS SIEMENS SIEMENS TOSHIBA
e.cam Single e.cam Variable Angle Symbia S t.cam CARDIO
SYSTEM TYPE Single detector Dual detector, variable Dual detector variable 2 single-crystal
angle angle rectangular HD4
detectors, variable angle
CLINICAL APPLICATION General NM; whole body, General NM; whole body, General NM, whole body Cardiology
cardiac and general cardiac and general cardiac and general
SPECT SPECT SPECT; simultanious
dynamic and planar static
acquisition, simultanious
gated and ungated
SPECT acquisition,
dynamic SPECT mode
FDG-SPECT Yes Yes Yes No
COINCIDENCE IMAGING No Yes No No
WHOLE BODY Yes Yes Yes Yes
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions, cm 59.1 x 44.5 (23.3 x 17.4) 59.1 x 44.5 (23.3 x 17.4) 59.1 x 44.5 (23.3 x 17.4) 59.1 x 44.5 (23.3 x 17.5)
(in)
Thickness, mm (in) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8) 9.5 (3/8), 15.9 (5/8) 9.5 (3/8)
Number of PMTs 53 (3"), 6 (2"); per detector 53 (3"), 6 (2"); per detector 53 (3"), 6 (2"); per detector 53 (3"), 6 (2")
Diameter, cm (in) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5 (2) 7.6 (3), 5.1 (2)
Digital detectors ADC on each PMT ADC on each PMT ADC on each PMT HD4
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 53.3 x 38.7 (21 x 15.3) 53.3 x 38.7 (21 x 15.3) 53.3 x 38.7 (21 x 15.3) 53.3 x 38.7 (21 x 15.3)
Max count rate, cps 310,000 without scatter 310,000 without scatter 310,000 with out scatter 310,000
per detector per detecor
Dead time, µsec Not specified Not specified Not specified 0.13
Energy range, keV 50-511 50-511 50-511 50-613
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV ≥3.8 ≥3.8 ≤3.8 ≤3.9, ≤4.6
FWTM, UFOV ≤7.7 ≤7.7 ≤7.7 ≤7.7, ≤8.9
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm 7.4 with LEHR 7.4 with LEHR 7.4 with LEHR ≤7.4, <7.8 LEHR
FWTM at 10 cm, mm 14.1 with LEHR 14.1 with LEHR 14.1 with LEHR ≤14.1, ≤14.9 LEHR
System sensitivity, 202 with LEHR; 565 (5/8") 202 per detector with 202 with LEHR per 202, 225
LEAP, counts/min/µCi with MELP LEHR; 565 (5/8") with detector; 565 (5/8") with
MELP MELP
Intrinsic energy ≤9.9% ≤9.9% ≤9.9% 9.9%
keV
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV ≤0.7 absolute ≤0.7 absolute ≤0.7 absolute ≤0.7, ≤1 absolute
Differential UFOV ≤0.2 ≤0.2 ≤0.2 ≤0.2
uncorrected
Integral UFOV ≤3.7% ≤3.7% ≤3.7% ≤3.7%
Differential UFOV ≤2.7% ≤2.7% ≤2.7% ≤2.7%

model(s). These

52

COLLIMATORS LEHS, LEAP, LEHR, LEHS, LEAP, LEHR, LEHS, LEAP, LEHR, LEAP, LEHR, LEUHR,
LEFB, MELP, HE, UHE, LEFB, MELP, HE, UHE, MELP, HE, UHE, pinhole FB, MEGP, pinhole,
pinhole pinhole EHE/511 keV
DETECTOR/YOKE
MOTION
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min 0.1-240 0.1-240 3-600 NA
Mode Single pass Single pass Single pass NA
Area, cm 53.3 x 202 53.3 x 202 53.3 x 200 5-202
Contouring Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic in SPECT
Yoke rotation, deg 440 CW, 30 CCW 440 CW, 30 CCW 405 CW, 135 CCW 470
Radius, cm (in) 14 minimum to 67 14 minimum to 67 Not specified 9-62 (3.5-24.4) with HE
maximum, LEHR maximum, LEHR collimator
collimator collimator
Detector rotation, deg 20 cephalic in, 90 caudal 20 cephalic in, 90 caudal ±16 -120 to +350
out out
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 67 (26.4) LEHR 67 (26.4) LEHR 73.2 (28.8) LEHR 110.5 (43.5)
Minimum, cm (in) 9.0 (3.5) HE 9.0 (3.5) HE 11.9 (4.7) HE 48.3 (19)
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Anatomic marker No No No Yes
Information density No No No Yes
Energy selection
PHA window capacity 6 energy windows 6 energy windows 6 energy windows 6 peaks
Window selection
correction
Nonuniform attenuation No Optional profile, Optional, CT based, field Fixed line sources
correction transmission source upgradable to TruePoint
based profil attanuation SPECT/CT
corection

model(s). These
onto the next page.

53

COMPUTER
Acquisition e.soft A e.soft A e.soft A e.soft A
Processing e.soft P e.soft P e.soft P e.soft P
Data transfer DICOM, TCP/IP DICOM, TCP/IP DICOM, TCP/IP DICOM, TCP/IP, Ethernet
DICOM 3.0 Standard Standard Standard Yes
Storage 40 GB OS data, 80 GB 40 GB OS data, 80 GB 40 GB OS data, 80 GB 80 GB primary (e.soft P or
patient data patient data patient data view), CD
(gantry only)
STABILITY (max °C
change/hour) 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4
HUMIDITY 15-80% 15-80% 15-80% 15-80%
POWER 200-240 ±10% VAC, 200-240 ±10% VAC, 200/208/220/240 VAC, 200-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz
REQUIREMENTS 50/60 Hz, single phase 50/60 Hz, single phase 47-63 Hz, single phase
H x D x W, cm (in) 193 x 167.6 x 169.5 (76 x 193 x 167.6 x 169.5 (76 x 225 x 193 x 225 (88.7 x 167.6 x 169.5 x 193 (66 x
66 x 66.8) 66 x 66.8) 76 x 88.6) 66.8 x 76)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 1,170 (2,600), with HE 1,755 (3,900), with 2 HE 2,624 (5,784), with 2 HE 1,755 (3,900)
collimator collimators collimators
PLANNING &
PURCHASE
List price, std $450,000-525,000 $675,000-800,000 Not specified $340,000-440,000
configuration
Warranty 1 year 1 year 1 year 1 year
OPTIONAL FEATURES Pediatric and Pediatric and 5/8" crystal option, Flash e.media with integrated
scintimammography scintimammography 3-D advanced SPECT DVD, e.soft turbo CPU,
pallets, Flash 3-D pallets, coincidence interactive reconstruction, profile attenuation
advanced SPECT imaging option with 5/8" CT attenuation correction, correction, Flat-panel LCD
interactive reconstruction crystal, Flash 3-D IDL user programming, monitor, phantoms,
software, dual-monitor advanced SPECT e.soft express remote collimators, R-wave
display, upgrade path to interactive reconstruction viewing and processing triggers, color printer
dual-detector variable- software, profile software, dual-monitor
angle e.cam, additional attenuation correction, display
e.soft processing or CT-based attenuation
viewing workstation correction software for
SPECT and coincidence
scans and advanced
syngo automatic image
fusion software, IDL user
programming, dual-
monitor display
OTHER HD energy-independent SPECT with 76°, 90°, and SPECT with 76°, 90°, and Variable-angle dual-head
SPECIFICATIONS detectors; 0.1" low- 180° detector orientation, 180° detector orientation; SPECT system with HD4
attenuation imaging pallet; HD energy-independent HD energy-independent digital detectors; CardioV
auto body contouring; detectors; 0.1" low- detectors; auto body fixed 76° and 90°; optional
user-configurable attenuation imaging pallet; contouring; capability for breast and pediatric
workflow/display; auto body contouring; imaging patients on pallets; optional software
connectivity to user-configurable stretchers with both includes Flash 3-D, auto
HIS/RIS/PACS via DICOM workflow/display; detectors; user- fusion with syngo 3-D, CT
worklist/DICOM; syngo connectivity to configurable attenuation correction,
multimodality platform. HIS/RIS/PACS via DICOM workflow/display; syngo Cedars ARG, NeuroGam,
ISO-9001 certified. worklist/DICOM; syngo multimodality platform; and broker activity.
multimodality platform. SPECT•CT ready (field
ISO-9001 certified. upgradable).
LAST UPDATED February 2007 February 2007 February 2007 September 2005
Supplier Footnotes
Model Footnotes
Data Footnotes

54

MODEL TOSHIBA TOSHIBA
t.cam SINGLE t.cam VARIABLE
WHERE MARKETED Worldwide Worldwide
FDA CLEARANCE Yes Yes
CE MARK (MDD) Yes Yes
SYSTEM TYPE 1 single-crystal 2 single-crystal
rectangular HD4 detector, rectangular HD4
variable angle detectors, variable angle
CLINICAL APPLICATION Not specified Not specified
SPECT Yes Yes
FDG-SPECT No No
COINCIDENCE IMAGING No No
WHOLE BODY Yes Yes
DETECTOR ASSEMBLY
Crystal dimensions, cm 59.1 x 44.5 (23.3 x 17.5) 59.1 x 44.5 (23.3 x 17.5)
(in)
Thickness, mm (in) 9.5 (3/8), 15.8 (5/8") 9.5 (3/8), 15.8 (5/8")
Number of PMTs 53 (3"), 6 (2") 53 (3"), 6 (2")
Diameter, cm (in) 7.6 (3), 5.1 (2) 7.6 (3), 5.1 (2)
Digital detectors HD4 HD4
SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE
UFOV, cm (in) 53.3 x 38.7 (21 x 15.3) 53.3 x 38.7 (21 x 15.3)
Max count rate, cps 310,000 310,000
Dead time, µsec 0.13 0.13
Energy range, keV 50-613 50-613
Intrinsic spatial
resolution, mm
FWHM, UFOV ≤3.9, ≤4.6 ≤3.9, ≤4.6
FWTM, UFOV ≤7.7, ≤8.9 ≤7.7, ≤8.9
Extrinsic spatial
resolution (LEAP)
FWHM at 10 cm, mm ≤7.4, <7.8 LEHR ≤7.4, <7.8 LEHR
FWTM at 10 cm, mm ≤14.1, ≤14.9 LEHR ≤14.1, ≤14.9 LEHR
System sensitivity, 202, 225 202, 225
Intrinsic energy 9.9% 9.9%
keV
Intrinsic spatial
linearity, mm
Integral UFOV ≤0.7, ≤1 absolute ≤0.7, ≤1 absolute
Differential UFOV ≤0.2 ≤0.2
uncorrected
Integral UFOV ≤3.7% ≤3.7%
Differential UFOV ≤2.7% ≤2.7%

model(s). These

55

COLLIMATORS LEAP, LEHR, LEUHR, LEAP, LEHR, LEUHR,
FB, MEGP, pinhole, FB, MEGP, pinhole,
EHE/511 keV EHE/511 keV
DETECTOR/YOKE
MOTION
Whole-body scan
Rate, cm/min 1-240 1-240
Mode Single pass Single pass
Area, cm 5-202 5-202
Contouring Automatic in SPECT and Automatic in SPECT and
WB WB
Yoke rotation, deg 470 470
Radius, cm (in) 9-62 (3.5-24.4) with HE 9-62 (3.5-24.4) with HE
collimator collimator
Detector rotation, deg -30 to +440 -30 to +440
Clearance
Maximum, cm (in) 110.5 (43.5) 110.5 (43.5)
Minimum, cm (in) 48.3 (19) 48.3 (19)
OPERATOR CONSOLE
Persistence scope Yes Yes
Zoom control Yes Yes
Anatomic marker Yes Yes
Ratemeter Yes Yes
Scaler Yes Yes
Time readout Yes Yes
Information density Yes Yes
Energy selection
Automatic Yes Yes
Manual Yes Yes
Autopeaking Yes Yes
Image rotation control Yes Yes
PHA window capacity 6 peaks 6 peaks
Window selection
Automatic Yes Yes
Manual Yes Yes
Auto uniformity Yes Yes
correction
Nonuniform attenuation Fixed line sources Fixed line sources
correction

model(s). These
onto the next page.

56

COMPUTER
Acquisition e.soft A e.soft A
Processing e.soft P e.soft P
Data transfer DICOM, TCP/IP, Ethernet DICOM, TCP/IP, Ethernet
DICOM 3.0 Yes Yes
Display matrix 1280 x 1024 1280 x 1024
Storage 80 GB primary (e.soft P or 80 GB primary (e.soft P or
view), CD view), CD
HEAT LOADING, BTU/hr 6,800 6,800
(gantry only)
STABILITY (max °C
change/hour) 4.4 4.4
HUMIDITY 15-80% 15-80%
POWER 200-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz 200-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz
REQUIREMENTS
H x D x W, cm (in) 167.6 x 169.5 x 193 (66 x 167.6 x 169.5 x 193 (66 x
66.8 x 76) 66.8 x 76)
WEIGHT, kg (lb) 1,755 (3,900) 1,755 (3,900)
PLANNING &
PURCHASE
List price, std $550,000-650,000 $500,000-600,000
configuration
Warranty 1 year 1 year
OPTIONAL FEATURES e.media with integrated e.media with integrated
DVD, e.soft turbo CPU, DVD, e.soft turbo CPU,
profile attenuation profile attenuation
correction, flat-panel LCD correction, Flat-panel LCD
monitor, phantoms, monitor, phantoms,
collimators, R-wave collimators, R-wave
triggers, color printer triggers, color printer
OTHER General-purpose system Variable-angle dual-head
SPECIFICATIONS with full imaging SPECT system with HD4
functionality; open gantry digital detectors; cardiac
with motion flexibility; and general SPECT
optional breast and studies; optional breast
pediatric pallets; optional and pediatric pallets;
software includes Flash 3- optional software includes
D, auto fusion with syngo Flash 3-D, auto fusion
3-D, CT attenuation with syngo 3-D, CT
correction, Cedars ARG, attenuation correction,
NeuroGam, and broker Cedars ARG, NeuroGam,
activity. and broker activity.
LAST UPDATED September 2005 September 2005
Supplier Footnotes
Model Footnotes
Data Footnotes

57

Libro-Como Hacer Tu Trabajo de Investigación

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Libro-Como Hacer Tu Trabajo de Investigación

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Product Comparison

Scanning Systems, Gamma Camera

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

Scope of this Product Comparison

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

Mobile gamma cameras

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

Present Value/Life-Cycle Cost Analysis

Operating and Ownership Costs

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

Standards and guidelines

Medical electrical equipment—part 1: general requirements for safety. Amendment 2 [standard].

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

Citations from other ECRI publications

Health Devices Alerts

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

Health Technology Trends

Health Technology Forecast

Chart B: Stationary Gamma Cameras

GE Healthcare Europe [171319]

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

Phone: 33 (1) 30704040 Fax: 33 (1) 30709855

GE Healthcare South Africa [340559]

GE Healthcare USA [439946]

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

Philips Medical Systems International bv [415450]

Siemens Canada Ltd [174735]

Siemens Medical Solutions USA Inc, Nuclear Medicine Group [399200]

Siemens-Asahi Medical Technologies Ltd [178463]

Toshiba Corp, Medical Systems Co Ltd [140664]

Toshiba Medical (Australia) Pty Ltd [373230]

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

Toshiba Medical Systems Europe bv [160817]

Dilon Technologies [441585]

About the chart specifications

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

IEC — International Electrotechnical QC — Quality control

Need to know more?

Last updated September 2005

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

Chart A: Mobile Gamma Cameras

MODEL ECRI-RECOMMENDED DIGIRAD GAMMA MEDICA GAMMA MEDICA

This is the first of three

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

Chart A: Mobile Gamma Cameras

This is the second of three

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

Chart A: Mobile Gamma Cameras

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

Chart B: Stationary Gamma Cameras

MODEL ECRI-RECOMMENDED ECRI-RECOMMENDED ECRI-RECOMMENDED ECRI-RECOMMENDED

This is the first of three

©ECRI 2007. All Rights Reserved.

Chart B: Stationary Gamma Cameras

This is the second of three