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Table of contents
S.NO C O N TE N T S PAGE NO
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Part-A
d
w.E Part-B 3
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Part-A asy
Unit II –Water Tank 50
f Part-B En 52
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Unit III – Selected Topic 85
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Part-A
Part-B
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l Part-B 126
ξ To give an exposure to the design of continuous beams, slabs, staircases, walls and
brick masonry structures and to introduce yield line theory.
ξ The student shall have a comprehensive design knowledge related to various structural
systems
ξ Understanding and be familiar with the design knowledge related to structures,
systems that are likely to be encountered in professional practice
Course Objectives:
ξ This course covers the design of Reinforced Concrete Structures such as Retaining
W all, W ater Tanks, Staircases, Flat slabs and Principles of design pertaining to Box
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ξ To give an exposure to the design of continuous beams, slabs, staircases, walls and
brick Masonry structures and to introduce yield line theory.
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ξ To provide the student with the ability to Design involved in buildings, water supply and
Retaining W all, and also to equip the student with the ability to draw the Curtailment
Details.
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ξ To get a pass percentage of 100% in the Anna university exam
OBJECTIVES:
�To give an exposure to the design of continuous beams, slabs, staircases, walls and brick
masonry structures and to introduce yield line theory.
Design of rectangular and circular water tanks both below and above ground level - Design of
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circular slab.
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UNIT III- SELECTED TOPICS 9
Design of staircases (ordinary and doglegged) – Design of flat slabs – Principles of design of mat
foundation, box culvert and road bridges
UNIT IV - YIELD LINE THEORYasy 9
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Assumptions - Characteristics of yield line - Determination of collapse load / plastic moment -
Application of virtual work method - square, rectangular, circular and triangular slabs – Design
problems
UNIT -V -BRICK MASONRY gin 9
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Introduction, Classification of walls, Lateral supports and stability, effective height of wall and
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columns, effective length of walls, design loads, load dispersion, permissible stresses, design of
axially and eccentrically loaded brick walls
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS g.n
OUTCOMES:
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� The student shall have a comprehensive design knowledge related to various structural systems.
TEXT BOOKS:
Limited, 2012.
2. Dayaratnam, P., “Brick and Reinforced Brick Structures”, Oxford & IBH Publishing House,
199 7
3. Punmia B.C, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun K.Jain, "R.C.C. Designs Reinforced Concrete
4. Varghese.P.C., "Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design", Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.,
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New Delhi, 2012.
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REFERENCES:
1. Mallick, D.K. and Gupta A.P., “Reinforced Concrete”, Oxford and IBH Publishing
Company,1997
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2. Syal, I.C. and Goel, A.K., “Reinforced Concrete Structures”, A.H. W heelers & Co. Pvt. Ltd.,
1 99 858 En
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3. Ram Chandra.N. and Virendra Gehlot, “Limit State Design”, Standard Book House, 2004.
Delhi, 2013. ee
4. Subramanian. N., "Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures", Oxford University, New
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5. IS456:2000, Code of practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, Bureau of Indian
Unit B ook
Topic Hours Cumulative
No. No.
planned hours
1 Introduction T1.T3 1 1
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Design of Counterfort Retaining walls T1.T3
1
7
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Design of Counterfort Retaining walls T1.T3
T1.T3
2
9
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Design of rectangular Below GL
T1.T3
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Design of circular water tanks Below
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Design of rectangular Above GL 1
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Design of rectangular Above GL
Design of circular water tanks Above T1.T3 rin 1
15
16
12
GL
T1.T3 g.n1
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13
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Design of circular slab.
1
18
T1.T3 20
15 Design of staircases ordinary 2
T1.T3 21
16 Design of staircases doglegged 1
T1.T3 28
21 Assumptions - 1
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28 Introduction, Classification of walls,
T1.T3
1
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Lateral supports and stability, effective
height of wall
T1.T3 2 40
30
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columns, effective length of walls,
T1.T3
T1.T3
1
1
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42
31
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design loads, load dispersion,
permissible stresses, T1.T3 1 43
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design of axially and eccentrically
T1.T3 1 44
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loaded brick walls
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design of axially and eccentrically
loaded brick walls
T1.T3
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13)(May/Jun-2012)
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2. Name the tw o important stability aspects? (AUC Nov/Dec-2011, 12,
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Stability against
overturning
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Stability against sliding
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Stability of foundation base
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A gravity wall made of plain concrete or brick masonry. The stability of the
wall is maintained by its weight. It is generally made up to a height of 3m of wall.
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4. How the vertical stem of a counterfort retaining w all is designed? (AUC
May/Jun-2012)
The stem is designed as a continuous slab with span equal to the spacing of
counterforts. The spacing of counterforts may vary from 2.5m to 4m.maximum load
on stem is at its lowest portion due to maximum horizontal earth pressure.
Consider one meter height of vertical slab and design for maximum moments.
The maximum negative moment at the end support may be taken as wl2/10 and that
at intermediate supports as wl2/12, where l is the span and w is the earth pressure
intensity at the lowest portion of vertical slab.
The reinforcement curtailed towards the top. The section is checked for shear
and end anchorage.
5.What is the structural action betw een cantilever and counterfort type
retaining w all? (AUC May/Jun-2013)
In cantilever retaining wall the pressure and other forces are withstand by the
stem of the retaining wall and base slab.
In counterfort retaining wall is provided the height of retaining wall is more
than 6m.the walls also provided perpendicular to stem wall. The counterfort act as
support to stem and heel slab.
The weep hole is provided in the retaining wall for the purpose of water distribution
through the hole from the back fill materials.
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The weep hole is act as drainage in the hilly side retaining walls due to the rain
water.
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7. A cantilever retaining wall supports an inclined backfill. Sketch the
distribution of active earth pressure on the stem. (AUC
Nov/Dec-2011)
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8.Define Retaining Wall. ee rin
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A retaining wall is a wall, often made of concrete, built for the purpose of
retaining, or holding back, a soil mass (or other material).
Passive Earth Pressure: “It is reactionary pressures that will react in the form of
a resistance to movement of the wall.
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underground tanks
Live load
underground?
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3. What are the conditions to be considered for the cylindrical tank situated
(AUC May/Jun-2013)
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When a water tank is built underground, the wall should be investigated for
both internal water pressure and external earth pressure. The external pressure may
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be due to dry earth or due to a combination of earth and ground water.
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The design principles for such tanks are same as that for tanks resting on
ground. In such case of tank built below ground with earth covering the roof will be a
trapezoidal lateral pressure on the wall.
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4. Sketch the variation of hoop stress betw een the crow n and base of a
hemispherical top cover dome carrying uniformly distributed load per unit
surface area.(AUC Nov/Dec-2013)
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When there is a possibility of ground water table to rise above the base slab,
not only walls are to be designed for saturated soil up to the extent of water above
the base slab, but also the base slab is to be designed for the net uplift pressure of
water. in addition check has to be applied for stability of the as a whole against uplift.
6. For what conditions the underground water tanks are designed and
checked?
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The wall to be designed for both internal water pressure and external earth
pressure.
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The external pressure may be due to dry earth or due to a combination of earth
and ground water.
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The design principles for such tanks are same as that for tanks resting on
ground. In such case of tank built below ground with earth covering the roof will
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be a trapezoidal lateral pressure on the wall.
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7. Name the types of movement joints. (AUC Nov/Dec-2012)
Construction joints
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Circular tank
Rectangular tank
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Spherical tank
Circular tank with conical bottom
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without any provision of beams.
3. What is the thickness of flat slab with drops and without drops?
w.E The thickness of the drop shall be 1.25 to 1.5 times the thickness of
the slab. The thickness of the flat slab without drop is less than
125mm.
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4. Distinguish between one way shear and punching shear in flat slabs.
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The one way shear is located near the column head due to the shear force on
the joint. Punching shear is located the panels for the shear is created by the
loads.
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5. What are the load cases for which a box culvert should be designed to remain
safe?
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(AUC Nov/Dec-2013)
The box culvert is subjected to soil load from outside and water load from inside.
Water in box, which will be subjected to earth pressure from outside and water
pressure from inside.
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8. What do you mean by column strip and middle strip in flat slab?
Column strip is a design strip having a width of 0.25L2 but not greater than 0.25 L1 on
each side of the column center line where L1 is the span in the direction, moments
are being determined, measured center to center of supports and L2 is the span
traverse to L1 measured center to center of the support. Middle strip is a design strip
bounded on each of its opposite sides by the column strip.
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9. Define Concrete Wall.
w.EW hen the steel percentage is low (0.4%), the wall is assumed to carry the
whole load with out the help of steel reinforcement and it’s called as plain concrete
wall
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10.What is short& long column?
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Effective height/ Effective thickness do not exceed 12.If it exceed more than 12 (or)
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equal, its consider as long (or) slender column
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Case (I) Design of short braced R.C
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wall
R.C wall
These are provided for conveying water to serve the following requirements
To serve as means for a cross drainage
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The yield lines divide the slab into various segments who in turn behave
classically.
The entire deformation take place only in the yield lines and the individual
segments of the slab are plane segments in the collapse condition.
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distributed along the yield lines.
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The yield lines are straight at in intersection of individual inclined segments.
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2. Define yield line theory. (May/Jun-2013)
The yield line theory is largely based upon the yield lines that develop in any
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reinforced concrete slab (rectangular, circular, square or any other geometrical shape in
plan) before its final collapse. This stage reaches under loads approaching collapse load
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or ultimate load that the slab can carry.
The collapse loads, movements and shears can be calculated from the crack pattern
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developed in slab, under idealized support conditions and only uniformly distributed loads.
Axes of rotation generally lie along lines of supports and pass over any
columns.
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work done by these forces on the displacements associated with the virtual deformation is
equal to the work done by the internal stresses on the strains associated with this
deformation.
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the same.
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8. Draw the typical yield line pattern for different
slabs.
(Nov/Dec-2012) (Nov/Dec-
2013)
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9. What are the two methods of determining the ultimate load capacity of
reinforced concrete slabs?
Virtual work
method Equilibrium
method
In the yield line method, the computation of ultimate load is based on the pattern of
yield lines that are developed in the slabs under conditions approaching collapse.
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bars have yielded and about which excessive deformation under constant limit moment
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continues to yield leading to failure.
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12.State the location of maximum shear force in a simple beam with any kind of
loading.
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In a simple beam with any kind of load, the maximum positive shear force occurs
at the left hand support and maximum negative shear force occurs at right hand
support.
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13. What is meant by maximum shear force diagram?
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Due to a given system of rolling loads the maximum shear force for every section of
the girder can be worked out by placing the loads in appropriate positions. When these
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are plotted for all the sections of the girder, the diagram that we obtain is the maximum
shear force diagram. This diagram yields the ‘design shear’ for each
In certain long trusses the web members can develop either tension or
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compression depending upon the position of live loads. This tendency to change the
nature of stresses is called reversal of stresses.
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compressive stress as given in table 8 and multiplying this value by factor known as
o Stress reduction factor
o Area reduction factor
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3. How the brick masonry walls are classified?
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Load bearing wall
Non load bearing wall
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4. What is mean by slenderness ratio of a masonry wall? (AUC Nov/Dec 2012)
ee rin
The slenderness ratio of a masonry wall is defined as the effective height
divided by the effective thickness or its effective length divided by the effective
thickness, whichever is less.
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6. Name the various types of masonry walls used in building construction.
(AUC Nov/Dec 2012) (AUC May/Jun 2012) et
o Partition walls
o Party walls
Separating walls
7. Obtain the stress reduction factor for an eccentrically loaded masonry member
with slenderness ratio of 12 and eccentricity to thickness ratio of 1/12.
(AUC Nov/Dec 2013) .
From table 9 (IS: 1905-1987) stress reduction factor for slenderness ratio and
eccentricity. The stress reduction factor for slenderness ratio is 12 and
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8. Why is it intended to limit the slenderness of the load bearing masonry wall?
(AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
Load bearing masonry walls the slenderness ratio is the important design
criteria, so to limit we limit the slenderness of the load bearing wall.
Net cross sectional area of a masonry unit shall be taken as the gross cross
sectional area minus the area of cellular space. Gross cross sectional area of
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cored units shall be determined to the outside of the coring but cross sectional area
of groves shall not be deducted from the gross cross sectional area to obtain the net
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cross sectional area.
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Arrangements of masonry units in successive courses to tie the masonry together
both longitudinally and transversely the arrangement is usually worked out to ensure
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that no vertical joint of one course is exactly over the one in the next course above or
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below it, and there is maximum possible amount of lap.
11. How will you calculating effective length, effective height and effective
thickness?
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The height of a wall in column to be consider as slenderness ratio. The thickness
of a wall or column to be consider for calculating slenderness ratio. The length of a
wall in column to be considered as slenderness ratio
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Seventh Semester
Civil Engineering
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Masonry Structures for B.E. (Part-Time) Fifth Semester Civil Engineering-
Regulation 2009/2010)
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Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks
(IS 456-2000, IS 1905 - 1987 and SP 16 Design Charts tables are permitted)
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Use of relevant BIS standards and hand book is permitted.
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(Assume any other data if necessary and indicate them clearly)
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Answer ALL questions.
PART A- (10 x 2 = 20 marks)
3.
is the function of Counterforts in a retaining wall?
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What are the essential requirements for an impervious water tank?
6V What are the limitations in direct design method for flat slab?
~at are the fac~ors affecting the design of masonry wall buildings?
PART B - (5 x 16 = 80 marks) .
.11. (a) Design a Cantilever retaining wall to retain earth embankment with a
horizontal top 4 m above ground level. Density of earth =18 kN/m3.Angle
of internal friction rjJ =30°. SBC of soil is 200 k Nzm". Take coefficient of
friction between soil and concrete as 0.55. Adopt Msograde concrete and
Fe415HYSD bars.
Or
(b) Jl6'sign the stem of a counterfort retaining wall if the height of wall above
~round level= 6 m. SBC of soil is 170 kN/m3. Angle of internal friction
rjJ = 32° Density of soil=18 k Nzm". Spacing of counterfort 3 m c/c. Take
coefficient of friction between soil and concrete as 0.5. Adopt M20grade
concrete and Fe500HYSD bars.
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12. (a) }?esign the Top dome, Ring beam and Cylindrical tank wall of
~.C circular tank resting on ground with flexible base and spherical
dome for a capacity of 5 Lakhs litres. The depth of storage is. to be
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4 m allow free board of 200 mm use M20concrete and Fe415steel.
Or
(b)
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A rectangular RCC water tank with an open top is required to store
1 Lakhs litters of water. The inside dimensions of the tank may be taken
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as6 m x 4 m:"The tank rests on wall ~n all the four sides. Design the side
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walls of the tank using M20grade concrete and Fe500HYSD bars.
13. (~.)
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esign a dog legged stair for a building in which the vertical distance
between the floors is 3.5 m. The stair hall measures 3.5 m x 5.5. The live
load may be taken as 3 kN/m2• Use M20 grade concrete and
.
Fe415steel.
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(b)
Or
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Design a reinforced concrete slab culvert for class AA loading for the
following data. Clear span = 6 m. Clear width of road ways = 6.8 m.
Thickness of wearing coat = 80mm. Width of kerbs = 600 mm. Grade of
concrete M20.Grade of steel Fe50o.
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14. (a) Explain the guidelines to draw the possible yield patterns and locate the
axes of rotations.
Or
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15. (a) What are the factors to be considered while designing the brick masonry
with respect to stability and lateral supports on the structure?
Explain in detail.
Or
(b) Design a brick column of height 3.5 m to carry an axial load of 120 kN
. ridth of brick colunm is limited to 460 mm "f(jr architectural reason.
V·~doPt cement lime mortar of proportion 1:1:6 and first class brick with
10 Nzmm" strength the column may be taken as tensed restrain.
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3 91253