Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Robert Hooke – British scientist – observed mass of tiny cavities from thin slices of cork with his self-
made microscope, he named these structures “cells” since these structures reminded him of the small
rooms in a monastery
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - Dutch scientist – made pioneering discoveries concerning protozoa, red
blood cells, capillary systems, and the life cycles of insects, he also perfected the construction of the
compound microscope
Robert Brown – British botanist – observed plant cells with a distinct central part (nucleus); described
the streaming movement of the cytoplasm (Brownian movement)
Dujardin – French biologist – observed that cells were not empty but filled with thick, jelly-like fluids
Matthias Schleiden – German botanist – concluded that plants are composed of cells and formulated
the plant cell theory
Theodore Schwann – German zoologist – concluded that animals are composed of cells and formulated
the animal cell theory
Rudolf Virchow – German pathologist – concluded that all cells must come only from pre-existing cells
James Watson and Francis Crick – discovered the structure of the DNA
Cell theory
1. All organisms are made up of cells, and a cell is the structural and functional unit of organisms.
2. Cells are capable of self-reproduction, and cells come only from pre-existing cells.
- common unit of measure in the study of cell is micrometer = 1 x 10−6 meter or 1/1,000,000 meter
- largest cells are found in nature are ostrich eggs which weigh over a kilogram
- The largest cell in the human body is the female ovum or egg which is roughly one millimeter across
and is only just visible to the naked eye
- outer membrane is composed of plasma membrane made up phospholipid bilayer with proteins
A typical plant cell
A typical animal cell
Morphology and Physiology of Eukaryotic Cell
Plasma membrane
- semi-fluid in nature
- regulates traffic flow of materials between the interior of the cell and its environment
- with glyocalyx
- in plant cells, have thicker wall outside of the plasma membrane that provides strength and rigidity of
the cell
Cytoplasm
- the most active region of the cell due to numerous biochemical reactions of the organelles
Organelles:
Nucleus
- controls and regulates the functions of other organelles, thus called the “governor of the cell”
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- serves as routes for the transport of materials between various parts of the cytoplasm
Golgi apparatus
- breaks foreign particles of the cell or may break down components of the cell itself by destroying
organelles
Mitochondria
Centrioles
- associated with the formation of the spindle fibers during cell division of animal cell
Cilia and Flagella
Vacuoles
Diffusion – the net movement of particles from a region of greater concentration to a region of lesser
concentration
Osmosis – the diffusion of water molecules through semi-permeable membrane into a solution of
higher concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the
membrane
Types of Solution
Hypertonic – it will cause water to leave the cell, thus the cell will shrink or crenate (plasmolysis)
Hypotonic – it will cause water to enter the cell, thus the cell will swell or even burst in animal cell
Simple Diffusion – the particle is transported through the membrane without the aid of permease and
without expenditure of energy by the cell
Facilitated Diffusion – the particle is transported through the permease of the membrane but without
expenditure of energy by the cell
Active Transport – the particle is transported through the permease of the membrane and with the
expenditure of energy by the cell
Bulk Transport – particles are transported in large amounts or in bulks without actually passing or
crossing the membrane but through endocytosis or exocytosis
Phagocytosis – the particle to be engulfed is in solid form or chunks of matter, commonly called
as “cell eating”
Pinocytosis – the particle to be engulfed is in liquid form or very small, commonly called as “cell
drinking”