Thesis of Madhav

Substrate Permittivity Effects on the
Performance of Compact and

Wideband Microstrip Antennas
Thesis submitted to the faculty of Engineering for the award of the

degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
By
B.T.P.Madhav
[Reg. No. 11304001]
Associate Professor, Department of ECE
K L University
Under the guidance of
Dr Habibulla Khan
Professor & Dean (SA)
K L University
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation
(Deemed to be University u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)
K L University
Green Fields, Vaddeswaram-522502
2014-15
Declaration
I do hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Substrate Permittivity

Effects on the Performance of Compact and Wideband Microstrip
Antennas” does not constitute any part of the thesis / dissertation /
monograph submitted by me or any other person for the award of
any Degree/Diploma to this or any other University/ Institution.
Place: B.T.P.Madhav
Date: K L University
Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Substrate Permittivity

Effects on the Performance of Compact and Wideband Microstrip
Antennas” submitted by Mr B.T.P.Madhav to the K L University,
Vaddeswaram, in fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering is a bonafide record
of work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance.
Dr. Habibulla Khan
Dean (Student Affairs)
Department of ECE
K L University
Vaddeswaram
Acknowledgements
It is my great pleasure to thank everyone who has helped in making this work
possible. First and foremost, I am sincerely thankful to my Guide, Dr Habibulla
Khan, Dean Student Affairs, K L University for his guidance and support throughout
my research work. He has been an inexhaustible source of ideas and always has
taken time to discuss patiently every detail of the work. His contagious enthusiasm
and an open door policy for his students greatly helped in this work.
I am indebted to my R&D Director, Prof. VGKM Pisipati for his continuous

support and encouragement during all these years in my research career. The road
map to my research work started working under his guidance in the Liquid Crystal
Research Centre (LCRC-R&D). I would also like to thank Dr. ASCS Sastry, Dr.
Lakshminarayana, Dr. Sarat Kumar and Dr. T V Ramakrishna for their valuable
comments and the time they took to serve on my doctoral committee. I must thank
Dr. D Venkataratnam, RPAC Chairman, ECE Department, K L University for his
guidance and the lively discussions during our progress meetings.
My deep gratitude goes to Sri K Satyanarayana, President K L University for

providing excellent R&D facilities in the Campus. My sincere thanks to Dr.
Sreehari Rao, Chancellor, K L University for his valuable suggestions with his great
experience in the field of antennas. Special thanks to Dr. L S S Reddy, Vice
Chancellor, K L University, Dr. N Rangaiah, Registrar, K L University for his
helping hand to researchers in the K L University with continuous motivation and
resources allocation. Heartfelt thanks to Dr. A Anand Kumar, Principal, K L
College of Engineering, Dr. K L Narayana, Dean R&D, Dr. K Subrahmanyam,
Assoc Dean for their support and timely processing of my work. I would like to
thank Dr. J K R Sastry for creating confidence in consolidating my work towards
the submission of this thesis.
My colleagues have been a source of immense support during this work. I would
specially like to thank Department of ECE, RF-Microwave and Antennas research
group members, D Ujwala, P Syamsundar and my students Manikanta A, Dinesh
for assisting me in the designs and documentation work. Special thanks to Ch Babji,
Lab Technician for supporting me in the fabrication of the antenna models.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents B H V Subbarao, B Nagamani and my

wife B Usharani who shared my highs and lows in all these years. Their love and
support helped me to get past the worries throughout this work. I express my pride
being blessed with a wonderful son Sudeep for giving refreshment to my mind with
his beautiful smile and cheerful activities. My Brother B Sudheer and his wife
Ramya, My sister Sravani and her husband M Srinivas Sai Chand and their son M
Praneesh added great memories all these years with their love and affection.
I would like to say special thanks to my uncle DSRS Sarma, aunt D Girija Kumari,
brother-in-law D Rajendra Kumar and his wife D Kamala for supporting me all
these years for my well wishes.
Contents
Abstract-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I
List of Publications-----------------------------------------------------------------------------II
List of Figures----------------------------------------------------------------------------------III
List of Tables-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV
List of Symbols----------------------------------------------------------------------------------V
List of Abbreviations--------------------------------------------------------------------------VI
S. No. Title Page No
1 Introduction..............................................................................1
1.1 Introduction to Microstrip Patch Antennas and its parameters ...................1
1.2 Feed Methods...............................................................................................2
1.2.1 Probe Coupling Method...................................................................2
1.2.2 Microstrip Line feeding Method......................................................3
1.2.3 Proximity Coupled Method .............................................................3
1.2.4 Aperture Coupled Feed Method ..................................................... 4
1.2.5 Summary of Advantages and Disadvantages of Feeding
Methods........................................................................................... 5
1.3 Methods of analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna...................................... 6
1.3.1 Transmission Line Model .............................................................. 6
1.3.2 Cavity model .................................................................................. 7
1.3.3 Multiport Network Model............................................................... 7
1.3.4 Method of Moments ....................................................................... 8
1.3.5 Finite Element Method ................................................................... 8
1.3.6 Spectral Domain Technique .......................................................... 9
1.3.7 Finite Difference Time Domain Method ........................................9

1.4 Measurement of Antenna Characteristics ................................................10
1.4.1 Return loss and VSWR ............................................................... 10
1.4.2 Q factor........................................................................................ 11
1.4.3 Efficiency .................................................................................... 12
1.4.4 Antenna gain and Directivity....................................................... 12
1.4.5 Radiation Pattern ......................................................................... 12
1.4.6 Physical Measurements................................................................ 13
1.4.7 Anechoic Chamber ...................................................................... 14
1.4.8 Turn table assembly for far field radiation pattern measurement 14
1.4.9 Ansys HFSS (High Frequency Structural Simulator)................... 14
1.5 Motivation for the work............................................................................ 15
1.6 Thesis organization .................................................................................. 16
2 Review of Literature................................................................18
2.1 Design Considerations of Compact and Wideband Antennas ................... 18
2.2 Compact Circularly Polarized microstrip antennas.................................... 22
2.3 Compact printed antennas on different substrate materials ....................... 24
2.4 Serrated and Fractal Antennas ................................................................... 26
2.5 CPW-Fed UWB Antennas.......................................................................... 28
2.6 Stacked Patch antennas .............................................................................. 30
3 Substrate material selection and its importance ..................31

3.1 Criteria for Substrate Selection................................................................... 31
3.2 Surface wave Excitation.............................................................................. 31
3.3 Dispersion Effects in the substrate ............................................................. 34
3.3.1 Dielectric loss and copper loss ....................................................... 35

3.3.2 Dielectric loss.................................................................................. 35
3.3.3 Copper loss ......................................................................................35
3.4 Composite material Substrates.................................................................... 37
3.5 Low loss and Low cost Substrates .............................................................. 38
3.6 Design Considerations and Specifications of basic Rectangular
Patch Antenna............................................................................................. 39
4 Substrate Permittivity Effects on Wideband and

UWB Antennas........................................................................ 41
4.1 Circular Monopole Antenna ....................................................................... 41
4.1.1 Design steps for Circular monopole Antenna ................................. 42
4.1.2 Circular monopole antenna characteristics ..................................... 43
4.1.3 Parametric analysis of circular monopole with change in
Substrate Permittivity...................................................................... 46
4.2 Circular Monopole with Tapered Step Ground........................................... 46
4.2.1 Design steps of the circular monopole with tapered
step ground ..................................................................................... 50
4.2.2 Parametric analysis of circular monopole with tapered step
ground with change in substrate permittivity……………………...50
4.3 Elliptical Monopole with Tapered Step Ground ........................................ 52
4.3.1 Design steps of the elliptical monopole with tapered
step ground ......................................................................................54
4.3.2 Parametric analysis of elliptical monopole with tapered
step ground with change in substrate permittivity ......................... 55
4.4 Rectangular Monopole Antenna with Tapered Step Ground ..................... 57
4.4.1 Design steps of the rectangular monopole with tapered
step ground ......................................................................................60

4.4.2 Parametric analysis of rectangular monopole with
tapered step ground with change in substrate permittivity ............... 60
4.5 Hexagonal Monopole Antenna with Tapered Step Ground ......................... 62
4.5.1 Design steps of the hexagonal monopole with tapered
step ground ........................................................................................ 65
4.5.2 Parametric analysis of hexagonal monopole with
tapered step ground with change in substrate permittivity .............. 66
4.6 Trident Shaped Ultra Wideband Antenna...................................................... 67
4.6.1 Results and analysis using FEM based HFSS Tool........................... 68
4.6.2 Design steps of trident shaped CPW fed antenna ............................. 72
4.6.3 Parametric analysis of Trident shaped CPW fed antenna with
change in substrate permittivity ........................................................ 73
4.7 CPW fed Broadband Antenna....................................................................... 73
4.7.1 CPW fed Broadband Antenna Configuration ................................... 75
4.7.2 CPW fed broadband antenna parameters .......................................... 75
4.7.3 Design steps of CPW fed broadband antenna.................................... 80
4.7.4 Parametric analysis with change in substrate permittivity of
CPW fed broadband antenna ............................................................ 80
4.8 CPW fed Curved Elliptical Monopole Antenna ........................................... 82
4.8.1 CPW fed curved elliptical monopole antenna parameters ................ 83
4.8.2 Parametric analysis of CPW fed curved elliptical monopole
antenna with change in substrate permittivity ................................. 86
4.9 Comparision of Different Wideband Antennas .............................................87

4.10 Chapter Summary ..........................................................................................88
5 Substrate Permittivity Effects on Serrated Microstrip..........89
Antennas
5.1 Introduction................................................................................................... 89
5.2 Proposed Serrated Patch antennas ................................................................ 90
5.3 Triangular serrated aperture patch antenna................................................... 91
5.3.1 Antenna geometry of triangular serrated aperture antenna............... 92
5.3.2 Design steps for Triangular serrated antenna.................................... 92
5.3.3 Antenna parameters .......................................................................... 93
5.3.4 Current distribution and radiation pattern......................................... 94
5.3.5 Parametric Analysis with change in substrate permittivity

for triangular serrated aperture patch antenna ................................. 95
5.4 Asymmetric Triangular Serrated Antenna ................................................... 96
5.4.1 Design equations for the asymmetric triangular serrated antenna.... 97
5.4.2 Asymmetric triangular serrated antenna parameters ........................ 97
5.4.3 Parametric analysis for asymmetric serrated antenna
with change in permittivity ............................................................. 99
5.5 Dual side serrated antenna .......................................................................... 101
5.5.1 Design steps for the dual side serrated antenna .............................. 102
5.5.2 Dual side serrated antenna parameters ........................................... 103
5.5.3 Parametric analysis of dual side serrated antenna with
Change in substrate Permittivity .................................................... 105
5.6 Corner Truncated Serrated Antenna........................................................... 106
5.6.1 Design steps for the dual side serrated antenna ............................. 107
5.6.2 Corner truncated serrated antenna parameters............................... 107
5.6.3 Parametric analysis for corner truncated serrated antenna

with change in permittivity ...........................................................109
5.7 Combinational Serrated Antenna .............................................................. 110
5.7.1 Design steps for the combinational serrated antenna .................... 111
5.7.2 Combinational serrated antenna parameters ................................. 112
5.7.3 Parametric analysis of combinational serrated antenna
With change in Permittivity........................................................... 114
5.8 Spike Serrated Antenna ............................................................................. 115
5.8.1 Design steps for the spike serrated antenna .................................. 116
5.8.2 Spike serrated antenna parameters .................................................117
5.8.3 Parametric analysis of spike serrated antenna with

change in permittivity .....................................................................119
5.9 Saw tooth serrated antenna ........................................................................ 120
5.9.1 Design equations for the saw tooth serrated antenna .................... 121
5.9.2 Saw tooth serrated antenna parameters ......................................... 121
5.9.3 Parametric analysis for saw tooth serrated antenna
with change in substrate permittivity ............................................ 124
5.10 UWB Step Serrated Antenna .................................................................... 125
5.10.1 UWB Step Serrated Antenna Dimension ...................................... 125
5.10.2 Reflection coefficient of step serrated antenna.............................. 126
5.10.3 Radiation pattern and Current distribution of step serrated
antenna ........................................................................................... 126
5.10.4 Design steps for step serrated Antenna .......................................... 128
5.10.5 Parametric analysis with change in substrate permittivity ............. 129
5.11 CPW Fed UWB Circular Serrated Antenna................................................ 130
5.11.1 Circular serrated antenna parameters.............................................. 130
5.11.2 Design steps for circular serrated antenna....................................... 133
5.11.3 Parametric analysis of circular serrated antenna with
change in Permittivity ..................................................................... 133
5.12 Comparison of different serrated antennas ..................................................134
5.13 Chapter summary .........................................................................................135

6.0 Substrate Permittivity Effects on Stacked Patch..................136
Antennas
6.1 Multiband Slot Aperture Stacked Patch Antenna ....................................... 136
6.1.1 Multiband slot aperture stacked patch antenna description
and dimensions ............................................................................... 137
6.1.2 Multiband slot aperture stacked patch antenna parameters............. 138
6.1.3 Parametric analysis for multiband slot aperture stacked patch
antenna with change in permittivity of substrate ............................ 144
6.2 Rotated stacked Patch Antenna................................................................... 145
6.2.1 Rotated stacked patch antenna configuration ................................. 145
6.2.2 Rotated stacked patch antenna parameters ..................................... 146
6.2.3 Parametric analysis of Rotated stacked patch antenna with
change in substrate permittivity ...................................................... 150
6.3 Comparison of stacked patch antennas ........................................................150
6.4 Chapter Summary ........................................................................................151
7 Liquid crystal and liquid crystal polymer based antennas...152

7.1 Introduction..................................................................................................152
7.2 Liquid Crystal Polymer Material ................................................................ 154
7.3 Liquid Crystal Polymer Substrate ............................................................... 155
7.3.1 FELIOS LCP ................................................................................... 157
7.3.2 Ultralam ® 3850 (Liquid Crystalline Polymer
Substrate Material)........................................................................... 157
7.4 Package and Interconnecting ...................................................................... 158
7.5 Flexibility Consideration............................................................................. 158

7.6 Liquid Crystal Patch Antenna...................................................................... 159
7.7 Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi antenna (BAVA) on LCP Substrate............... 161
7.7.1 Design Steps.................................................................................... 162
7.7.2 BAVA Parameters .......................................................................... 163
7.8 Wideband tapered step antenna on LCP Substrate ..................................... 165
7.8.1 Antenna Parameters ........................................................................ 166
7.8.2 Flexibility Testing............................................................................ 168
7.9 Comparison of different liquid crystal antennas...........................................168
7.10 Chapter summary .........................................................................................169
8 Conclusion and Future Perspective ..................................... 170

8.1 Summary and conclusion .......................................................................... 170
8.11 CPW-Fed Wideband antennas ......................................................170

8.12 Serrated microstrip antennas ..........................................................171
8.13 Stacked patch antennas ..................................................................172
8.14 Liquid crystal and liquid crystal polymer based antenna ...............172
8.2 Future work ................................................................................................173
References and Bibliography............................................................174

I. Abstract
The design of a microstrip antenna starts with proper selection of a substrate

material. The substrate material not only provides the metallization support, but also
affects the electrical performance of the antenna, circuit and transmission line. It is
difficult to satisfy electrical and mechanical requirements all the time with a
particular substrate material. Substrate material selection for a particular model is
very essential in the design of antennas and one should consider so many parameters
like dielectric constant, loss tangent, temperature dependency, frequency
dependency, isotropicity, thickness, humidity, uniformity and aging. Similarly some
more parameters like structural strength, machinability, flexibility, bondability and
substrate characteristics are to be taken care before fabrication.
There is no ideal substrate for the design of microstrip patch antenna. Depending on
the application only we choose the substrate material. Low frequency antennas
require high dielectric constant materials and conformal antennas require flexible
materials. It is found that the radiating patch of the microstrip patch antenna has a
resonant length approximately proportional to the inverse square root of dielectric
constant and the use of a microwave substrate with a larger permittivity thus can
result in smaller physical antenna length at a fixed operating frequency.
Among all the parameters of the substrate, the main parameter for the design of
antenna depends on the dielectric constant εr and loss tangent tanδ. If the dielectric
constant of the substrate material is less then size of the antenna and performance
also increases. When the dielectric constant is more, the size of the antenna is small
and performance is also low.
The main theme behind this thesis is to study the performance of some antenna
models with change in substrate permittivity. Design and analysis of some compact
and broadband models are simulated using Ansys HFSS tool and after that the
optimized models are prototyped and tested for reliability. The performance
evaluation of these models with change in substrate permittivity is done for the better
understanding of proper material selection in that particular design. The study is
carried on CPW-fed wideband antenna models, serrated antennas, liquid crystal
antennas and stacked patch antennas. The complete study inherently moves around
the bandwidth enhancement like performance improvement techniques with proper
substrate material selection.
II. List of Publications
A. International Journals
1. B T P Madhav, Habibulla Khan, “Circularly Polarized Slotted Aperture

Antenna with Coplanar Waveguide fed for Broadband Applications”, Journal
of Engineering Science and Technology, ISSN: 1823-4690. Article in Press,
Impact Factor: 0.59 (Scopus Indexed)
2. B T P Madhav, D Ujwala, Habibulla Khan, “Multiband slot aperture stacked

patch antenna for wireless communication applications”, International
Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 1757-2665,
Inder Science Publishers, Article In press. Impact Factor: 0.16 (Scopus
Indexed)
3. P. Syam Sundar, B.T.P. Madhav, “Fabric Substrate Material Based

Multiband Spike Antenna for Wearable Applications”, Research Journal of
Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, ISSN: 2040-7459, Vol 8,
Issue 3, pp 429-434, Oct-2014. Impact Factor: 0.45 (Scopus Indexed)
4. B T P Madhav, Habibulla Khan, D Ujwala, “CPW Fed Serrated Antenna

Performance Based on Substrate Permittivity”, International Journal of
Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562, Volume 8, Number 12,
Nov-2013, pp. 1349-1354. Impact Factor: 0.03 (Scopus Indexed)
5. B T P Madhav et al, Design and Analysis of New Sierpinski Carpet Fractal

antenna”, International Journal of Microwaves Applications, ISSN: 2320-
2599, Volume 2, No.3, June 2013, pp 108-112. Impact Factor: 0.35.
6. B T P Madhav et al, Performance Characterization of Radial Stub Microstrip

Bow-Tie Antenna”, International Journal of Engineering and Technology
(IJET), ISSN: 0975-4024, Vol 5, No 2, May 2013, pp 760-764. Impact
Factor: 0.58 (Scopus Indexed)
7. B T P Madhav et al, “Planar Dipole Antenna on Liquid Crystal Polymer

Substrate at 2.4 GHz”, Solid State Phenomena, Trans Tech Publications,
Switzerland, Vol 181, 2012, pp 289-292. Impact Factor: 0.55 (SCI, Scopus
Indexed)
8. B T P Madhav, VGKM Pisipati1, Habibulla Khan, “Liquid Crystal Bow-Tie

Microstrip antenna for Wireless Communication Applications”, Journal of
Engineering Science and Technology Review, ISSN: 1791-2377 , Vol 4, No
2, 2011 131-134. Impact Factor: 1.07 (Scopus Indexed)
9. D Rakesh, B T P Madhav, Habibulla Khan, “Performance Evaluation of
Microstrip Square Patch Antenna on different Substrate Materials, Journal of
Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, Vol 26, No 2, April 2011.
Impact Factor: 0.65 (Scopus Indexed)
10. B T P Madhav, VGKM Pisipati, N V K Ramesh, Habibulla Khan, “Planar

Inverted-F Antenna on Liquid Crystal Polymer Substrate for PCS, UMTS,
WIBRO Applications”, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences,
ISSN 1819-6608, VOL. 6, NO. 4, APRIL 2011. Impact Factor: 0.40 (Scopus
Indexed)
B. International Conferences
1. Sarat K Kotamraju, B T P Madhav, T V Rama Krishna, Habibulla Khan,

“Compact Microstrip Defected Ground Structured Antenna for Reduction
of Harmonics and Cross Polarized Radiations”, AMTA-2013, US
Columbia, Oct 8th-11th.
2. B T P Madhav, P Syam Sundar, K Sarat Kumar, “Liquid Crystal

Polymer Dual Band Pan Slot Antenna”, Wireless and Optical
Communications Networks (WOCN), Aug-22-24. 978-1-4673-1989-
8/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE. Pp 1-5.
3. B T P Madhav, S S Mohan Reddy, Bandi Sanjay, K Naresh Babu,

“Substrate Material Effects on CPW fed double π-Stub Notch band
Antenna”, International Conference on Advanced Research in
Engineering and Technology (ICARET), IEEE, Feb-2012.
4. Sarat K Kotamraju, T V Rama Krishna, B T P Madhav, Habibulla Khan,

K V L Bhavani, “Exponential Multiband Serrated Microstrip Antenna on
LCP Substrate”, International Conference on Advanced Research in
Engineering and Technology (ICARET), IEEE, Feb-2012.
III List of Figures
Fig No Figure Caption Page No
1.0 Basic Structure of Microstrip Patch antenna………………….. 1
1.1 Probe Coupling Method a) Top View b) Side View……………. 2
1.2 Geometry of direct microstrip feed microstrip patch antenna 3
a) Top view b) Side view………………………………………....
1.3 Geometry of recessed microstrip line feed patch antenna a) Top 3

view b) Side view…………………………………………….....
1.4 Geometry of proximity coupled microstrip feed patch antenna a) 4

Top View b) Side view…………………………………………
1.5 Geometry of patch antenna fed by an adjacent microstrip line a) 4

Top view b) Side view…………………………………………..
1.6 Geometry of an aperture coupled feed microstrip patch antenna a)

Top view b) Side view c) Pictorial view……………...
5
1.7 Electric Field Lines………………………………………………... 6
1.8 R&S ZNB 20 VNA………………………………………………… 13
1.9 Antenna Measurement setup……………………………………... 14
2.1 some of the slotted patches suitable for the design of compact 19
microstrip antennas………………………………………………..
4.1 Circular monopole antenna………………………………………. 42
4.2 Fabricated circular monopole antenna………………………….. 42
4.3 Simulated and measured return loss Vs frequency curve for circular 43
monopole antenna………………………………………..
4.4 VSWR curve for Circular monopole antenna…………………… 43
4.5 Measured S11 Parameter of circular monopole antenna on R&S 44

ZNB 20 Vector Network Analyzer…………………………
4.6 Parametric analysis of circular monopole antenna with change in 44

substrate height…………………………………………………
4.7 3D view of radiation pattern for CPW fed circular monopole 44

antenna at 7.4 GHz……………………………………………….
4.8 Radiation pattern at 7.4 GHz for circular monopole antenna in 44

E&H Plane…………………………………………….
4.9 Circular monopole antenna Gain Vs Frequency……….………. 45
4.10 Circular monopole antenna current distribution at 4.3, 7.4 and 9.8 45
GHz……………………………………………………….
4.11 Circular monopole antenna parametric analysis of reflection 46

coefficient with change in Permittivity……………….
4.12 Circular monopole with tapered step ground 47
4.13 Reflection coefficient Vs frequency for circular monopole with 47

tapered step ground………………………………………………..
4.14 Parametric analysis for circular monopole with tapered step ground 48
antenna return loss curve for change in substrate height ‘h’….........
4.15 Parametric analysis for circular monopole with tapered step ground 48
antenna return loss curve for change in feed gap ‘G’…...................
4.16 3D view of radiation pattern for circular monopole with tapered 48

step ground at 13.3 GHz…………………………………................
4.17 Frequency Vs Gain and Efficiency for the circular monopole with 49
tapered step ground………………………………...……….............
4.18 Current distribution on circular monopole with tapered step ground 49

at 13.3 GHz………………………………………………...............
4.19 4.20 Radiation Pattern in E-plane and H-plane for circular 49

monopole with tapered step ground at 9.5 GHz…………………....
4.20 Parametric analysis for return loss with change in substrate

permittivity of circular monopole antenna with tapered step
51
ground……………………………………………………………...
4.21 Parametric analysis for VSWR with change in substrate 51

ground……………………………………………………………..
4.22 Parametric analysis for Radiation pattern with change in substrate 51

ground……………………………………………….......................
4.23 Elliptical monopole antenna with tapered step ground…………..... 52
4.24 Reflection coefficient of Elliptical monopole antenna with and 53

without tapered step Ground……………………………………....
4.25 VSWR of Elliptical monopole antenna with tapered step 53

ground……………………………………………………………...
4.26 Impedance smith chart for Elliptical monopole antenna with 53

tapered step
ground……………………………………………………………...
4.27 3D view of radiation pattern for elliptical monopole with tapered 53

step ground at 13 GHz…………………………………..................
4.28 Current distribution of Elliptical monopole antenna with tapered 53

step ground at 13 GHz………………………………….................
4.29 Radiation Pattern of Elliptical monopole antenna with tapered step 54

ground at 13
GHz…………………………………………………………..……..
4.30 Gain and efficiency of Elliptical monopole antenna with tapered 56

step ground……………………………………………….................
4.31 Return loss Vs Frequency for elliptical monopole with tapered. step 56
ground on different Substrates …………………………….............
4.32 VSWR curve for elliptical monopole with tapered step ground on 56
different substrates…………………………………………….........
4.33 Radiation pattern in E and H-Plane for elliptical monopole with 56

tapered step ground on different substrates………………...............
4.34 Rectangular monopole antenna with tapered step ground…….......... 57
4.35 Reflection coefficient of Rectangular monopole antenna with and 57

without tapered step Ground………………………………..............
4.36 VSWR of Rectangular monopole antenna with tapered step ground. 58
4.37 Impedance smith chart for Rectangular monopole antenna with 58

tapered step ground……………………………………………….....
4.38 3D view of radiation pattern for rectangular monopole with tapered 58

step ground………………………………………………………......
4.39 Current distribution for Rectangular monopole antenna with 59
tapered step ground at 9.2 GHz…………………………………......
4.40 Frequency Vs Gain and Efficiency for Rectangular monopole 59

antenna with tapered step ground……………………………….......
4.41 Radiation pattern of Rectangular monopole antenna with tapered 59

step ground in E and H-plane at 9.2 GHz………………..................
4.42 Return loss Vs Frequency for rectangular monopole with tapered 61

step ground on different substrates……………………...................
4.43 VSWR Vs Frequency for rectangular monopole with tapered step 61

ground on different Substrates…………………………….............
4.44 Radiation pattern in E and H-Plane for rectangular monopole with 62

tapered step ground on different substrates……………….............
4.45 Hexagonal monopole antenna with tapered step ground………...... 62
4.46 Reflection coefficient of hexagonal monopole with and without 63

tapered step ground………………………………………………....
4.47 VSWR of hexagonal monopole with tapered step ground……….... 63
4.48 Impedance smith chart for hexagonal monopole antenna with 63

tapered step ground………………………………………………...
4.49 3D view of radiation pattern for hexagonal monopole with tapered 64

step ground………………………………………………................
4.50 Frequency Vs Gain and Efficiency for hexagonal monopole with 64

tapered step ground...………………………………………............
4.51 Current distribution at 9.5 GHz for hexagonal monopole antenna 64

with tapered step Ground……………………………….................
4.52 Radiation pattern of hexagonal monopole with tapered step ground 65

in E and H-plane at 9.5 GHz…………………………….................
4.53 Return loss Vs Frequency for hexagonal monopole with tapered 66

step ground on different substrates………………………...............
4.54 VSWR Vs Frequency for hexagonal monopole with tapered step 66

ground on different substrates………………………………..........
4.55 Radiation pattern in E and H-Plane for hexagonal monopole with 67

tapered step ground on different substrates…………………….......
4.56 Trident Shaped CPW Fed Antenna, Table 4.5 Trident Shaped CPW 67
Fed Antenna Dimensions…………………………………..............
4.57 Fabricated Trident shaped CPW fed Antenna…………………...... 68
4.58 Return Loss Vs Frequency of Trident shaped CPW fed 68

Antenna…………………………………………………………….
4.59 Input impedance smith chart of Trident shaped CPW fed 69

Antenna…………………………………………………………….
4.60 3D view of radiation for Trident shaped CPW fed 69

Antenna…………………………………………………………….
4.61 Gain Vs Frequency of Trident shaped CPW fed 69

Antenna…………………………………………………………….
4.62 Radiation Pattern in E-Plane and H-Plane at 3.1 and 4.3 GHz of 70
Trident shaped CPW fed Antenna……………………………........
4.63 E-Field distribution at 4.3 GHz for Trident shaped CPW fed 70
Antenna……………………………………………………………..
4.64 Current distribution at 4.3, 8.1 and 9.8 GHz for Trident shaped 71
CPW fed Antenna…………………………………...……………..
4.65 Parametric analysis of return loss with change in length of L5 for 71

Trident shaped CPW fed Antenna…………………...……….........
4.66 Parametric analysis of return loss with change in substrate 71

thickness for Trident shaped CPW fed Antenna………………......
4.67 Parametric analysis of change in width of ground plane width for 72

Trident shaped CPW fed Antenna…………………………............
4.68 Return loss of trident shaped CPW fed antenna with change in 73
permittivity…………………………………………………………
4.69 Impedance of trident shaped CPW fed antenna with change in 73

permittivity…………………………………………………………
4.70 CPW fed broadband antenna, (a) Slotted broadband monopole, (b) 74
Slotted broadband rectangular monopole, (c) Slotted ground
broadband rectangular monopole………………………..................
4.71 Fabricated model of slotted ground broadband rectangular 74

monopole antenna………………………………………………......
4.72 Reflection coefficient curves of three models of broadband 76
antenna……………………………………………………………...
4.73 Measured and Simulated Return loss curves for proposed slotted 76
ground broadband rectangular monopole antenna…….....................
4.74 Return loss Vs Frequency, Variations in length of slot L1=16mm, 77

18mm, 19mm,
20mm………………………………………………………………..
4.75 Frequency Vs Axial Ratio, Variations in length of slot L1=16mm, 77

18mm, 19mm, 20mm………………………………….....................
4.76 Variations in width of slot W1=7mm, 9mm, 11mm, 77

13mm………………………………………………………………..
4.77 Frequency Vs Axial Ratio, Variations in length of slot W1=7mm, 78

9mm, 11mm, 13mm………………………………….......................
4.78 Variations in substrate height sub H=0.8mm, 1mm, 1.4mm, 78

1.6mm……………………………………………………………….
4.79 Variations in ground plane slot width for modified model of 8 mm, 78
8.5 mm and 9 mm……………………………………………...........
4.80 Frequency Vs Axial Ratio, Variations in ground plane slot width 8, 79

8.5 and 9 mm…………………………………………......................
4.81 Current Distribution over the slotted broadband rectangular 79

monopole and slotted ground broadband rectangular monopole at 3
GHz…………………………………………………………….......
4.82 3D Radiation plot for slotted broadband rectangular monopole and 79

slotted ground broadband rectangular monopole at 3 GHz...............
4.83 CPW fed broadband antenna radiation pattern in E and H-Plane at 3 80

GHz……………………………………………………....................
4.84 Parametric Analysis of return loss for slotted ground rectangular 81

monopole antenna with change in substrate
permittivity…………………………………………………………
4.85 Parametric Analysis of VSWR for slotted ground rectangular 82

monopole antenna with change in substrate permittivity……….......
4.86 Radiation pattern of slotted ground rectangular monopole antenna 82

in E and H Plane with change in substrate permittivity.....................
4.87 CPW fed Curved Elliptical Monopole Antenna………………….... 83
4.88 Reflection Coefficient of CPW fed Curved Elliptical Monopole 83

Antenna……………………………………………………………..
4.89 VSWR of CPW fed Curved Elliptical Monopole Antenna……........ 83
4.90 3D View Radiation of CPW fed Curved Elliptical Monopole 84

Antenna……………………………………………………………..
4.91 Parametric analysis of CPW fed curved elliptical monopole antenna 84

with change in radius of upper ellipse…………………....................
4.92 Input Impedance smith chart of CPW fed Curved Elliptical 84

Monopole Antenna…………………………………………………
4.93 Current distribution of CPW fed Curved Elliptical Monopole 85

Antenna at 11 GHz………………………………………………....
4.94 Radiation pattern of CPW fed elliptical monopole antenna in E and 85

H-plane at 11 GHz…………………………………..………...........
4.95 Frequency Vs Gain of CPW fed Curved Elliptical Monopole 85

Antenna……………………………………………………………..
4.96 Parametric Analysis of return loss for CPW fed curved elliptical 86
monopole antenna with change in substrate
permittivity………………………………………………………….
4.97 Radiation pattern of CPW fed curved elliptical monopole antenna 86

in E and H Plane with change in substrate permittivity......................
5.1 Serrated Edge Reflector…………………………………………...... 89
5.2 Different models of serrated aperture patch antennas (a) 90

Asymmetric triangular serrated antenna (b) Dual side serrated
antenna (c) Corner truncation serrated antenna (d) Spike serrated
antenna (e) Saw tooth serrated antenna (f) Combinational serrated
antenna.....................................................
5.3 Reflection coefficient curve for the proposed serrated models…...... 91
5.4 Triangular Serrated aperture patch antenna……………………....... 92
5.5.a Frequency Vs Reflection coefficient of Triangular serrated

aperture patch antenna 93
5.5.b Frequency Vs VSWR of Triangular serrated aperture patch 93

antenna………………………………………………..............
5.6 3D Radiation view for the triangular serrated aperture patch 93

antenna at 4 and 6.2 GHz…………………………………………....
5.7.a Current distribution at 4 GHz……………………………….... 94
5.7.b Current distributions at 6.2 GHz…………………………....... 94
5.7.c Radiation Pattern in E-Plane………………………………...... 94
5.7.d Radiation Pattern in H-Plane………………………………..... 94
5.8 Frequency Vs Return loss with change in substrate permittivity of 95

triangular serrated aperture patch antenna………………….............
5.9 Frequency Vs Impedance with change in substrate permittivity of 95

triangular serrated aperture patch antenna………………….............
5.10 Radiation pattern with change in substrate permittivity of triangular 95

serrated aperture patch antenna…………………….........................
5.11 Asymmetric triangular serrated antenna………………………........ 96
5.12 5.12 Frequency Vs Return loss curve for asymmetric triangular 97

serrated antenna…………………………………..………………...
5.13 Frequency Vs VSWR for asymmetric triangular serrated 98

antenna……………………………………………………………...
5.14 3D view of radiation at 1.9 GHz and 2.7 GHz for asymmetric 98
triangular serrated Antenna……………………………………........
5.15 Radiation pattern in E and H plane at 1.9 GHz for asymmetric 98

triangular serrated Antenna………………………………………...
5.16 Radiation pattern in E and H plane at 2.7 GHz for asymmetric 99

triangular serrated Antenna………………………………………...
5.17 Current distribution at 1.9 and 2.7 GHz for asymmetric triangular 99
serrated antenna…………………………………………………......
5.18 Return loss with change in substrate permittivity for asymmetric 100
triangular serrated Antenna………………………………………….
5.19 VSWR with change in substrate permittivity for asymmetric 100

triangular serrated antenna………………………………………......
5.20 Impedance with change in substrate permittivity for asymmetric 100

triangular serrated Antenna…………………..……...........................
5.21 Radiation pattern in E-plane for asymmetric triangular serrated 101

antenna with change in substrate permittivity at 2.7 GHz..................
5.22 Radiation pattern in H-plane for asymmetric triangular serrated 101

antenna with change in substrate permittivity at 2.7 GHz….............
5.23 Dual side serrated antenna………………………………………..... 102
5.24 Frequency Vs Return loss for dual side serrated antenna………...... 103
5.25 Frequency Vs VSWR for dual side serrated antenna…………... 103
5.26 View of radiation for dual side serrated antenna at 2.7 and 3.8 GHz. 104
5.27 Radiation pattern in E and H plane at 2.7 GHz for dual side serrated 104
antenna…………………………………………………....................
5.28 Radiation pattern in E and H plane at 3.8 GHz for dual side serrated 104
antenna…………………………………………………...................
5.29 Current distribution at 2.7 GHz and 3.8 GHz for dual side serrated 105
antenna…………………………………………………....................
5.30 Return loss Vs Frequency for dual side serrated antenna with 105
change in permittivity…………………………………………….....
5.31 Impedance for dual side serrated antenna with change in 105
permittivity…………………………………………………………
5.32 Corner truncated serrated 106

antenna……………………………………………………………..
5.33 Return loss Vs Frequency for corner truncated serrated 107

antenna……………………………………………………………..
5.34 Input impedance curve for corner truncated serrated 107

antenna……………………………………………………………...
5.35 3D Radiation plot for corner truncated serrated antenna at 3.9 and 108
6.3 GHz……………………………………………………......…....
5.36 Radiation pattern in E and H-plane for corner truncated serrated 108
antenna at 3.9 GHz……………………………………….................
5.37 Radiation pattern in E and H-plane for corner truncated serrated 108
antenna at 6.3 GHz……………………………………….................
5.38 Current distribution of corner truncated serrated antenna at 3.9 and 109
6.3 GHz……………………...……………………………...............
5.39 Return loss Vs frequency for corner truncated serrated antenna with 109
change in Permittivity..……………………………..........................
5.40 VSWR Vs frequency for corner truncated serrated antenna with 110
change in permittivity……………………………………........….....
5.41 Impedance plot for corner truncated serrated antenna with change 110
in permittivity…………………………………………….................
5.42 Combinational serrated antenna…………………………………..... 111
5.43 Return loss Vs Frequency for combinational serrated 112

antenna……………………………………………………………....
5.44 VSWR Vs Frequency of combinational serrated 112

antenna……………………………………………………………....
5.45 Input impedance smith chart of combinational serrated 113

antenna……………………………………………………………....
5.46 3D Radiation of combinational serrated antenna at 4.4 and 6.8 113

GHz………........................................................................................
5.47 Radiation pattern in E and H plane of combinational serrated 113

antenna at 4.4 GHz…………………………......................................
5.48 Radiation pattern in E and H plane of combinational serrated 114

antenna at 6.8 GHz………………………………………………......
5.49 Current distribution of combinational serrated antenna at 4.4 and 114

6.8 GHz………………………………………………………...........
5.50 Return loss of combinational serrated antenna with change in 115

substrate permittivity……………………………….…………….....
5.51 VSWR of combinational serrated antenna with change in substrate 115

permittivity…………………………………………….....................
5.52 Impedance for combinational serrated antenna with change in 115

substrate permittivity……………………………….…………….....
5.53 Spike serrated antenna……………………………….…………....... 116

5.54 Return loss of spike serrated antenna……………………………..... 117
5.55 VSWR of spike serrated antenna…………………………………... 117
5.56 3D Radiation for spike serrated antenna at 1.6 and 3.2 GHz…........ 117
5.57 Radiation pattern in E and H plane for spike serrated antenna at 1.6 118
GHz…………………………………………………………...........
5.58 Current distribution of spike serrated antenna at 1.6, 2.6 and 3.2 118
GHz……...........................................................................................
5.59 Return loss Vs Frequency for spike serrated antenna with change in 119
permittivity……………………………………………...
5.60 VSWR Vs Frequency for spike serrated antenna with change in 119
permittivity………………………………………………………….
5.61 Radiation pattern in E-Plane for spike serrated antenna with change 119
in permittivity…………………………………………….................
5.62 Radiation pattern in H-Plane for spike serrated antenna with change 120
in permittivity……………………………….……………................
5.63 Saw tooth serrated antenna………………………………..….......... 120
5.64 Return loss Vs Frequency for triangular saw tooth serrated 121
antenna……………………………………………………………...
5.65 Input impedance for saw tooth serrated antenna………………........ 121
5.66 3D Radiation plot for the saw tooth serrated antenna at 3.1 and 4.6 122
GHz…................................................................................................
5.67 3D Radiation plot for the saw tooth serrated antenna at 122
5.9 GHz……………………………………………………………...
5.68 Radiation pattern for the saw tooth serrated antenna at 122
3.1 GHz……………………………………………………………..
4.6 GHz……………………………………………………………..
5.9 GHz……………………………………………………………..
5.71 Current distribution for the saw tooth serrated antenna at 3.1, 4.6 123
and 5.9 GHz…………………………………………………….......
5.72 Return loss Vs Frequency for saw tooth serrated antenna with 124
change in permittivity……………………………………………....
5.73 Impedance plot for saw tooth serrated antenna with change in 124
permittivity........................................................................................
5.74 Step Serrated Antenna…………………………………………….... 125
5.75 Reflection coefficient curve of step serrated antenna……………..... 126
5.76.a Current distribution of step serrated antenna at (a) 3.92 (b) 126
6.24 (c) 10.08 GHz………………………………………........
5.76.b 3D Radiation of step serrated antenna at (a) 3.92 (b) 6.24 (c) 126
10.08 GHz………………………………………………….....
5.77 Radiation pattern of step serrated antenna Co-Pol (---), 127
Cross-Pol (---)……………………………………………………….
5.78 Frequency Vs Gain of step serrated antenna……………………...... 128
5.79 Reflection Coefficient with change in Substrate Height………….... 128
5.80 Step serrated antenna return loss with change in different 129
substrates………………………………………………………….....
5.81 CPW Fed UWB Circular Serrated Antenna……………………....... 130
5.82 Return loss curve for circular serrated antenna…………………...... 130
5.83 VSWR curve for circular serrated antenna……………………........ 131
5.84 3D radiation plot for circular serrated antenna at 3.3 and 131
5 GHz………………………………………………………………..
5.85 Radiation pattern (a) At 3.3 GHz, (b) 5 GHz, (c) 6.8 GHz 132
(0 deg, 90 deg)………………………………………………………
5.86 Current distribution at 4 GHz for circular serrated 132

antenna……………………………………………………………...
5.87 Return loss Vs Frequency for circular serrated antenna with change 133
in permittivity…………………………………………….................
5.88 VSWR Vs Frequency for circular serrated antenna with change in 133
permittivity……………………………………………………….....
6.1 Antenna Model with Stacked Patch Configuration……………........ 137
6.2 Top patch and bottom patch……………………………………........ 138
6.3 Return loss Vs Frequency in simulation and measurement……........ 140
6.4 Return loss Vs Frequency for different thickness dimensions of 140

substrate…………………………………………………………….
6.5 Return loss against frequency for width variations of 1.4, 2, 3 and 4 140
mm for substrate thickness of 1.6mm ……………………...............
6.6 Return Loss for substrate thickness of 1.6mm for E-shaped slot 140
width 1.4mm………………………………………………………..
6.7 VSWR Vs Frequency of slot aperture stacked patch antenna…........ 141
6.8 Y and Z Parameters Vs Frequency of slot aperture stacked patch 142

antenna………………………………………………………............
6.9 Radiation Pattern of slot aperture stacked patch antenna at 5.32

GHz and 8.2 GHz……………………………………………...........
142
6.10 3D Radiation plot of slot aperture stacked patch antenna at 5.32 142
GHz and 8.2 GHz…………………………………..………….........
6.11 Electric Field Distributions at 5.32 GHz, 8.209 GHz, and 143
9.403 GHz………..............................................................................
6.12 Magnetic Field Distributions at 5.32 GHz, 8.20 GHz, and 143
9.40 GHz……………………………………………………….........
6.13 Current Distributions at 5.32 GHz, 8.20 GHz, and 143
9.40 GHz…………………………………………………………….
6.14 Parametric analysis of return loss for change in same substrate 144
material in two layers……………………………………………......
6.15 Parametric analysis of return loss for change in different substrate 144
materials in two layers…………………………………....................
6.16 Coaxial Fed Rotated Stacked Patch Antenna……………………..... 145

6.17 Return loss Vs Frequency of Rotated stacked patch 147
antenna………………........................................................................
6.18 Input Impedance of Rotated stacked patch 147

antenna……………………………………………………………....
6.19 VSWR Vs Frequency of Rotated stacked patch 147

antenna……………………................................................................
6.20 3D Radiation at 6.1 and 7.2 GHz for Rotated stacked patch 147
antenna……………………………………………………………....
6.21 Radiation Pattern in E and H Fields at 6.1 and 7.2 GHz for Rotated 148
stacked patch Antenna…………………………..………..................
6.22 Electric Field Distribution at 7.2 GHz for Rotated stacked patch 148
antenna………………………………………………………...........
6.23 Frequency Vs Axial Ratio…………………………………………. 149
6.24 Rotation Angle Vs AR-Bandwidth……………………………….. 149
6.25 Surface Current distribution beneath the patches at Frequency 7.2 149
GHz from lower patch 1 to upper patch 4 for Rotated stacked patch
antenna……………………………………………...........................
6.26 Gain Vs Frequency for Rotated stacked patch antenna………......... 150
6.27 Parametric analysis of Rotated stacked patch antenna with change 150
in permittivity……………………………………………................
7.1 Typical Liquid Crystal Molecule and its temperature 152

dependency…………........................................................................
7.2 LC Molecules orientation with applied bias voltage……………...... 152
7.3 εr and tan δ characteristics of LC material Vs bias voltage……........ 153
7.4 Water and oxygen permeability of different polymers…………....... 155
7.5 (a) Inset fed Microstrip antenna on LCP Substrate (b) Twisted LCP 156
antenna (c) Bended LCP antenna (d) Rolled LCP
Antenna……………………………………………………………...
7.6 Frequency Vs Dielectric constant of LCP and FR4 at 230 C and 157
500 C………………………………………………………………...
7.7 Rectangular patch antenna on LC Material, (a) Antenna Model, (b) 159
Side View………………………………………………...................
7.8 Return loss Vs Frequency of LC antenna at two stages of 160

voltage……………………………………………………………….
7.9 Frequency Vs Reflection phase of LC antenna…………………...... 160
7.10 Radiation pattern for single element LC patch antenna………......... 160
7.11 Radiation pattern for 2X2 array LC patch elements……………...... 161
7.12 Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (a) HFSS Simulated Model, 162
(b) Fabricated Prototype………………………………….................
7.13 Return Loss Vs Frequency of Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi 163

Antenna……………………………………………………………..
7.14 VSWR Vs Frequency of Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna........ 163
7.15 Measured Return loss Vs Frequency of Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi 163

Antenna…………………………………………………….............
7.16 Simulated Radiation Pattern Plots of Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi 164

Antenna at 6, 9, 12, 15, 16 and 18 GHz…………………..................
7.17 Measured radiation Pattern Plots of Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi 164

Antenna at 6, 9, 12, 15, 16 and 18 GHz………………….................
7.18 Frequency Vs Gain of Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna…......... 165
7.19 Wideband tapered step antenna on LCP Substrate……………......... 165
7.20 Simulated Return loss Vs Frequency of wideband tapered step 166

antenna on LCP Substrate……………………………………….......
7.21 Measured Return loss Vs Frequency of wideband step serrated 166

antenna on LCP Substrate……………………………………….......
7.22 Three dimensional view of radiation for wideband tapered step 167
antenna at 13.6 GHz………………………………………………....
7.23 Radiation pattern in E and H-plane of wideband tapered step 167

antenna at 13.6 GHz………………………………………………....
7.24 Current distribution of wideband tapered step antenna at 167
13.6 GHz……….................................................................................
7.25 Gain Vs Frequency of wideband tapered step antenna…………...... 168

7.26 Flexibility testing of LCP antenna with different angles.................... 168
IV. List of Tables
Table No Table Caption Page No

1.1 The comparisons between the four common -------------------5
feeding methods for microstrip patch Antenna
1.2 Substrate Materials used in this work ------------------15
3.1 Electrical properties of commonly used substrate ------------------32
materials for microstrip antennas
3.2 Non Electrical properties of commonly used ------------------33
substrate materials for microstrip Antennas
3.3 Commonly used materials from Rogers ------------------34
Corporation
3.4 Skin depth of some materials ------------------37
3.5 Characteristics of Laminates at 10 GHz ------------------37
3.6 Composite materials characteristics at 10 GHz ------------------38
3.7 Low loss and Low cost substrate materials ------------------38
4.1 Circular monopole antenna dimensions (in mm) ------------------46
for different substrate materials
4.2 Circular monopole with tapered step ground ------------------50
antenna dimensions (in mm) for different
substrate materials
4.3 Elliptical monopole with tapered step ground ------------------55
substrate materials
4.4 Rectangular monopole with tapered step ground ------------------60
substrate materials
4.5 Hexagonal monopole with tapered step ground ------------------66
substrate materials
4.6 Trident Shaped CPW Fed Antenna ------------------67
Dimensions
4.7 Antenna W and G Variation with respect to ------------------81
different laminates
4.8 Antenna dimensions for different substrate ------------------81
materials
4.9 Comparision of Different Wideband Antennas ------------------87
5.1 Triangular serrated antenna geometry description ------------------92
5.2 Asymmetric triangular serrated antenna -----------------96
dimensions
5.3 Dual side serrated antenna dimensions ----------------102
5.4 Corner truncated serrated antenna dimensions ----------------106
5.5 Combinational serrated antenna dimensions ----------------111
5.6 Spike serrated antenna dimensions ----------------116
5.7 Saw tooth serrated antenna dimensions ----------------121
5.8 Step Serrated Antenna parameters with different ----------------129
substrates
5.9 Computed step serrated antenna parameters ----------------129
5.10 Circular serrated antenna parameters ----------------130
5.11 Comparison of Different Serrated Antennas ---------------134
6.1 Antenna return loss at resonating frequencies ----------------139
with respect to substrate material Thickness
6.2 Antenna Parameters ----------------144
6.3 Rotated stacked patch antenna dimensions ----------------146
6.4 Comparison of Designed Stacked Patch ----------------150
Antennas
7.1 Electrical and Environmental Properties of ----------------158
Ultralam ® 3000 LCP material
7.2 Liquid crystal antenna parameters for single ----------------161
element and 2x2 array
7.3 Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna ----------------163
Dimensions
7.4 Comparison of Liquid Crystal Antennas ----------------169
V. List of Symbols
Symbol Description
λ Wavelength
λc Wavelength corresponding to centre frequency
εr Dielectric constant
εreff Effective dielectric constant
µ Permeability
µ0 Permeability of free space
∆ε Dielectric anisotropy
αd Dielectric Loss
αc Conduction Loss
αt Total Loss
ᶺ Constant depending on strip thickness
η0 Impedance of Free Space
c Speed of light
D Directivity
E Efficiency
f Frequency
fH Frequency on higher side of the band
fL Frequency on lower side of the band
fr Resonant Frequency
fu Highest frequency in the band
G Gap between ground plane and feed line
Gr Radiation Conductance
Gn Directive gain
h Height of dielectric substrate
0
HP E E-plane Half power beam width in degrees
K0 Wave number in the dielectric
∆L Change in Length
Leff Effective length
Lp Length of the patch
Ls Length of the substrate
Γ Reflection coefficient
εo Permeability in free-space
σ Electric conductivity
σ* Magnetic conductivity
σc Conductivity of metal
P Perimeter
Prad Radiated power
Pl Length of the Patch
Pw Width of the Patch
Q Quality factor
R Radius of Patch
Rs High frequency surface resistance
R’s Effective surface resistance of conductor
S11 Return loss
Sl Substrate Length
Sw Substrate Width
tanδ Loss tangent of dielectric
U Radiation intensity
W width of the strip
W’ Effective Strip Width
Wp Width of the patch
Ws Width of the substrate
Z Input impedance
Z0 Characteristic impedance
VI. List of Abbreviations
AR Axial Ratio
BAVA Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna
CATR Compact Antenna Test Range Measurement
CP Circular Polarization
CPW Coplanar Wave Guide
CTE Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
CWSA Constant Width Slot Antenna
EBG Electro Magnetic Bandgap Structure
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FEM Finite Element Method
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile
Communications
HFSS High Frequency Structure Simulator
ISM Industrial Scientific Medical
LC Liquid Crystal
LCP Liquid Crystal Polymer
LTCC Low Temperature Co-Fired Ceramic
MEMS Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
PMA Printed Monopole Antenna
PTFE Poly Tetra Fluro Ethylene
SDARS Satellite Digital Audio Radio Services
SOP System on Chip
SW Surface Wave
TEM Transverse Electric Mode
TMM Transverse Magnetic Mode
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UWB Ultra Wideband
VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
WBAN Wireless Body Area Network
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WWAN Wireless Wide Area Network
Introduction Chapter1
Chapter 1
1. Introduction
Basically microstrip element consists of an area of metallization support above the

ground plane, named as microstrip patch. The supporting element is called substrate
material which is placed between the patch and the ground plane [1]. The microstrip
antenna can be fabricated with low cost lithographic technique or by monolithic
integrated circuit technique. Using monolithic integrated circuit technique we can
fabricate phase shifters, amplifiers and other necessary devices, all on the same
substrate by automated process [2]. In majority of the cases the performance
characteristics of the antenna depends on the substrate material and its physical
parameters. This unit will give the basic picture regarding microstrip antenna
configurations, methods of analysis and some feeding techniques.
1.1 Introduction to Microstrip Patch Antennas and its parameters
In the microstrip antenna the upper surface of the dielectric substrate supports the
printed conducting strip which is suitably contoured while the lower surface of the
substrate is backed by a conducting ground plane [3]. Such antenna sometimes called
a printed antenna because the fabrication procedure is similar to that of a printed
circuit board. Many types of microstrip antennas have been evolved which are
variations of the basic structure. Microstrip antennas can be designed as very thin
planar printed antennas and they are very useful elements for communication
applications [4].
Fig 1 Basic Structure of Microstrip Patch Antenna
So many advantages and applications can be mentioned for microstrip patch antennas
over conventional antennas. There are several undesirable features we encountered
with conventional antennas like they are bulky, conformability problems and difficult
1
to perform multiband operations so on. The advantages include planar surface,

possible integration with circuit elements, small surface, generate with printed circuit
technology and can be designed for dual and multiband frequencies [5].
Disadvantages include narrow bandwidth, low RF power handling capability, larger
ohmic losses and low efficiency because of surface waves etc. For the last two
decades, researchers have been struggling to overcome these problems and they
succeeded many times with their novel designs and new findings.
1.2 Feed Methods
There are mainly four basic methods for the feeding to these antennas
Probe Coupling Method
Microstrip Line Feeding Method
Aperture Coupled Microstrip Feed Method
Proximity Coupling Method
1.2.1 Probe Coupling Method
Coupling of power to the microstrip patch antenna can be done by probe feeding
method. The inner conductor of the probe line is connected to patch lower surface
through slot in the ground plane and substrate material [6]. To get perfect impedance
matching we need to find out the location of the feed point over the antenna element.
Coupling   Ez J z dv  cos(x0 / L) --------- (1)
v
Design simplicity and input impedance adjustment through feed point positioning,
makes this feeding method popular. But there are some limitations also like larger
lead for thicker substrate, difficulty in soldering for array elements etc.
(a) (b)
Fig 1.1 Probe Coupling Method a) Top View b) Side View
2
1.2.2 Microstrip Line feeding Method:
Using microstrip line we can give excitation to the antenna as shown in the figure
1.2. This method is very simple to design and fabricate. But this technique suffers
from some limitations. If substrate thickness is increased in the design then the
surface waves and the spurious radiation also increases. Because of that the
undesired cross polarization radiation arises. Microstrip line feeding can be used in
the conditions where performance of the antenna is not a strict matter. The edge-
coupled feed can be improved with coplanar wave guide feeding.
(a) (b)
Fig 1.2 Geometry of direct microstrip feed microstrip patch antenna a) Top view b) Side view
(a) (b)
Fig 1.3 Geometry of recessed microstrip line feed patch antenna a) Top view b) Side view
1.2.3 Proximity Coupled Method:
This method can be employed, where two or multilayer substrate configuration is

considered. Generally in this configuration, microstrip line will be placed on lower
substrate and the patch element will be placed on the upper substrate. Other name for
this feeding is electromagnetically coupled feed. Capacitive nature will appear
between feed line and patch in this case. By choosing thin lower substrate layer and
3
placing patch on top layer will improve the bandwidth and reduce the spurious
radiation. Fabrication of this feeding is slightly difficult because of alignment
problems in feed and patch at proper location. Peaceful thing is soldering and related
problems can be eliminated.
(a) (b)
Fig 1.4 Geometry of proximity coupled microstrip feed patch antenna a) Top View b) Side view
(a) (b)
Fig 1.5 Geometry of patch antenna fed by an adjacent microstrip line a) Top view b) Side view
1.2.4 Aperture Coupled Feed Method:
This method employs ground plane between two substrates. A slot will be placed on
the ground plane and feed line will be placed on lower substrate. This will be
electromagnetically connected to patch on the upper substrate through the ground
plane slot. One should take care about substrate parameters and they have to choose
in a way that feed optimization and independent radiation functioning can exist. The
coupling slot should be nearly cantered so that the patch magnetic field will be
maximum. Coupling amplitude can be calculated by
4
 
Coupling   M . H dv  sin(x0 / L) --------- (2)
v
(a) (b)
(c)
Fig 1.6 Geometry of an aperture coupled feed microstrip patch antenna a) Top view b) Side
view c) Pictorial view
1.2.5 Summary of Advantages and Disadvantages of Feeding Methods
Table 1 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the four feeding methods
discussed above.
Advantages Disadvantages
 No direct contact between feed  Multilayer fabrication

and patch required.
Proximity
 Can have large effective thickness
Coupled
for patch substrate and much
thinner feed substrate
 Monolithic  Spurious radiation from feed
 Easy to fabricate line, especially for thick
 Easy to match by controlling substrate when line width is
Microstrip Line
 Insert position significant
 Easy to match
 Low spurious radiation
 Easy to match  Large inductance for thick
Coaxial Feed  Low spurious radiation substrate
 Soldering required
5
 Use of two substrates avoids  Multilayer fabrication

deleterious effect of a high- required
dielectric constant substrate on  Higher back lobe radiation
the bandwidth and efficiency
 No direct contract between feed
Aperture
and patch avoiding large probe
Coupled
reactance or width microstrip line
 No radiation from the feed and
active devices since a ground
plane separates them from the
radiating patch
Table 1.1 The comparisons between the four common feeding methods for microstrip patch
antenna
1.3 Methods of analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna

The most popular methods for the analysis of microstrip patch antennas are the
transmission line model, cavity model and full wave model (which include primarily
integral equations/moment method). The transmission line model is the simplest of
all and it gives good physical insight but it is less accurate. The cavity model is more
accurate and gives good physical insight but is complex in nature. The full wave
models are extremely accurate, versatile and can treat single elements, finite and
infinite arrays, stacked elements, arbitrary shaped elements and coupling.
1.3.1 Transmission Line Model
This model represents the microstrip antenna by two slots of width ‘w’ and height
‘h’, separated by transmission line of length ‘L’. The microstrip is essentially a non
homogeneous line of two dielectrics, typically substrate and air.
Fig 1.7 Electric Field Lines
As seen from the Fig 1.7, most of the electric field lines lies reside in the substrate
and parts of some lines in air. As a result, this transmission line cannot support pure
transverse electric-magnetic (TEM) mode of transmission, since phase velocities
would be different in the air and the substrate. Instead, the dominant mode of
propagation would be the quasi-TEM mode [7]. Hence an effective dielectric
constant (εreff) must be obtained in order to account for the fringing and the wave
propagation in the line. The value of εreff is slightly less than εr because the fringing
6
fields around the periphery of the patch are not confined in the dielectric substrate
but are also spreads in the air. The expression for εreff is given by
εreff = (εreff+1)/2 + (εreff-1)/2 [1+12h/w]-1/2 ------ (3)
Where εreff = Effective dielectric constant

εr = Dielectric constant of substrate
h = Height of the dielectric substrate
w = Width of the patch
1.3.2 Cavity model
In the cavity model, the region between the patch and the ground plane is treated as
a cavity that is surrounded by magnetic walls round the periphery and by electric
walls from the top and bottom sides. Since thin substrates are used, the field inside
the cavity is uniform along the thickness of the substrate. The fields underneath the
patch for regular shapes such as rectangular, circular, triangular, and sectoral can be
expressed as a summation of the various resonant modes of the two-dimensional
resonator.
The fringing fields around the periphery are taken care of by extending the patch
boundary outward so that the effective dimensions are larger than the physical
dimensions of the patch. The effect of the radiation from the antenna and the
conductor loss are accounted for by adding these losses to the loss tangent of the
dielectric substrate. The far field and radiated power are computed from the
equivalent magnetic current around the periphery [8].
An alternate way of incorporating the radiation effect in the cavity model is by

introducing an impedance boundary condition at the walls of the cavity. The fringing
fields and the radiated power are not included inside the cavity but are localized at
the edges of the cavity. However, the solution for the far field, with admittance walls
is difficult to evaluate.
1.3.3 Multiport Network Model
The Multiport Network Model (MNM) for analyzing the microstrip antenna is an
extension of the cavity model. In this method, the electromagnetic fields underneath
7
the patch and outside the patch are modelled separately. The patch is analyzed as a
two-dimensional planar network, with a multiple number of ports located around the
periphery [9]. The multiport impedance matrix of the patch is obtained from its two-
dimensional Green’s function. The fringing fields along the periphery and the
radiated fields are incorporated by adding an equivalent edge admittance network.
The segmentation method is then used to find the overall impedance matrix. The
radiated fields are obtained from the voltage distribution around the periphery [10].
The above three analytical methods offer both simplicity and physical insight. In
the latter two methods, the radiation from the microstrip antenna is calculated from
the equivalent magnetic current distribution around the periphery of the radiating
patch, which is obtained from the corresponding voltage distribution. Thus, the
microstrip antenna analysis problem reduces to that of finding the edge voltage
distribution for a given excitation and for a specified mode. These methods are
accurate for regular patch geometries. For complex geometries, the numerical
techniques described below are employed.
1.3.4 Method of Moments
In the Method of Moments (MoM) the surface currents are used to model the
microstrip patch and polarization currents in the dielectric slab are used to model the
fields in the dielectric slab [11]. An integral equation is formulated for the unknown
currents on the microstrip patches, feed lines and their images in the ground plane.
The integral equations are transformed into algebraic equations that can be easily
solved using a computer. This method takes into account the fringing fields outside
the physical boundary of the two-dimensional patch, thus providing a more exact
solution.
1.3.5 Finite Element Method
The Finite Element Method (FEM), unlike the MoM, is suitable for volumetric
configurations. In this method, the region of interest is divided into a number of
finite surfaces or volume elements depending upon the planar or volumetric
structures to be analyzed. These discredited units, generally referred to as finite
elements, can be any well-defined geometrical shapes such as triangular elements for
planar configurations and tetrahedral and prismatic elements for three-dimensional
8
configurations, which are suitable even for curved geometry [12]. It involves the
integration of certain basic functions over the entire conducting patch, which is
divided into a number of subsections. The problem of solving wave equations with
inhomogeneous boundary conditions is taken by decomposing it into two boundary
value problems, one with Laplace’s equation with an inhomogeneous boundary and
the other corresponding to an inhomogeneous wave equation with a homogenous
boundary condition.
1.3.6 Spectral Domain Technique
In the Spectral Domain Technique (SDT), a two-dimensional Fourier transform

along the two orthogonal directions of the patch in the plane of substrate is
employed. Boundary conditions are applied in Fourier transform plane. The current
distribution on the conducting patch is expanded in terms of chosen basis functions
and the resulting matrix equation is solved to evaluate the electric current distribution
on the conducting patch and the equivalent magnetic current distribution on the
surrounding substrate surface. The various parameters of the antennas are then
evaluated.
1.3.7 Finite Difference Time Domain Method
The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method is well-suited for microstrip
antennas, as it can conveniently model numerous structural in-homogeneities
encountered in these configurations. It can also predict the response of the microstrip
antenna over the wide bandwidth with a single simulation. In this technique, spatial
as well as time grid for the electric and magnetic fields are generated over which the
solution is required. The spatial discretizations along three Cartesian coordinates are
taken to be same. The E-cell edges are aligned with the boundary of the
configuration and H-fields are assumed to be located at the centre of each E-cell.
Each cell contains information about material characteristics. The cells containing
the sources are excited with a suitable excitation function, which propagates along
the structure. The discretized time variations of the fields are determined at desired
locations. Using a line integral of the electric field, the voltage across the two
locations can be obtained. The current is computed by a loop integral of the magnetic
9
field surrounding the conductor, where the Fourier transform yields a frequency
response.
The above numerical techniques, which are based on the electric current
distribution on the patch conductor and the ground plane, give results for any
arbitrarily shaped antenna with good accuracy, but they are time consuming. These
methods can be used to plot current distributions on patches but otherwise provide
little of the physical insight required for antenna design.
1.4 Measurement of Antenna Characteristics
The antennas, in general, are characterised by parameters like gain, input impedance,
directivity, radiation pattern, effective area and polarization properties. The
experimental procedure to find the parameters of the antenna is discussed in the
following sections. The S parameters can be determined with Vector Network
Analyzer and radiation patterns can be computed through the antenna measurement
setup in connection with Network analyzer. The cables and connectors have its losses
associated at higher frequency bands. The measuring instrument should be calibrated
before using it. There are many calibration procedures are available in network
analyzer. Single port, full two port and TRL calibration methods are generally used.
Return loss, VSWR and input impedance can be measured using single port
calibration method.
1.4.1 Return loss and VSWR
The reflection coefficient at the antenna input is the ratio of the reflected voltage to
the incident voltage and is same as the S11 when the antenna is connected at the port
1 of the network analyzer. It is the measure of the impedance mismatch between the
antenna and the source line. The degree of mismatch is usually described in terms of
Return loss or VSWR. The return loss (RL) is the ratio of the reflected power to the
incident power, expressed in dB as
RL   20 log(  )   20 log( S11 )   S11 (dB ) ------ (4)
The frequency corresponding to return loss minimum is taken as resonant frequency

of the antenna. The range of frequencies for which the return loss value is less than -
10
10 dB points is usually treated as bandwidth of the antenna. The bandwidth of the

antenna can be expressed as percent of bandwidth
Bandwidth
% Bandwidth  *100 ------ (5)
Center frequecny
The voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is the ratio of the voltage maximum to the
minimum of the standing wave existing on the antenna input terminals. VSWR
equals to 2 gives a return loss of approximately equals to 10 dB and it is set as the
reasonable limits for a matched antenna.
1.4.2 Q factor
It represents the antenna loss factor and it is given by
1 1 1 1 1
    -------- (6)
Qt Qr Qc Qd Qsw
Where Qt represents total Q factor of the patch antenna, Qr is Q factor due to the
radiation losses, Qc is due to conduction losses and Qd is due to dielectric losses. For
thin substrates losses due to the surface wave Qsw are very small and can be
neglected, thus
1
1 1 1 1 
    ------- (7)
Qt  Qr Qc Qd 
Approximate formulas for individual Q factors are given by

1
Qd  ------- (8)
tan 
Where tan  is loss tangent of the dielectric
Qc  h 0 f r c ------- (9)
Where  c is conductivity of the metal

Qr  ------- (10)
4Gr Z 0
11
Where Gr is the radiation conductance and Z 0 is the characteristic impedance of the
patch.
1.4.3 Efficiency
The radiation efficiency of the antenna can be defined as the ratio of the radiated
power to the input power. It can be expressed in terms of Q factor, which for a
microstrip patch antenna is
Qt
e ------- (11)
Qrad
1.4.4 Antenna gain and Directivity
Antenna gain is the ratio of the intensity of an antenna’s radiation in the direction of
strongest to that of a reference antenna, when both the antennas are fed by the same
input power. If the reference is an isotropic antenna, the gain is often expressed in
units of dBi. The gain of the antenna is a passive phenomenon – power is not added
by the antenna, but redistributed to provide more radiated power in certain directions
than would be transmitted by an isotropic antenna.
The directive gain of antenna is given by Gn  eD , where ‘e’ is efficiency and ‘D’ is
directivity.
(4k 0W ) 2
D , where  0 is impedance of free space and k0 is the wave number in the
0Gr
dielectric and it is given by k0  w  0 r . It illustrates that directivity is not sensitive
to substrate thickness and resonant frequency and gain increases with patch width
and resonant frequency.
1.4.5 Radiation Pattern
The radiation pattern represents the spatial distribution of electromagnetic field

radiated by the antenna. The pattern will be taken in two planes, namely E-plane and
H-plane. E-plane is the plane containing electric field vector and the direction of
maximum radiation and H-plane is the plane containing the magnetic field vector and
the direction of maximum. By placing antenna in the receiving mode inside the
12
anechoic chamber, E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns will be taken using
antenna measurement setup and network analyzer.
The radiation pattern of the antenna at multiple frequency points can be measured
with single rotation of the test antenna positioner and measurement software.
Positioner will stop at each angle and S21 measurement will be taken at different
frequency points in the operating band. This thing will be repeated till it reaches to
stop angle. The measured data will be stored for the further processing to plot the
graphs.
1.4.6 Physical Measurements
Once antenna is fabricated with specific design on a particular substrate material, we

need to measure the parameters of the antenna like return loss, VSWR, phase, input
impedance and radiation characteristics using Network Analyzer and antenna
measurement setup. These devices are included with digital processors and plotting
equipment so that the output can be obtained in the form of graph or data. There are
mainly two types of network analyzers are available, scalar and vector network
analyzers. Scalar network analyzer measures only the magnitudes of transmission
and reflection coefficients, whereas vector network analyzer measures both
magnitude and phase of the above said parameters. A vector network analyzer
consists of microwave source, signal processor, calibration kit and display unit in
general.
Fig 1.8 R&S ZNB 20 VNA
13
1.4.7Anechoic Chamber
The Anechoic chamber is a room used to measure the antenna characteristics

accurately. The room comprises microwave absorbers fixed on the walls, roof and
floor to avoid EM reflections. High quality low foam impregnated with dielectrically
magnetically lossy medium is used to make the microwave absorber. The tapered
shapes of the absorber provide good impedance match for the microwave power
impinging upon it. Aluminium sheets are used to shield the chamber from
electromagnetic interference from surroundings.
1.4.8 Turn table assembly for far field radiation pattern measurement
A turntable assembly consists of a microcontroller based antenna positioner,

interfaced with the PC for the radiation pattern measurement. The antenna under test
(AUT) is mounted over the turntable assembly and a linearly polarized; wideband
standard horn antenna is used as the transmitter for the radiation pattern
measurement. The main lobe tracking for gain measurement as well as the
polarization pattern measurement is carried out through this setup. The programmed
graphical user interface (GUI) manages the antenna characterization by
synchronizing each component in the system.
Fig 1.9 Antenna Measurement setup
1.4.9 Ansys HFSS (High Frequency Structural Simulator)
Ansys HFSS is one of the globally accepted commercial Finite Element Method
(FEM) solver for electromagnetic structures. The optimization tool available with
HFSS is very useful for antenna engineers to optimize the antenna parameters very
14
accurately. There are many kinds of boundary schemes available in HFSS. Radiation
and PEC boundaries are widely used in this work. The vector as well as scalar
representation of E, H and J values of the device under simulation gives a good
insight in to the problem under simulation.
1.5 Motivation for the work:
The antenna technology has undergone remarkable achievements during past two
decades. Antenna designers require a wide range of substrate materials availability
with stable electrical, mechanical properties over the various ambient operating
conditions. Along with favourable properties and parameters that are required for the
perfect design of antennas, the cost of the material also should be less. In recent
years, many varieties of antennas have been proposed and investigated on different
substrate materials, depending on the applications.
The dimensions of the microstrip antenna depend on the substrate material and the
antenna performance mostly depends on dielectric constant and loss tangent of that
material. The dielectric constant determines the speed at which a signal travels along
a transmission line, and in microwave circuitry also affects the geometry of etched
features on the board. The speed can be fine tuned by the designers with proper
selection of materials with different dielectric constants. Another important factor is
the dissipation factor, which will contribute to the amount of signals power that is
dissipated as it travels along a transmission line.
The main purpose of the thesis is to investigate the performance characteristics of

compact and wideband antennas with respect to different substrate materials. Several
novel designs on commercially available microwave substrates are proposed that
could be successfully implemented in consumer electronics applications. In this work
seven materials are selected with dielectric constants ranging from 2.2 to 9.2. The
dielectric materials that are used in this work with their dielectric constants and loss
tangents are tabulated in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2 Substrate Materials used in this work
Substrate RT- Arlon AD- Ultralam Polyester Plexiglass FR4 Alumina
duroid 250 3850
5880
εr 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.4 4.4 9.2
Tan δ 0.0009 0.0015 0.0025 0.003 0.001 0.02 0.008
15
When one decides to design an antenna using a different dielectric substrate, the time
consuming design process has to be fully repeated. In such situations, the designers
are interested in having simple design formulas that provide a very good
approximation to the final design when sophisticated EM analysis and design
software packages are applied. This thesis addresses this issue and provides simple
design formulas with respect to the resonant frequency and wavelength, which are
suitable for the antenna design. In this thesis, four types of models are considered to
study their behaviour with change in substrate permittivity.
1.6 Thesis organization
Chapter 1 gives the introduction of the thesis. This chapter furnishes the basic
information about microstrip patch antennas theory along with different feeding
techniques and their advantages and disadvantages. Methods of analysis of
microstrip antenna and the antenna basic parameters for its performance evaluation
are outlined. Measurements in the frequency domain such as return loss, VSWR,
gain and radiation patterns are explained. The motivation of the work and thesis
organization is also included in this chapter.
Chapter 2 presents the detailed literature review about compact microstrip antennas.
Past work regarding wideband antennas with bandwidth enhancement methods are
discussed.
Chapter 3 focused on substrate material selection and its importance in the design of
microstrip antennas. Problems associated with surface waves and basic criteria for
substrate selection are clearly paraphrased. Design considerations and specifications
of basic rectangular patch antenna with design equations are presented. Design
considerations for compact and wideband antennas are discussed. Then a detailed
literature review about compact and wideband antennas are conducted.
Chapter 4 centres on the brief introduction about wideband and Ultra wideband
antennas. Different compact and wideband antennas are designed and a common
approach is followed for the antenna development. The proposed antenna designs are
simulated and their resonant modes are identified. The antennas are CPW-fed for
easy fabrication and better integration with microwave monolithic circuits. For
16
bandwidth enhancement tapered step ground technique is adopted and detailed

discussions regarding the antenna parameters are presented. Surface current
distributions on the antenna at the resonant modes and their corresponding radiation
patterns are analyzed in detail. The results of the analysis along with the parametric
studies have enabled to deduce their design equations and design methodologies on
different substrates for the desired operating frequency.
Chapter 5 concentrates on serrated microstrip antennas design and their analysis with
change in substrate permittivity. Six models of serrated aperture patch antennas with
coaxial feeding and two models with coplanar waveguide feeding are designed. In
the case of coaxial fed serrated models dual, triple and multi-bands are achieved and
for CPW fed models, wide bandwidths are attained. Frequency domain performance
parameters are investigated both numerically and experimentally and presented the
comparative analysis.
Chapter 6 imparts on the liquid crystal and liquid crystal polymer antennas for
tuneable and conformal applications. Dielectric anisotropy of liquid crystal substrate
material in the microstrip antenna with small biasing voltage is presented in this
chapter. For conformal applications a flexible liquid crystal polymer dielectric
substrate material based wideband antenna models are discussed and their results are
analyzed in this chapter.
Chapter 7 contributes on two models of multilayered stacked patch antennas. A

combination of U-slot and E-Slot patches on two layers of dielectric substrate
materials in stacked configuration is presented. Multiband characteristics are
achieved with this stacked configuration and its parametric analysis with change is
substrate permittivity is also presented in this chapter. Another model of rotated
stacked patch is proposed with circular polarization. Four patch elements in 300
orientations to each other are arranged on four dielectric substrates. Wideband
characteristics and circular polarization is attained from this design. The antenna
parameters analysis with change in substrate permittivity is also presented in this
chapter.
Chapter 8 lends the conclusion by compiling the overall work and its results along
with a brief description on the scope of research work.
17
Review of Literature Chapter 2
Chapter 2
2. Review of Literature
This chapter serves to review the important developments in the compact and
wideband antennas from its origin. Design considerations of compact antennas and
developments in bandwidth widening techniques are outlined.
2.1 Design Considerations of Compact and Wideband Antennas
Many techniques have been reported to reduce the size of microstrip patch antennas
at a fixed operating frequency. In general, microstrip antennas are half-wavelength
structures and are operated at the fundamental resonant mode TM01 or TM10, with a
resonant frequency given by
C
f .............. (12)
2L  r
Where ‘C’ is the speed of light, ‘L’ is the patch length of the rectangular microstrip
antenna and ‘  r ’ is the relative permittivity of the grounded microwave substrate. It
is found that the radiating patch of the microstrip antenna has a resonant length
approximately proportional to 1 /  r , and a use of microwave substrate with a larger

permittivity thus can result in a smaller physical antenna at a fixed operating
frequency.
The use of an edge shorted patch for size reduction also well known geometry, and
makes a microstrip antenna act as quarter-wavelength structure and thus can reduce
the antenna’s physical length by half at a fixed operating frequency. When a shorting
plate or shorting pin is used instead of shorting wall, the antenna’s fundamental
resonant frequency can be further lowered and further size reduction can be obtained.
Meandering the excited patch surface current paths in the antenna’s radiating patch is
also an effective method for achieving a lower fundamental resonant frequency for
the microstrip antenna. For the case of a rectangular radiating patch, the meandering
can be achieved by inserting several narrow slits at the patch’s non radiating edges.
By embedding suitable slots in the radiating patch, compact operation of microstrip
antennas can be obtained. Fig 2.1 shows some slotted patches suitable for the design
of compact microstrip antennas.
18
Fig 2.1 some of the slotted patches suitable for the design of compact microstrip antennas
With a size reduction at a fixed operating frequency, the impedance bandwidth of

microstrip antenna is usually decreases. To obtain an enhanced impedance
bandwidth, one can simply increase the antenna’s substrate thickness to compensate
for the decreased electrical thickness of the substrate due to the lowered operating
frequency, or one can use a meandering ground plane or a slotted ground plane.
These design methods lower the quality factor of compact microstrip antennas and
result in an enhanced impedance bandwidth. By embedding suitable slots in a
radiating patch, compact operation with an enhanced impedance bandwidth can be
obtained. To achieve a much greater impedance bandwidth with a reduction in
antenna size, one can use compact designs with chip-resistor loading or stacked
shorted patches. However, due to the introduced ohmic loss of the chip-resistor
loading, the antenna gain is decreased, and is estimated to be about 2 dBi, compared
to a shorted patch antenna with a shorting, pin.
Antenna size can be reduced by using very high dielectric materials, but at a cost in
antenna gain is reported by Y. Dakeya [13]. This paper gives the details of chip multi
layer antenna for 2.45GHz application using L TCC technology.
To minimize the size of an antenna while retaining high gain, mainly four kinds of
techniques like shorted wall, meander line, adding skirts and offset slit are applied to
an antenna. M. Chair, K.M. Luk, and K.F. Lee [14] reported one of the techniques to
reduce the size by a quarter-wave by using shorted walls.
19
George J et al [15] proposed a new compact microstrip antenna, which exhibits

similar relation characteristics to those of an equivalent rectangular patch antenna.
Without increasing the aperture area, compactness is achieved in this design.
A compact two port array antenna, which operates in the X-band, is proposed by
Caree Z F [16].This model combines a high gain with a relatively wide bandwidth
conceived using mutual coupling and parasitic coupling techniques.
In order to meet the requirement for Mobile or personal communication systems, a

Microstrip-line-fed compact microstrip antenna with broad band operation is
proposed by Kin-Lu Wong [17]. Using chip resistor loading the resonant frequency
is lowered and improved the bandwidth.
Analysis of a new compact microstrip antenna is presented by George J [18]. Jui-Han

Lu et al [19] propounded a novel single-feed compact dual frequency microstrip
antenna. The two operating frequencies have parallel polarization planes and, by
varying the insetting slit length, the frequency ratios of the two frequencies are
tuneable in the range of 18-2.4GHZ.
A single-feed dual frequency compact microstrip antenna with shorting pin is

proposed by George J [20]. This configuration gives a large variation in frequency
ratio of the two operating frequencies, without increasing the overall size of the
antenna.
A simple technique for calculating the resonance frequencies of a compact arrow

shaped microstrip antenna is tendered by Paulson M [21]. A Novel Compact
microstrip fed dual–band coplanar antenna for wireless local area network is reported
by Raj R K [22]. This model generates two separate resonant modes to cover
2.4/5.2/5.8 GHZ WLAN bands. The proposed antenna occupied an area of 217 mm 2
when printed on FR4 substrate.
A compact microstrip antenna using a wrapped radiating structure and embedded

slits is suggested by Lee B [23]. A Compact microstrip antenna has been designed
and developed by Kumar P et al [24]. A size reduction of 40% at 4.8GHZ is achieved
in this model.
20
A multiband Printed monopole slot antenna promising for operating as an internal

antenna in the thin-profile laptop computer for the wireless wide area network
operation is recommended by Kin-Lu Wong [25]. This antenna covers five operating
bands of GSM 850/ 900/ 1800/ 1900/ UMTS for WWAN operation.
Lin Dang et al [26] proposed a triple band microstrip slot antenna for
WLAN/WIMAX applications. This antenna is providing three impedance
bandwidths of 600 MHZ centred at 2.7 GHZ, 430MHZ centred at 3.5GHZ and 1300
MHZ centred at 5.6GHZ
A compact solution for integrating a Global Positioning System(GPS) and a satellite

Digital Audio Radio Service(SDARS) antenna in a very small volume to satisfy the
requirements of the automotive market by Mariottini [27].
A novel compact dual/triple-band microstrip antenna with an asymmetric M-Shaped

patch is proposed by Lin Peng [28]. The design utilizes vias on the longer arm of the
patch for the purposes of compactness and separating of the operational bands.
A compact wideband multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is designed by

Jian-Feng et al [29].A bandwidth of 92.7% with S11  -10dB and S 21  -18dB from
2.4 to 6.5 GHZ is achieved.
A compact dual band directional antenna is for 2.4/5GHZ wireless access point and
RFID reader applications by XuLin Quan [30].The length of the dipole for the lower
band is shortened by capacitive loading at each end of the dipole, offering the
compact configuration.
A Compact S-band Microstrip antenna with slots is offored by Ambaresh PA [31].

This model is exhibiting dual resonant frequency at 3.55 GHZ and 4.99 GHZ,
resulting in 18.2% Compactness with 270 MHz (7.32%) impedance bandwidth.
A broadband configuration of a shorted-plate folded L-Slot-Cut folded-feed

rectangular microstrip antenna was reported by Deshmukh A A, Ray K P [32]. The
broader bandwidth was obtained due to the coupling between various modes, which
were either a half wave or a quarter wave in length.
21
A probe-fed compact wideband microstrip patch antenna with asymmetric E-shaped

patch, a folded patch-patch feed and shorting pins are presented by Malekpoor H
[33]. Shorting pins are used to miniaturize the size of the patch.
A compact microstrip antenna is proposed by Genovesi S [34] as a Suitable radiating

device for software defined radio system. This model allows the frequency
reconfigurability by activating a subset of the four groups of pin diodes connecting a
central patch to four different peripheral elements.
2.2 Compact Circularly Polarized microstrip antennas
Antennas produce circularly polarized waves when two orthogonal field

components with equal amplitude but in phase quadrature are radiated. Various
printed antennas are capable of satisfying these requirements and they are classified
as resonator and travelling-wave types. A resonator type antenna consists of a single
patch that is capable of simultaneously supporting two orthogonal modes in phase
quadrature or an array of linearly polarized resonating patches with proper
orientations. A travelling-wave type of antenna is usually constructed from a
microstrip transmission line. It generates circular polarization by radiating
orthogonal field components along discontinuities in the travelling-wave line.
Various novel designs have been reported in literature to achieve compact

circularly polarized (CP) radiation with microstrip antennas. Compact CP designs
can be achieved by embedding suitable slots or slits in the radiating patch or the
antenna’s ground plane. Two types of feeding schemes can be accomplished. The
first type is a dual-orthogonal feed which employs an external power divider
network. The other is a single-point feed for which an external power divider is not
required.
Wood C et al [35] proposed a new technique for the inherent generation of circular
polarization from a compact Microstrip antenna. Good characteristics are obtained
from both circular and spiral antennas with bandwidth up to 40% at 10GHZ for an
average efficiency of 50% owing to power observed in the line termination.
22
Kin-Lu Wong et al [36] designed a triangular Microstrip antenna with shorting pins
to reduce the antenna size at given operating frequency. Variations of the resonant
frequency of the antenna with different shorting pin positions are presented in this
work.
Wen Shyang Chen et al [37] proposed a novel compact circular polarization

operation of the square Microstrip antenna with four slits and a pair of truncated
corners. Size reduction about 36% compared to the conventional corner truncated
square Microstrip antenna at a given operating frequency is achieved.
Deshmukh A A et al [38] Proposed broadband compact rectangular Microstrip

antenna with cutting a half U-Slot inside the patch. Due to the two resonant slots, the
antenna gives more bandwidth as compared to a rectangular-slot-cut Microstrip
antenna.
Nasimuddin et al [39] proposed a compact symmetric-slit square Microstrip patch

antennas for circular polarized radiation. Circularly polarized radiation is achieved
by slightly varying the slits circumference along one of the diagonal axes.
Esfahlani S H S et al [40] proposed a compact single-layer, Single-feed, Dual

frequency Microstrip antenna with a high frequency ratio. The antenna is
miniaturized by 46% compared to the conventional Rectangular Patch antenna.
Nasimuddin et al [41] presented a compact circularly polarized diagonally symmetric

slotted microstrip patch antenna. Circularly polarized radiation is achieved using any
arbitrary shaped slots in diagonal directions on the square Microstrip patch antenna.
Different shapes for the slots are studied and compared by fixing the overall volume
of the antenna.
Jun-Won Kim et al [42] Presented a compact multiband Microstrip antenna by

placing inverted L and T shaped parasitic elements at both the radiating apertures.
The antenna has dimensions of 0.26 L  0.25 L  0.03 L ,Where L is free space
wave length at 2.0175GHZ.
Chakraborty U et al [43] Proposed a compact Dual Band rectangular microstrip

antenna, which is realized by two different single slotted single-Band rectangular
Microstrip antennas with slotted ground plane. The proposed antenna needs the
23
required impedance bandwidth, necessary for dual-band IEEE 802.11a WLAN

applications.
Reddy V.V, Sarma NVSN [44] presented a compact fractal boundary microstrip
antenna for circular polarization. By replacing the sides of a square patch with
asymmetrical pre-fractal curves, two orthogonal modes are exited for circular
polarization.
2.3 Compact printed antennas on different substrate materials
The size and performance of the antenna depends mostly on substrate material
selection. Researchers are choosing different substrate materials depending on their
application requirement. The substrate material dielectric constant will determine the
speed at which signal travels along the transmission line. The past work related to the
substrate material selection and its effect on the antennas is partially projected in this
chapter.
Katehi P [45] presented the effect of substrate thickness and permittivity on the
printed circuit dipoles. Schaubert D H el al [46] presented the results of an
experimental study of Microstrip patch antennas on moderately thick substrates with
relative permittivity of 10 and 13.
Schaubert D H et al [47] set forth a set of measurements as patch antennas on

substrates of varying thickness and permittivity, using three types of feeds. The
measurements show that, erratic results may be obtained for substrates thicker than
about 0.02 0 , where 0 is free space wave length at resonant frequency.
Kot J S et al [48] proffered an integrated antenna which operates well on thick, high
permittivity substrates using a combined integral-equation and mode matching
method. Muldavin, Jeremy B [49] presented 30 GHZ linear tapered slot antennas
(LTSE) and 94 GHZ constant width slot antennas (CSWA) on synthesized low
dielectric constant substrates.
Hoorfar A, Perrrotta A [50] conducted an experimental study of rectangular

microstrip antennas on two ceramic composite substrates, Barium-Titanite with
 r =37 and Neodymium-Titanite Substrate with  r =85.
24
Tehrani H el al [51], put forward microstrip-Fed Ring slot antennas on low dielectric
permittivity substrates. By extending the single Microstrip feed to couple to two slot
locations, the antennas’ operating frequency ratios and polarizations are tuned.
Byongje Lee el al [52] proposed a new technique to reduce the overall dimension of
microstrip antenna using a partially filled high permittivity substrate.
Aditya s et al [53] presented high gain linearly polarized microstrip patch antenna
operating at 24 GHz on two high permittivity substrates. Surface waves problem is
avoided by introducing an air gap between the slot and the patch with the help of
micro-matching or spacer Layer.
Nasimuddin et al [54] proposed a new compact proximity coupled circular microstrip

antenna on high permittivity substrate (  r =10.2) to increase the gain. Latif I et al
[55] presented nearly equal co-polar patterns in the two principal planes from
circular patch antennas. Especially, with finite ground and for a particular substrate
permittivity, radiation patterns in two planes are investigated.
Yue Li et al [56] proposed an antenna consisting of a patch and two parasitic

monopoles on the high permittivity substrate inside a cavity of the metallic cover.
Dey s et al [57] presented the design and analysis of narrowband WBAN antenna at
the frequency 2.4 GHZ on three different substrate materials with  r =3 and 1.25.The
effect of bending at five different angles on impedance matching and radiation

patterns are studied.
Chen r c et al [58] proposed a novel Inverted E-shaped monopole antenna on high

permittivity substrate for industrial, Scientific, medical(ISM), HIPERLAN and
WIMAX applications. Yahya et al [59] presented the effect of rain water and sea
water on the permittivity of denim jean substrate and its performance on UWB eye
shaped textile antenna is investigated.
D C Thompson [60] presented the characterization of liquid crystal polymer material

and transmission lines on LCP substrates from 30-110 GHz.
G Dejean et al [61] proposed a new organic material for the development of

multilayer dual frequency/dual polarization flexible antenna arrays. Liquid crystal
polymer material based array model is used in this work.
25
Martin N P [62] proposed a liquid crystal patch antenna which can be tuned between
certain frequency range. Dolphi et al [63] proposed a new design of phase shifter
using liquid crystal material. Penirschke [64] presented cavity perturbation method
for characterization of liquid crystals up to 35 GHz.
2.4 Serrated and Fractal Antennas
In nature, various self similar configurations are observed, which are usually referred
to as fractal geometries. For example, tree branches, cloud shapes and plant leaves
may represent fractal geometries. Mandelbrot [65] first introduces the fractal
geometry in 1975, in which each subsection has the characteristics of the whole
structure in a smaller scale. This is the basic property of self similarity. Fractal
geometries have been applied in various fields like antennas and radiators. Generally
the utilization of fractal geometries in antennas tends to reduce their physical sizes
and produce multi-band response in their radiation characteristics.
The fractal geometries such as Koch, Hilbert and tree factors [66] were used for
dipole and ring antenna. If the antenna size is less than a quarter – wavelength, it
does not become an efficient radiator. But fractal geometries can overcome such
short comings. The property of self similarity of fractal geometries is used to achieve
multi band operations from fractal antennas and their space filling property is used
for the antenna miniaturization [67-68].
Gianvittorio J P [69] proposed a fractal geometry involving a recursive generating

methodology that results in contours with infinitely intricate fine structures.
Azari A [70] proposed a new super wide band octagonal fractal micro-strip antenna
for the communication applications. This model covers a large frequency range from
10 – 50 GHz with 40 GHz bandwidth.
Kanth R K et al [71] proposed a different fractal structure navigational antenna at

low cost. This antenna is designed to exhibit dual band characteristics with low
profile dimension.
Gianvittorio J P [72] proposed frequency selective surfaces using fractal iterative

techniques. Minkowski and Sierpinski carpet fractals have been utilized in the design
26
of 3 surfaces which exhibit 2 or 3 stop bands depending on how many iterations are
used to generate the geometry of the cell.
Abdullah N [73] proposed a new design of Minskowsi fractal antenna for dual band
applications of Global Positioning System and Global System for Mobile
Frequencies.
Gemio J et al [74] proposed a triangular monopole on a fractal based ground plane to

obtain a dual band for the 802.11 standard WLAN. In this model, operating bands are
adjusted using the height of the monopole, the dimensions of the ground plane and
the scale factor used to create the fractal shape.
Krzysztofik W J [75] proposed a fractal monopole antenna for dual ISM band
applications. This model is compact in size and highly efficient to allocate both the
2.4 & 5.2 GHz ISM bands.
Werner D H [76] proposed a small dual band Sierpinski gasket monopole antenna
using the first and second resonant bands by controlling the flare angle and the
similarity factor of the Sierpinski gasket.
Tsachtsiris G F et al [77] proposed the analysis of modified Sierpinski gasket

monopole antenna printed on dual band wireless devices. This antenna possesses a
small physical size, high efficiency and the ability to allocate both the 2.4 & 5.2 GHz
industrial Scientific and medical bands without the need of a matching network.
Shamina V A, Suma M N [78] proposed a compact ultra wide band planar serrated
antenna with notch band ON/OFF control. This model is achieved by a micro-strip
fed staircase patch with an identical inverted ground plane. Shamina V A [79]
proposed a compact CPW-fed planar monopole antenna for Ultra wideband
applications. The proposed antenna yields a wide band width ranging from 3.1 – 11.4
GHz.
Saksri W, Krairiksh M [80] proposed a couple microstrip antenna employing serrated

coupling suitable for mobile handsets in wireless communication systems. This
design proposes the serration of coupled microstrip antenna to improve the
impedance characteristics [81].
27
2.5 CPW-Fed UWB Antennas
Due to high speed data rate and excellent immunity to multi-path interference, UWB
technology is giving the solution for future communication systems. The Ultra
Wideband Antenna will behave like a band pass filter and reshapes the spectra of
pulses. The main features of the Ultra Wideband Antenna design are directional or
Omni-directional radiation patterns, constant group delay over the entire band,
constant gain and high radiation efficiency with low profile.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 2002 released the UWB range of

3.1–10.6 GHz, which opened the gates to the researchers to use this band for wireless
communication systems applications.
Some models have been proposed for Ultra Wideband applications by K L Wong
[82], H Schantz [83], K Siwiaka et al. [84] and Federal Communication report [85].
A microstrip planar circular disc monopole antenna has been proposed by Xuan Hu
Wu [86]. This model presents a coplanar waveguide fed circular UWB Antenna with
flexible circuit integration via holes and wider impedance bandwidth.
Kuang-Chih Huang [87] proposed a new design to obtain band-notch characteristics

in planar monopoles. Actually Ultra Wideband was achieved and on the other hand
certain bands are avoided from the existing wideband characteristics. In this model,
they demonstrated the Ultra Wideband operation with a notched frequency band and
effects of the dimensions with respect to inverted – v-shaped slot on the notched
frequency band.
D Porcino and W Hirt [88] proposed a high performance antenna to satisfy wireless
applications with multiband or broadband to support multiple services.
H M Shen et al. [89] and K Y A Lai et al. [90] proposed some conical antennas and
N P Aggarwal [91], M J Ammann [92], Z N Chen [93] proposed some planar
monopole antennas with Electromagnetic compatibility to the existing systems.
T Chang [94] and T Taniguchi [95] proposed new antennas to provide low VSWR in
extremely wide frequency ranges.
28
Gautam A K [96] proposed a novel coplanar waveguide fed compact ultra wideband
antenna. In this model, by loading inverted – L-Strip over the conventional monopole
patch antenna, antenna height is reduced.
Tanyer Tigrek F M et al [97] presented the working principles of coplanar waveguide

fed Ultra wideband printed antennas. The behaviour of the current distributions at
different frequencies is examined.
Tang Z J et al [98] proposed a novel coplanar waveguide fed printed antenna with
two asymmetric U – shaped strips for Ultra wideband applications. The asymmetric
radiating structure with 2 U-shaped strips and a staircase shaped strip is adopted in
the proposed antenna which broadens the bandwidth to a great extent.
Chen M E, Wang J H [99] proposed a novel crescent patch printed antenna for UWB
applications. A relative impedance bandwidth of 129% is achieved with this model
which covers 3-14 GHz.
Azar Manesh M [100] presented a Compact UWB CPW-fed printed monopole

antenna with single and double band rejection characteristics. The impedance
bandwidth of 8.4 GHz over 2.6-11 GHz for a VSWR < 2 is attained in this model.
Majidjadeh M [101] proposed a novel microstrip fed monopole antenna with

modified tapered step ground structure is presented for ultra-wideband applications.
The antenna has a compact size of 18x12x1.6 mm and covers the frequency range
2.3-21.4 GHz.
Abbosh A M [102] proposed a method to design a microstrip fed antipodal tapered

step slot antenna, which covers has ultra-wideband performance with miniature
dimensions.
Ojaroudi et al [103] proposed a novel modified printed monopole antenna (PMA) for
ultra-wideband applications. The proposed antenna consists of a truncated ground
plane and radiating patch with two tapered steps, which provides wideband
behaviour and relatively good matching.
29
2.6 Stacked Patch antennas
S D Targonski and R B Waterhouse [104] designed a wideband aperture stacked

patch antenna. In this model effect of different key parameters of the antenna
bandwidth is investigated.
Rowe [105] presented a coplanar wave guide fed aperture coupled patch antenna
mounted on a finite sized ground plane that incorporates a reflector element to reduce
backward radiated fields.
G Kumar, K P Ray [106] presented different techniques to attain the broadband

characteristics in the antenna design.
K Ghorbani [107] proposed dual polarized wide-band aperture stacked patch

antenna. This antenna is based upon an aperture stacked patch layout and
incorporates a simple dual layered feeding technique to achieve dual polarization. Z
N Chen [108] discussed some of the techniques for broadband characteristics in the
antennas with stacked configuration.
A simple technique is developed to increase the axial ratio bandwidth and quality of
circularly polarized stacked microstrip antennas using a new C type single feed by
Nasimuddin et al [109]. This antenna has achieved 3 dB AR bandwidth of 13.5% and
gain more than 7.5 dB.
Design and analysis of single fed rectangular stacked patch with circular polarization
over the broadband is proposed by S Shekhawat et al [110]. Axial ratio bandwidth
more than 11% and impedance bandwidth more than 27% is achieved from the
proposed model.
H Oraizi et al [111] presented an aperture stacked patch antenna with improvement in

radiation pattern. The operational bandwidth of the proposed structure is increased
from 68% to 76% compared to the traditional aperture stacked patch antenna.
30
Substrate Material Selection and its Importance Chapter 3
Chapter 3
3. Substrate Material Selection and its importance

The first step in designing an antenna is to choose an appropriate substrate. The
substrate in micro strip antennas is principally needed for the mechanical support of
the antenna. To provide this support, the substrate should consist of a dielectric
material, which may affect the electrical performance of the antenna, circuits and
transmission line. A substrate must, therefore, simultaneously satisfy the electrical
and mechanical requirements, which is sometimes difficult to meet.
3.1 Criteria for Substrate Selection:
The following parameters should be considered while selecting the substrate material
in the design of antennas
a) Surface wave excitation
b) Dispersion of the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the substrate
c) Copper loss
d) Anisotropy of the substrate
e) Effects of temperature, humidity and aging
f) Mechanical requirements: conformability, machinability, solderability,
weight, elasticity etc.
g) Cost
The first three factors are of special concern in the millimetre wave range (f>=30
GHz).
3.2 Surface wave Excitation
Surface waves can be excited at the dielectric-to-air interface. Surface waves give
rise to end fire radiation. In addition they can lead to unwanted coupling between
array elements. The phase velocity of surface waves is strongly dependent on the
dielectric constant εr and thickness h of the substrate. The excitation of surface waves
in a dielectric slab backed by a ground plane has been well studied (Collin, Field
Theory of Guided Waves). The lowest order TM mode, TM0, has no cut-off
frequency. The cut-off frequencies for higher order modes (TMn and TEn) are given
by
31
n.c
f c( n )  , n  1,2..... (13)
4h  r  1
Where ‘c’ is the speed of light. The cut-off frequencies for the TEn modes are given
by n=1, 3, 5 ... and the cut-off frequencies for the TMn modes are given by the even
n. For the TE1 mode the calculated values of h/λc (1) are 0.217 for duroid (εr = 2.32),
h (1) c h n
0.0833 for alumina (εr = 9.2). Where (1)
are [c  (1)
, (1)
 ].
c f c c 4 r 1
Thus, the lowest order TE1 mode is excited at 41 GHz for 1.6 mm thick duroid
substrate, and at about 39 GHz for 0.635 mm thick alumina substrate. The substrate
h h
thickness is chosen so that the ratio is well below (1)
( 0 is free-space
0 c
wavelength at operating frequency)
c
h (14)
4 fu  r 1
Where ‘fu ’is the highest frequency in the band of operation. Note that ‘h’ should be
chosen as high as possible under the constraint of (3), so that maximum efficiency is
achieved. Also ‘h’ has to conform to the commerciality available substrates. Another
practical formula for ‘h’ is
0.3c
h (15)
2f u  r
The TM0 mode has no cut-off frequency and is always present to some extent. The
surface TM0 wave excitation becomes appreciable when h/λ > 0.09 (εr =2.3) and
when h/λ > 0.03 (εr =10) generally to suppress the TM0 mode, the dielectric constant
should be lower and the substrate height should be smaller. Unfortunately decreasing
εr increases the antenna size, while decreasing h leads to smaller antenna efficiency
and frequency band. Table 3.1 shows the electrical properties of some commonly
used substrate materials.
Table 3.1 Electrical properties of commonly used substrate materials for microstrip antennas
S No Material Dielectric constant Loss Tangent
1 Unreinforced PTFE, Cuflon 2.1 0.0004
2 Reinforced PTFE, RT Duroid 5880 2.2 (1.5%) 0.0009
3 Fused Quartz 3.78 0.0001
4 96% Alumina 9.4 (5%) 0.0010
5 99.5% Alumina 9.8 (5%) 0.0001
6 Sapphire 9.4, 1.6 0.0001
7 Semi insulating GaAs 12.9 0.0020
32
 Cuflon is a microwave material consisting of pure Teflon resin electroplated

with copper using a process developed by polyflon. Longer tool life can be
expected when drilling cuflon than glass reinforced laminates.
 Reinforced PTFE, RT Duroid materials have features like lowest electrical

loss, low moisture absorption, uniform electrical properties over frequency
and excellent chemical resistance. As per the applications are concerned, they
can be used in microstrip and strip line circuits, millimetre wave applications
and in point to point digital radio antennas.
 Fused quartz or Fused silica is glass consisting of silica in non crystalline

form. The optical and thermal properties of fused quartz are superior to those
of other types of glass due to its purity. Its low coefficient of thermal
expansion also makes it a useful material for precision mirror substrates.
 96% Alumina has good electrical insulation, high mechanical strength,

excellent wear resistance, excellent corrosion resistance and low dielectric
constant value. The applications includes in the area of aerospace
components, automotive sensors, semiconductor components and in electrical
and electronic insulators.
 99.5% Alumina is one of the most widely specified, general purpose technical
ceramic materials. It has very hard and wear resistant with high compressive
strength even against extreme temperatures and corrosive environments.
Table 3.2shows the non electrical properties of the commonly used substrate
materials and Table 3.3 shows the popular Rogers Corporation substrate materials,
which are mostly used in the printed antenna technology.
Table 3.2 Non Electrical properties of commonly used substrate materials for microstrip
antennas
Properties PTFE Fused Quartz Alumina Sapphire GaAs
Temperature range
-55 -260 <+1100 <+1600 -24 -370 -55 -260
(ᵒC)
Thermal
Conductivity 0.0026 0.017 0.35-0.37 0.42 0.46
(w/cm.k)
Coefficient of
16.0-108.0 0.55 6.30-6.40 6.00 5.70
thermal expansion
33
(ppm/k)
Temperature
coefficient of
+350 to 480 +13.0 136.0 110 to 140 -
dielectric constant
(ppm/k)
Minimum thickness
4 2 5 4 4
(mil)
Machinability Good Very Poor Very Poor Poor Poor
Solderability Good Good Good Good Good
Poor for
Dimensional unreinforced,
Good Excellent Good Good
Stability Good for
others
Very
Cost Very Low High Low -
High
Table 3.3 Commonly used materials from Rogers Corporation
Dielectric Dissipation Moisture Coefficient of

S.No Substrate Material
constant εr Factor tanδ absorption thermal expansion
1 RT/duroid 5870 2.33 0.0012 0.02 22,28,173 in x,y,z
2 RT/duroid 5880 2.2 0.0009 0.02 31,48,237 in x,y,z
3 RT/duroid 6002 2.94 0.0012 0.02 16,16,24 in x,y,z
4 RT/duroid 6006 6.45 0.0027 0.05 47,34,117 in x,y,z
5 RT/duroid 6010.2LM 10.7 0.0023 0.01 24,24,47 in x,y,z
6 RT/duroid 6202 2.94 0.0015 0.1 15,15,30 in x,y,z
7 RT/duroid 6002 PR 2.90 0.0020 0.1 15,15,30 in x,y,z
8 RT/duroid RO4003C 3.55 0.0027 0.06 11,14,46 in x,y,z
9 RT/duroid RO4050B 3.66 0.0037 0.06 11,14,46 in x,y,z
10 ULTRALAM® 3850 2.9 0.0025 0.04 17,17,150 in x,y,z
RT/duroid high frequency circuit materials are filled PTFE (random glass or
ceramic) composite laminates for use in high reliability, aerospace and defence
applications. Low electrical loss, low moisture absorption, stable dielectric constant
over frequency are the benefits from this material. It can be used in airborne and
ground based radar systems, millimetre wave applications, military radar systems,
missile guidance systems and space satellite transceivers. RT/duroid 5870 high
frequency laminates are PTFE composites reinforced with glass microfibers.
3.3 Dispersion Effects in the substrate
The dependence of the dielectric constant εr and loss tangent on the frequency is
referred to as frequency dispersion. For frequencies up to 100 GHz (The typical
ranges for printed antennas is <30 GHz), the dispersion of εr is practically negligible.
The losses, however, display noticeable changes with frequency. In general, loss
increases with frequency.
34
3.3.1 Dielectric loss and copper loss
The loss in the feed lines and the patches themselves are usually computed with
formulas, which were first derived for microstrip transmission lines.
3.3.2 Dielectric loss (in dB per unit length, length is in the units used for 0 )
r [ r ( f )  1] tan 
 d  27.3 . eff .
 reff ( f ) ( r  1) 0
(16)
Where λ0 is free space wavelength, tan δ is loss tangent and εr is dielectric constant of
the substrate material.
3.3.3 Copper loss (in dB per unit length)

2
  W'  
  32    
 Rs'   h   w
1.38. hZ .  ,.................... for  1
' 2 h
 0
 32   W  
   h  
c  
  W' 
 '
R Z  ( f ) W 0.667
h   ,......... for w  1
'
6.1 105. s 0 reff .  '
 h  h W  1.444  h

  h  (17)
 reff ( f ) is the effective dielectric constant (generally, dispersive).
1/ 2
r  1 r 1  h w
  .  1  12  ,....................  1
 2 2  W h
 reff (0)   1/ 2 2
  r  1   r  1 .  1  12 h   0.04 1  W   ,..... w  1
 2     
 2  W  h   h
(18)
Alternative expression for the quasi-static approximation of  reff can be found in [5].
The quasi-static expressions need a dispersion correction for frequencies higher than
8 GHz. One possible correction is based on an empirical formula for the dispersive
phase velocity in a microstrip line [5]. We first compute a normalized frequency
(normalized with respect to the cut-off of the TE1 mode):
35
f 4h  r  1
fn  (1)
 .
f c 0 (19)
Then, the dispersive phase velocity is calculated as
1 f n2  reff (0)   r
vp  . .
 0 reff (0) f n2  1
(20)
Finally,
 reff ( f )  (c / v p ) 2 .
(21)
Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the microstrip line (generally, dispersive):

 120  reff w
 ,................ for  1
 W  1.393  0.667 ln  W  1.444  h
  
Z0   h h 
 60  8h W w
 .ln   0.25  ,................................ for  1
  reff W h h
 (22)
 is a constant dependent on the strip thickness t
 h  1.25t 1.25  4W  w 1

1 ' 1  ln   , for 
 W  W   t  h 2

1 h 1 1.25t  1.25 ln  2t  ,..... for w  1
 W '  W
   t  h 2
(23)
W ' is the effective strip width:
W 1.25t   4 W   W' 1
  1  ln    , for 
W'  h h   t  h 2

h W 1.25t   2h   W' 1
 1  ln    ,.... for 
h h   t  h 2
 (24)
Rs| is the effective surface resistance of the conductor:
'
 2     2  
R  Rs 1  arctan 1.4     , 
s
        (25)
Where Rs   f  /  is the high frequency surface resistance of the conductor. Rs

1
relates to the skin–depth  as Rs     . For a uniform surface current distribution
36
over a conducting rod of length l and perimeter of its cross-section P, the resultant
resistance is
Rhf  Rs .l / P, . .
Finally, the total loss is the sum of the conduction and dielectric losses:
t   d   c . (26)
Table 5 gives the skin depth of some of the materials at 2 GHz.
Table 3.4 Skin depth of some materials
Metal Rs [Ohm/square x 107 f] Skin-depth at 2 GHz[  m]

Silver Ag  7
=6.1x10 S/m 1.4
Copper Cu  =5.8x10
7
S/m 1.5
Gold Au  =4.1x10
7
S/m 1.7
Aluminium Al  =3.5x10
7
S/m 1.9
3.4 Composite material Substrates
Material manufacturers tried to combine the characteristics of different materials to

get desired electrical and mechanical properties. The resulting materials are called
the composite materials. Different wide varieties of materials are available with
permittivity range from 2.1 to 10 and loss tangent from 0.0005 to 0.002 at 10 GHz.
Table 3.5 shows the characteristics of some of the laminates. All these substrate
materials are available in large sizes with good mechanical properties for fabrication
of printed circuits. The dielectric constant and loss tangent of some known composite
materials are listed in Table 3.6.
Table 3.5 Characteristics of Laminates at 10 GHz
Dielectric Loss Dimensional Chemical Temperature Relative
S.No Laminate/Substrate
Constant Tangent Stability Resistance range cost
Cross-linked Medium to
1 2.6 0.0005 Good Good -27 to +110
Polystyrene quartz high
Cross -linked Medium to
2 polystyrene quartz, 2.65 0.0005 Good Good -27 to +110 high
Woven
Cross-linked
0.0005
polystyrene- Medium to
3 3 to 15 to Fair to Good Fair -27 to +110
Ceramic, powder high
0.0015
filled
Teflon glass,
4 2.55 0.0015 Good Excellent -27 to +260 Medium
reinforced
Teflon-Ceramic, Medium to
5 2.3 0.001 Fair to Good Excellent -27 to +260
reinforced high
Teflon-quartz,
6 2.47 0.0006 Good Excellent -20 to +260 High
reinforced
7 Teflon-Ceramic, 10.3 0.002 Good Excellent -27 to +260 Low
37
filled
Irradiated
8 polyolefin-glass, 2.42 0.001 Fair Excellent -27 to +100 Medium
reinforced
Polyolefin-Ceramic,
9 3 to 10 0.001 Poor Excellent -27 to +100 High
Powder filled
Medium to
10 Glass-bonded mica 7.5 0.002 Excellent Excellent -27 to +593
high
Silicon resin-
0.0005
11 Ceramic, powder 3 to 25 Fair to Good Good -27 to +268 Medium
to 0.004
filled
Polyester-Ceramic
12 powder filled glass, 6 0.017 Excellent Excellent -27 to +205 Medium
reinforced
Polymethacrylate
13 1.07 0.0009 _ _ _ _
foam, Rohacell 51
Table 3.6 Composite materials characteristics at 10 GHz

S.No Material Dielectric Constant Loss Tangent
1 RT/Duroid 5870 2.33  0.02 0.0012
2 RT/Duroid 5880 2.2 0.0009
3 RT /Duroid 6002 2.94 0.0012
4 RT/Duroid 6006 6.0  0.15 0.0019
5 RT/Duroid 6010.5 10.5  0.25 0.0024
6 Ultralam 2000 2.5  0.05 0.0022
7 RO 3003 3.0  0.04 0.0013
8 TMM-3 3.25 0.0016
9 TMM-4 4.5 0.0017
10 TMM-6 6.5 0.0018
11 TMM-10 9.8 0.0017
12 Trans-Tech D-MAT 8.9-14 <0.0002
13 Trans-Tech S-145 10.0 <0.0002
3.5 Low loss and Low cost Substrates
General microstrip patch antennas at microwave frequencies use substrates such as

quartz, PTFE and honeycomb for good radiation efficiency. The electrical
performance of these materials is quite good but cost is high to place them for
commercial applications like mobile communication, direct broadcasting satellite
reception so on. Generally cost of printed antennas depends on substrate material and
connectors only. FR4 is one of the commercially available low cost materials for
printed antennas above 1 GHz range. Substrate manufacturers introduced so many
materials with good electrical performance at reasonable cost. Some of the low cost
materials are listed in the Table 3.7.
Table 3.7 Low loss and Low cost substrate materials
Dielectric
Manufacture
S. No Material Constant at Loss Tangent at 1 GHz
r
1 GHz
1 R03003 3.00 0.0013 Rogers Corp
38
2 R03006 6.15 0.0013 Rogers Corp

3 R03010 10.2 0.0013 Rogers Corp
4 R04003 3.38 0.0022 Rogers Corp
Taconic
5 TLC-32 3.2 0.003
Plastics
Hewlett-
6 HT-2 4.3 0.0033
Packard
Shawinigan
7 Polyguide 2.32 0.0005
Research
Epoxy/glass(
8 4.4 0.01 -
FR4)
3.6 Design Considerations and Specifications of basic Rectangular patch

Antenna
The main objective is to design a basic microstrip antenna with rectangular shaped
patch operating at a specific frequency. Selecting suitable geometry according to the
substrate material dielectric constant, loss tangent and thickness is crucial in this
process. When substrate material dielectric constant is low, fringing fields around the
patch will increase and thus the radiated power. Antenna efficiency will decrease
with high loss tangent value.
Patch width will affect less on resonating frequency and radiation pattern, but it
affects the bandwidth considerably. Increase in patch width leads to increment in
bandwidth and radiation efficiency. The patch width should be taken more than patch
length without exciting undesired modes. The patch length can be calculated as
c
L -------- (27)
2 fr  r
Fields are not entirely confined to the patch. A fraction of fields lie outside the
physical dimensions of the patch, which is called as fringing fields. The fringing field
effect can be included with effective dielectric constant  reff .
c
L -------- (28)
2 f r  reff
Mainly three essential parameters are required to design the rectangular patch
antenna.
1. Resonant frequency: The designed antenna should operate at that particular
frequency
2. Dielectric Constant of Substrate: Performance deciding factor
3. Substrate Height: Bandwidth improvement factor
39
The design procedure for rectangular microstrip patch antenna at a particular

frequency with suitable substrate material is as follows
1. For the case of coaxial feeding, center of the patch should be considered as origin
and feed location will be represented as (Xf, Yf) from origin. Feed point should be
selected on the patch with input impedance of 50 ohms at a particular location for the
resonating frequency.
2. The width of the antenna can be calculated using the equation
c
W -------- (29)
 r 1
2 f0
2
3. The effective dielectric constant can be calculated using the equation
 r 1  r 1 h
 reff   (1  12 ) 0.5 --------- (30)
2 2 w
4. The effective length can be calculated using the equation
c
Leff  ---------- (31)
2 f 0  reff
5. Active length is given by L  Leff  2L ---------- (32)
6. Ground width and length are given by
Lg  6 h  L
--------- (33)
Wg  6 h  W
7. Finding feed point location for perfect impedance matching once by calculating
the dimensions of the antenna using commercial EM tool, the design and simulation
will be carried out. Nowadays almost all the tools are providing wide range of
substrate material library for choosing particular material. Once after getting
simulation results, then optimization of the model will be done with the tool before
going for the fabrication. Seven substrate materials are considered in this work to
examine the performance of different antennas. These materials dielectric constant
and loss tangent values are provided in Table 1.2 of chapter 1.
40
Substrate Permittivity Effects on Wideband and UWB Antennas Chapter 4
Chapter 4
4. Substrate Permittivity Effects on Wideband and UWB Antennas
In recent years, Wideband and Ultra wideband system designs and applications have
become the focus of short range high speed wireless communication and military
domains for its advantages of high speed data rate, high capability and low power
consumption. The UWB covers the frequency range of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz according to
the approval of Federal Communication Commission (FCC). UWB refers to the
systems with very large bandwidth. This very large bandwidth offers several
advantages like high time resolution, low cost implementation, obstacle penetration,
resistance to interference, covert transmission, co-existence with narrowband
systems and so on. Such advantages enable a wide range of applications of UWB to
communications, radar, imaging and positioning.
UWB also poses several challenges. Due to its extremely large bandwidth, the
interference between UWB and narrowband system is a major concern. The design
of UWB antennas is considerably more challenging than conventional antennas.
Conventional wideband antennas cannot transmit UWB signals without distortion. It
is also more difficult to characterise UWB antennas, as traditional narrowband
antenna parameters are not directly useful to UWB. The design of UWB antennas is
even more challenging for small mobile terminals.
A vertical disc monopole can attain good bandwidth with nearly omnidirectional
radiation pattern. This type of design is not a planar structure i.e. it requires ground
plane perpendicular to the disc. Constructive difficulties are involved in this design,
which limit its applications in practical case. To construct planar version of UWB
disc monopole, either micro strip line or coplanar waveguide feeding structures are
required. This section will cover the CPW fed antennas of different oriented
structures of the wideband applications and substrate material effects on the
performance of these antennas.
4.1 Circular Monopole Antenna

A CPW fed monopole antenna is constructed on single layer metallic structure, as
shown in Fig 4.1. Circular monopole with radius ‘r’ and a 50 ohm coplanar
41
waveguide feed are taken on the same side of the substrate. Ws=26 mm and Ls=32
mm are the width and the length of the substrate material FR4 with εr=4.4 and height
‘h’ =1.6 mm. The feed line width is w=2.6 mm and gap between the feed line and
ground is g=0.4 mm. Length of the feed line is L=10 mm. The overall dimension of
the antenna is 32x26x1.6 mm. Fig 4.2 shows the fabricated prototype of the circular
monopole antenna.
4.1.1 Design steps for Circular monopole Antenna
Radius of the patch is calculated from the equation
F
R (4.1)
2h
 F 
1   eff F ln  1.7726
 2h 
Where
8.791*109
F (4.2)
f r  eff
fr = Resonant Frequency in Hz
εeff = Effective dielectric constant

R = Radius of the patch
h = Height of the substrate in mm
Design a 50Ω CPW line on a substrate with permittivity εr .calculate εeff using εeff =
(εr+1)/2 where εeff is the effective permittivity of the substrate.
42
Width of the substrate Ws = 1.06 λc

Length of the substrate Ls = 1.31 λc
Length of the feed line L = 0.41 λc
Feed line width w = 0.10 λc
Gap between feed line and ground plane g = 0.016 λc
Where λc is the wavelength corresponding to the centre frequency
4.1.2 Circular monopole antenna characteristics:
From Fig 4.3 it is observed that simulated return loss is in good agreement with
measured curve in range of the frequency band. The measured bandwidth ranges
from 3.2 to 12.3GHz with impedance bandwidth of 117% in the desired band. Fig
4.4 showing the VSWR Vs frequency curve and it is been observed that 2:1 ratio is
maintained in the desired band for the current design. Measured return loss obtained
from the R&S ZNB 20 Vector network analyzer is shown in Fig 4.5. By doing
parametric analysis with change in height of the substrate material, it has been
observed from the Fig 4.6 that with 1.2 mm thickness an impedance bandwidth of
83% is obtained, except for the case of the 1.6mm thickness of all the remaining
cases the impedance bandwidth is an average more than 75%.
Fig 4.3 Simulated and measured return loss Vs frequency curve for circular monopole antenna
Fig 4.4 VSWR curve for Circular monopole antenna

43
Fig 4.5 Measured S11 Parameter of circular monopole antenna on R&S ZNB 20 Vector Network
analyzer
Fig 4.6 Parametric analysis of circular monopole antenna with change in substrate height
Fig 4.7 3D view of radiation pattern for CPW fed circular monopole antenna at 7.4 GHz
Fig 4.8 Radiation pattern at 7.4 GHz for circular monopole antenna in E&H Plane
44
Fig 4.7 giving three dimensional radiation view of the circular monopole antenna.
From this Fig 4.7 we can observe that the direction of maximum in the xz-direction.
The radiation patterns in polar coordinates for the antenna is shown in Fig 4.8 at 7.4
GHz. Omni directional radiation pattern can be observed in co-polarization and eight
shaped orientation radiation in cross polarization. Fig 4.9 giving measured and
simulated gain over the frequency band. It is been observed that both measured and
simulated results are almost identical and a peak realized gain of 4 dB is attained in
the measurement. Fig 4.10 shows simulated current distribution over the surface of
the antenna and the corresponding current elements intensity with colour scaling. At
lower frequency the current distribution is mostly concentrated on the feed line
towards x direction. When we go to higher frequencies the current intensity is
maximum at edges of ground plane and radiating element along with feed line.
Gain Vs Frequency
6
Simulated
5 Measured
4
G a in in d B
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Frequency
Fig 4.9 Circular monopole antenna Gain Vs Frequency
Fig 4.10 circular monopole antenna current distribution at 4.3, 7.4 and 9.8 GHz
45
4.1.3 Parametric analysis of circular monopole with change in substrate

permittivity
Fig 4.11 circular monopole antenna parametric analysis of reflection coefficient with change in
permittivity
Parametric analysis with change in substrate permittivity is performed and presented.
Fig 4.11 shows the simulated return loss Vs frequency plot with change in substrate
permittivity. More or less except alumina, remaining materials are giving almost
stable bandwidth in the desired band. Alumina based model is working like a
multiband antenna rather than wideband antenna. Fig 4.12 shows the simulated
VSWR Vs frequency plot with change in substrate permittivity. Table 4.1 shows the
circular monopole antenna dimensions for different substrate materials.
Table 4.1 Circular monopole antenna dimensions (in mm) for different substrate materials
Paramet RT- Arlon AD Ultralam Polyester Plexiglass FR4 Alumina
er in duroid 250A 3850
mm 5880
Ls 36.2 35.6 34.4 33.2 32.8 32 28
Ws 31.4 30.2 29.4 28.1 27.5 26 20
L 16 15 14 13.5 12 10 8
W 3.6 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.1
G 0.2 0.24 0.26 0.3 0.34 0.4 0.6
4.2 Circular Monopole with Tapered Step Ground

The earlier design of circular monopole antenna is modified with tapered step
grounded model as shown in the Fig 4.12. Bandwidth enhancement is achieved by
adding the tapered steps in the ground plane. Antenna is printed on FR4 substrate
with dimensions of 20X20X1.6 mm. The current model is operating in the wideband
from 5.1 to 17 GHz. Simple design with coplanar waveguide feeding has been used
in this model. A simple circular patch is fed by coplanar waveguide feed line and the
ground plane is surrounded by the patch consisting of tapered steps. These tapered
46
steps are giving new path for the current and enhancement in the bandwidth. The
simulation is carried with FEM based HFSS tool and the fabricated model is printed
on FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and loss tangent 0.002.
For decreasing the cost of fabrication and simplicity in the design, circular patch and
the ground plane are printed on same side of the substrate. A simple circular patch
with radius of 4 mm is fed by 50 ohm coplanar waveguide feed line. The width and
length of the feed line are 2 mm and 4.65 mm respectively. The separation between
the feed and the ground plane (G=0.5 mm) and feed width are chosen to reach 50
ohm impedance. The ground plane consisting of simple tapered steps and this newly
created stepped path will leads to the impedance matching improvement and
bandwidth enhancement. The dimensional characteristics of the antenna are G1=8
mm, G2=G3=2 mm, G4=1.5 mm, G5=8.2 mm, L=4.65 mm and W=2 mm
respectively.
Fig 4.12 Circular monopole with tapered step ground
Fig 4.13 Reflection coefficient Vs frequency for circular monopole with tapered step ground
47
Fig 4.14 Parametric analysis for circular monopole with tapered step ground antenna return
loss curve for change in substrate height ‘h’
Fig 4.13 shows the return loss Vs frequency curve for the current model in the
simulation and measurement. It has been observed from the S11 results that simulated
and measured results are in good agreement with each other in the operating band.
Fig 4.14 is showing the parametric analysis with change in the height of the substrate
material. Fig 4.15 is giving S11 parameter for change in the feed gap between feed
line and ground plane. Optimum results are obtained for the case of 0.5 mm
thickness in the gap ‘G’. Fig 4.16 shows the three dimensional view of radiation at
13.3 GHz.
Fig 4.15 Parametric analysis for circular monopole with tapered step ground antenna return
loss curve for change in feed gap ‘G’
Fig 4.16 3D view of radiation pattern for circular monopole with tapered step ground at 13.3
GHz
48
Fig 4.17 Frequency Vs Gain and Efficiency for the circular monopole with tapered step ground
From Fig 4.17 it has been observed that the antenna is providing almost stable gain
in the operating band. Peak realized gain of 4.2 dB is obtained at 9.5 GHz and 13.3
GHz. Efficiency of the antenna is also almost stable and above 80% in the operating
range. Fig 4.18 shows the current distribution of the antenna at 13.3 GHz.
Fig 4.18 Current distribution on circular monopole with tapered step ground at 13.3 GHz
Fig 4.19 Radiation Pattern in E-plane and H-plane for circular monopole with tapered step
ground at 9.5 GHz
49
4.2.1 Design steps of the circular monopole with tapered step ground
Frequency of operating band is taken into account, while deriving the design
equations. Step by step procedure for the design of the antenna is paraphrased
1) Design a 50Ω CPW line on a substrate with permittivity εr .calculate εeff using εeff
= (εr+1)/2 where εeff is the effective permittivity of the substrate.
2) Length of the feed line L= 0.60λc
 Length of the substrate Ls=1.10λc

 Width of the feed line W=0.11λc
 Width of the substrate Ws=1.10λc
 Gap between feed line and ground plane G=0.02λc
 Dimensions of the tapered step ground
First tapered step slot on the ground plane G1=0.44λc
Second and third tapered step slot on the ground plane G2=G3=0.11λc
Fourth tapered step slot on the ground plane G4=0.08λc
Fifth tapered step slot on the ground plane G5=0.46λc
Where λc is the wavelength corresponding to centre frequency of operating band.
4.2.2 Parametric analysis of circular monopole with tapered step ground with
change in substrate permittivity
Table 4.2 Circular monopole with tapered step ground antenna dimensions (in mm) for
different substrate materials
Substrate RT-duroid Arlon Ultrala Polyester Plexiglass FR4 Alumina

material 5880 AD 250A m 3850
h 1.57 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.57 1.6 1.6
εr 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.4 4.4 9.2
εeff 1.6 1.75 1.95 2.1 2.2 2.7 5.1
W 2.36 2.27 2.19 2.13 2.06 2 1.83
G 0.59 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.5 0.45
Ws 23.64 22.76 21.98 21.32 20.66 20 18.34
LS 23.64 22.76 21.98 21.32 20.66 20 18.34
G1 9.45 9.10 8.79 8.53 8.26 8 7.33
G2 2.36 2.27 2.19 2.13 2.06 2 1.83
G3 2.36 2.27 2.19 2.13 2.06 2 1.83
G4 1.77 1.70 1.64 1.59 1.54 1.5 1.37
G5 10.04 9.67 9.34 9.06 8.78 8.5 7.79
L 12.88 12.4 11.9 11.62 11.26 10.9 9.99
50
Fig 4.20 Parametric analysis for return loss with change in substrate permittivity of circular
monopole antenna with tapered step ground
Table 4.1 shows the dimensions of the circular monopole antenna with tapered step
ground on different substrate materials. From Fig 4.20 and 4.22 it is evident that even
with change in substrate permittivity, there is not much difference we can observe in
the operating band. Cross polarization in the E-plane is low and broadside pattern
can be observed in both planes.
Fig 4.21 Parametric analysis for VSWR with change in substrate permittivity of circular
monopole antenna with tapered step ground
Fig 4.22 Parametric analysis for Radiation pattern with change in substrate permittivity of
circular monopole antenna with tapered step ground
51
4.3 Elliptical Monopole with Tapered Step Ground
In the earlier design, circular patch with tapered step ground is used in the antenna
structure. By changing the patch shape from circular to elliptical, the antenna
performance is recorded and presented in this section. Fig 4.23 shows the geometry
of Elliptical Monopole antenna with tapered step ground. This model is also designed
on FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and the dimension of the antenna
occupies 20x20x1.6 mm. Except the radiating element shape, the remaining
dimensions are as usual like the previous circular monopole with tapered step ground
antenna.
Fig 4.23 Elliptical monopole antenna with tapered step ground
By placing tapered step ground, the bandwidth improvement is achieved and Fig
4.24 is showing the return loss curve for with and without tapered step ground
configuration results. It has been observed that with tapered step ground there is an
improvement of 500MHz in the bandwidth. Fig 4.25 shows the VSWR of 2:1 ratio in
the frequency range of 11.5-17 GHz.
Fig 4.24 Reflection coefficient of Elliptical monopole antenna with and without tapered step
ground
52
Fig 4.25 VSWR of Elliptical monopole antenna with tapered step ground
Fig 4.26 Impedance smith chart for Elliptical monopole antenna with tapered step ground
Fig 4.26 and Fig 4.27 shows the input impedance smith chart and 3D gain of the
present model respectively. Fig 4.28 showing the current distribution on the antenna
at 13GHz.
Fig 4.27 3D view of radiation pattern for elliptical monopole with tapered step ground at 13
GHz
Fig 4.28 Current distribution of Elliptical monopole antenna with tapered step ground at 13
GHz
53
Fig 4.29 Radiation Pattern of Elliptical monopole antenna with tapered step ground at 13 GHz
Radiation Pattern defines the variation of the power radiated by an antenna as a

function of the direction away from the antenna. The power variation as a function of
the arrival angle is found in the antenna’s far field. Fig 4.29 shows the Radiation
Pattern of the Elliptical Monopole antenna with tapered step ground at 13GHz.
Fig 4.30 Gain and efficiency of Elliptical monopole antenna with tapered step ground
Fig 4.30 shows the Frequency Vs Gain and Frequency Vs Efficiency of the current
antenna. From the figure it has been noted that almost constant gain between 2.6 to
3dB is attained in the desired band. Efficiency of the antenna is above 80% in the
frequency band.
4.3.1 Design steps of the elliptical monopole with tapered step ground
a) Design of elliptical monopole patch
For the ellipse with major axis ‘a’ and minor axis ‘b’, the perimeter
P =2aE (e) --------- (34)
Where E (e) is a complete Elliptic integral of the second kind with elliptic modulus
‘e’.
54
e=√1-(b/a) 2 -------- (35)
If the lowest frequency in the impedance bandwidth of the antenna is fL (GHz) and
the effective permittivity of the medium of radiation can be approximated by
εeff ≈ (εr+1)/2, fL=300/p√εeff ------------ (36)
Where perimeter unit is in the mm.
Design a 50Ω CPW line on a substrate with permittivity εr .calculate εeff using εeff =
(εr+1)/2 where εeff is the effective permittivity of the substrate.
b) Width of the substrate Ws and Length of the substrate Ls = 1.13 λc
c) Tapered step ground plane dimensions G1 = 0.45 λc
G2 = G3= 0.11 λc
G4 = 0.08 λc
G5 = 0.48 λc
d) Length of the feed line L = 0.61 λc
e) Gap between feed line and ground plane G = 0.02 λc
f) Width of the feed line W= 0.11 λc
4.3.2 Parametric analysis of elliptical monopole with tapered step ground with
Table 4.3 Elliptical monopole with tapered step ground antenna dimensions (in mm) for
Substrate RT-duroid Arlon AD Ultralam

Polyester Plexiglass FR4 Alumina
material 5880 250A 3850
h 1.57 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.57 1.6
Ԑr 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.4 4.4 9.2
Ԑeff 1.6 1.75 1.95 2.1 2.2 2.7 5.1
W 2.36 2.27 2.19 2.13 2.06 2 1.83
G 0.53 0.525 0.517 0.511 0.505 0.5 0.45
Ws 21.25 21.02 20.68 20.45 20.22 20 18.18
55
Ls 21.25 21.02 20.68 20.45 20.22 20 18.18

G1 8.5 8.40 8.27 8.18 8.09 8 7.27
G2 2.12 2.10 2.06 2.04 2.02 2 1.81
G3 2.12 2.10 2.06 2.04 2.02 2 1.81
G4 1.59 1.57 1.55 1.53 1.51 1.5 1.36
G5 9.03 8.93 8.78 8.69 8.59 8.5 7.72
L 11.5 11.45 11.27 11.14 11.02 10.9 9.9
Fig 4.31 Return loss Vs Frequency for elliptical monopole with tapered step ground on different
substrates
Fig 4.32 VSWR curve for elliptical monopole with tapered step ground on different substrates
Fig 4.33 Radiation pattern in E and H-Plane for elliptical monopole with tapered step ground on
different substrates
56
Table 4.3 shows the dimensional characteristics of the elliptical monopole with
tapered step ground for different substrate materials. Fig 4.31 and 4.32 shows the
return loss and VSWR for change in permittivity of the substrate respectively.
Radiation pattern in E and H-plane also can be observed for different substrate
materials in Fig 4.33.
4.4 Rectangular Monopole Antenna with Tapered Step Ground
From previous design we observed that the lower and upper frequencies are sensitive
to the variation in the antenna radiating patch shape. With elliptical monopole model
it has been observed that, antenna does not satisfying the ultra wide band frequency
range. The current model deals with the rectangular shaped radiating element with
tapered step ground structure.
Fig 4.34 shows the rectangular monopole antenna with tapered step ground. Except
the radiating patch, the remaining dimensions are as-usual like previous tapered step
models. Here length of the patch Lp = 5.65 and width Wp = 5.64.
Fig 4.34 Rectangular monopole antenna with tapered step ground
Fig 4.35 Reflection coefficient of Rectangular monopole antenna with and without tapered step
ground
57
Fig 4.36 VSWR of Rectangular monopole antenna with tapered step ground
Reflection coefficient of rectangular monopole with and without tapered step ground
is present in Fig.4.35. Without tapered step antenna is resonating in the band of 6-13
GHz and with tapered step antenna resonating between 6-15 GHz i.e., 2 GHz
improvement in the bandwidth is attained from the current design. From Fig 4.36
VSWR<2 is attained in the desired band of 6-15 GHz.
Fig 4.37 Impedance smith chart for Rectangular monopole antenna with tapered step ground
Impedance relates the voltage and current at the input to the antenna. The impedance
of the antenna will vary with frequency. Fig 4.37 shows the input impedance Smith
chart of the current model and Fig 4.38 shows the 3D view of antenna radiation.
Current distribution of the antenna at 9.2 GHz is shown in Fig 4.39.
Fig 4.38 3D view of radiation pattern for rectangular monopole with tapered step ground
58
Fig 4.39 Current distribution for Rectangular monopole antenna with tapered step ground at
9.2 GHz
From Fig 4.40 we observed that gain varies between 2.5 to 3.5 dB in the frequency
range between 6-14 GHz and efficiency is almost greater than 70% in the frequency
band. Radiation pattern of the antenna with low cross polarization in E-plane and
omni directional pattern in co-polarization can be observed from Fig 4.41.
Fig 4.40 Frequency Vs Gain and Efficiency for Rectangular monopole antenna with tapered
step ground
Fig 4.41 Radiation pattern of Rectangular monopole antenna with tapered step ground in E and
H-plane at 9.2 GHz
59
4.4.1 Design steps of the rectangular monopole with tapered step ground
 Design a 50Ω CPW line on a substrate with permittivity εr .calculate εeff using
εeff = (εr+1)/2 where εeff is the effective permittivity of the substrate.
Second and third stage tapered step ground G2 = G3= 0.11 λc
G4 = 0.08 λc
G5 = 0.48 λc
f) Width of the feed line W = 0.11 λc
g) Width of the patch Wp = 0.28 λc
h) Length of the patch Lp = 0.28 λc
4.4.2 Parametric analysis of rectangular monopole with tapered step ground

with change in substrate permittivity
Table 4.4 Rectangular monopole with tapered step ground antenna dimensions (in mm) for
Substrate RT- Arlon Ultralam Polyester Plexiglass FR4 Alumina
material duroid AD 3850
5880 250A
h 1.57 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.57 1.6
εr 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.4 4.4 9.2
εeff 1.6 1.75 1.95 2.1 2.2 2.7 5.1
W 4 3.8 3.55 3.35 3.2 2.54 1.23
G 0.58 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.5 0.46
Ws 23.5 21.8 21.5 21.0 20.4 20 18.7
60
Ls 23.5 21.8 21.5 21.0 20.4 20 18.7

G1 9.4 8.72 8.6 8.4 8.6 8 7.51
G2 2.35 2.18 2.15 2.1 2.04 2 1.87
G3 2.35 2.18 2.15 2.1 2.04 2 1.87
G4 1.76 1.63 1.61 1.57 1.53 1.5 1.4
G5 9.99 9.26 9.14 8.92 8.67 8.5 7.98
Wp 6.63 6.15 6.06 5.92 5.75 5.64 5.29
Lp 6.64 6.16 6.07 5.93 5.76 5.65 5.30
L 12.81 11.88 11.72 11.44 11.11 10.9 10.24
Fig 4.42 Return loss Vs Frequency for rectangular monopole with tapered step ground on
Table 4.4 shows the dimensions of rectangular monopole antenna with tapered step
ground on different substrate materials. Fig 4.43 mirrors the return loss curve for
change in substrate permittivity of rectangular monopole with tapered step ground.
Alumina substrate material based model shows the lesser bandwidth compared to
other substrate materials. From Fig 4.44 the radiation in E-plane for alumina material
based antenna is somewhat quasi omni directional and remaining materials based
models are omni directional with low cross polarization level in desired direction.
Fig 4.43 VSWR Vs Frequency for rectangular monopole with tapered step ground on different
substrates
61
Fig 4.44 Radiation pattern in E and H-Plane for rectangular monopole with tapered step ground
on different substrates
4.5 Hexagonal Monopole Antenna with Tapered Step Ground
There is always an increasing demand for small size, and greater capacities and
transmission speeds, which will certainly require more operating bandwidth in the
future. A compact hexagonal monopole antenna with tapered step ground is proposed
in this design, which can be applicable for wideband applications. The proposed
antenna not only occupies small size but also preserve a very single structure which
is easy to be fabricated. Input impedance matching over a wide frequency range is
achieved with the current design. It covers the wide frequency range (7-15 GHz) and
satisfying the VSWR ≤ 2.
Fig 4.45 Hexagonal monopole antenna with tapered step ground
The configuration of the hexagonal monopole is presented in Fig 4.45. The radiating
element is a hexagonal patch and the ground plane is placed on the same side of the
substrate. The dimensions of ground plane substrate, feed line and port gap are
similar to the previous models. The other dimensions of hexagonal shape are
L1=1.99mm, L2=1.41mm, L3=1.99mm, L4=1.41mm respectively. Fig 4.46 shows
the reflection coefficient of the antenna with and without tapered step ground.
62
Tremendous improvement in the bandwidth towards lower frequency side has been
observed by placing the tapered step ground. Without tapered step ground antenna is
resonating between 10-16 GHz, where as with the tapered step ground antenna
resonating between 7-15 GHz. Almost 2GHz improvement in the bandwidth is
attained with tapered step ground model. From Fig 4.48 VSWR˂2 in the desired
band is observed.
Fig 4.46 Reflection coefficient of hexagonal monopole with and without tapered step ground
Fig 4.47 VSWR of hexagonal monopole with tapered step ground
Fig 4.48 Impedance smith chart for hexagonal monopole antenna with tapered step ground
63
Fig 4.48 and Fig 4.49 showing input impedance smith chart and 3D view radiation
for the current model. Average gain of 2.5 dB is obtained in the frequency range
from Fig 4.50. More than 70% efficiency attained in the frequency band from the
proposed model. To get further insight of the radiation mechanism of the proposed
wideband structure, the surface current analysis is necessary. At 9.5 GHz the current
distribution of hexagonal monopole is shown in Fig 4.51.
Fig 4.49 3D view of radiation pattern for hexagonal monopole with tapered step ground
Fig 4.50 Frequency Vs Gain and Efficiency for hexagonal monopole with tapered step ground
Fig 4.51 Current distribution at 9.5 GHz for hexagonal monopole antenna with tapered step
ground
64
Fig 4.52 Radiation pattern of hexagonal monopole with tapered step ground in E and H-plane at
9.5 GHz
4.5.1 Design steps of the hexagonal monopole with tapered step ground
a) Design a 50Ω CPW line on a substrate with permittivity εr .calculate εeff using εeff
G2 = G3= 0.11 λc
G4 = 0.08 λc
G5 = 0.48 λc
f) Width of the feed line W = 0.11 λc
g) Length L1 = 0.1λc
h) Length L2 = 0.07λc
i) Length L3 = 0.1λc
j) Length L4 = 0.07λc
65
4.5.2 Parametric analysis of hexagonal monopole with tapered step ground with
Table 4.5 Hexagonal monopole with tapered step ground antenna dimensions (in mm) for
Substrate RT-duroid Arlon AD Ultralam Polyester Plexiglass FR4 Alumina
material 5880 250A 3850
h 1.57 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.57 1.6
εr 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.4 4.4 9.2
εeff 1.6 1.75 1.95 2.1 2.2 2.7 5.1
W 4 3.8 3.55 3.35 3.2 2.54 1.23
G 0.58 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.5 0.46
Ws 23.5 21.8 21.5 21.0 20.4 20 18.7
Ls 23.5 21.8 21.5 21.0 20.4 20 18.7
G1 9.4 8.72 8.6 8.4 8.6 8 7.51
G2 2.35 2.18 2.15 2.1 2.04 2 1.87
G3 2.35 2.18 2.15 2.1 2.04 2 1.87
G4 1.76 1.63 1.61 1.57 1.53 1.5 1.4
G5 9.99 9.26 9.14 8.92 8.67 8.5 7.98
L 12.81 11.88 11.72 11.44 11.11 10.9 10.24
L1 2.34 2.17 2.14 2.09 2.03 1.99 1.87
L2 1.65 1.53 1.51 1.48 1.43 1.41 1.32
L3 2.34 2.17 2.14 2.09 2.03 1.99 1.87
L4 1.65 1.53 1.51 1.48 1.43 1.41 1.32
Fig 4.53 Return loss Vs Frequency for hexagonal monopole with tapered step ground on
Fig 4.54 VSWR Vs Frequency for hexagonal monopole with tapered step ground on different
substrates
66
Fig 4.55 Radiation pattern in E and H-Plane for hexagonal monopole with tapered step ground
on different substrates
Fig 4.53, 4.54 and 4.55 shows return loss, VSWR and radiation pattern of hexagonal
monopole with tapered step ground on different substrates. Alumina material is
showing multiband characteristics and other materials are showing wideband
characteristics.
4.6 Trident Shaped Ultra Wideband Antenna
Compact planar trident shaped antenna is designed for ultra wideband applications
and its performance characteristics and analytical study based on substrate
permittivity is presented.
Fig 4.56 shows the configuration of the proposed ultra wideband antenna, which
consisting of fork shaped slotted aperture patch on the top side of the model. The
antenna which has the compact dimensions of 23X27X1.6 mm printed basically on
FR4 substrate with permittivity of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02. The strip width W
and gap G of the coplanar waveguide feed are derived using standard design
equations for 50 ohm impedance. Besides, the structure of the antenna is symmetrical
respect to the longitudinal direction. Ground plane and radiating patch are printed on
same side of the substrate.
Fig 4.56 Trident Shaped CPW Fed Antenna, Table 4.6 Trident Shaped CPW Fed Antenna
Dimensions
67
Fig 4.57 Fabricated Trident shaped CPW fed Antenna
4.6.1 Results and analysis using FEM based HFSS Tool
The simulation is performed using FEM based HFSS software. The result from Fig
4.58 clearly indicates that the current antenna covers wide frequency from 3 to 12
GHz (defined by return loss <-10 dB) with bandwidth of 9 GHz. The main
concentration is based on the selection of substrate material for the proposed model
and finding the antenna performance characteristics like return loss, VSWR, gain and
radiation pattern etc. Initially this model was simulated on FR4 substrate material
and after that different substrate materials are considered and all its parameters are
applied in the tool to simulate the models.
Figure 4.58 Return Loss Vs Frequency of Trident shaped CPW fed Antenna
Fig 4.59 displays the input impedance smith chart curve and Fig 4.60 Shows the
three dimensional radiation view. Fig 4.61 shows the gain curve with respect to
frequency. Within the optimum design, a group of three adjacent resonant modes for
the proposed antenna can be excited with suitable impedance matching, and a wide
68
impedance bandwidth is formed. It is found that the gain is almost greater than 2.5
dB in the resonating band.
Figure 4.59 Input impedance smith chart of Trident shaped CPW fed Antenna
Fig 4.60 3D view of radiation for Trident shaped CPW fed Antenna
Figure 4.61 Gain Vs Frequency of Trident shaped CPW fed Antenna
Excellent bandwidth percentage is attained for the current model and it is calculated
from the formula BW = ((f2 – f1)/√f1f2) X 100, where f1 and f2 are lowest and
highest frequencies at which S11 is under -10 dB level. To reach a better performance
and excellent design, the sharp edges of patch were calmed and sharp edges have
been smoothed out. Peak gain of 4 dB is attained from the measurement results.
69
Fig 4.62 Radiation Pattern in E-Plane and H-Plane at 3.1 and 4.3 GHz of Trident shaped CPW
fed Antenna
Fig 4.62 shows the radiation patterns in the E-plane (yz-plane) and H-plane (xz-
plane) at frequencies 3.1 and 4.3 GHz. It can be seen that the radiation patterns in the
xz-plane is nearly omnidirectional for two frequencies. Almost identical results
obtained in the H-plane like E-Plane and eight shaped cross polarization attained.
Fig 4.63 E-Field distribution at 4.3 GHz for Trident shaped CPW fed Antenna
Fig 4.63 shows the E-Field distribution of the antenna at lower frequency side of 4.3
GHz. It has been observed that maximum intensity is focussed on the feed line and
inner boundary of the tapered ground plane. Fig 4.64 reflects the current distribution
of the antenna at three frequencies. At lower frequency most of the current elements
are concentrated at feed line and at higher frequency in the band the current
distribution is pointing towards the x-axis.
70
Fig 4.64 Current distribution at 4.3, 8.1 and 9.8 GHz for Trident shaped CPW fed Antenna
Fig 4.65 Parametric analysis of return loss with change in length of L5 for Trident shaped CPW
fed Antenna
Fig 4.66 Parametric analysis of return loss with change in substrate thickness for Trident
shaped CPW fed Antenna
Fig 4.65 shows the parametric analysis of the return loss of antenna with change in
‘L5’ and Fig 4.66 shows the parametric analysis of return loss with change in
substrate thickness. Fig 4.67 shows the parametric analysis of return loss with change
in width of the ground plane. Optimum dimensions can be noted from this study and
which will be useful for fabricating the model accordingly.
71
Fig 4.67 Parametric analysis of change in width of ground plane width for Trident shaped CPW
fed Antenna
4.6.2 Design steps of trident shaped CPW fed antenna
a) Design a 50Ω CPW line on a substrate with permittivity εr .calculate εeff using εeff
Length of the substrate material L1=0.99 
Length of the tapered step ground inner boundary L2=0.44 
Length of the trident patch right arm with base L3=0.30 
Length of the trident patch left arm L4 =0.23 
Length of the ground plane adjacent to feed line L5 =0.19 
Width of the substrate material W1=0.84 
Width of the ground plane adjacent to feed line W2=0.27 
Width of the trident shaped patch including slots W3=0.21 
Width of the tapered ground plane left side groom W4=0.36 
Gap between feed line and adjacent ground plane G=0.01 
Width of the feed line W=0.11 
72
4.6. 3 Parametric analysis of Trident shaped CPW fed antenna with change in
substrate permittivity
Fig 4.68 Return loss of trident shaped CPW fed antenna with change in permittivity
Figure 4.68 shows the return loss curve for different materials. It has been observed
that between 7 to 9 GHz some materials are not giving the pass band characteristics.
Fig 4.69 shows the impedance matching of different materials based antenna in the
operating frequency band.
Fig 4.69 Impedance of trident shaped CPW fed antenna with change in permittivity
4.7 CPW fed Broadband Antenna
Due to high bandwidth, low profile, uniplanar geometry and ease of integration with
monolithic microwave integrated circuits, coplanar waveguide fed antennas has got
much attention in these days. Wideband and broadband characteristics can be
obtained by taking different configurations, slotted apertures and defected ground
73
structures in these models. Circular polarization is becoming popular in wireless

communications to enhance the system performance. The operation principle of
circular polarization is to excite two orthogonal modes with equal amplitude but in
phase quadrature. It can be achieved by introducing some symmetric and asymmetric
perturbations into a wide slot antenna. These perturbations can be obtained and
implemented by slot configurations or feed lines.
Axial ratio bandwidth can be improved by using different techniques. By implanting

a pair of grounded strips or three inverted L-Shaped grounded strips, the axial ratio
bandwidth can be improved. A novel simple structured and circularly polarized
antenna model is proposed in this work. Asymmetric perturbation is introduced by
placing a slot at lower side of the design. The current antenna is fed by a wide tuning
stub can provide circular polarization and impedance bandwidth. Fig 4.70 showing
basic models and proposed final model geometries.
Fig 4.70 CPW fed broadband antenna, (a) Slotted broadband monopole, (b) Slotted broadband
rectangular monopole, (c) Slotted ground broadband rectangular monopole
Fig 4.71 Fabricated model of slotted ground broadband rectangular monopole antenna
74
4.7.1 CPW fed Broadband Antenna Configuration

The proposed antenna is printed on FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and
thickness of 1.6 mm. A 50 ohm CPW feeding line is connected as shown in the Fig
4.70. In order for the CP operation, an open slot having an open width is used at
lower side of the model. This is an open slot with a configuration which is open
along the ground plane in X and the CPW feeding line in Y directions. The new
technique of this slotted configuration can provide the perturbation with magnetic
current distributions in X and Y directions. This can generate the Circular
polarization operation by exciting two orthogonal modes in X and Y directions with
equal amplitude but in phase quadrature.
It is obvious that the change in ground plane would sensitively influence the
performance of Circular Polarization operation. A wide tuning stub with length L and
width W is used to improve the circular polarization. If open slot is taken at lower
right side of the feeding line then circular polarized waves of opposite sense will be
produced. In order for the AR bandwidth enhancement a wide tuning stub is used in
the model as shown in the figure.
4.7.2 CPW fed broadband antenna parameters
Fig 4.70 shows the proposed coplanar waveguide fed circularly polarized slot
antennas of 50 ohm CPW feeding with signal strip and gaps have the width of 4 and
0.35 mm. The first model is a slotted broadband monopole with strip length of 47
mm and the second model is the slotted rectangular broadband monopole with wider
tuning stub. For wider impedance bandwidth and axial ratio bandwidth, an
asymmetric ground plane is used in this design. The third model is the modified
model of 2 with slots on the ground plane on either side to the feed line. The length
of the feed line to tuned for good circular polarization bandwidth. Fig 4.71 shows the
fabricated prototype of proposed model. Fig 4.72 shows the simulated return loss Vs
frequency characteristics of the three models. It has been observed from the results
that an impedance bandwidth of 70% (2.2-5 GHz) from the first model, impedance
bandwidth of 100% (2.2-7 GHz) from second model and 102% (2.2-7.2 GHz) from
the third model is attained. Fig 4.73 reflects the measured and simulation return loss
of proposed model 3. Simulation and measurement results are in good agreement
75
with each other. To achieve efficient excitation and good impedance matching,
parametric analysis on open slot parameters and tuning stub are carried out with
Ansys HFSS EM-Simulator and presented in this work. To accurately realize the
influence of these parameters, only one parameter at a time is varied by keeping
others constant.
Fig 4.72 Reflection coefficient curves of three models of broadband antenna
Fig 4.73 Measured and Simulated Return loss curves for proposed slotted ground broadband
rectangular monopole antenna
Fig 4.74 shows the reflection coefficient of the antenna with change in slot length
L1. Bandwidth is almost same for change in slot length L1 from 16 mm to 20 mm,
but with L1=18 mm the reflection coefficient is stable in the lower frequency band.
Fig 4.75 shows the axial ratio curve with change in L1. Impedance bandwidth of
21.3% from L1=16 mm, 34.2% from L1=18 mm, 31.6% from L1=19 mm and 40%
from L1=20 mm attained from this result.
76
Return Loss CPW fed Broadband Antenna ANSO FT
0 .00
-5.00
-10 .00
-15 .00
s11
-20 .00
-25 .00 Curve Info

dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
L1='16mm'
-30 .00 dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
L1='18mm'
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
L1='19mm'
-35 .00
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
L1='20mm'
-40 .00
2.00 3.00 4.00 5 .00 6.00 7.00 7.50
Frequency [GHz]
Fig 4.74 Return loss Vs Frequency, Variations in length of slot L1=16mm, 18mm, 19mm, 20mm
3.5
3
A x ia l R a t io in d B
2.5
2
L1=16 mm
L1=18 mm
1.5 L1=19 mm
L1=20 mm
1
3 3.5 4 4.5
Frequency in GHz
Fig 4.75 Frequency Vs Axial Ratio, Variations in length of slot L1=16mm, 18mm, 19mm, 20mm
Fig 4.76 shows the reflection coefficient of the antenna with change in slot width
W1. Maximum bandwidth of 5400 MHz from W1=9 mm and minimum of 5000
MHz from W1=11 mm is attained from the current study result. Fig 4.77 shows the
axial ratio curve with change in length of the slot W1 and an impedance bandwidth
of 35% is attained for the case of W1=13 mm.
Return Loss CPW fed Broadband Antenna ANSOFT
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
-15.00
s11
-20.00
Curve Inf o
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
W1='7mm'
-25.00 dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
W1='9mm'
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
W1='11mm'
-30.00
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
W1='13mm'
-35.00
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 7.50
Frequency [GHz]
Fig 4.76 Variations in width of slot W1=7mm, 9mm, 11mm, 13mm
77
3.5
A x ia l R a t io in d B
2.5
2
W1=7 mm
W2=9 mm
1.5 W1=11 mm
W1=13 mm
1
3 3.5 4 4.5
Frequency in GHz
Fig 4.77 Frequency Vs Axial Ratio, Variations in length of slot W1=7mm, 9mm, 11mm, 13mm
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
-15.00
s11
-20.00
Curv e Inf o
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
subH='0.8mm'
-25.00
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
subH='1mm'
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
-30.00 subH='1.4mm'
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
subH='1.6mm'
-35.00
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 7.50
Frequency [GHz]
Fig 4.78 Variations in substrate height sub H=0.8mm, 1mm, 1.4mm, 1.6mm
Fig 4.78 shows the reflection coefficient with change in thickness of the substrate
material. Generally 1.6 mm thickness FR4 material is widely available, but the result
shows the superior performance for 0.8 mm thickness, so we fabricated the model on
0.8 mm thickness FR4 material, which gives impedance bandwidth of 88% in the
frequency range 2-7.25 GHz with centre frequency of 4.625 GHz. Fig 4.79 shows the
parametric analysis for reflection coefficient with change in width of the ground
plane slot. The simulation result shows that with the optimized dimension of 8 mm,
the antenna is resonating in the wide band. Fig 4.80 shows the axial ratio Vs
frequency of the proposed model with change in width of the ground plane slot.
0.00
-5.00
-15.00
s11
Curve Inf o
-25.00
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
sl='1mm' sw ='8mm'
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
sl='1.5mm' sw ='8.5mm'
dB(St(1,1))
-35.00 Setup1 : Sw eep1
sl='2mm' sw ='9mm'
-45.00
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 7.50
Frequency [GHz]
Fig 4.79 Variations in ground plane slot width for modified model of 8 mm, 8.5 mm and 9 mm
78
3.5
A x ia l R a tio in d B
3
2.5
2 8 mm
8.5 mm
9 mm
1.5
3 3.5 4 4.5
Frequency in GHz
Fig 4.80 Frequency Vs Axial Ratio, Variations in ground plane slot width 8, 8.5 and 9 mm
Fig 4.81 Current Distribution over the slotted broadband rectangular monopole and slotted
ground broadband rectangular monopole at 3 GHz
Fig 4.82 3D Radiation plot for slotted broadband rectangular monopole and slotted ground
broadband rectangular monopole at 3 GHz
When the slotted ground broadband rectangular monopole antenna is resonating at

3GHz, large current density can be observed along the feed line compared to slotted
broadband rectangular monopole antenna in Fig 4.81. So from the result, it has been
observed that strong surface currents are distributed around the feed line to produce
the resonance mode. The radiation patterns at 3 GHz in the xz-plane (H-plane) and
yz-plane (E-plane) are plotted in Fig. 4.83. The radiation patterns are omnidirectional
in the E-plane and monopole-like in the H-plane. The radiation characteristic of the
79
antenna is stable within the operating bands, and the cross-polarization radiation
patterns are relatively small in E-Plane.
Fig 4.83 CPW fed broadband antenna radiation pattern in E and H-Plane at 3 GHz
4.7.3 Design steps of CPW fed broadband antenna

1) Design 50 ohm CPW line on a substrate with permittivity εr. Calculate Ere
using εeff = (εr+1)/2 where εeff is the effective permittivity of the substrate.
2) Design Length of the rectangular patch L1=0.47 λc
L2=0.70 λc
L3=0.32 λc
L4=0.60 λc
L5=1.17 λc
L6=0.12 λc
L7=1.25 λc
3) Width of the rectangular patch W1=0.27 λc
W2=0.025 λc
W3=0.11 λc
W4=0.12 λc
W=0.10 λc
Width of the substrate Ws=1.25 λc
Length of the substrate Ls=1.25 λc
Where λc is the wavelength corresponding to centre frequency of the operating band.
4.7.4 Parametric analysis with change in substrate permittivity of CPW fed

broadband antenna
In order to justify the design equations, the antenna parameters are computed for
different substrates and tabulated in below table.
80
Table 4.7 Antenna W and G Variation with respect to different laminates

Antenna Antenna Antenna Antenna Antenna 5 Anten Antenna 7
1 2 3 4 na 6
Laminate RT- Arlon Ultralam Polyester Plexiglass FR4 Alumina
duroid AD-250 3850
5880
h 1.56 1.6 1.56 1.56 1.5 1.6 1.2
εr 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.4 4.4 10.2
εeff 1.6 1.75 1.95 2.1 2.2 2.7 5.6
W 4 3.675 3.35 3.025 2.7 2.375 2.05
G 0.35 0.375 0.4 0.475 0.45 0.475 0.5
Table 4.8 Antenna dimensions for different substrate materials

W1 (mm) Antenna 1 Antenna 2 Antenna 3 Antenna 4 Antenna 5 Antenna 6 Antenna 7
W2 (mm) 13.257 12.636 12.258 11.905 11.232 11 10.368
W3 (mm) 1,2275 1.17 1.135 1.1025 1.04 1 0.96
W4 (mm) 5.401 5.148 4.994 4.851 4.576 4.5 4.224
W (mm) 5.892 5.616 5.448 5.292 4.992 5 4.608
L1 (mm) 4.91 4.68 4.54 4.41 4.16 4 3.84
L2 (mm) 23.077 21.996 21.338 20.727 19.552 19 18.048
L3 (mm) 34.37 32.76 31.78 30.87 29.12 28 26.88
L4 (mm) 15.712 14.976 14.528 14.112 13.312 13 12.288
L5 (mm) 29.46 28.08 27.24 26.46 24.96 24 23.04
L6 (mm) 57.447 54.756 53.118 51.597 48.672 47 44.98
Ws(mm) 5.892 5.616 5.448 5.292 4.992 5 4.608
Ls(mm) 61.375 58.5 56.75 55.125 52 50 48
W1 (mm) 61.375 58.5 56.75 55.125 52 50 48
Fig 4.84 shows the parametric analysis with change in substrate permittivity on the
proposed model. Except for Arlon and Alumina, the other materials based model is
showing wide bandwidth. Ultralam 3850 (Liquid Crystal Polymer) substrate is
showing superior performance over the other materials based antenna.
Fig 4.84 Parametric Analysis of return loss for slotted ground rectangular monopole antenna
81
Fig 4.85 Parametric Analysis of VSWR for slotted ground rectangular monopole antenna with
Fig 4.86 Radiation pattern of slotted ground rectangular monopole antenna in E and H Plane
4.8 CPW fed Curved Elliptical Monopole Antenna
Compact size with simple structure and omnidirectional radiation pattern are the
attracting features for the UWB antennas, especially for indoor applications. Most of
the slot models are for enhancing the upper frequency band and for improving the
lower frequency of the band. Many designs in the literature for monopole antenna
with multiband characteristics are employing slots and slits in the radiator, the
ground plane and in the feeder to achieve this.
A novel curved elliptical monopole antenna is proposed here with simple elliptical-
shaped slot patch to enhance the impedance bandwidth. In this model, by employing
a pair of ellipse-shape-combined design a proper control on the lower and higher
frequencies of the band is achieved. By this combination in the patch, additional
resonances are excited, and hence the bandwidth is increased, especially at higher
band.
Fig 4.87 shows the CPW fed configuration of curved elliptical shaped monopole
antenna. Antenna is constructed on FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and
thickness 1.6 mm. A gap of 0.2 mm is taken between feed line and ground plane in
82
the model. The width and length of the substrate are W=40 and L=44 mm
respectively. Width of the feed line W4=3 mm, width of the patch element W3 is 32
mm, W1=3 mm and W2=14.5 mm.
Fig 4.87 CPW fed Curved Elliptical Monopole Antenna
4.8.1 CPW fed curved elliptical monopole antenna parameters
The measured results are showing that the antenna is operating over the frequency
band between 2-20 GHz with impedance bandwidth of 163% defined by s11<-10 dB.
Figure 4.88 is showing Reflection coefficient of CPW fed curved elliptical monopole
antenna in both simulation and measurement. Fig 4.89 shows 2:1 VSWR in the
desired band.
Fig 4.88 Reflection Coefficient of CPW fed Curved Elliptical Monopole Antenna
Fig 4.89 VSWR of CPW fed Curved Elliptical Monopole Antenna

83
The impedance bandwidth of the proposed model has been improved by adjusting
the dimensions of semi-ellipse-shaped patch structure. Half ellipse shaped slot is
located on the patch to access the multi- operating bands of the wireless
communications systems. In most of the designs, the modified ground plane acts as
an impedance matching circuit. Careful selection of gap between radiator and ground
plane will improve the impedance matching, especially at the upper frequency band.
Fig 4.90 3D View Radiation of CPW fed Curved Elliptical Monopole Antenna
Fig 4.91 Parametric analysis of CPW fed curved elliptical monopole antenna with change in
radius of upper ellipse
Fig 4.92 Input Impedance smith chart of CPW fed Curved Elliptical Monopole Antenna
Fig 4.91 showing parametric analysis of the model with change in the radius of the
upper patch and Fig 4.92 showing the input impedance smith chart for the curved
elliptical monopole.
84
Fig 4.93 Current distribution of CPW fed Curved Elliptical Monopole Antenna at 11 GHz
Fig 4.94 Radiation pattern of CPW fed elliptical monopole antenna in E and H-plane at 11 GHz
Current distribution of the proposed model at 11 GHz is shown in Fig 4.93.

Radiation pattern of the antenna in E and H-plane is shown in Fig 4.94. Omni
directional radiation pattern can be observed in E-plane with cross polarization level
less than -36 dB. Fig 4.95 showing the Frequency VS Gain plot and it has been
observed that, a peak gain of 3.5dB in simulation and 3dB in the measurement is
obtained from the current model.
Gain Vs Frequency
4
Simulated
3.5 Measured
3
G a in in d B
2.5
1.5
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Frequency
Fig 4.95 Frequency Vs Gain of CPW fed Curved Elliptical Monopole Antenna
85
4.8.2 Parametric analysis of CPW fed curved elliptical monopole antenna with
Parametric analysis for reflection coefficient with the change in substrate permittivity
is presented in Fig 4.96. Except for Alumina substrate material, antenna is showing
wideband characteristics for remaining materials. Fig 4.97 shows the radiation
pattern in E and H plane. Change in permittivity is causing variation in the radiation
pattern has been observed from the current study.
Fig 4.96 Parametric Analysis of return loss for CPW fed curved elliptical monopole antenna
4.97 Radiation pattern of CPW fed curved elliptical monopole antenna in E and H Plane with
86
4.9 Comparision of Different Wideband Antennas

Table 4.9 Comparision of Different Wideband Antennas
S. Antenna Model Dimension Bandwidth Impeda Resonating Gain Efficiency Suitable
No s in mm in GHz nce Frequencies in dB % Substrate
Bandwi or Band Material
dth %
1 Circular 32x26x1.6 9.1 117 3.2-12.3 4 80 Plexiglass
Monopole GHz
2 Circular 20x20x1.6 11.9 107 5.1-17 GHz 4.2 80 Arlon
Monopole with AD-250
Tapered Step
Ground
3 Elliptical 20x20x1.6 5.5 39 11.5-17 2.8 80 FR4
Monopole with GHz
Tapered Step
Ground
4 Rectangular 20x20x1.6 9 86 6-15 GHz 3 70 RT-
Monopole with Duroid
Tapered Step 5880
Ground
5 Hexagonal 20x20x1.6 8 73 7-15 GHz 2.5 70 Arlon
Monopole with AD-250
Tapered Step
Ground
6 Trident Shaped 23x27x1.6 9 120 3-12 GHz 4 80 RT-
Antenna Duroid
5880
7 CPW Fed 50x50x1.6 5 106 2.2-7.2 3.2 85 Ultralam
Broadband GHz 3850
Antenna
8 Curved 40x44x1.6 18 163 2-20 GHz 3 88 Polyester
Elliptical
Monopole
Designed wideband antennas performance characteristics are compared with each

other and presented in Table 4.9. As per bandwidth is concerned curved elliptical
monopole antenna is covering wideband of 18 GHz compared to other models.
Compactness with wide bandwidth can be attained by circular monopole with
tapered step ground antenna. Suitable substrate materials are proposed based on the
important parameter bandwidth.
4.10 Chapter Summary

In this chapter coplanar waveguide fed wideband antennas are presented and their
performance characteristics are investigated with change in substrate permittivity.
The optimized models are prototyped and their parameters are analyzed. A coplanar
waveguide fed circular monopole antenna is designed to operate with wide
bandwidth of 9.1 GHz. Simple, compact structure with omni directional radiation
pattern and an average gain of 2.4 dB in the desired band makes this model suitable
87
for wideband applications. Further to enhance the bandwidth, a modified model of

circular monopole with tapered step ground is proposed. This modification attained
the success in improving the bandwidth to 11 GHz in the frequency band of 5-16
GHz. Peak realized gain of 4.2 dB, efficiency of more than 80% and omni
directional radiation pattern with low cross polarization in E-plane is attained from
the tapered step grounded circular monopole antenna.
An elliptical monopole with tapered step ground is considered in the next model by
keeping the overall dimension of the antenna constant with respect to the earlier
model. An improvement in the bandwidth of 500 MHz is obtained with tapered step
ground in the frequency range of 11.5 to 16.5 GHz by comparing with normal
elliptical monopole antenna. Average gain of 2.8 dB, efficiency above 80% and
omni directional radiation pattern with low cross polarization is achieved from this
design. A rectangular monopole antenna with tapered step ground is considered in
the next case and with this model, a bandwidth of 8 GHz (6-14 GHz) is attained. An
average gain of 3 dB with more than 70% efficiency and good radiation
characteristics are obtained from this model. A hexagonal monopole antenna with
tapered step ground is proposed in the next case and obtained an improvement of 2
GHz in the bandwidth with this case when compared with hexagonal monopole
antenna. An average gain of 2.5 dB with antenna efficiency more than 70% is
attained in the desired band. In all the tapered step ground models, the overall
dimension of the antenna is kept constant of 20x20x1.6 mm.
A compact trident shaped ultra wideband antenna is designed on FR4 material with
dimensions of 23x27x1.6 mm. This models covering the bandwidth of 9 GHz (3-12
GHz) and impedance bandwidth of 120% with average gain of 2.5 dB. Another
model of circularly polarized CPW fed broadband antenna is designed to operate
between 2.4 to 7.4 GHz. An impedance bandwidth of 102%, axial ratio less than 3
dB and good radiation characteristics are obtained from this model. After that a
CPW fed curved elliptical monopole antenna is designed to operate in the wide
frequency band of 2-20 GHz, which covers S, C, X and Ku bands. Peak realized
gain of 3 dB and almost omni direction in radiation is obtained from this model.
88
Substrate Permittivity Effects on Serrated Microstrip Antennas Chapter 5
Chapter 5
5. Substrate Permittivity Effects on Serrated Microstrip Antennas

5.1 Introduction
A saw like appearance or tooth like projection can be called as serration. For
example shark teeth, leaf margin and saw blade etc. The serrated edge has some
small points with contact of material being cut. Serrated edges are being used in
different designs for so many purposes. In general the serrated edge is superior when
slicing through thick, tough and fibrous materials. Serrated edges tend to grab or grip
the surface of what you are cutting easily.
In the field of microwaves and antenna measurements, serrated edge reflectors

appear as the most economical compact range solutions. The reflectors offer low
frequency side lobe and excellent medium and high frequency performance. The
diagonal feed in the geometry minimizes the direct feed leakage for most
measurement applications. Depending on the specific requirements and the
frequency range, the size of the serrations may be tailored. Fig 5.1 shows the serrated
edge model for CATR measurements.
Fig 5.1 Serrated Edge Model
In the design of microstrip patch antennas serrated edges are used in ground plane by
G Cung et al [80] to improve the performances of the microstrip reflect array
elements. W Saksiri [81] proposed serrated coupling in the microstrip antenna to
improve the impedance characteristics. In these two designs, ground plane edges and
patch middle portion are exposed to serrated shape but, patch edges are not
considered. This particular aspect has been highlighted and studied with different
models in this work. The performance of the patch antenna depends on so many
89
parameters like substrate material, feeding method, thickness of substrate and

dimensions of patch element etc. Depending on the radiating element shape and
dimensions the performance characteristics of the antenna will change. Smaller
dimensions with wider bandwidth are needed for present day telecommunication
systems. This can be achieved by using fractal shaped antenna elements in the design
of the antennas. The important relation between wavelength and antenna dimensions
states that, if the antenna size is less than λ/4 then the antenna is inefficient because
gain, radiation resistance and bandwidth will be reduced.
Fractal antennas are one of the good solutions for these kinds of problems and they
have self similarity structures. A serrated aperture antenna also comes under the
category of fractal antennas. These antennas also have self similar structures on the
edges of the radiating elements. In this chapter different shapes of serrated edges
have been investigated and the overall antenna performance characteristics are
observed with change in permittivity of the substrate.
5.2 Proposed Serrated Patch antennas
Fig 5.2 Different models of serrated aperture patch antennas (a) Asymmetric triangular
serrated antenna (b) Dual side serrated antenna (c) Corner truncation serrated antenna (d)
Spike serrated antenna (e) Saw tooth serrated antenna (f) Combinational serrated antenna
90
In this chapter different serrated aperture patch antennas are designed and their
performance characteristics are analyzed with respect to the change in substrate
permittivity. Fig 5.2 shows the serrated models used in the current study. Parametric
analysis of these models with change in dimensional characteristics is also presented
in this work. Fig 5.3 shows the reflection coefficient curve for all the models with
respect to the frequency in GHz. This will give the overall picture regarding the
models that are chosen in this study. Complete analysis with antenna output
characteristics are presented in the current chapter.
-10
R e t u rn lo s s in d B
-20
Assymetric Triangular Serrated
Dual Side Serrated
-30 Corner truncation Serrated
Spike Serrated
Triangular-Sawtooth Serrated
-40
Combinational serrated
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency in GHz
Fig 5.3 Reflection coefficient curve for the proposed serrated models
As a basic, initially triangular serrated antenna with equal dimensional edges is

considered and its analysis is presented.
5.3 Triangular serrated aperture patch antenna
Serrated antennas reported in the literature deals with the ground plane edge
serrations and serrated coupled patch elements only. This work reports the serrated
edge aperture patch element models with different orientations. The proposed model
consisting of planar structure on substrate material with finite ground on lower side
and triangular shaped edge serrated aperture as the radiating element on the top side.
91
5.3.1 Antenna geometry of triangular serrated aperture antenna
Fig 5.4 Triangular Serrated aperture patch antenna
Fig 5.4 shows the triangular serrated aperture patch antenna on FR4 substrate with
εr=4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. The edge of the patch element seems to be sharp
triangular toothed elements. The overall dimensions of the antenna are 60x60x1.6
mm. The patch length and width are around 18 mm and 23.8 mm respectively. The
optimized feed location along y-axis is at 6 mm from center as shown in Fig 5.4.
Total 24 triangular toothed elements of 6 elements on each side are incorporated in
the design. Table 5.1 shows the dimensional characteristics of the antenna. Sl and Sw
indicates the substrate length and substrate width, Pw and Pl indicates patch width
and length, Ws and Wl indicates the width and length of serrated edge element.
Sl Sw Pw Pl Ws Wl SubH
60 mm 60 mm 18 mm 23.8 mm 3 mm 3 mm 1.6 mm
Table 5.1 Triangular serrated antenna geometry description
5.3.2 Design steps for Triangular serrated antenna:
1) Equations are constructed based on wavelength corresponding to the centre

frequency of the antenna
2) The substrate length and width are 1.24 λc
3) Patch width and length are 0.49 λc and 0.37 λc respectively
4) Triangular serrated edge element length and width are 0.06 λc
92
5.3.3 Triangular Serrated antenna parameters
Fig 5.5(a) Frequency Vs Reflection coefficient of Triangular serrated aperture patch antenna
From Fig 5.5(a) it is observed that the antenna is resonating at dual band with
impedance bandwidth of 7% at 4 GHz and 8% at 6.2 GHz respectively. VSWR<2 is
observed at the resonating frequencies from Fig 5.5(b). Fig 5.6 shows the radiation of
the antenna in three dimensional view. Gain of more than 7 dB is attained from the
current design at both the frequencies.
40
VSWR
35
30
25
VSWR
20
15
10
0
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
Frequency in GHz
Fig 5.5(b) Frequency Vs VSWR of Triangular serrated aperture patch antenna
Fig 5.6 3D Radiation view for the triangular serrated aperture patch antenna at 4 and 6.2 GHz
93
5.3.4 Current distribution and radiation pattern
The S11 parameter tells us the behaviour of antenna as lumped load at end of the feed
line. Complete electromagnetic behaviour can be gathered by field distribution and
radiation pattern of the antenna. Fig 5.7(a) and (b) shows the current distribution over
the patch surface at resonating frequencies 4 GHz and 6.2 GHz respectively. Fig
5.7(c) and (d) are showing co and cross polarization radiation pattern at desired
frequencies.
From current distribution plots, it is observed that maximum intensity is focussed

towards y-direction at 4 GHz, whereas for the case at 6.2 GHz it is focused towards
x-direction with equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
Fig 5.7(a) Current distribution at 4 GHz Fig 5.7(b) Current distributions at 6.2 GHz
Fig 5.7(c) Radiation Pattern in E-Plane Fig 5.7(d) Radiation Pattern in H-Plane
94
5.3.5 Parametric Analysis with change in substrate permittivity for triangular

serrated aperture patch antenna
Fig 5.8 Frequency Vs Return loss with change in substrate permittivity of triangular serrated
aperture patch antenna
Fig 5.9 Frequency Vs Impedance with change in substrate permittivity of triangular serrated
aperture patch antenna
Fig 5.10 Radiation pattern with change in substrate permittivity of triangular serrated aperture
patch antenna
Fig 5.8 shows the parametric analysis of return loss Vs frequency with change in
substrate permittivity. From the plot it is observed that by increasing the permittivity
resonant frequency is shifted towards lower frequency band for all the materials
95
except alumina. Resonant frequencies are shifted to higher frequency band for this
particular material and the bandwidth of this particular material based antenna is
about 500 MHz at first resonant frequency and 300 MHz at second resonating
frequency. Fig 5.9 shows the impedance curve of the antenna with change in
permittivity. Fig 5.10 shows the radiation pattern of the antenna in E and H plane.
The cross polarization level in the H-plane increases with increase in substrate
permittivity. Minimum difference between co and cross polarized patterns at 30 deg
is 12 dB and at 120 deg it is almost 2dB for Arlon based model.
5.4 Asymmetric Triangular Serrated Antenna
In the previous case a dual band triangular serrated aperture patch antenna is
designed and its parameters are studied with change in substrate permittivity. An
asymmetric triangular serrated antenna is designed to operate at lower frequency
band. The structure of the antenna is not symmetrical at the serrations compared to
the previous case. Along x-axis the serrated elements at the middle portion consisting
of long lead edges compared to side elements. Along y-axis the alternative elements
consisting of same dimensions as shown in the Fig 5.11. By placing asymmetric
serrations, shift in resonating frequency towards lower band compared to symmetric
serrations has been observed.
Fig 5.11 Asymmetric triangular serrated antenna
Ws Ls L1 L2 L3 L4 W1 W2
65 mm 65 mm 15 mm 40 mm 24.8 mm 9.8 mm 8.75 mm 10 mm
Table 5.2 Asymmetric triangular serrated antenna dimensions
The antenna geometry and its dimensional characteristics are presented in Fig 5.11
and in Table 5.2. The antenna is designed on FR4 substrate with dielectric constant
96
4.4, loss tangent 0.02 and thickness h=1.6 mm. The patch length along x-axis is
around 40 mm and width is around 4w1+2w2. The total dimension of the antenna is
65x65x1.6 mm. Dual band characteristics are observed from the current design and
at the initial stage this model is designed to operate at resonant frequency fr, through
which formulation is done by calculating the corresponding wavelength. The detailed
design formulation is presented in the following section.
5.4.1 Design equations for the asymmetric triangular serrated antenna

2) Width and length of the substrate are Ws = Ls = 0.59 λc
3) Unit length of corner serrated element L1 = 0.13 λc
4) Unit length of shorter serrated element L4 = 0.08 λc
5) Length of the patch L1 = 0.13 λc
6) Length L3 = 0.22 λc
7) Unit width of lower side serrated elements W1 = 0.08 λc and W2 = 0.09 λc
5.4.2 Asymmetric triangular serrated antenna parameters
The reflection coefficient of the antenna is shown in Fig 5.12 indicates that the
antenna is resonating at dual band (1.9 & 2.7 GHz). At first resonant frequency the
impedance bandwidth of 13% and at second resonant frequency impedance
bandwidth of 13.5% is attained from the current model. At the resonating frequencies
VSWR less than 2 is obtained from the Fig 5.13.
Fig 5.12 Frequency Vs Return loss curve for asymmetric triangular serrated antenna
97
Fig 5.13 Frequency Vs VSWR for asymmetric triangular serrated antenna
The S11 can only depict the performance of an antenna as a lumped load at the end of
the feed point. The elaborated electromagnetic behaviour of the antenna can only be
revealed by examining the radiation pattern and current distribution. The typical
radiation pattern in 3D and polar coordinates are presented in Fig 5.14, 5.15 and 5.16
at both resonant frequencies. At 1.9 GHz antenna exhibiting near omni directional
radiation pattern. Compared to 1.9 GHz, at 2.7 GHz antenna is exhibiting particular
directive radiation pattern.
Fig 5.14 3D view of radiation at 1.9 GHz and 2.7 GHz for asymmetric triangular serrated
antenna
Fig 5.15 Radiation pattern in E and H plane at 1.9 GHz for asymmetric triangular serrated
antenna
98
Fig 5.16 Radiation pattern in E and H plane at 2.7 GHz for asymmetric triangular serrated
antenna
Fig 5.17 Current distribution at 1.9 and 2.7 GHz for asymmetric triangular serrated antenna
From current distribution plot of Fig 5.17, the antenna at first resonant frequency has
lower intensity at serrated edges, but at second resonant frequency the intensity the
more at serrated edges.
5.4.3 Parametric analysis for asymmetric serrated antenna with change in

permittivity
Return loss Vs frequency with change in substrate permittivity is presented in Fig

5.18. From the plot it has been observed that within the desired band, RT-duroid
material based model is resonating at dual band but with increase in substrate
permittivity the resonant frequency is shifted towards lower band and antenna is
resonating at triple band. For Ultralam 3850 the bandwidths at resonating frequencies
are more and for plexiglass it is less. For Alumina with dielectric constant 9.2, the
antenna is resonating at single band with poor bandwidth.
99
Fig 5.19 showing the VSWR<2 at the resonating frequencies and Fig 5.20 shows the
impedance matching nearer to 50 ohms at the resonating frequencies.
Fig 5.18 Return loss with change in substrate permittivity for asymmetric triangular serrated
antenna
Fig 5.19 VSWR with change in substrate permittivity for asymmetric triangular serrated
antenna
Fig 5.20 Impedance with change in substrate permittivity for asymmetric triangular serrated
antenna
From Fig 5.21 it has been observed that the cross polarization is increased with
increase in the substrate permittivity at 2.7 GHz. Minimum difference between co
100
and cross polarization patterns at 2.7 GHz for RT-duroid substrate material based
model is around 12 dB at 30 deg. The difference is 18 dB for alumina substrate
material at 30 deg. By increasing substrate permittivity it has been observed that the
difference in co and cross polarization is also increasing.
Fig 5.21 Radiation pattern in E-plane for asymmetric triangular serrated antenna with change
in substrate permittivity at 2.7 GHz
Fig 5.22 Radiation pattern in H-plane for asymmetric triangular serrated antenna with change
in substrate permittivity at 2.7 GHz
Fig 5.22 shows the butterfly like radiation pattern in the case of H-plane radiation
pattern for asymmetric triangular serrated antenna. For some case the co and cross
polarization levels are intersected as shown in the Fig 5.22. Maximum difference in
co and cross polarization is observed in the alumina case and minimum is obtained in
the RT-duroid case with 15 dB and 5 dB at 30 deg.
5.5 Dual side serrated antenna
In the previous case a dual band asymmetric triangular serrated antenna is designed
and its parameters are studied with change in substrate permittivity. Here a dual side
serrated antenna is designed to operate at dual band. The structure of the antenna
101
seems to be symmetrical at two sides along x-axis. Horn shaped serrations are placed
on opposite sides along x-axis of the antenna as shown in Fig 5.23.
Fig 5.23 Dual side serrated antenna
Ws Ls Wp Lp W1 W2
48 mm 50 mm 30 mm 38 mm 6 mm 3 mm
Table 5.3 Dual side serrated antenna dimensions
4.4, loss tangent 0.02 and thickness h=1.6 mm. The substrate length along x-axis is
around 50 mm and width is around 48 mm. The overall dimension of the antenna is
50x48x1.6 mm. Dual band characteristics are observed from the current design and
at the initial stage this model is designed to operate at resonant frequency fr, through
which formulation is done by calculating the corresponding wavelength. The detailed
5.5.1 Design steps for the dual side serrated antenna

2) Length and width of the substrate are Ls = 0.65 λc and Ws = 0.625 λc
3) Length and width of the patch are Lp = 0.49 λc and Wp = 0.39 λc
4) Width of the unit cell serrated element W1 = 0.07 λc and combined cell
serrated element W2 = 0.03 λc.
102
5.5.2 Dual side serrated antenna parameters
The reflection coefficient of the antenna is shown in Fig 5.24 indicates that the
antenna is resonating at dual band (2.7 & 3.8 GHz). At first resonant frequency the
impedance bandwidth of 7% and at second resonant frequency impedance bandwidth
of 6.5% is attained from the current model. At the resonating frequencies the VSWR
of less than 2 is obtained from the Fig 5.25.
Fig 5.24 Frequency Vs Return loss for dual side serrated antenna
Fig 5.25 Frequency Vs VSWR for dual side serrated antenna
radiation pattern in 3D and polar coordinates are presented in Fig 5.26, 5.27 and 5.28
respectively at both resonant frequencies. At 2.7 GHz antenna peak realized gain is
around 8 dB and at 3.8 GHz it is more than 7 dB. At 2.7 GHz antenna exhibiting near
omni directional radiation pattern and the difference between co and cross
polarization in the H-plane is around 10 dB at 30 deg and 8 dB at 90 deg.
103
Fig 5.26 3D View of radiation for dual side serrated antenna at 2.7 and 3.8 GHz
Fig 5.27 Radiation pattern in E and H plane at 2.7 GHz for dual side serrated antenna
Fig 5.28 Radiation pattern in E and H plane at 3.8 GHz for dual side serrated antenna
Polarization of the antenna can be observed from the current density plot in vector
form at the resonance. From current distribution plot in Fig 5.29, the antenna at first
resonant frequency is showing orientation of elements towards y-direction starting
from the feed point. At second resonant frequency current on either side of the feed
point is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction along x-axis.
104
Fig 5.29 Current distribution at 2.7 GHz and 3.8 GHz for dual side serrated antenna
5.5.3 Parametric analysis of dual side serrated antenna with change in substrate
permittivity
Fig 5.30 Return loss Vs Frequency for dual side serrated antenna with change in permittivity
Fig 5.31 Impedance for dual side serrated antenna with change in permittivity
Parametric analysis of return loss and impedance with change in substrate

permittivity is shown in Fig 5.30 and Fig 5.31 respectively. For Arlon substrate
material based model, a bandwidth of 200 MHz at first resonant frequency and 250
MHz at second resonating frequency is obtained. For FR4 material bandwidth of 100
MHz and 150 MHz attained at resonating frequencies. For alumina a narrow
105
bandwidth of 50 MHz at first resonant frequency and wide bandwidth of 350 MHz at
second resonant frequency is attained. From Fig 5.31 the impedance matching can be
analyzed at the resonating frequencies for all the models.
5.6 Corner Truncated Serrated Antenna
In the previous case a dual band dual side serrated antenna is designed and its
parameters are studied with change in substrate permittivity. In this section a corner
truncated serrated antenna is designed to operate at dual band. The structure of the
antenna seems to be symmetrical in sides but the number of serrated elements in x
and y directions are different. Corner truncated serrated shapes are placed on four
sides of the antenna as shown in Fig 5.32.
Fig 5.32 Corner truncated serrated antenna
Ws Ls Wp1 Wp2 Lp W1 W2 W3 L1
60 60 22.5 18 28.2 5.9 2.9 mm 2.9 mm 2.2 mm

mm mm mm mm mm mm
Table 5.4 Corner truncated serrated antenna dimensions
around 60 mm and width along y-axis is also 60 mm. The overall dimension of the
antenna is 60x60x1.6 mm. Dual band characteristics are observed from the current
design and at the initial stage this model is designed to operate at resonant frequency
fr, through which formulation is done by calculating the corresponding wavelength.
The detailed design formulation is presented in the following section.
106
5.6.1 Design steps for the dual side serrated antenna

2) Length and width of the substrate Ls = Ws = 1.28 λc
3) Width of the patch Wp1= 0.48 λc
4) Width of the patch by eliminating serrated edges Wp2=0.38 λc
5) Width of serrated element W1=0.12 λc
6) Width of slot between serrated elements W3 and width W2=0.06 λc
7) Length of serrated element L1=0.04 λc
8) Length of the patch Lp=0.60 λc
5.6.2 Corner truncated serrated antenna parameters
Fig 5.33 Return loss Vs Frequency for corner truncated serrated antenna
Fig 5.34 Input impedance curve for corner truncated serrated antenna
107
The reflection coefficient of the antenna shown in Fig 5.33 indicates that the antenna
is resonating at dual band (3.9 GHz & 6.3 GHz). At both the resonant frequencies,
bandwidth of 250 MHz is attained from the current model. At the resonating
frequencies the VSWR of less than 2 is obtained. Fig 5.34 shows the input
impedance curve for the corner truncated serrated antenna. Fig 5.35 represents the
3D view of radiation for corner truncated antenna. A peak realized gain of 6.9 dB
and 7.5 dB at 3.9 GHz and 6.3 GHz is attained from the current design.
Fig 5.35 3D Radiation plot for corner truncated serrated antenna at 3.9 and 6.3 GHz
Fig 5.36 Radiation pattern in E and H-plane for corner truncated serrated antenna at 3.9 GHz
Fig 5.37 Radiation pattern in E and H-plane for corner truncated serrated antenna at 6.3 GHz
108
Fig 5.38 Current distribution of corner truncated serrated antenna at 3.9 and 6.3 GHz
The electromagnetic behaviour of the antenna can only be revealed by examining the
radiation pattern and current distribution. The typical radiation pattern is presented in
Fig 5.36 and 5.37 at both resonant frequencies. At 3.9 GHz antenna exhibiting quasi
omni directional radiation pattern and the difference between co and cross
polarization in the H-plane is around 12 dB at 30 deg and 6 dB at 120 deg. At 6.3
GHz the radiation coverage is directional.
resonant frequency is showing orientation of elements towards y-direction. At second
resonant frequency current on either side of the feed point is equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction along x-axis and intensity more towards the edges of x-axis
direction.
5.6.3 Parametric analysis for corner truncated serrated antenna with change in
permittivity
Fig 5.39 Return loss Vs frequency for corner truncated serrated antenna with change in
permittivity
109
Fig 5.40 VSWR Vs frequency for corner truncated serrated antenna with change in permittivity

permittivity is shown in Fig 5.39 and Fig 5.40 respectively. At fundamental resonant
frequency except RT-duroid and Arlon, the remaining materials based models have
very narrow bandwidth. At second resonant frequency except alumina, remaining
materials based models have considerable bandwidth range. Among all the materials
Arlon is showing triple band characteristics with considerable bandwidth variation.
Fig 5.41 shows the impedance plot for different permittivity values.
Fig 5.41 Impedance plot for corner truncated serrated antenna with change in permittivity
5.7 Combinational Serrated Antenna
In the previous case a corner truncated serrated antenna is designed and its
parameters are studied with change in substrate permittivity. Here a combinational
serrated antenna is designed to operate at dual band. The structure of the antenna
seems to be the combination of triangular, square, pyramidal and saw tooth serrations
on four sides. The combinational antenna structure is as shown in Fig 5.43.
110
Fig 5.42 Combinational serrated antenna
Ws Ls W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 Lp Wp
60 60 2.8 2.75 4.3 3.4 2.5 2.95 1.75 2.7 2 4 29.5 22

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
Table 5.5 Combinational serrated antenna dimensions
and in table 5.5. The antenna is designed on FR4 substrate with dielectric constant
antenna is 60x60x1.6 mm. Dual band characteristics are observed from the current
design and at the initial stage this model is designed to operate at fr, through which
formulation is done by calculating the corresponding wavelength. The detailed
5.7.1 Design steps for the combinational serrated antenna

2) Length and width of the substrate Ls=Ws=1.36 λc
3) Square serrated element length L1=0.06 λc
4) Gap between square serrated elements L2=0.03 λc
5) Length of the centre square serrated element L5=0.09 λc
6) Length of pyramid serrated element L3=0.06 λc
7) Gap between pyramid serrated elements L4=0.04 λc
8) Width of saw tooth serrated element W2=0.06 λc

111
9) Gap between saw tooth serrated element W1=0.06 λc
11) Width of the patch Wp=0.5 λc
12) Width of the centre triangular serrated element W5=0.05 λc
13) Width of the corner triangular serrated element W3=0.09 λc
14) Gap between triangular serrated elements W4=0.07 λc
5.7.2 Combinational serrated antenna parameters
Fig 5.43 Return loss Vs Frequency for combinational serrated antenna
Fig 5.44 VSWR Vs Frequency of combinational serrated antenna
The computed and measured return loss characteristic of the combinational serrated
antenna is shown in Fig 5.43. From simulation return loss an impedance bandwidth
of 5.3% and 5% is attained at first and second resonant frequencies. An impedance
bandwidth of 5% and 5.6% is attained from the measured return loss. There is a
slight shift in the resonant frequency due to the improper matching at feed point
connector. Fig 5.45 shows the input impedance smith chart for the current model.
112
Fig 5.45 Input impedance smith chart of combinational serrated antenna
Fig 5.46 3D Radiation of combinational serrated antenna at 4.4 and 6.8 GHz
Fig 5.47 Radiation pattern in E and H plane of combinational serrated antenna at 4.4 GHz
radiation pattern in 3D and polar coordinates are presented in Fig 5.46 and 5.48
respectively at both resonant frequencies. At 4.4 GHz antenna peak realized gain is
around 8 dB and at 6.8 GHz it is more than 7 dB. In the E-plane antenna is exhibiting
directional radiation pattern and a butterfly like radiation in the H-plane.
113
Fig 5.48 Radiation pattern in E and H plane of combinational serrated antenna at 6.8 GHz
Fig 5.49 Current distribution of combinational serrated antenna at 4.4 and 6.8 GHz
resonant frequency is showing orientation of elements towards y-direction. At second
resonant frequency current on either side of the feed point is equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction along x-axis.
5.7.3 Parametric analysis of combinational serrated antenna with change in

permittivity
Parametric analysis of return loss and VSWR with change in substrate permittivity is
shown in Fig 5.50 and Fig 5.51 respectively. At fundamental resonant frequency a
shift in the frequency towards lower frequency band can be observed with increase in
the substrate permittivity. By increasing the permittivity the bandwidth is reduced
and for FR4 and alumina, even the antenna is also not resonating at fundamental
resonating frequency. At second resonance the frequency is shifted with increase in
substrate permittivity, but RT-duroid, Arlon and Ultralam 3850 based models are
giving almost stable bandwidth at the second resonance.
114
Fig 5.50 Return loss of combinational serrated antenna with change in substrate permittivity
Fig 5.51 VSWR of combinational serrated antenna with change in substrate permittivity
Fig 5.52 Impedance for combinational serrated antenna with change in substrate permittivity
VSWR of 2:1 ratio is obtained at the resonant frequencies as shown in Fig 5.51 at
lower frequency range, beyond 7 GHz poor input impedance also can be observed
from the Fig 5.52.
5.8 Spike Serrated Antenna
In the previous section a combinational serrated antenna is designed and its

parameters are studied with change in substrate permittivity. In this section a spike
115
serrated antenna is designed to operate at multiple bands. The structure of the

antenna seems to be the combination of horn edge serrations on four sides. The
proposed spike serrated antenna structure is as shown in Fig 5.53.
Fig 5.53 Spike serrated antenna
Ws Ls Lp Wp r1 r2
13 13 7 5.79 1.02 0.98

mm mm mm mm mm mm
Table 5.6 Spike serrated antenna dimensions
antenna is 13x13xx1.6 mm. Multiband characteristics are observed from the current
design and at the initial stage this model is designed to operate at fr, through which
formulation is done by calculating the corresponding wavelength. The detailed
5.8.1 Design steps for the spike serrated antenna

4) Width of the patch Wp=0.062 λc
5) Radius of open ended serrated spike r1along x-axis =0.011 λc
6) Radius of closed end serrated spike r2 along y-axis =0.010 λc
116
5.8.2 Spike serrated antenna parameters
Fig 5.54 Return loss of spike serrated antenna
Fig 5.55 VSWR of spike serrated antenna
The computed and measured return loss characteristic of the spike serrated antenna is
shown in Fig 5.54. From simulation return loss an impedance bandwidth of 6.25% is
attained at first and second resonant frequencies. A wide bandwidth of 250 MHz is
obtained between 3-3.25 GHz as shown in the Fig 5.55. An impedance bandwidth of
6% is attained from the measured return loss. There is a slight shift in the resonant
frequency due to the improper matching at feed point connector.
Fig 5.56 3D Radiation for spike serrated antenna at 1.6 and 3.2 GHz
117
Fig 5.57 Radiation pattern in E and H plane for spike serrated antenna at 1.6 GHz
radiation in 3D plot is presented in Fig 5.57 for two resonant frequencies. At 1.6
GHz antenna peak realized gain is around 7.7 dB and at 3.2 GHz it is 7.8 dB. In the
E-plane antenna is exhibiting directional radiation pattern and a butterfly like
radiation in the H-plane. The difference between co and cross polarization levels in
the E-plane pattern at 30 deg is around 16 dB and at 120 deg it is around 8 dB.
Fig 5.58 Current distribution of spike serrated antenna at 1.6, 2.6 and 3.2 GHz
resonant frequency is showing orientation of current elements towards y-direction
and maximum intensity at the edges of x-plane. At second resonant frequency current
on either side of the feed point is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction along
x-axis. At third resonance the direction of current elements are opposite in direction
along y-axis.
118
5.8.3 Parametric analysis of spike serrated antenna with change in permittivity
Fig 5.59 Return loss Vs Frequency for spike serrated antenna with change in permittivity
Fig 5.60 VSWR Vs Frequency for spike serrated antenna with change in permittivity
Parametric analysis of return loss and VSWR with change in substrate permittivity is
shown in Fig 5.59 and Fig 5.60 respectively. At fundamental resonant frequency a
shift in the frequency towards lower frequency band can be observed with increase in
the substrate permittivity for all the materials except alumina. Alumina based model
is resonating at quad band. This particular spike serrated model can be used in L and
S band for GPS and satellite mobile phones etc.
Fig 5.61 Radiation pattern in E-Plane for spike serrated antenna with change in permittivity
119
Fig 5.62 Radiation pattern in H-Plane for spike serrated antenna with change in permittivity
The radiation pattern of the antenna in E and H-plane with change in substrate
permittivity can be observed from Fig 5.61 and 5.62 respectively.
5.9 Saw tooth serrated antenna
In the previous section a spike serrated antenna is designed and its parameters are
studied with change in substrate permittivity. In this section a saw tooth serrated
antenna is designed to operate at triple band. The structure of the antenna appears to
be the combination of triangular edge serrations and corner truncated serrated on four
sides.
antenna is 80x80x1.6 mm. Triple band characteristics are observed from the current
design and at the initial stage this model is designed to operate at resonant frequency
fr, through which formulation is done by calculating the corresponding wavelength.
The detailed design formulation is presented in the following section.
Fig 5.63 Saw tooth serrated antenna

120
Ws Ls Wp1 Wp2 Wp3 Lp1 Lp2 Lp3 Lp4 Lp5
80 80 32 22.5 5.6 44 29.6 7.4 7.2 6.8

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
Table 5.7 Saw tooth serrated antenna dimensions
5.9.1 Design equations for the saw tooth serrated antenna

3) Width of the patch at Wp1=0.33 λc and at Wp2=0.23 λc
4) Length of the patch at Lp1=0.45 λc and at Lp2=0.30 λc
5) Length of Lp3=Lp4=Lp5=0.07 λc
5.9.2 Saw tooth serrated antenna parameters
Fig 5.64 Return loss Vs Frequency for triangular saw tooth serrated antenna
Fig 5.65 Input impedance for saw tooth serrated antenna
121
From Fig 5.64 it has been observed that the antenna is resonating at triple band with
impedance bandwidth of 6% at 3.1 GHz, 8% at 4.6 GHz and 7% 5.9 GHz
respectively. VSWR<2 is observed at the resonating frequencies as shown in Fig
5.65. The S11 can only depict the performance of an antenna as a lumped load at the
end of the feed point. The elaborated electromagnetic behaviour of the antenna can
only be revealed by examining the radiation pattern and current distribution. The
typical radiation pattern in 3D is presented in Fig 5.66, 5.67 respectively. At 3.1GHz
antenna exhibiting near omni directional radiation pattern. At 4.6 GHz radiation is
directive and at 5.9 GHz it is quasi omni directional.
Fig 5.66 3D Radiation plot for the saw tooth serrated antenna at 3.1 and 4.6 GHz
Fig 5.67 3D Radiation plot for the saw tooth serrated antenna at 5.9 GHz
Fig 5.68 Radiation pattern for the saw tooth serrated antenna at 3.1 GHz
122
From Fig 5.68 to 5.70 we can observe the radiation pattern of the saw tooth serrated
antenna in polar coordinates. The co and cross polarization level difference in the
case of H-plane at 30 deg is around 12 dB, 10 dB and 6 dB respectively at three
resonant frequencies. Nulling in the pattern can be observed at 60 deg in the case of
E-plane at 4.6 GHz.
Fig 5.71 Current distribution for the saw tooth serrated antenna at 3.1, 4.6 and 5.9 GHz
123
resonant frequency is showing orientation of elements towards y-direction and

maximum intensity at the edges of x-plane. At second resonant frequency current on
either side of the feed point is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction along x-
axis. At third resonance the direction of current elements are equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction along y-axis.
5.9.3 Parametric analysis for saw tooth serrated antenna with change in
Fig 5.72 Return loss Vs Frequency for saw tooth serrated antenna with change in permittivity
Fig 5.73 Impedance plot for saw tooth serrated antenna with change in permittivity
permittivity is shown in Fig 5.72 and Fig 5.73 respectively. At fundamental resonant
frequency a shift in the frequency towards lower frequency band can be observed
with increase in the substrate permittivity for all the materials except alumina.
Alumina based model is resonating at penta-band. This particular spike serrated
model can be used in S and C band for communication applications. From
impedance analysis plot, plexiglass material based model is having impedance
matching nearer to 50 ohms at all the resonant frequencies.
124
5.10 UWB Step Serrated Antenna
The serrated models presented in the previous sections are suffering with narrow
bandwidth. An efficient technique to increase the bandwidth of the antenna is the use
of modified shape of monopole antenna. The structure can be implemented with both
coplanar waveguide and microstrip technologies. A CPW fed antenna with staircased
ground and radiating element is introduced in the current model, which is the
combination of simple step serrated ground plane and top loaded patch. Serrations
are made on the top loaded plane and ground plane to increase the bandwidth and to
get compactness in the design.
The main reasons for considering serrations in the design are to change the distance
between ground plane and the lower part of the monopole antenna in order to tune
the capacitive coupling between ground plane and antenna, thereby to widen the
impedance bandwidth. If the number of serrations is increased more than two, the
bandwidth will be degraded. Here the ground plane is acting like an impedance
matching element especially at higher frequencies.
5.10.1 UWB Step Serrated Antenna Dimension

The geometry of the proposed CPW fed serrated UWB antenna is shown in Fig 5.74.
Antenna is designed on FR4 substrate material with permittivity 4.4 and loss tangent
0.02 with thickness of 1.6 mm. The stair case radiating element consists of three
rectangles of lengths L1, L2, L3 and widths W1, W2, W3. Ground plane consists of
combination of three rectangles of lengths L4, L5, L6 and widths W4, W5, W6 on
either side of the transmission lines. The coplanar waveguide feed is derived using
standard design equations for 50 ohm impedance and the total dimension is
20X26X1.6 mm.
Fig 5.74 Step Serrated Antenna

125
5.10.2 Reflection coefficient of step serrated antenna
Fig 5.75 Reflection coefficient curve of step serrated antenna
Initially design and simulation is done on FEM based HFSS tool and after that
prototyped on FR4 substrate material. The reflection coefficient curve shown in Fig
5.75 is showing good agreement between simulated and measured results on R&S
ZNB 20 vector network analyzer. This particular design is covering the UWB band
from 3.1 – 10.6 GHz with return loss < -10dB.
5.10.3 Radiation pattern and Current distribution of step serrated antenna
Fig 5.76 (a) Current distribution of step serrated antenna at (a) 3.92 (b) 6.24 (c) 10.08
GHz
126
Fig 5.76 (b) 3D Radiation of step serrated antenna at (a) 3.92 (b) 6.24 (c) 10.08 GHz
There are mainly three resonances observed from the reflection coefficient results.
Resonances corresponding to different modes of field distributions and radiation
patterns impact are studied. The current distribution of these resonance modes and
the corresponding radiation patterns are observed and presented in Fig 5.76 (a), 5.76
(b) and 5.77 respectively.
Fig 5.77 Radiation pattern of step serrated antenna Co pol (---), Cross pol (---)
Measured and simulated gain Vs frequency plot is shown in Fig 5.78. In the ultra
wideband range average gain of 2.6 dB is attained from the measured results. Peak
realized gain of 4 dB is attained at 6.2 GHz as shown in Fig 5.78.
127
6
Simulated
4 Measured
G a in in d B
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Frequency in GHz
Fig 5.78 Frequency Vs Gain of step serrated antenna
Fig 5.79 Reflection Coefficient with change in Substrate Height
From Fig 5.79 parametric analysis with change in substrate thickness is presented.
With the increase in substrate thickness, the variation in the return loss is presented
here.
5.10.4 Design steps for step serrated Antenna
1) Design a 50 Ω CPW line on a substrate with permittivity εr. Calculate εeff = (εr
+1)/2 where εeff is the effective permittivity of the substrate.
2) L1 = 0.77 λc
L2 = 0.579 λc
L3 = 0.463 λc
W1 = 0.3 λc
W2 =W3 =W5 = W6 = 0.077 λc
L4 = 0.314 λc
L5 = 0.216 λc
L6 = 0.16 λc
128
Where λ c is the wavelength corresponding to centre frequency of the operating

band.
5.10.5 Parametric analysis with change in substrate permittivity
Step serrated antenna performance evaluation is studied with the parametric analysis
of change in permittivity of the substrate material. For this study, substrate materials
are chosen with permittivity ranging from 2.2 to 9.2.
Fig 5.80 Step serrated antenna return loss with change in different substrates
Table 5.8 Step Serrated Antenna parameters with different substrates

Antenna Antenna Antenna Antenna Antenna Antenna Antenna
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Laminate Rogers Arlon Ultralam Polyester Plexiglass FR4 Alumina

5880 AD 250 3850
A
h(mm) 1.57 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
εr 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.4 4.4 10.2
εre 1.6 1.75 1.95 2.1 2.2 2.7 5.1
W(mm) 4 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.1 3 2.05
G(mm) 0.17 0.18 0.22 0.25 0.26 0.35 0.5
Table 5.9 Computed step serrated antenna parameters
Parameter Anten Ante Ante Ante Ante Ante Ante

(mm) na 1 nna 2 nna 3 nna 4 nna 5 nna 6 nna 7
L1 25.7 24.6 23.4 22.3 21.1 20 13.8
L2 19.3 18.4 17.5 16.7 15.8 15 10.4
L3 15.5 14.8 14.1 13.4 12.7 12 8.32
L4 10.5 10 9.56 9.09 8.62 8.15 2.87
L5 7.23 6.89 6.58 6.27 5.96 5.65 5.39
L6 5.36 5.11 4.87 4.63 4.39 4.15 5.64
W1 10.0 9.6 9.2 8.8 8.4 8 3.88
D 2.57 2.44 2.33 2.22 2.11 2 1.38
L 15.5 14.8 14.1 13.4 12.7 12 8.32
129
5.11 CPW Fed UWB Circular Serrated Antenna
A novel compact UWB printed monopole antenna with circular serrated arc-shaped
design is presented in this section. Appropriate impedance characteristics and
omnidirectional H-Plane radiation pattern are the main features of the proposed
antenna. Fig 5.81 shows the proposed model and table 7.10 shows the antenna
dimensional characteristics. The designed FR4 substrate material based antenna has a
small size of 30X30X1.6 mm and provides the bandwidth more than 8400 MHz
between 2.5 GHz to 11 GHz for VSWR<2. Substrate material effects on the
performance of the proposed antenna are also presented in the current work.
Fig 5.81 CPW Fed UWB Circular Serrated Antenna
Table 5.10 Circular serrated antenna parameters

Ls Ws Gw W G r L1 L2
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
30 30 13.75 2 0.5 3.4 3.6 4.6
5.11.1 Circular serrated antenna parameters
Fig 5.82 Return loss curve for circular serrated antenna
130
Fig 5.83 VSWR curve for circular serrated antenna
The reflection coefficient is defined in terms of equivalent voltage which requires the
existence of a well-defined mode in the port of the antenna. Figure 5.82 shows the
return loss Vs frequency for proposed antenna. The voltage standing wave ratio
(VSWR) is the ratio of the maximum and minimum voltages on the transmission line
connected to the antenna, and it follows directly from the reflection coefficient г as
VSWR = (1+г)/ (1-г). Figure 5.83 shows the VSWR curve for the proposed model.
The scattering parameters are the main representation of antenna behaviour with
respect to the circuit to which the antenna is connected. This is particularly true for
passive antennas while more complex parameters are required for active antennas.
Fig 5.84 3D radiation plot for circular serrated antenna at 3.3 and 5 GHz
(a)
131
(b)
(c)
Fig 5.85 Radiation pattern (a) At 3.3 GHz, (b) 5 GHz, (c) 6.8 GHz (0 deg, 90 deg)
Fig 5.84 shows the three dimensional view of radiation at 3.3 and 5 GHz for circular
serrated antenna. Peak realized gain of more than 3.3 dB at 3.3 GHz and 5.7 dB at 5
GHz is obtained from the current design. Omni directional radiation pattern is
observed from the radiation characteristics curve of Fig 5.85. Cross polarization less
than -20 dB is attained from the E-plane pattern. In the H-plane curve at 3.3 GHz,
difference between co and cross polarization is around 10 dB at 30 deg and 6 dB at
120 deg.
Fig 5.86 shows the current distribution on the surface of the antenna at 3.3 and 5
GHz. On the patch surface and on the feed line the current elements have equal
magnitude but opposite in direction. On the ground plane the orientation is towards
x-direction.
Fig 5.86 Current distribution at 3.3 and 5 GHz for circular serrated antenna
132
5.11.2 Design steps for circular serrated antenna
1) Design a 50 Ω CPW line on a substrate with permittivity εr. Calculate εeff = (εr
+1)/2 where εeff is the effective permittivity of the substrate.
3) Here Ws=2Gw+2G+W
4) Half width of the ground plane GW=0.15 λc
5) Gap between feed line and ground plane G=0.005 λc
6) Feed line width W=0.02 λc
7) Serrated arc element length L1=0.03 λc and L2=0.05 λc
8) Radius r=0.037 λc
5.11.3 Parametric analysis of circular serrated antenna with change in

permittivity
Fig 5.87 Return loss Vs Frequency for circular serrated antenna with change in permittivity
Fig 5.88 VSWR Vs Frequency for circular serrated antenna with change in permittivity
Different materials are examined in the current design, and the antenna performance
characteristics are recorded and analysed. Arlon substrate material based model is
133
showing superior bandwidth characteristics compared to other material based

models. A bandwidth of 9000 MHz is obtained with Arlon material antenna.
Multiband characteristics are obtained instead of wideband for the case of alumina
substrate material based model. From the return loss curve, it has been observed that
Alumina based model can be applicable for GSM and UMTS applications.
5.12 Comparison of Different Serrated Antennas

Table 5.11 Comparison of Different Serrated Antennas
S. Antenna Dimensions Resonant Bandwidth Impedance Gain Efficiency Suitable
No Model in mm Frequency in MHz Bandwidth in % Substrate
in GHz % dB Material
1 Triangular 60x60x1.6 4, 6.2 300, 500 7%, 8% 7, 99% RT-
Serrated 7.6 duroid
Aperture 5880
Antenna
2 Asymmetric 65x65x1.6 1.9, 2.7 120, 150 13%, 7.9, 98% Ultralam
Triangular 13.5% 6.9 3850
Serrated
Antenna
3 Dual Side 48x50x1.6 2.7, 3.8 100, 150 7%, 6.5% 8, 7 99.5% Arlon
Serrated AD-250
Antenna
4 Corner 60x60x1.6 3.9, 6.3 250, 250 6%, 4% 6.9, 100% Arlon
Truncated 7.5 AD-250
Serrated
Antenna
5 Combinational 60x60x1.6 4.4, 6.8 250, 400 5%, 5.6% 8, 7 100% RT-
Serrated duroid
Antenna 5880
6 Spike serrated 13x13x1.6 1.6, 2.6, 100, 160, 6.25%, 7.7, 100% RT-
Antenna 3.2 250 6.25%, 7% 7.7, duroid
7.8 5880
7 Saw Tooth 80x80x1.6 3.1, 4.6, 200, 200, 6%, 8%, 7.8, 97% Ultralam
Serrated 5.9 300 7% 7.2, 3850
Antenna 8.1
8 UWB Step 20x26x1.6 3.1-10.6 7500 110% 2.6 96% Plexiglass
Serrated
9 Circular 30x30x1.6 2.5-11 8500 125% 5.7 94% Arlon
Serrated AD-250
Antenna
Table 5.11 shows the comparative analysis of designed serrated antennas. Coplanar
waveguide fed circular serrated antenna is showing wide bandwidth of 8.5 GHz over
other models. When size is concerned, the spike serrated antenna is occupying least
size of 13x13x1.6 mm compared to other models. All these models are resonating at
more than one resonant frequency with considerable bandwidth. The suitable
134
substrate materials are proposed based on the performance characteristics of the

antenna i.e. bandwidth and efficiency.
5.13 Chapter Summary:

Serrated antennas proposed in this chapter will come under the fractal configuration.
Different serrated aperture patch antennas are designed and their performance
characteristics are analyzed with respect to the change in substrate permittivity.
Initially six antenna models are considered with serrated apertures and coaxial
feeding namely asymmetric triangular serrated antenna, dual side serrated antenna,
corner truncation serrated antenna, spike serrated antenna, saw tooth serrated
antenna and combinational serrated antenna. Dual band characteristics are achieved
from asymmetric triangular serrated antenna, dual side serrated antenna, corner
truncated antenna and combinational serrated antenna models. These models are
showing good radiation characteristics with peak realized gain between 6.3 to 8.1
dB at resonant frequencies. Saw tooth serrated antenna is resonating at triple band
with narrow bandwidth and spike antenna is also resonating at three bands with
narrow bandwidth at two bands and wide bandwidth at third band.
Two more models of serrated antennas are designed with CPW feeding namely, step
serrated antenna and circular serrated antenna. Step serrated antenna is covering the
range of UWB from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz and circular serrated antenna is covering the
frequency range from 2.5-11 GHz. Bandwidth improvement is achieved in the case
of circular serrated antenna compared to step serrated antenna. Omni directional
radiation pattern with stable gain makes these models suitable for wideband
applications in the communication systems.
135
Substrate Permittivity Effects on Stacked Patch Antennas Chapter 6
Chapter 6
6. Stacked Patch Antennas
The main goal of the researchers is to increase the gain, bandwidth and to decrease
the size of the antenna with good impedance matching. The conventional dimensions
of the microstrip antennas are around a half wave guide wavelength. Different
techniques are available to increase the impedance and gain bandwidth, which
includes using parasitic patches, taking materials with low permittivity and air gaps
between the layers and multilayer structures etc [112-115]. The antenna size can be
reduced by taking high permittivity materials in the design [116]. One of the main
problems is the surface-wave mode excitation causing a reduction of surface-wave
radiation efficiency. Magnetic substrates also will increase the bandwidth and
decrease the size of the antenna but it is not possible to get pure magnetic substrate
material other than in simulation [117]. By increasing electrical length of the
antenna, short-circuits, superstrates and combination of these can be applied to
decrease the size of the antenna.
A structure with two patches placed in two different layers above the ground plane
was presented by Targonski et al to improve the bandwidth [118]. Placing two
patches instead of one patch will improve the impedance bandwidth and gain of the
antenna [119]. It will increase the thickness of the antenna but by decreasing the
dielectric thickness the impedance bandwidth will be reduced. The utilization of
superstrate enables a size reduction caused by a modification of the effective
dielectric constant. The superstrate acts as protection to the antenna against
environmental conditions and significant increase in gain and efficiency can be
achieved.
6.1 Multiband Slot Aperture Stacked Patch Antenna
The stacked patch arrangement consisting of one fed patch on one layer which we
call as driven patch and a parasitic patch on another layer, also known as a stacked
electromagnetically coupled antenna. Various designs have been proposed in the
literature to improve the bandwidth including the use of thicker substrates, different
shaped patches and addition of parasitic patches. Some of the examples like probe
136
fed U-slot patch antennas, double C patch antennas and E-shape patch antennas
which provide excellent bandwidth. The conventional U-slot patch antenna achieves
an input impedance bandwidth of 30% and its impedance characteristics are further
improved with electromagnetic coupling using an L-probe and stacked rectangular
patch which has a more bandwidth. U-slot patch antenna also achieves circular
polarization with a single feed [120-121].
6.1.1 Multiband slot aperture stacked patch antenna description and

dimensions:
A stacked patch antenna with the combination of U-slot on bottom layered driven
patch and E-shaped patch as parasitic patch is used in this model. The parasitic patch
introduces a second resonance and derives energy from the fed patch. This work
reports the study of two layered electromagnetically coupled stacked patch antenna
performance characteristics with change in substrate permittivity.
Initially two substrate materials of FR4 and RT-duroid are used in this design with
dielectric constant of 4.4 and 2.2 respectively. These two substrates hold U-slot and
E shaped patches on them. Coaxial feeding is used in this design. Both lower and
upper substrates are having Ls=50, Ws=50 and h=1.6 mm respectively. The lower U-
slot patch is having the dimensions of La=39.4, Wa=29.4, Sl1=15.4, Sl2=2 and Sw1=2.
The upper E-shaped patch is having the dimensions of Lp=26.5, Wp=18, Sl3=14.2,
Sw3=1.4. The total dimension of the proposed antenna is about 50X50X3.4 mm. The
total thickness of the antenna is 3.4 mm and comparatively lower in these structures.
Figure 6.1 Antenna Model with Stacked Patch Configuration
137
Figure 6.2 Top patch and bottom patch
U-slot consists of two parallel vertical rectangular slots of length Sw2 and a
horizontal rectangular slot of length Sl1. The parameters that affect the broadband
performance of the patch antenna are the slot length and width and the position of the
slot. It is noted that the slot width should be small relative to the slot length and the
higher resonant mode is sensitive to the length variation of the horizontal slot,
whereas the lower resonant mode strongly depends on the perimeter of the U-slot.
6.1.2 Multiband slot aperture stacked patch antenna parameters:
Initially different thickness variations are considered with respect to the substrate
materials. The antenna output parameters are computed with EM simulator HFSS
and the resultant resonating frequencies and return loss corresponding to those
frequencies are presented in table 6.1. For the thickness of 1.6mm, we obtained
efficient results compared to other values of thickness. The antenna is resonating at
multiband and the reflection coefficients are measured at each resonating frequency.
Fig 6.3 indicates the reflection coefficient in simulation and measurement and Fig
6.4 shows the reflection coefficient for different thickness dimensions of the
substrate.
Parametric analysis with change in the slot width and length of the E-shaped patch is
considered and presented. It is found that a good impedance matching can be
obtained through coupling between the patches up to a certain value. However, with
further increase in coupling, the impedance matching decreases.
138
Table 6.1 Antenna return loss at resonating frequencies with respect to substrate material
thickness
Substrate Thickness (mm) Resonant Frequencies Return Loss (dB)

(GHz)
1.4930 -17.8582
2.9357 -17.8319
5.4231 -16.9613
5.8709 -14.9735
1
7.0648 -12.3541
7.3633 -11.6556
8.3583 -15.9513
9.4030 -15.6380
1.4432 -14.2843
1.5925 -18.3142
2.8859 -18.3179
5.3236 -20.3585
1.6
6.0698 -16.4103
7.2638 -12.6959
8.2090 -21.7959
9.4030 -31.3651
2.3884 -11.4479
2.7864 -11.8141
3 5.1246 -13.5663
5.8211 -31.4681
7.2141 -14.0461
1.5925 -11.9240
5 2.2889 -11.1204
2.7367 -13.0571
1.7417 -30.6649
6
2.7367 -20.1068
139
Fig 6.3 Return loss Vs Frequency in simulation and measurement
To achieve efficient excitation and good impedance matching, parametric analysis is

carried out with change in E-shaped patch slot width. Fig 6.5 shows the return loss
curve for change in slot width. Except for the case of width 4 mm, there is no such
difference is observed from the simulation result.
Return Loss comparison by varying Substrate Thickness stacked patch antenna ANSOFT
10.00
5.00
-0.00
-5.00
-10.00
Y1
Curve Info
-15.00 Substrate Thickness-1.6mm
Setup1 : Sw eep1
Substrate Thickness-1mm
-20.00 Imported
Imported
-25.00 Substrate Thickness-5mm
Imported
-30.00 Imported
-35.00
0.10 1.10 2.10 3.10 4.10 5.10 6.10 7.10 8.10 9.10 10.00
Freq [GHz]
Figure 6.4 Return loss Vs Frequency for different thickness dimensions of substrate
Return Loss stacked patch antenna ANSOFT

0.00
-10.00
-20.00
S11
Curve Info
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1
-30.00 sw 3='1.4mm'
dB(St(1,1))_1
Imported
sw 3='2mm'
dB(St(1,1))_2
-40.00 Imported
sw 3='3mm'
dB(St(1,1))_3
Imported
sw 3='4mm'
-50.00
0.10 1.10 2.10 3.10 4.10 5.10 6.10 7.10 8.10 9.10 10.00
Frequency [GHz]
Figure 6.5 Return loss against frequency for width variations of 1.4, 2, 3 and 4 mm for substrate
thickness of 1.6mm
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
m6
m1
-15.00 m5
S11
m2 m3
m4
-20.00 Name X Y m7
m1 1.4432 -14.2833
m2 1.5925 -18.3142
-25.00 m3 2.8859 -18.3178
m4 5.3236 -20.3285
Curve Info m5 6.0698 -16.4103
-30.00 m6 7.2638 -12.6959 m8
dB(St(1,1))
Setup1 : Sw eep1 m7 8.2090 -21.7959
m8 9.4030 -31.3651
-35.00
0.10 1.10 2.10 3.10 4.10 5.10 6.10 7.10 8.10 9.10 10.00
Frequency [GHz]
Figure 6.6 Return Loss for substrate thickness of 1.6mm for E-shaped slot width 1.4mm
140
Stacking with an E-Patch will provide at least four resonant frequencies and prudent
selection of these frequencies can enhance the input impedance bandwidth. It is
observed that the present structure with good matching could be implemented when
two patches are centered along a common axis. Figure 6.6 shows the return loss
curve for substrate thickness of 1.6 mm and width of the slot on E-shaped patch of
1.4 mm. The distance between the patches mainly affects the frequency
corresponding to the upper edge of the bandwidth, where as it has minimal effect on
the frequency corresponding to the lower edge. It is also found that at higher
frequency, return loss is not affected much with the variation in the slot width of E-
shaped patch. Fig 6.7 shows the VSWR curve for the model with substrate thickness
of 1.6 mm.
VSWR stacked patch antenna ANSOFT
10.00
Curve Info Name X Y
VSWR m1 1.4432 1.4787
9.00 Setup1 : Sw eep1
m2 1.5925 1.2764
m3 2.8859 1.2763
8.00
m4 5.3236 1.2131
m5 6.0698 1.3562
7.00 m6 7.2638 1.6037
m7 8.2090 1.1770
6.00 m8 9.4030 1.0555
VSWR
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00 m6
m1
m2 m3 m5
m4 m7 m8
1.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00
Frequency [GHz]
Figure 6.7 VSWR Vs Frequency of slot aperture stacked patch antenna
The bandwidth (VSWR<=2) is approximately 47%. Although this is an electrically

thick probe-fed patch, there is no appreciable inductive component associated with
the input impedance. This is vastly different from the case without the slot, in which
a large inductive reactance is present for substrate thickness exceeding 0.03 0 . The
lower patch was fed with a coaxial probe excited at the resonant frequency of the
TM 01 mode. Cardboard pieces with large holes in the centre were used as spacers
separating the two layers. The thickness of each piece was s 1 and ‘s’ could be made
to increase in multiples of s1 . For each spacing measurements were made on E and H

plane patterns, sweep frequency responses and input impedances as a function of
frequency. The gain can be estimated from the formula.
26000
Gain (db)  10 log
HPE0 HPH0
141
Where HPE0 HPH0 were the half power beam widths in degrees in the E and H-plane
respectively. Peak realized gain of 3.9 dB is attained from the current design with
substrate thickness of 1.6 mm. Fig 6.8 shows the Y and Z parameters curve with
respect to frequency. Fig 6.9 shows the radiation pattern in polar coordinates. At 5.32
GHz nulling is observed in 120 deg and 180 deg from Fig 6.9 and the radiation is
somewhat quasi omni directional.
Frequency vs. Y, Z stacked patch antenna ANSOFT
60.00
40.00
Curve Info
20.00
Y-Parameter
Setup1 : Sw eep1
Z-Parameter
Setup1 : Sw eep1
Y1
0.00
-20.00
-40.00
-60.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00
Frequency [GHz]
Figure 6.8 Y and Z Parameters Vs Frequency of slot aperture stacked patch antenna
Figure 6.9 Radiation Pattern of slot aperture stacked patch antenna at 5.32 GHz and 8.2 GHz
Fig 6.10 3D Radiation plot of slot aperture stacked patch antenna at 5.32 GHz and 8.2 GHz
142
The radiation pattern have been simulated at 5.32, 8.2 GHz and presented in Fig
6.10. Almost a broadside radiation pattern is observed at the higher band, however
the pattern at the lower band shows a slight deviation from the broadside direction.
This is primarily due to the effect of the currents on the lower patch. Finally the
excited patch’s E-Field, H-Field and current distribution of the proposed antenna is
also studied using HFSS. Figure 6.11, 6.12 and 6.13 respectively shows the
simulated field distributions of the antenna. Results for three typical frequencies 5.3,
8.2 and 9.4 GHz respectively are shown. At these three frequencies antenna
parameters are tabulated in the Table 2. These results show that the peak directivity,
peak gain and radiation efficiency at 9.4 GHz is superior, when compared to other
two frequencies.
Figure 6.11 Electric Field Distributions at 5.32 GHz, 8.209 GHz, and 9.403 GHz
Figure 6.12 Magnetic Field Distributions at 5.32 GHz, 8.20 GHz, and 9.40 GHz
Figure 6.13 Current Distributions at 5.32 GHz, 8.20 GHz, and 9.40 GHz
143
Table 6.2 Antenna Parameters
Antenna Parameters 5.32 GHz 8.20 GHz 9.40 GHz

Max U (W/sr) 0.00342005 0.00258898 0.00519852
Peak Directivity 6.86887 4.56466 7.73537
Peak Gain 2.96114 2.25281 4.59239
Peak Realized Gain 2.87595 2.17745 4.37194
Radiated Power (W) 0.00625701 0.00712755 0.00844536
Accepted Power (W) 0.0145142 0.0144419 0.0142253
Incident Power (W) 0.0149442 0.0149417 0.0149426
Radiation Efficiency 0.431096 0.493532 0.593687
6.1.3 Parametric analysis for multiband slot aperture stacked patch antenna
with change in permittivity of substrate
Fig 6.14 shows the return loss curve for simulated parametric analysis of the antenna
with change in substrate permittivity. Here two cases are considered for the
performance evaluation. In the first case same type of material has been used in the
two layers and in the second case both the materials in the two layers are taken
independently. In the first case, simulation is carried out for reflection coefficient
result with change in material. Among all the materials, FR4 material based model,
the bandwidth is 600 MHz in the range of 5.4 GHz to 6 GHz and for the remaining
materials the bandwidth is narrow at the resonating frequencies.
5.00
0.00
-5.00
-10.00
S11
-15.00
Curve Info
FR4
Setup1 : Sw eep1
-20.00 Arlon
Imported
RT Duroid
Imported
-25.00 Ultralam3000(LCP)
Imported
Rogers Ultralam2000
Imported
-30.00
0.10 1.10 2.10 3.10 4.10 5.10 6.10 7.10 8.10 9.10 10.00
Frequency [GHz]
Fig 6.14 Parametric analysis of return loss for change in same substrate material in two layers
10.00
0.00
-10.00
-20.00
S11
-30.00 Curve Inf o

RT Duroid-FR4
Setup1 : Sw eep1
FR4-Ultralam3000(LCP)
-40.00 Imported
RT Duroid-Ultralam3000(LCP)
Imported
-50.00 Ultralam3000(LCP)-Rogers Ultralam2000
Imported
Arlon-Rogers Ultralam2000
Imported
-60.00
0.10 1.10 2.10 3.10 4.10 5.10 6.10 7.10 8.10 9.10 10.00
Frequency [GHz]
Fig 6.15 Parametric analysis of return loss for change in different substrate materials in two
layers
144
In the case of change in material in two layers, poor reflection coefficient was
observed. For the combination of FR4 and LCP material, bandwidth of about 500
MHz in the range of 5.4-5.9 GHz is been observed.
6.2 Rotated stacked Patch Antenna
A novel circularly polarized stacked patch antenna with coaxial feeding is proposed
and its performance characteristics are analyzed and presented in this section.
Performance analysis of the antenna with change in the permittivity of the substrate
is also presented. The proposed antenna consisting of four parasitic patches, each one
being rotated by 300 relative to its adjacent patches.
In this work a novel method is presented for the generation of circular polarization
by doing modification in the normal design. This model is composed of four patches,
each one being oriented at an angle of 300 with respect to its adjacent lower and
upper patches. Fig 6.16 shows the antenna model with rotated stacked patches from
top view.
Fig 6.16 Coaxial Fed Rotated Stacked Patch Antenna
6.2.1 Rotated stacked patch antenna configuration

In this model each patch is rotated by 300 with respect to the lower one. The top
patch is rotated by 900 relative to the lower patch. This means lower and upper
patches are perpendicular to each other. The polarization depends on the direction of
patch rotation [120]. If the patch rotation is right handed with respect to the antenna
radiation axis, then the wave propagation is right handed. Conversely it is left-
circularly polarized, if the patches rotate counter clockwise looking in the direction
of wave emission from the antenna. Coaxial feeding method is used in this design
for feeding the antenna. The patch length is selected equal to the effective
wavelength of the centre frequency La=λ/√εeff, where λ is wavelength in free space
145
and εeff is effective dielectric constant. The current model is designed on RT-duroid
substrate material with thickness of 1.6 mm in each layer. The overall height of the
antenna is more compared to the length and width of the antenna.
Table 6.3 Rotated stacked patch antenna dimensions
Ls mm Ws mm La mm Wa mm Feed Position
35 35 22 11 (-5, 4)
Table 6.3 indicates the dimensional characteristics of the current antenna. Length and
width of the substrate Ls=Ws=35 mm i.e. 0.78 λc, where λc is the wavelength
corresponding to the centre frequency. Length of the patch element La=22 mm i.e.
0.49 λc, width of the patch element Wa=11 mm i.e. 0.24 λc.
6.2.2 Rotated stacked patch antenna parameters
Circular polarization is achieved if two perpendicular components are simultaneously

excited with equal amplitude and ±900 out of phase. By rotating each patch, both
components of linear polarization are excited and distance between patches lead to a
phase difference between adjacent patches. Superposition of radiation fields of all
patches leads to the polarization of the antenna. With proper placement of patches
and their spacing will provide the circular polarization. The patch length is taken as
the twice of the width La=2Wa=λ, so the effects of the non radiating edges are
cancelled out.
In order to verify the frequency response characteristics of the antenna namely return
loss, VSWR, gain and axial ratio, the proposed model is designed and simulated with
Ansys HFSS EM solver. Fig 6.17 shows the return loss Vs frequency of the model,
with bandwidth of 1.8 GHz in the range of 5.85-7.65 GHz and the Impedance
bandwidth of 26.6% from the current design. VSWR<2 in the desired band also can
be observed from Fig 6.19. Good impedance characteristics of the rotated stacked
patch antenna can be verified from Fig 6.18. 3D radiation characteristics of the
rotated stacked patch antenna can be observed from Fig 6.20 at 6.1 GHz and 7.2 GHz
respectively.
146
Fig 6.17 Return loss Vs Frequency of Rotated stacked patch antenna
Fig 6.18 Input Impedance of Rotated stacked patch antenna
Fig 6.19 VSWR Vs Frequency of Rotated stacked patch antenna
Fig 6.20 3D Radiation at 6.1 and 7.2 GHz for Rotated stacked patch antenna
Fig 6.21 shows the radiation pattern of the antenna in polar coordinates for E and H-
Plane. Almost quasi omni directional pattern in E-plane and H-plane has been
observed at 6.1 GHz and directional oriented pattern at 7.2 GHz.
147
Fig 6.21 Radiation Pattern in E and H Fields at 6.1 and 7.2 GHz for Rotated stacked patch
antenna
Fig 6.22 shows the electric field distribution at 7.2 GHz. At higher frequency electric
field distribution is mainly concentrated around the edges rather than at centre.
Fig 6.22 Electric Field Distribution at 7.2 GHz for Rotated stacked patch antenna
First investigation is done on frequency Vs axial ratio and later on effect of rotation
angle ɵ of patches on axial ratio bandwidth. Fig 6.23 and 6.24 indicates the result of
this study. Axial ratio bandwidth is sensitive to the rotation angle ɵ. Its value is
almost constant in the range of 250<ɵ<400 and is highest about at 300. Quite good
performance is observed when lower and higher side patches are perpendicular to
each other. The proposed model achieved maximum gain of 5.8 dB and AR<3 dB
bandwidth of 26% (5.8-7.8 GHz) with VSWR<2.
148
5 20
18
A x ia l R a t io B a n d w id t h (P e rc e n t )
4
16
A x ia l R a t i o ( d B )
3 14
12
2
10
8
1
6
0 4
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Frequency in GHz Rotation Angle (deg)
Fig 6.23 Frequency Vs Axial Ratio Fig 6.24 Rotation Angle Vs AR-Bandwidth
Beneath the patches, the surface current distribution at 7.2 GHz is presented in Fig
6.25. Current distribution from lower patch to upper patch, by considering each case
independently is presented here. It is observed that currents have the perpendicular
components to edges on the larger sides of the patches. The currents which are
perpendicular to edges of the patches will lead to radiation.
Fig 6.25 Surface Current distribution beneath the patches at Frequency 7.2 GHz from lower
patch 1 to upper patch 4 for Rotated stacked patch antenna
Fig 6.26 shows the frequency Vs gain plot of the rotated stacked patch antenna. As
frequency increases from 5.8 GHz to higher side, gain decreases from 5dB to lower
values. In the region from 5.8 GHz to 7 GHz, gain varies between 5 to 4 dB, which
may be considered as stable for an antenna.
149
Fig 6.26 Gain Vs Frequency for Rotated stacked patch antenna
6.2.3 Parametric analysis of Rotated stacked patch antenna with change in

0
-5
-10
-15
-20
RT-duroid
-25 Arlon AD 250
Ultralam 3850
-30
FR4
-35 Alumina
-40
5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
Frequency in GHz
Fig 6.27 Parametric analysis of Rotated stacked patch antenna with change in permittivity
Here five dielectric materials FR4, alumina, Arlon, Ultralam 3850 and RT-duroid are
taken for this study. From the Fig 6.27 it has been observed that all the materials are
showing almost nearer bandwidth in the desired range and not much more change in
the reflection coefficient can be observed.
6.3 Comparison of Stacked Patch Antennas

Table 6.4 Comparison of Designed Stacked Patch Antennas
S. Antenna Dimensions Resonant Bandwidth Impedance Gain Efficiency Suitable
No Model in mm Frequency in MHz Bandwidth in % Substrate
in GHz % dB Material
1 Multiband 50x50x3.2 1.44, 1.59, 200, 100, 7.2%, 6%, 4.5 60% RT-
Slot 2.8, 5.3, 6, 100, 300, 3.5%, 17%, Duroid
Aperture 7.2, 8.2, 300, 100, 24%, 12%, 5880
Stacked 9.4 200, 150 15%
Patch
Antenna
2 Rotated 35x35x9.4 5.85-7.65 1800 26.6% 4 85% FR4
Stacked
Patch
150
Table 6.4 shows the comparison of the two stacked patch antenna models with
respect to their performance characteristics. Multiband slot aperture stacked patch
antenna overall dimensions are less compared to rotated stacked patch antenna.
Circular polarization with wideband characteristics are attained with rotated stacked
patch antenna.
6.4 Chapter Summary
A novel, compact U-slotted patch stacking with E-shape patch has been presented in
this work which is simulated and analyzed. The design consists of two asymmetric
slotted patches that are stacked together. The return loss of the proposed structure is -
10 dB across multiple bands and bandwidth enhancement is attained when compared
with conventional E-shaped stacked patches. The radiation patterns are relatively
constant throughout the whole bandwidth. The fabricated model measurement results
are in good correlation with simulated results.
Another novel structure of rotated stacked patch model with circular polarization is
proposed. The radiation mechanism of the antenna has been explained with its
performance characteristics. Design simplicity and stable gain are the advantages of
the proposed model. From the parametric analysis with change in permittivity from
2.2 to 9.2, the bandwidth is almost same in the desired band.
151
Liquid Crystal and Liquid Crystal Polymer based Antenna Chapter 7
Chapter 7
7. Liquid Crystal and Liquid Crystal Polymer based Antennas
7.1 Introduction: Depending on the temperature, liquid crystal (LC) phase exists in
between crystalline solid and an isotropic liquid. In this state the material can flow
like a liquid but at the same time molecules have orientation order. A typical LC
molecule has a rod like shape as shown in the Fig 7.1. The size of the molecule is
typically is few nanometres. This shape anisotropy causes anisotropy in terms of
dielectric constant.
Fig 7.1 Typical Liquid Crystal Molecule and its temperature dependency
Cross section of Liquid Crystal based molecule orientation with bias voltage is

shown in Fig 7.2. Depending on the RF field distribution and n , LCs feature
anisotropic electrical properties. Thin polyimide film is coated on the inner surface of
the substrates to orient the LC molecules parallel to the surface initially.
Fig 7.2 LC Molecules orientation with applied bias voltage

152

At this level the RF field distribution is perpendicular to the director n as shown in
the Fig 7.2 and the relative permittivity and loss tangent along the short axes are
effective. The orientation of the molecules will be same if the applied bias voltage is
less than the threshold voltage. If applied voltage exceeds certain voltage Vmax then
all molecules will be aligned parallel to the bias voltage. When voltage is released,
then molecules return to the initial state due to the polimide film. Required time for
this process is defined as switching time which depends on LC material, its
thickness, temperature and its oriention mechanism. All other states between ε|| and ε
┴ equivalently continuous tunability, can be achieved by varying the applied voltage
between the threshold voltage and Vmax. A general characteristic of LC that is
dielectric constant and loss tangent versus bias voltage is plotted in Fig 7.3.
Fig 7.3 εr and tan δ characteristics of LC material Vs bias voltage

Nematic phase state liquid crystal is a non linear dielectric material in which the
dielectric constant can be changed between two extreme states that are described by
the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, either parallel or perpendicular to the
exited RF field. The effective dielectric anisotropy can be defined as
∆ε = ε|| - ε ┴
Where ∆ε = Dielectric anisotropy
ε|| = LC Permittivity with DC voltage
ε ┴ = LC Permittivity without DC voltage
Instead of placing a microstrip line on the top substrate, microstrip patches can be
realized as antenna elements. Reconfigurable reflect arrays also can be designed
based on the principle of variable patch dimensions. Instead of changing the
dimensions of the metalized patch, dielectric properties of LC under the patches are
tuned with a bias voltage. Although all the patches have identical physical
dimensions, they have different electrical properties. This results in different
153
backscattered phases. Beam forming is possible as different patch lengths from a

feed to the patches are compensated by the preadjusted phases of the patches.
Our intension is to use the liquid crystal and liquid crystal polymer based materials
as substrate materials in the design of microstrip patch antennas. By looking at the
basic operation mechanism in terms of dielectric anisotropy with change in bias
voltage between two electrodes, we can tune the antenna to our desired frequency
and digital controllability will be in our hand. Liquid crystal substrate material can be
attained with LC cavity by placing spherical spacers with small diameter between
two substrates. Although antenna consists of three dielectric layers which are top
substrate, LC layer and bottom substrate the thickness should be maintained low to
attain compactness in size.
7.2 Liquid Crystal Polymer Material
To reduce the overall size, structural complexity and the cost of RF systems,
multilayered substrate materials in which passive elements are Integrated as
distributed elements inside the substrate/packing layers is required. A solution for the
compact integration of these passive components, potentially with embedded active
chips as well is the system-on-package (SOP) approach. In SOP package, connecting
passive and active components on the board and encapsulating the assembly inside of
a robust package are two steps critical to reliable operation of the RF systems. The
package should create an acceptable environmental seal without significantly
affecting the electrical characteristics of the entire circuit. Specifically, the electrical
discontinuities created from the package should create minimal reflections and
minimal inductive or capacitive parasites to avoid throwing off the sensitive
matching circuit of active devices. The most important material characteristics for
use in SOP systems are low electrical loss and excellent seal integrity, generally
specified by permeability to moisture and gases.
So many engineered materials are excellent in performance, but expensive in the

fabrication. For example alumina has dielectric constant 10, which makes it
appropriate for so many antenna applications. In addition, alumina has a high thermal
coefficient of dielectric constant, which means its dielectric constant changes
significantly with temperature. This is why network analyzers, which frequently used
154
alumina substrates, are often left turned on continuously to ensure the dielectric.
Properties of the RF substrates are stabilized. A lamination of these microwave
composites and alumina materials is that none is capable of creating homogeneously
laminated compact 30 integrated RF modules. In other words, these microwave
boards must use other adhesive materials, which have significantly worse water and
gas permeability characteristics to achieve a compact stacked configuration. Fully
hermetic packaging with microwave boards is often required for military
specifications or in satellites, but at much greater financial expense. The term
hermetic means that zero water or gases will permeate the package.
Low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) is the most commonly used ceramic
substrate material for compact RF-design systems. LTCC has very low electrical loss
and can be used in multilayer laminated modules that have densely integrated passive
and active devices stacked and connected vertically to save space and cost. The
major drawback with LTCC is with its high dielectric constant which decreases the
antenna radiation efficiency.
7.3 Liquid Crystal Polymer Substrate
LCP has drawn much attention for its outstanding packaging characteristics.
LCP is low-cost material with the best packing characteristics of any polymer has
generated great interest in using it as a substrate material for mm-wave applications.
A comparison of these packing characteristics Vs all other polymers are shown in Fig
7.4. Low water absorption should be there for microwave substrate materials for
better stability and reliability. Generally for organic materials the range of water
absorption characteristics is from 0.02% to 0.25% or more.
Fig 7.4 Water and oxygen permeability of different polymers
155
Fig 7.4 shows the water and oxygen permeability of different polymers, in which
liquid crystal polymer is having low water vapour transition. Not only for less water
absorption characteristic, but also for several reasons we prefer LCP material in the
design of RF and microwave modules. Some of the key features are
 LCP is having excellent high-frequency electrical properties, stable ɛr and

low loss tangent 0.002-0.004 for frequency < 35GHz.
 Quasi-hermetic
 Low coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)
 Recyclable
 Cost is less
 Naturally Non-flammable(Environmentally Friendly)
 Flexible
 Multilayer all LCP laminations capabilities to create multilayer LCP RF
modules
 Relatively low lamination processing temperature(=285 00 c)
 Low dielectric constant for use as an efficient antenna substrate.
Fig 7.5 (a) Inset fed Microstrip antenna on LCP Substrate (b) Twisted LCP antenna (c) Bended
LCP antenna (d) Rolled LCP Antenna (Courtesy by Google Images)
Fig 7.5 shows Inset fed flexible liquid crystal polymer based microstrip antenna,
which can be twisted, bended and rolled without affecting its performance
characteristics.
156
7.3.1 FELIOS LCP
FELIOS liquid crystal polymer is a flexible circuit board material, which has high
frequency characteristics and low loss tangent after moisture absorption. Now a days
in so many applications like notebook PC’s and smart phones these materials are
been placed instead of traditional materials. The features of this material includes
a) High dimensional stability

b) Good peel strength of copper foil
c) Excellent high frequency properties
7.3.2 Ultralam ® 3850 (Liquid Crystalline Polymer Substrate Material)
Ultralam ® 3850 is the emerging liquid crystalline polymer circuit material from
Rogers Corporation. The features like excellent high frequency properties, good
dimensional stability, external low moisture absorption and flame resistant makes
this as one of the potential substrate material for RF circuit design. So many benefits
are associated with this material, which are listed below
 Excellent and stable electrical properties for impedance matching
 Uniformity in the thickness for maximum signal integrity
 Flexible material for conformal applications i.e. bends easily
 In humid environment it maintains the stable mechanical, electrical and
dimensional properties.
The applications includes high speed switches and routers, chip packing, MEM’s,
military satellites, radar sensors, hybrid substrates, handheld RF devices and in the
design of antennas.
Frequency Vs Dielectric constant
4.5
4
D ie le c t ric C o n s ta n t
LCP at 50 C
LCP at 23 C
3.5
FR4 at 50 C
FR4 at 23 C
2.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Frequency
Fig 7.6 Frequency Vs Dielectric constant of LCP and FR4 at 230 C and 500 C
157
The electrical and environmental properties of Ultralam ® 3850 at 10 GHz, 230 c are
tabulated as shown in Table 7.1.
Table 7.1 Electrical and Environmental Properties of Ultralam ® 3000 LCP material
S. No Parameter Value
1 Dielectric Constant 2.9
2 Dissipation Factor 0.0025
3 Surface Resistivity 1x1010 Mohm
4 Volume Resistivity 1x1012 Mohm cm
5 Dielectric Breakdown Strength 1378(3500) KV/cm(v/mil)
6 Water Absorption (230 c, 24 hrs) 0.04%
7.4 Package and Interconnecting
Traditionally with high dielectric constant materials, introducing air cavities inside of
multilayer RF modules for embedding chips or other elements creates impedance
discontinuities that cause reflections and can destroy RF performance. In addition
many package cavities rely on metal bonding rings around the cavity interface, which
necessitates more difficult feed through solutions such as re-routing and tapering the
transmission line underneath the seal. A unique possibility with LCP, because of its
low dielectric constant and multilayer lamination capabilities, is to form cavities in
the substrate before lamination to provide sandwiched all LCP constructions that can
pass transmission lines directly through the package interface with negligible effects
on the RF performance.
The LCP low dielectric constant would enable the superstrate packing to
accommodate chips, MEMS and other devices without any concern for the parasitic
packing effects. Because of the flexibility and low cost, the LCP can be used in
conformal antenna designs.
7.5 Flexibility Consideration
Flexibility is one of the key factors for LCP materials usage in the design of
conformal antennas. Tests were performed on the mechanical rollability and the
effects of rolling on antenna performance. The procedure for performing this antenna
testing included
158
1. Ensuring measurement repeatability when connecting/disconnecting antenna

in the default flat state
2. Performing flexure testing on the antenna, rolling it on to tubes with various
diameters
3. Re-measuring and observing once again the potential differences in
measurement or visual structural changes.
In this procedure we observed that there are very minute changes in the reflection
coefficient of antenna at resonating frequency and in all the cases, there is no
frequency shift is observed.
7.6 Liquid Crystal Patch Antenna
People are attracting towards the development of microwave tuneable devices for
various applications. To develop these devices, liquid crystals are gaining much
attention because of their anisotropic behaviour, which permits to change in the
resonant frequency and reflection phase. By using ferroelectric phase shifters and
varactor diodes, we can implement electronic beam scanning but they will increase
the system complexity and cost.
(a)
(b)
Fig 7.7 Rectangular patch antenna on LC Material, (a) Antenna Model, (b) Side View
A rectangular patch antenna is designed to operate at X band with N15 liquid crystal
material as substrate with thickness of 650 µm on ground plane of dimension 42X27
mm as shown in Fig 7.7. Electrodes are connected between patch element and
ground plane to apply biasing voltage. Voltage is applied through electrodes to
antenna from 1V to 20 V and it is observed that dielectric constant is varied between
159
2.17 to 2.27 in this range. Fig 7.8 shows the change in resonant frequency with the
change in bias voltage and Fig 7.9 shows change in reflection phase with change in
bias voltage and dielectric constant.
0
18 V
4V
R e fle c tio n C o e ff ic ie n t in d B
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
9.6 9.8 10 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8
Frequency in GHz
Fig 7.8 Return loss Vs Frequency of LC antenna at two stages of voltage
The simulated tuning range was 6% while the measurement is showing around 4%.
Losses in the liquid crystal material are giving antenna efficiencies ranging from 30-
35% at these frequencies when the liquid crystal was in unbiased state. If we
consider at millimetre wave frequencies, the LC exhibits lower loss tangents with
highly efficient in performance.
350
4V
300 LC 2.10, tanD 0.065
LC 2.27, tanD 0.065
R e f le c tio n P h a s e (d e g )
250
18 V
200
150
100
50
0
9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6
Frequency in GHz
Fig 7.9 Frequency Vs Reflection phase of LC antenna
Fig 7.10 Radiation pattern for single element LC patch antenna
160
Fig 7.11 Radiation pattern for 2X2 array LC patch elements
Fig 7.10 shows the simulation radiation pattern of the single element liquid crystal
patch antenna and 2x2 array liquid crystal patch antenna. E-plane radiation pattern
seems to be directive and H-plane pattern of butterfly like in single element and
nulling at 2700 for 2x2 array antenna. Table 7.2 shows the antenna parameters for
single element and 2x2 array case. Gain is considerably increased with array
implementation but efficiency is constant.
Table 7.2 Liquid crystal antenna parameters for single element and 2x2 array
S No Parameter Single Element Patch 2x2 array patch
1 Peak Directivity 6.37 dB 19.5 dB
2 Peak Gain 4.85 dB 14.86 dB
3 Peak Realized Gain 4.05 dB 12.42 dB
4 Radiated Power 0.00346 w 0.0138 w
5 Accepted Power 0.00454 w 0.0181 w
6 Incident Power 0.00543 w 0.0217 w
7 Radiation efficiency 76% 76%
The results are giving strong evidence to apply liquid crystal materials in the design
of antennas for tuneable applications. The existing phase shifters that are been used
in millimetre wave applications, which have performance limitations can be replaced
with liquid crystals material based devices.
7.7 Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi antenna (BAVA) on LCP Substrate
Balance antipodal antenna is a modified version of antipodal antenna. The structure

seems to be like antipodal with two chords, in which it consists of three conducting
arms and the remaining part is ground plane. This balanced antipodal antenna
normally contains two chords in which each chord contains two planes. Top substrate
contains conducting arm on the plane and copper etching on the other plane. Bottom
161
substrate contains slot line on one plane and conducting arm on the other plane. The
conducting path is increased in this balanced type reducing the ground plane, surface
waves have been decreased and so cross polarization has been decreased.
The improvement in the cross polarization performance was brought about by
converting the usual antipodal Vivaldi into triple structure, by inserting additional
substrate and the metallization layer, which balance the electric field distribution in
flared slot.
Fig 7.12 Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (a) HFSS Simulated Model, (b) Fabricated
Prototype
7.7.1 Design Steps: By taking operating frequency (fr), height of the substrate (h)
and dielectric constant εr, the antenna length and width can be calculated using the
formula
c 2
W L ------ (1)
fr  r 1
The radiating structure can be formed from intersection of quarters of two ellipses.
The primary radii r1 and r2, secondary radii rs1 and rs2 can be taken as
w wm
r1  
2 2 ------- (2)
w w
r2   m
2 2
rs1=l, rs2=0.5r2
The transmission feeder width Wm with impedance Zo equal to 50 ohms can be
determined by
120 h
wm   ------ (3)
 r Z0
162
The antenna dimensions are listed in table 7.3

Table 7.3 Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna Dimensions
S. No Parameter Value
1 Antenna Length 52 mm
2 Antenna Width 28.5 mm
3 Slot Width 8 mm
4 Slot Length 36 mm
5 Transmission Line Width, Wm 2.5 mm
6 Transmission Line Length, Lm 16 mm
7 Operating Frequency Range 6-18 GHz
8 Dielectric Material Used LCP with  r =2.9
9 Feed Element Length 8 mm
10 Feed Element Width 6 mm
7.7.2 BAVA Parameters
Fig 7.13 Return Loss Vs Frequency of Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna

Fig 7.14 VSWR Vs Frequency of Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna
Fig 7.15 Measured Return loss Vs Frequency of Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna
163
Fig 7.13 shows the frequency Vs return loss of the antenna and Fig 7.14 shows the
VSWR Vs frequency curve. The measured results are taken on Agilent Vector
Network analyzer. Calibration is done using the standard loads supplied by the
manufacturer. Fig 7.15 shows the measured return loss Vs frequency curve on
network analyzer. All the measurements are carried out carefully by not disturbing
the cable setup, which is necessary for accurate measurement.
Fig 7.16 Simulated Radiation Pattern Plots of Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna at 6, 9, 12,
15, 16 and 18 GHz
Fig 7.17 Measured radiation Pattern Plots of Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna at 6, 9, 12,
15, 16 and 18 GHz
164
The proposed model has reflection coefficient below -10 dB through the entire
frequency band i.e. from 6-18 GHz and good radiation pattern with minimised back
and side lobes. Radiation patterns of the proposed model in simulation and
measurement is shown in Fig 7.16 and Fig 7.17 respectively.
Frequency Vs Gain
14 Simulation
Measured
12
10
G a in in d B
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Frequency
Fig 7.18 Frequency Vs Gain of Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna
Maximum gain obtained through simulation is 12 dB and practically it is 8.5 dB. By

considering all the factors, the designed balanced antipodal antenna performance is
excellent in wideband applications.
7.8 Wideband tapered step antenna on LCP Substrate
Performance study of wideband tapered step antenna on liquid crystal polymer

substrate material is presented. Bandwidth enhancement is achieved by adding step
serrated ground on the front side of the model along with the radiating patch. The
radiating patch seems to be the intersection of two half circles connected back to
back. The lower half circle radius is more than upper half circle radius.
Fig 7.19 Wideband tapered step antenna on LCP Substrate
Wideband tapered step antenna is designed on the liquid crystal polymer substrate
(Ultralam 3850, εr = 2.9) with dimensions of 20X20X0.5 mm. Coplanar waveguide
165
feeding is used in this model with feed line width of 2.6 mm and gap between feed
line to ground plane of 0.5 mm.
7.8.1 Antenna Parameters
Fig 7.20 shows the return loss curve for the LCP based wideband tapered step
antenna. Antenna is resonating between 5.2 to 16.6 GHz with bandwidth of 11.4
GHz in the simulation and Fig 7.21 shows the measured result from network
analyzer from 4.8-15.5 GHz with bandwidth of 10.7 GHz. There is a small difference
of 0.7 GHz in bandwidth is observed from simulate result due to poor quality in the
SMA connector with feed line and ground plane.
Fig 7.20 Simulated Return loss Vs Frequency of wideband tapered step antenna on LCP
substrate
Fig 7.21 Measured Return loss Vs Frequency of wideband step serrated antenna on LCP
substrate
Fig 7.22 shows the antenna three dimensional radiation view at 13.6 GHz. Radiation
pattern of omni directional in E-plane and quasi omni directional in H-plane with low
cross polarization levels can be observed from Fig 7.23.
166
Fig 7.22 Three dimensional view of radiation for wideband tapered step antenna at 13.6 GHz
Fig 7.23 Radiation pattern in E and H-plane of wideband tapered step antenna at 13.6 GHz
Fig 7.24 Current distribution of wideband tapered step antenna at 13.6 GHz
Fig 7.24 shows the simulated current distribution of the antenna at 13.6 GHz. The
current intensity is maximum at radiating element and feed line towards x-direction
with equal magnitude but opposite in polarity. Fig 7.25 shows the frequency Vs gain
plot for the liquid crystal polymer antenna. From this result we can observe that gain
is increasing up to 14 GHz and after reaching to the peak gain of 4 dB, the gain is
decreased at higher frequency.
167
Fig 7.25 Gain Vs Frequency of wideband tapered step antenna
7.8.2 Flexibility Testing
Actual reason for choosing LCP material in the design is to have a flexible model,
which should not produce odd results when it is placed on different surfaces. The
ability of this model is also tested by bending the antenna in different angles and in
each case the reflection coefficient result is noted. The current model is placed in
different tubes with various diameters for this testing.
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25 Measurement 1
Measurement 2
-30
Measurement 3
-35 Measurement 4
-40
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Frequency in GHz
Fig 7.26 Flexibility testing of LCP antenna with different angles
By consolidating all these cases of testing we observed not much variation in the
frequency of operation rather than a small shift in the frequency, which gives the
potential of the LCP material in the conformal applications. Fig 7.26 shows the
testing result of the antenna with different bending angles.
7.9 Comparison of different liquid crystal antennas
Table 7.4 shows the comparison of the liquid crystal based antennas performance
characteristics. Liquid crystal antenna can be used for tuneable applications and
liquid crystal polymer antenna can be used for conformal applications. Balanced
168
antipodal is covering large bandwidth but thickness of the substrate is more so

wideband tapered step antenna with 0.5 mm substrate thickness can be used for
conformal applications.
Table 7.4 Comparison of Liquid Crystal Antennas
S. Antenna Dimensions Resonant Bandwidth Impedance Gain Efficien Applications

No Model in mm Frequency in MHz Bandwidth in cy %
in GHz % dB
1 Liquid 42x27x0.6 10 400 40% 4.5 76% Tunable
Crystal Applications
Antenna
2 Balanced 52x28.5x0.8 6-18 GHz 12000 100% 8.5 94% Wideband
Antipodal applications
Vivaldi
Antenna
on LCP
3 Wideband 20x20x0.5 4.8-15.5 10700 101% 4 95% Conformal
Tapered applications
Step
Antenna
on LCP
7.10 Chapter Summary:
Three models are studied namely liquid crystal antenna, liquid crystal polymer based
balanced antipodal Vivaldi antenna and wideband tapered step LCP antenna. The
dielectric anisotropy of liquid crystal material with change in temperature due to
applied bias voltage is the base for the first model liquid crystal antenna. By applying
DC voltage to electrodes connected between patch and ground plane, tunability in the
resonant frequency is obtained. Peak gain of 4.85 dB and efficiency of 76% is
achieved from this model. A balanced antipodal Vivaldi antenna is constructed on
liquid crystal polymer substrate material and it is resonating between 6 to 18 GHz
with 12 GHz bandwidth.
Another model of wideband tapered step liquid crystal polymer material based
antenna is designed to operate between 4.8 to 15.5 GHz with bandwidth of more than
10.7 GHz. Omni directional radiation with peak realized gain of 4 dB is attained
from this model. Flexibility of the antenna is tested by placing the model in different
tubes with different diameters and observed the constant reflection coefficient results
over the frequency range. So this model on liquid crystal polymer substrate can be
used in the conformal wideband applications.
169
Conclusion and Future Perspective Chapter 8
Chapter 8
8. Conclusion and Future Perspective

8.1 Summary and Conclusion
The main aim of this thesis is to investigate the substrate permittivity effects on the
performance of compact and broadband antennas. Four types of antennas are
identified for this study: CPW fed wideband antennas, serrated antennas, stacked
patch antennas and liquid crystal based antennas. Different novel antenna models
are designed under these four categories and initially their parameters are studied.
Dimensional parameters, critically determining the resonances and wideband
impedance matching of the antenna, were identified and simple relations are
deduced. Depending on the substrate permittivity, how the reflection coefficient and
radiation pattern of the antenna changes are presented. This can help the designers
to construct antenna on different substrate materials for the desired frequency range
of operation.
Brief summary of different antennas designed are:
8.11. CPW-Fed Wideband antennas
Under this category different novel coplanar waveguide fed models are designed
and simulated using HFSS tool. The optimized models are prototyped and their
parameters are analyzed. A coplanar waveguide fed circular monopole antenna is
designed to operate with wide bandwidth of 9.1 GHz. Simple, compact structure
with omni directional radiation pattern and an average gain of 2.4 dB in the desired
band makes this model suitable for wideband applications. Further to enhance the
bandwidth, a modified model of circular monopole with tapered step ground is
proposed. This modification attained the success in improving the bandwidth to 11
GHz in the frequency band of 5-16 GHz. Peak realized gain of 4.2 dB, efficiency of
more than 80% and omni directional radiation pattern with low cross polarization in
E-plane is attained from the tapered step grounded circular monopole antenna. An
elliptical monopole with tapered step ground is considered in the next model by
keeping the overall dimension of the antenna constant with respect to the earlier
model. An improvement in the bandwidth of 500 MHz is obtained with tapered step
ground in the frequency range of 11.5 to 16.5 GHz by comparing with normal
170
elliptical monopole antenna. Average gain of 2.8 dB, efficiency above 80% and
omni directional radiation pattern with low cross polarization is achieved from this
design. A rectangular monopole antenna with tapered step ground is considered in
the next case and with this model, a bandwidth of 8 GHz (6-14 GHz) is attained. An
average gain of 3 dB with more than 70% efficiency and good radiation
characteristics are obtained from this model. A hexagonal monopole antenna with
tapered step ground is proposed in the next case and obtained an improvement of 2
GHz in the bandwidth with this case when compared with hexagonal monopole
antenna. An average gain of 2.5 dB with antenna efficiency more than 70% is
attained in the desired band. In all the tapered step ground models, the overall
dimension of the antenna is kept constant of 20x20x1.6 mm.
A compact trident shaped ultra wideband antenna is designed on FR4 material with
dimensions of 23x27x1.6 mm. This model covers the bandwidth of 9 GHz (3-12
GHz) and impedance bandwidth of 120% with average gain of 2.5 dB. Another
model of circularly polarized CPW fed broadband antenna is designed to operate
between 2.4 to 7.4 GHz. An impedance bandwidth of 102%, axial ratio less than 3
dB and good radiation characteristics are obtained from this model. After that a
CPW fed curved elliptical monopole antenna is designed to operate in the wide
frequency band of 2-20 GHz, which covers S, C, X and Ku bands. Peak realized
gain of 3 dB and almost omni direction in radiation is obtained from this model.
8.12. Serrated Microstrip Antennas
Different serrated aperture patch antennas are designed and their performance
characteristics are analyzed with respect to the change in substrate permittivity.
Initially six antenna models are considered with serrated apertures and coaxial
feeding namely asymmetric triangular serrated antenna, dual side serrated antenna,
corner truncation serrated antenna, spike serrated antenna, saw tooth serrated
antenna and combinational serrated antenna. Dual band characteristics are achieved
from asymmetric triangular serrated antenna, dual side serrated antenna, corner
truncated antenna and combinational serrated antenna models. These models are
showing good radiation characteristics with peak realized gain between 6.3 to 8.1
dB at resonant frequencies. Saw tooth serrated antenna is resonating at triple band
171
with narrow bandwidth and spike antenna is also resonating at three bands with
narrow bandwidth at two bands and wide bandwidth at third band.
Two more models of serrated antennas are designed with CPW feeding namely, step
serrated antenna and circular serrated antenna. Step serrated antenna is covering the
range of UWB from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz and circular serrated antenna is covering the
frequency range from 2.5-11 GHz. Bandwidth improvement is achieved in the case
of circular serrated antenna compared to step serrated antenna. Omni directional
radiation pattern with stable gain makes these models suitable for wideband
applications in the communication systems.
8.13. Stacked Patch Antennas
Two stacked antenna models are considered in this study namely multiband slot
aperture stacked patch antenna and rotated stacked patch antenna. A stacked patch
antenna with the combination of U-slot on bottom layered driven patch and E-shaped
patch as parasitic patch is used in multiband slot aperture model. The parasitic patch
introduces a second resonance and derives energy from the fed patch. In this model
the antenna parameters are studied by considering same material in two layers first
and after two different materials in two layers. A rotated stacked patch antenna is
designed to get the circular polarization by taking patch elements rotated by 300
relative to its adjacent patches. Patch elements are placed on four layers of the
substrate with small air gap. This design produced axial ratio less than 3 dB and
average gain of 4.5 dB in the range of 5.8 to 7 GHz.
8.14. Liquid Crystal and Liquid Crystal Polymer based Antenna
Three models are studied namely liquid crystal antenna, liquid crystal polymer based
balanced antipodal Vivaldi antenna and wideband tapered step LCP antenna. The
dielectric anisotropy of liquid crystal material with change in temperature due to
applied bias voltage is the base for the first model liquid crystal antenna. By applying
DC voltage to electrodes connected between patch and ground plane, tunability in the
resonant frequency is obtained. Peak gain of 4.85 dB and efficiency of 76% is
achieved from this model. A balanced antipodal Vivaldi antenna is constructed on
liquid crystal polymer substrate material and it is resonating between 6 to 18 GHz
172
with 12 GHz bandwidth. Another model of wideband tapered step liquid crystal
polymer material based antenna is designed to operate between 5.2 to 16.6 with
bandwidth of more than 11GHz. Omni directional radiation with peak realized gain
of 4 dB is attained from this model. Flexibility of the antenna is tested by placing the
model in different tubes with different diameters and observed the constant reflection
coefficient results over the frequency range. So this model on liquid crystal polymer
substrate can be used in the conformal wideband applications.
Compact and wideband antennas are designed and their parameters like return loss,
VSWR and radiation patterns in E and H-plane are studied with change in the
substrate permittivity. Depending on the permittivity of the substrate, how these
models are exhibiting their performance characteristics are examined and presented
in this thesis. Antenna dimensional characteristics with change in substrate
permittivity are calculated with simple design equations with respect to wavelength
and tabulated for better understanding the physical size of the antennas.
8.2 Future work
Some other techniques for bandwidth enhancement like gap loading, multi feed and
resistor loading also can be examined. Tapered step ground antennas are used in this
work but defected ground structures and defected microstrip structure can be
applied to realize the further compactness with wideband characteristics. Band-
notched antennas also can be constructed to block certain frequency range in the
operating band.
To suppress surface wave problems and to gain the enhancement of antenna

parameters, Electromagnetic band gap structures i.e., EBG’s can be incorporated in
the models. EBG’s can be placed in the ground plane and in the substrate material
also will improve the performance of the antenna.
Another possibility to reduce the size and to enhance the performance is meta-
material loading. These meta-materials follow the left hand system with negative
refractive index can improve the directivity, radiation power and reduces the surface
waves in the antennas.
173
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Substrate Permittivity Effects on the

Performance of Compact and

Thesis submitted to the faculty of Engineering for the award of the

Under the guidance of

Professor & Dean (SA)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

I do hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Substrate Permittivity

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Substrate Permittivity

Dr. Habibulla Khan

Dean (Student Affairs)

I am indebted to my R&D Director, Prof. VGKM Pisipati for his continuous

My deep gratitude goes to Sri K Satyanarayana, President K L University for

Finally, I would like to thank my parents B H V Subbarao, B Nagamani and my

S. No. Title Page No

1.2.2 Microstrip Line feeding Method......................................................3

1.2.3 Proximity Coupled Method .............................................................3

1.2.4 Aperture Coupled Feed Method ..................................................... 4

1.2.5 Summary of Advantages and Disadvantages of Feeding

1.3 Methods of analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna...................................... 6

1.3.1 Transmission Line Model .............................................................. 6

1.3.2 Cavity model .................................................................................. 7

1.3.3 Multiport Network Model............................................................... 7

1.3.4 Method of Moments ....................................................................... 8

1.3.5 Finite Element Method ................................................................... 8

1.3.6 Spectral Domain Technique .......................................................... 9

1.3.7 Finite Difference Time Domain Method ........................................9

1.4.1 Return loss and VSWR ............................................................... 10

1.4.3 Efficiency .................................................................................... 12

1.4.4 Antenna gain and Directivity....................................................... 12

1.4.5 Radiation Pattern ......................................................................... 12

1.4.6 Physical Measurements................................................................ 13

1.4.7 Anechoic Chamber ...................................................................... 14

1.4.9 Ansys HFSS (High Frequency Structural Simulator)................... 14

1.5 Motivation for the work............................................................................ 15

1.6 Thesis organization .................................................................................. 16

2.2 Compact Circularly Polarized microstrip antennas.................................... 22

2.3 Compact printed antennas on different substrate materials ....................... 24

2.4 Serrated and Fractal Antennas ................................................................... 26

2.5 CPW-Fed UWB Antennas.......................................................................... 28

2.6 Stacked Patch antennas .............................................................................. 30

3 Substrate material selection and its importance ..................31

3.2 Surface wave Excitation.............................................................................. 31

3.3 Dispersion Effects in the substrate ............................................................. 34

3.3.1 Dielectric loss and copper loss ....................................................... 35

3.3.3 Copper loss ......................................................................................35

3.4 Composite material Substrates.................................................................... 37

3.5 Low loss and Low cost Substrates .............................................................. 38

3.6 Design Considerations and Specifications of basic Rectangular

4 Substrate Permittivity Effects on Wideband and

4.1.1 Design steps for Circular monopole Antenna ................................. 42

4.1.2 Circular monopole antenna characteristics ..................................... 43

4.1.3 Parametric analysis of circular monopole with change in

4.2 Circular Monopole with Tapered Step Ground........................................... 46

4.2.1 Design steps of the circular monopole with tapered

step ground ..................................................................................... 50

4.2.2 Parametric analysis of circular monopole with tapered step

ground with change in substrate permittivity……………………...50

4.3 Elliptical Monopole with Tapered Step Ground ........................................ 52

4.3.1 Design steps of the elliptical monopole with tapered

step ground ......................................................................................54

4.3.2 Parametric analysis of elliptical monopole with tapered

step ground with change in substrate permittivity ......................... 55

4.4 Rectangular Monopole Antenna with Tapered Step Ground ..................... 57