CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 1

PROJECT CONTENTS

LABORATORY
TITLE RATING
EXERCISE
DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD,
1 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT
WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER

2 DESIGN OF FLOOR JOIST

3 DESIGN OF GIRDERS

4 DESIGN OF COLUMNS

5 WORKING DRAWING 1

6 DESIGN OF STRESSES

7 DESIGN OF PURLINS

8 DESIGN OF TOP CHORD

9 DESIGN OF BOTTOM CHORD

10 DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE MEMBERS

11 DESIGN OF NOTCH, NUTS AND WASHERS

12 DESIGN OF SPLICING

13 WORKING DRAWING 2
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 2

MINIMUM DESIGN DEAD LOADS (kPa)

(Use actual loads once available)

CEILINGS
Acoustical Fiber Board 0.05
Gypsum Board (per mm thickness) 0.008
Mechanical duct Allowance 0.20
Plaster on tile or concrete 0.24
Plaster on wood lath 0.38
Suspended steel channel system 0.10
Suspended metal lath and cement plaster 0.70
Suspended metal lath and gypsum plaster 0.48
Wood furring suspension system 0.12

COVERINGS, ROOFS AND WALL

Asphalt Shingles 0.10
Cement tile 0.77
Caly tile (for mortar add 0.48 kPa)
Book tile, 50mm 0.57
Book tile, 75mm 0.96
Ludowici 0.48
Roman 0.57
Spanish 0.91

COMPOSITION
Three-ply ready roofing 0.05
Four-ply felt and gravel 0.26
Five-ply felt and gravel 0.29
Copper or tin 0.05
Corrugated asbestos-cement roofing 0.19
Deck metal, 20 gage 0.12
Deck metal, 18 gage 0.14
Fiberboard, 13mm 0.04
Gypsum sheathing, 134 mm 0.10

INSULATION, ROOF BOARDS (per mm thickness)

Cellular glass 0.0013
Fibrous glass 0.0021
Fiberboard 0.0028
Perlite 0.0015
Polystyrene foam 0.004
Urethane foam with skin 0.009
Plywood (per mm thickness 0.006
Rigid insulation, 13mm 0.04
Skylight, metal frame, 10mm wire glass 0.38
Slate, 5mm 0.34
Slate, 6mm 0.48
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 3

WATERPROOFING MEMBRANES
Bituminous, gravel-covered 0.26
Bituminous smooth surface 0.07
Liquid, applied 0.05
Single-ply, sheet 0.05
Wood sheathing (per mm thickness) 0.0057
Wood shingles 0.14

FOR FILL
Stone concrete, per mm 0.017
Sand, per mm 0.015
Lightweight concrete, per mm 0.015
Cinder concrete, per mm 0.023

FLOOR AND FLOOR FINISHES

Asphalt Block (50mm) 13mm mortar 1.44
Cement finish (25mm) on stone–concrete fill 1.53
Ceramic or Quarry tile (20 mm) on 13mm mortar bed 0.77

Ceramic or Quarry tile (20 mm) on 25mm mortar bed 0.10

Concrete fill finish (per mm thickness) 0.023

Hardwood Flooring, 22m 0.19
Linoleum or Asphalt Tile, 6mm 0.05
Marble and Mortar on stone – Concrete Fill 1.58
Slate (per mm thickness) 0.028
Solid Flat Tile on 25mm Mortar Base 1.10
Sub Flooring, 19mm 0.14
Terrazzo (38mm) directly on slab 0.91
Terrazzo (25mm) on stone-concrete fill 1.53
Wood block (76mm) on mastic, no fill 0.48
Wood Block (76mm) on 13mm mortar base 0.77

FLOORS, WOOD JOIST (no plaster)

JOIST SPACING
JOIST
SIZES (mm) 300 400 600
(mm) (mm) (mm)
50x150 0.3 0.25 0.25
50x200 0.3 0.3 0.25
50x250 0.35 0.3 0.3
50x300 0.4 0.35 0.3
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 4

FRAME PARTITIONS
Movable steel partitions 0.19
Wood or steel studs, 13mm gypsum board each side 0.38

Wood studs, 50 x 100, unplastered 0.19

Wood studs, 50 x 100, plastered one side 0.57
Wood studs 50 x 100, plastered two sides 0.96

FRAME WALLS
Exterior stud walls 0.53
50 x 100mm @ 400mm, 15 mm gypsum
Insulated, 10mm siding
50 x 150 mm @ 400mm, 15 mm gypsum 0.57
Insulated, 10mm siding
Exterior stud wall with brick veneer 2.30
Windows, glass, frame and Sash 0.38
Clay brick withes
100mm 1.87
200mm 3.80
300mm 5.50
400mm 7.42

MASONRY, ASHLAR STONE

Granite 25.9
Limestone, crystalline 25.9
Limestone, oolitic 21.2
Marble 27.2
Sandstone 22.6

MASONRY BRICK
Hard (low absorption) 20.4
Medium (medium absorption) 18.1
Soft (high absorption) 15.7

MASONRY, CONCRETE
(Solid portion) Lightweight units 16.5
Medium Weight units 19.6
Normal Weight units 21.2
Masonry Grout 22.0
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 5

MASONRY, RUBBLE STONE

Granite 24.0
Limestone, crystalline 23.1
Limestone, oolitic 21.7
Marble 24.5
Sandstone 1.5
Mortar, cement or lime 20.4
Particleboard 7.1
Plywood 5.7

RIPRAP (not submerged)

Limestone 13.0
Sandstone 14.1

SAND
Bank 11.0
Bank screening 17.0
Machine 15.1
Sand 8.2
Slate 27.0
Steel, cold-down 16.8

STONE, QUARRIED, PILED

Basalt, Granite, Gneiss 15.1
Limestone, Marble, Quartz 14.9
Sandstone 12.9
Shale 14.5
Greenstone, Hornblende 16.8

TERRA COTTA, ARCHITECHTURAL

Voids filled 18.9
Voids unfilled 11.3
Tin 72.1

WATER
Fresh 9.8
Sea 10.1
Wood (see Table 6.2 for Relative Densities for the Philippine wood)
Zinc, rolled sheet 70.5
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 6

HOLLOW CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

(unplastered, add 0.24 kPa for each face plastered)

Grout Spacing Wythe Thickness (mm)

100 150 200
16.5 kN·m³ Density of Unit
No Grout 1.05 0.15 1.48
800 1.53 2.01
600 1.63 2.20
400 1.92 2.54
Full 2.63 3.59
19.6 kN·m3 Density of Unit
No Grout 1.24 1.34 1.72
800 1.72 2.25
600 1.87 2.44
400 2.11 2.82
Full 2.82 3.88
21.2 kN·m3 Density of Unit
No Grout 1.39 1.44 1.87
800 1.82 2.39
600 1.96 2.59
400 2.20 2.92
Full 2.97 3.97
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 7

MINIMUM UNIFORM AND CONCENTRATED LOADS

USE OF OCCUPANCY UNIFORM CONCENTRATED

LOAD LOAD

CATEGORY DESCRIPTION kPa kN

Access Floor System Office Use 2.4 9.02
Computer Use 4.8 9.02
Armories --- 7.2 0
Assembly Areas and Fixed Seating 2.9 0
Auditorium and Balconies Movable Seating 4.8 0
therewith Lobbies and 4.8 0
Platforms
Stages Areas 7.2 0
Cornices and Marquees --- 3.64 0
Dining Rooms and Restaurants --- 4.8 0
Exit Facilities --- 4.8 0
Garages General Storage 4.8 ---
and/or Repair
Private or Pleasure- 2.4 ---
type Motor Vehicle
Storage
Hospitals Wards and Rooms 1.9 4.52
Laboratories and 2.9 4.52
Operating Rooms
Libraries Reading Rooms 2.9 4.52
Stack Rooms 7.2 6.72
Manufacturing Light 6.0 9.02
Heavy 12.0 13.42
Office --- 2.4 9.02
Printing Plants Press Rooms 7.2 11.02
Composing and 4.8 9.02
Linotype Rooms
Residential Basic Floor Area 1.94 06
Exterior Balconies 2.44 0
Decks 1.9 0
Storage 1.9 0
Restrooms --- --- ---
Reviewing Stands, --- 4.8 0
Grandstands, Bleachers and
Folding and Telescoping
Seating
Roof Decks Same as Area --- ---
Served or
Occupancy
Schools Classrooms 1.9 4.52
Sidewalks and Driveways Public Access 12.0 (- - -)7
Storage Light 6.0 ---
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 8

Heavy 12.0 ---

Stores Retail 4.8 4.52
Wholesale 6.0 13.42
Pedestrian Bridges and --- 4.8 ---
Walkways

NOTES:
1. See Section 205.5 for live load reductions.
2. See Section 205.3.3, first paragraph, for area of load application.
3. Assembly areas include such occupancies as dance halls, drills rooms, gymnasiums,
playgrounds, plazas, terraces, and similar occupancies that are generally accessible to the
public.
4. For special-purpose roofs, see Section 205.4.4.
5. Exit facilities shall include such uses as corridors serving an occupant load of 10 or more
persons, exterior exit balconies, stairways, fire escapes and similar uses.
6. Individual stair treads shall be designed to support a 1.3 kN concentrated load placed in a
position that would cause maximum stress. Stair stringers may be designed for the
uniform load set forth in the table
7. See Section 205.3.3, second paragraph, for concentrated loads. See table 205-2 for
vehicle barriers.
8. Residential occupancies include private dwellings, apartments and hotel guest rooms.
9. Restrooms loads shall not be less than the load for the occupancy with which they are
associated, but need to exceed 2.4 kPa.
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 9

SPECIAL LOADS

USE OF OCCUPANCY UNIFORM CONCENTRATED

LOAD LOAD

CATEGORY DESCRIPTION kPa Kn

Construction, Public Access at Walkway 7.2 ---
Site (Live Load) Canopy 7.2 ---
Grandstands, Reviewing Seats and 1.75 kN/m2 ---
Stands, Bleachers, and Folding Footboards See Note 3
and Telescoping Seating (Live
Load)
Catwalks 1.9 ---
Stage Accessories (Live Load) Follow spot, 2.4 ---
Projection and
Control Rooms
Over Stages 1.0 ---
Ceiling Farm (Live Load) All uses except 0.52 ---
Over Stages
Partitions and Interior Walls --- --- 0.25
Elevators and Dumb Waiters --- 2x Total ---
(Dead and Live Loads) Loads
Cranes Total Loads 1.25x (Total 0 to x (Total Loads)6
(Dead and Live Loads) Including Impact Loads)5
Increase
Balcony Railings and Exit facilities --- 0.75 kN/m7
serving an Occupant
load greater than 50
Guardrails Other than Exit --- 0.30 kN/m7
facilities
Components --- 1.28
Vehicle Barriers --- --- 27 kN9
Handrails --- See Note 10 See Note 10
Storage Racks Over 2.4 meter high (Total See Table
Loads)11 208-12
--- 1.1kN plus See Table
Fire Sprinkler Structural (weight of 208-12
Support water-filled
pipe)12

NOTES:
1. The tabulated loads are minimum loads. Where other vertical by this code or required
by the design would cause greater stresses, they shall be used. Loads are in kPa unless
otherwise indicated in the table.
2. Unit is kN/m
3. Lateral sway bracing loads of 350N/m parallel and 145N/m perpendicular to seat and
footboards
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 10

4. Does not apply to ceilings that have sufficient total access from below, such that access
is not required within that space above the ceiling. Does not apply to ceilings if the attic
areas above the ceiling are not provided by with access. This live load need not to be
considered as acting simultaneous with other live loads imposed upon the ceiling framing
or its supporting structure.
5. The impact factors included are for cranes with steel wheels riding on steel rails. They
may be modified if substantiating technical data is acceptable to the building official is
submitted. Live loads on crane support girders and their connections shall be taken as the
maximum crane wheel loads. For pendant-operated traveling crane support girders and
their connections, the impact factors shall be 1.10.
6. This applies in the direction parallel to the runway rails (longitudinal). The factor for
forces perpendicular to the rail is 0.20 times traverse load (trolley, cab, hooks, and lifted
loads). Forces shall be applied on the top of rail and may be disturbed among rails of
multiple rain cranes and shall be distributed with due regard for lateral stiffness of the
structure supporting with these rails.
7. A load per linear meter(kN/m) to be applied horizontally at right angles to the top
rail.
8. Intermediate rails, panel fillers and their connection shall be capable of withstanding a
load of 1.2kPa applied horizontally at right angles over the tributary area, including
openings and spaces between rails. Reactions due to this loading need not to be combined
with those of footnote 7.
9. A horizontal load in kN applied at right angles to the vehicle barrier at a height of
450mm above the parking surfaces. The force may be distributed over 300 millimeter
square area.
10. The mounting of handrails shall be such that the complete handrail and supporting
structure are capable of withstanding a load of at least 890 Newtons applied in any
direction at any point on the rail. These loads shall not be assumed to act cumulatively
with item 9.
11. Vertical members of storage racks shall be protected from impact forces operating
equipment, or racks shall be designed so that failure of one vertical member will not
cause collapse of more than the bay or bays directly supported by that member.
12. The 1.1kN load is to be applied to any single fire sprinkler support point but not
simultaneously to all support joints.
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 11

National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP), Volume 1

WOOD

Table 6.1 – WORKING STRESSES FOR VISUALLY STRESS-GRADED UNSEASONED

STRUCTURAL TIMBER OF PHILIPPINE WOODS.

80% Stress Grade

Modulus
Bending &
Species (Common of Compression Compression Shear
Tension
and Botanical Elasticity Parallel to Perpendicular parallel to
Parallel to
Names) in grain to Grain Grain
Grain
Bending
MPa GPa MPa MPa MPa
1 12 13 14 15 16

mPa mPa mPa mPa mPa

I. High Strength Group

Agoho
(Casuarina 26.3 8.22 14.5 5.91 2.95
equisetfolia Forst)
Liusin
[Parinari Crymbosa 25 9.36 15.6 4.31 2.64
(Blume miq]
Malabayabas
28.7 8.3 15.8 8.7 3.02
(Tristania spp.)
Manggachapui
25.8 9.63 16 6.03 2.78
(Hopea spp.)
Molave
(Vitex parvifglora 24 6.64 15.4 6.34 2.88
Juss.)
Narig
21.8 8.33 13.7 4.97 2.61
(Vatica spp.)
Sasalit
[teijmanniodendron
31.3 9.72 21.6 10.2 3.38
ahernianum
(Merr Bkh.)]
Yakal
24.5 9.78 15.8 6.27 2.49
(Shorea spp)

II. Moderately High Strength Group

Antipolo
18.6 5.35 10.8 3.9 2.06
(Arthocarpus spp.)
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 12

Binggas
18.9 6.57 11.4 3.27 2.24
(Terminalia spp.)
Bok-bok
[xanthophyllum 18.1 6.36 11.3 3.41 2.18
excelsum (Blume)]
Dao
(Dracontomelon 16.2 5.3 9.44 2.27 1.92
spp.)
Gatasan
[Garnicia venulosa 20.8 6.84 13.5 3.52 2.36
(blanco) Choisy]
Guijo
21.8 8.47 13.2 4.26 2.4
(Shorea spp.)
Kamagong
20.9 7.2 11.7 4.39 2.47
(Diospyros spp.)
Kamatog
[(Erythrophloeum
19 7.56 11.2 3.95 2.35
densiflorum(elm)
Merr.]
Katmon
18.8 6.82 11.9 4.84 2.29
(Dillenia spp.)
Kato
18.4 8.04 10.6 3.46 1.96
(Amoora spp.)
Lomarau
(Swintonia 19.8 7.92 11.8 2.98 2.18
foxworthyi Elm.)
Mahogany,
Bigleafed
16.5 4.66 10.5 3.83 2.71
(swintonia
macrophylla King)
Makaasim
(Sisigium 20.5 6.72 11.4 3.7 2.4
nitidum Benth)
Malkakauayan
[decusocapus
18.9 6.66 11.12 2.32 2.14
philippinensis
(foxw.) de Laub.]
Narra
(Pterocarpus 18 5.94 11.4 3.07 1.91
indicus wild)
Puhutan
(Mangilera 16.5 6.53 10 2.5 2.05
spp.)
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 13

III. Medium Strength Group

Apitong
13 5.67 7.53 1.73 1.36
(Dipterocarpus spp.)
Bagtikan
[Parashorea
13.1 5.1 7.79 1.84 1.43
malaanonan (blanco)
Merr.]
Dangkalan
16.3 6.38 9.2 2.48 1.98
(Calophyllum spp.)
Gisau
14.3 5.33 8.16 1.99 1.9
(Canarium spp.)
Lanutan-bagyo
[Gonystylus
15 6.06 8.96 2.02 1.84
macrophyllum (miq.)
Airy Shaw]
Lauan
13.9 5.83 8.18 1.72 1.48
(Shorea spp.)
Malaanonang
13.8 5.41 8.54 1.96 1.59
(Shorea spp.)
Malasaging
16.8 5.94 9.51 2.92 1.85
(Aglaia spp.)
Malugai
15.4 6.3 9.33 3.07 2.07
(Pometia spp.)
Miau
15.7 6.5 8.83 2.78 2.06
(Dysoxylum spp.)
Nato
16.2 5.56 9.17 2.33 1.98
(Palaquium spp.)
Palosapis
13.8 5.98 8.38 2.73 1.68
(Anisoptera spp.)
Pine
14.7 6.66 8.29 1.88 1.56
(Pinus spp.)
Salakin
15.7 5.67 8.83 2.94 1.88
(Aphanamixis spp.)
Vidal lanutan
[hibiscus
campylosiphon
19.5 5.83 8.54 2.65 2.39
Turez. Var.
glabrecens
(har.Ex.Perk)]
IV. Moderately Low Strength Group
Almaciga
11.8 5.47 6.27 1.44 1.47
[Agathis Dammara
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 14

(lamb.) Rilh.]
Bayok
12.6 4.75 7.33 1.3 1.2
(Pterosermum spp.)
Lingo-lingo
(vitex turezaninowii 13.2 4.13 6.85 2 1.66
Merr)
Mangasinoro
12.8 5.36 7.46 1.97 1.44
(Shorea spp.)
Raintree
[Samanca saman 11.9 2.75 7.23 3.32 2.07
(jacq.) Merr.]
Yemane
(Gmelina arborea R. 12.6 4.09 7.87 3.4 1.96
Br.)
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 15

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

WOOD

Table 6.1 (continued)

63% Stress Grade

Modulus
Bending &
Species (Common of Compression Compression Shear
Tension
and Botanical Elasticity Parallel to Perpendicular parallel to
Parallel to
Names) in grain to Grain Grain
Grain
Bending
MPa GPa MPa MPa MPa
1 12 13 14 15 16

mPa mPa mPa mPa mPa

I. High Strength Group

Agoho
(Casuarina 20.7 6.47 11.4 4.65 2.32
equisetfolia Forst)
Liusin
[Parinari Crymbosa 19.7 7.37 12.3 3.39 2.08
(Blume miq]
Malabayabas
22.6 6.53 12.5 6.85 2.38
(Tristania spp.)
Manggachapui
20.3 7.58 12.6 4.75 2.19
(Hopea spp.)
Molave
(Vitex parvifglora 18.9 5.15 12.1 5 2.27
Juss.)
Narig
17.2 6.56 10.8 3.92 2.06
(Vatica spp.)
Sasalit
[teijmanniodendron
24.7 7.65 17 8.07 2.67
ahernianum
(Merr Bkh.)]
Yakal
19.3 7.7 12 4.94 1.96
(Shorea spp)

II. Moderately High Strength Group

Antipolo
14.7 4.21 8.53 3.07 1.62
(Arthocarpus spp.)
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 16

Binggas
14.9 5.17 8.98 2.57 1.77
(Terminalia spp.)
Bok-bok
[xanthophyllum 14.3 5.01 8.9 2.68 1.72
excelsum (Blume)]
Dao
(Dracontomelon 12.8 4.28 7.43 1.79 1.51
spp.)
Gatasan
[Garnicia venulosa 16.4 5.39 10.6 2.77 1.86
(blanco) Choisy]
Guijo
17.1 6.67 10.4 3.35 1.89
(Shorea spp.)
Kamagong
16.6 5.67 9.21 3.46 1.95
(Diospyros spp.)
Kamatog
[(Erythrophloeum
15 5.95 8.79 3.11 1.85
densiflorum(elm)
Merr.]
Katmon
14.8 5.37 9.38 3.87 1.8
(Dillenia spp.)
Kato
14.5 6.33 8.34 2.73 1.54
(Amoora spp.)
Lomarau
(Swintonia 15.6 6.24 9.3 2.34 1.71
foxworthyi Elm.)
Mahogany,
Bigleafed
13 3.67 8.24 3.014 2.13
(swintonia
macrophylla King)
Makaasim
(Sisigium 16.1 5.29 8.95 2.92 1.89
nitidum Benth)
Malkakauayan
[decusocapus
14.9 5.24 8.79 1.83 1.69
philippinensis
(foxw.) de Laub.]
Narra
(Pterocarpus 14.2 4.68 8.97 2.42 1.51
indicus wild)
Puhutan
(Mangilera 13.1 5.15 7.88 1.97 1.61
spp.)
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 17

III. Medium Strength Group

Apitong
13 5.67 7.53 1.73 1.36
(Dipterocarpus spp.)
Bagtikan
[Parashorea
13.1 5.1 7.79 1.84 1.43
malaanonan (blanco)
Merr.]
Dangkalan
12.8 5.03 7.24 1.96 1.56
(Calophyllum spp.)
Gisau
11.2 4.2 6.43 1.56 1.49
(Canarium spp.)
Lanutan-bagyo
[Gonystylus
11.8 4.77 7.06 1.59 1.45
macrophyllum (miq.)
Airy Shaw]
Lauan
10.9 4.59 6.44 1.35 1.17
(Shorea spp.)
Malaanonang
10.9 4.26 6.72 1.54 1.25
(Shorea spp.)
Malasaging
13.3 4.68 7.49 2.3 1.46
(Aglaia spp.)
Malugai
12.1 4.96 7.35 2.42 1.63
(Pometia spp.)
Miau
12.3 5.12 6.96 2.19 1.62
(Dysoxylum spp.)
Nato
12.7 4.38 7.22 1.84 1.56
(Palaquium spp.)
Palosapis
10.9 4.71 6.6 2.15 1.33
(Anisoptera spp.)
Pine
11.6 5.24 6.53 1.48 1.23
(Pinus spp.)
Salakin
12.4 4.47 5.96 2.32 1.48
(Aphanamixis spp.)
Vidal lanutan
[hibiscus
campylosiphon
15.4 4.59 6.73 2.09 1.88
Turez. Var.
glabrecens
(har.Ex.Perk)]
IV. Moderately Low Strength Group
Almaciga
9.26 4.3 4.94 1.13 1.16
[Agathis Dammara
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 18

(lamb.) Rilh.]
Bayok
9.94 3.74 5.78 1.03 0.95
(Pterosermum spp.)
Lingo-lingo
(vitex turezaninowii 10.4 3.25 5.39 1.58 1.31
Merr)
Mangasinoro
10 4.22 5.87 1.55 1.14
(Shorea spp.)
Raintree
[Samanca saman 9.37 2.16 5.7 2.61 1.63
(jacq.) Merr.]
Yemane
(Gmelina arborea R. 9.9 3.22 6.2 2.68 1.55
Br.)
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 19

Natural Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP), Volume 1

WOOD

Table 6.1 (continued)

50% Stress Grade

Modulus
Bending &
Species (Common of Compression Compression Shear
Tension
and Botanical Elasticity Parallel to Perpendicular parallel to
Parallel to
Names) in grain to Grain Grain
Grain
Bending
MPa GPa MPa MPa MPa
1 12 13 14 15 16

mPa mPa mPa mPa mPa

I. High Strength Group

Agoho
(Casuarina 16.4 5.14 9.06 3.69 1.84
equisetfolia Forst)
Liusin
[Parinari Crymbosa 15.6 5.85 9.76 2.69 1.65
(Blume miq]
Malabayabas
17.9 5.19 9.9 5.44 1.89
(Tristania spp.)
Manggachapui
16.1 6.02 10 3.77 1.74
(Hopea spp.)
Molave
(Vitex parvifglora 15 4.09 9.6 3.96 1.8
Juss.)
Narig
13.6 5.2 8.59 3.11 1.63
(Vatica spp.)
Sasalit
[teijmanniodendron
19.6 6.08 13.5 6.4 2.12
ahernianum
(Merr Bkh.)]
Yakal
15.3 3.11 9.55 3.92 1.55
(Shorea spp)

II. Moderately High Strength Group

Antipolo
(Arthocarpus spp.)
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 20

Binggas
11.6 3.34 6.77 2.44 1.29
(Terminalia spp.)
Bok-bok
[xanthophyllum 11.8 4.11 7.13 2.04 1.4
excelsum (Blume)]
Dao
(Dracontomelon 11.3 3.97 1.06 2.13 1.36
spp.)
Gatasan
[Garnicia venulosa 10.1 3.39 5.9 1.42 1.2
(blanco) Choisy]
Guijo
13 4.27 8.42 2.2 1.47
(Shorea spp.)
Kamagong
13.6 5.3 8.22 2.66 1.5
(Diospyros spp.)
Kamatog
[(Erythrophloeum
13.1 4.5 7.31 2.74 1.54
densiflorum(elm)
Merr.]
Katmon
11.9 4.72 6.98 2.47 1.47
(Dillenia spp.)
Kato
11.7 4.26 7.44 3.03 1.43
(Amoora spp.)
Lomarau
(Swintonia 11.5 5.02 6.62 2.17 1.23
foxworthyi Elm.)
Mahogany,
Bigleafed
12.4 4.95 7.38 2.86 1.36
(swintonia
macrophylla King)
Makaasim
(Sisigium 10.3 2.91 6.64 2.39 1.69
nitidum Benth)
Malkakauayan
[decusocapus
12.8 4.2 7.1 2.31 1.5
philippinensis
(foxw.) de Laub.]
Narra
(Pterocarpus 11.8 4.16 6.98 1.45 1.34
indicus wild)
Puhutan
(Mangilera 1.2 3.71 7.12 1.92 1.2
spp.)
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 21

III. Medium Strength Group

Apitong
10.4 4.08 6.25 1.56 1.28
(Dipterocarpus spp.)
Bagtikan
[Parashorea
10.3 4.57 5.97 1.37 1.08
malaanonan (blanco)
Merr.]
Dangkalan
10.2 3.99 5.75 1.55 1.24
(Calophyllum spp.)
Gisau
8.93 3.33 5.1 1.24 1.18
(Canarium spp.)
Lanutan-bagyo
[Gonystylus
9.39 3.79 5.6 1.26 1.15
macrophyllum (miq.)
Airy Shaw]
Lauan
8.68 3.64 5.11 1.07 0.93
(Shorea spp.)
Malaanonang
8.63 3.38 5.34 1.23 0.99
(Shorea spp.)
Malasaging
10.5 3.71 5.95 1.83 1.16
(Aglaia spp.)
Malugai
9.62 3.94 5.83 1.92 1.3
(Pometia spp.)
Miau
9.8 4.06 5.52 1.74 1.29
(Dysoxylum spp.)
Nato
10.1 3.48 5.73 1.46 1.24
(Palaquium spp.)
Palosapis
8.65 3.73 5.24 1.7 1.05
(Anisoptera spp.)
Pine
9.19 4.16 5.18 1.18 0.98
(Pinus spp.)
Salakin
9.83 3.54 5.52 1.84 1.18
(Aphanamixis spp.)
Vidal lanutan
[hibiscus
campylosiphon
12.2 3.64 5.34 1.66 1.5
Turez. Var.
glabrecens
(har.Ex.Perk)]
IV. Moderately Low Strength Group
Almaciga
7.35 3.42 3.92 0.9 0.92
[Agathis Dammara
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 22

(lamb.) Rilh.]
Bayok
7.89 2.97 4.58 0.81 0.75
(Pterosermum spp.)
Lingo-lingo
(vitex turezaninowii 8.27 2.58 4.28 1.25 1.04
Merr)
Mangasinoro
7.98 3.35 4.66 1.23 0.9
(Shorea spp.)
Raintree
[Samanca saman 7.43 1.72 4.52 2.07 1.3
(jacq.) Merr.]
Yemane
(Gmelina arborea R. 7.86 2.55 4.92 2.13 1.23
Br.)
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 23

ASSOCIATION OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES

SIZES OF TIMBER PRODUCT

THICKNESS AND WIDTH

NOMINAL NOMINAL ROUGH ROUGH DRESSED DRESSED
(inches) (mm) (inches) (mm) (inches) (mm)
5 127 4¾ 121 4½ 114
6 152 5¾ 146 5½ 140
8 203 7¾ 197 7½ 191
10 254 9¾ 248 9½ 241
12 305 11 ¾ 298 11 ½ 292
Over 12 Over 305 ¾ off 6 mm off ½ off 13 mm off

Note: Full sawn timbers have the same dimension as normal.

GRADE CLASSIFICATIONS

o Depending upon size, Western Red Cedar is classified as Light Framing,

Structural Joist and Planks, Beams and Stringers, or Posts and Timbers. In
general, the grades referred to herein rough sawn.
o Light Framing is lumber 2” to 4” (51 mm to 102 mm) thick and 2’ to 2” to 4” (51
mm to 102 mm) thick, 5” (127 mm) and wider, either rough sawn or surfaced
four sides (S4S).
o Beams and Stringers are rectangular members, either rough sawn or surfaced, 5”
(127 mm) and thicker with width 2” (51 mm) greater than thickness.
o Posts and Timbers are square members, either rough sawn or surfaced, 5” (127
mm) and larger with width not more than 2” (51mm) greater than thickness.
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 24

Table 6.2- GROUPING OF SPECIES DETERMINING ALLOWABLE LOADS FOR

TIMBER JOINTS
I II III IV

Relative Relative Relative Relative

Species Species Species Species
Density Density Density Density

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Malabayaba Lingo-
0.9 Makaasim 0.74 Maligal 0.61 0.48
s lingo
Sasalit 0.9 Kamagong 0.72 Dangkalan 0.58 Raintree 0.48
Agoho 0.84 Guijo 0.7 Apitong 0.57 Bayok 0.44
Liusin 0.79 Binggas 0.7 Salakin 0.56 Almaciga 0.42
Mangasin
Yakal 0.76 Katmon 0.68 Pine 0.55 0.42
oro
Lanutan-
Narig 0.72 Gatasan 0.67 0.53 Yermane 0.42
bagyo
Manggachap
0.71 Bok-bok 0.64 Miau 0.52
i
Molave 0.69 Kamatog 0.64 Palosapis 0.52
Lomarau 0.64 Malasagin 0.51
Vidal
Kato 0.59
Lanutan
Pahutan 0.55 Gisau 0.5
Mahogany, Nato 0.5
0.54
Big Leaf Bagtikan 0.49
Malaanona
Antipolo 0.52 0.44
ng
Narra 0.52 Lauan 0.41
Malakauay
0.5
an
Dao 0.48

SOURCE: PHILIPPINE Timber Design Standards (JE Rocafort and JO Siopongco)

November, 1991 (FPRDI Terminal Report)
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 25

NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER

EFFECTIVE LENGTH
SIZES
8 ft 10 ft 12 ft 14 ft 16 ft
1x1 available available available available available
1x2 available available available available available
2x2 available available available available available
2 x 3 76.2 available available available available available
2 x 4 101.6 available available available available available
2x6 available available available available available
2x8 available available available available available
2 x 10 available available available available available
2 x 12 available available available available available
4x4 available available available available available
4x6 available available available available available
4x8 available available available available available
6x6 available available available available available
CHAPTER 1: DETERMINATION OF DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES, UNIT WEIGHT AND NOMINAL SIZES OF TIMBER 26

The objective of this Chapter 2 is to design a wooden joist that will be able to withstand all the
loads to which it is subjected and will not exceed the allowable stresses of a given material. In
order for us to understand this concept, the following are defined:

Types of loads commonly encountered in the design structures namely,

a.) Dead load – are loads made up of the weights of the building components, they are
typically non- moving loads.

b.) Live load - are the weights of people, furniture, supplies, machines, stores, and so on,
borne by the building during its use and occupancy.

 IMPORTANT NOTE:
- Live and Dead loads are obtained by building code.

Allowable stress is the maximum unit force per unit area that may be safely applied to a material.
We consider the following:

a.) Allowable bearing stress

b.) Allowable shearing stress
c.) Allowable maximum deflection

GOAL: To design a dimension of a cross section of floor joist that will not exceed the
allowable shearing, bending and deflection stresses. Hence, considered safe for use.

Consider following data with its corresponding values,

Type of Wood Unit Weight Modulus of Allowable Allowable

Used (kN/m3) Elasticity Bending Stress Shear Stress
(GPa) (MPa) (MPa)
MOLAVE 6.77 6.64 24 2.88

DESIGN OF LIVE LOADS

USES OF OCCUPANCY UNIFORM LOAD(kPa) SIZE OF ROOM
Classroom 1.9 8m x 7.5m
Faculty Room 2.4 10m x 6m
Principal’s Office 2.4 10m x 6m
Guidance’s Office 2.4 8m x 7.5m
Computer Room 4.8 8m x 7.5m
Clinic 2.9 7m x 5m
Laboratory 2.9 10m x 5m
Library 2.9 13m x 5m
Canteen 4.8 13m x 5m
Hallway 4.8 m2
Conference Hall 2.9 20m x 6m
Stack Room 7.2 3m x 2m
Stage 7.2 10m x 5m
Comfort Rooms 1.9 3m x 6m