Hyperbolic function

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A ray through the origin intercepts the hyperbola in the point

, where is the area between the ray, its mirror image with respect to
the -axis, and the hyperbola (see animated version with comparison with the
trigonometric (circular) functions).
In mathematics, the hyperbolic functions are analogs of the ordinary
trigonometric, or circular, functions. The basic hyperbolic functions are the
hyperbolic sine "sinh", and the hyperbolic cosine "cosh", from which are
derived the hyperbolic tangent "tanh", etc., in analogy to the derived
trigonometric functions. The inverse functions are the inverse hyperbolic
sine "arsinh" (also called "arcsinh" or "asinh") and so on.
Just as the points (cos t, sin t) define a circle, the points (cosh t, sinh t)
define the right half of the equilateral hyperbola. Hyperbolic functions are
also useful because they occur in the solutions of some important linear
differential equations, notably that defining the shape of a hanging cable,
the catenary, and Laplace's equation (in Cartesian coordinates), which is
important in many areas of physics including electromagnetic theory, heat
transfer, fluid dynamics, and special relativity.
The hyperbolic functions take real values for real argument called a
hyperbolic angle. In complex analysis, they are simply rational functions of
exponentials, and so are meromorphic.

Standard algebraic expressions

The hyperbolic functions are:
 Hyperbolic sine, often pronounced "sinch", or (especially in the U.K.)
"shine":

 Hyperbolic cosine, often pronounced "cosh", "co-sinch", or "co-shine":

 Hyperbolic tangent, often pronounced "tanch" (or "than"):

 Hyperbolic cotangent, often pronounced "coth", "co-tanch", or "chot":

 Hyperbolic secant, often pronounced "setch" or "sheck":

 Hyperbolic cosecant, often pronounced "cosech" or "cosheck"

where i is the imaginary unit defined as i2 = − 1.

The complex forms in the definitions above derive from Euler's formula.
Note that, by convention, sinh2x means (sinhx)2, not sinh(sinhx); similarly for
the other hyperbolic functions and positive exponents.
Useful relations

Hence:

It can be seen that both cosh x and sech x are even functions, others are
odd functions.

Standard Integrals
For a full list of integrals of hyperbolic functions, see list of integrals of
hyperbolic functions

In the above expressions, C is called the constant of integration.

Taylor series expressions

It is possible to express the above functions as Taylor series:
(Laurent series)

(Laurent series)
Where, is the nth Bernoulli number, is the nth Euler number

Similarities to circular trigonometric functions

A point on the hyperbola x y = 1 with x > 1 determines a hyperbolic triangle
in which the side adjacent to the hyperbolic angle is associated with cosh
while the side opposite is associated with sinh. However, since the point
(1,1) on this hyperbola is a distance √2 from the origin, the normalization
constant 1/√2 is necessary to define cosh and sinh by the lengths of the
sides of the hyperbolic triangle.
Just as the points (cos t, sin t) define a circle, the points (cosh t, sinh t)
define the right half of the equilateral hyperbola x² - y² = 1. This is based on
the easily verified identity

and the property that cosh t > 0 for all t.

The hyperbolic functions are periodic with complex period 2πi.
The parameter t is not a circular angle, but rather a hyperbolic angle which
represents twice the area between the x-axis, the hyperbola and the
straight line which links the origin with the point (cosh t, sinh t) on the
hyperbola.
The function cosh x is an even function, that is symmetric with respect to
the y-axis.
The function sinh x is an odd function, that is -sinh x = sinh -x, and
sinh 0 = 0.
The hyperbolic functions satisfy many identities, all of them similar in form
to the trigonometric identities. In fact, Osborn's rule [1] states that one can
convert any trigonometric identity into a hyperbolic identity by expanding it
completely in terms of integral powers of sines and cosines, changing sine
to sinh and cosine to cosh, and switching the sign of every term which
contains a product of two sinh's. This yields for example the addition
theorems

the "double angle formulas"

and the "half-angle formulas"

Note: This corresponds to its circular counterpart.

Note: This is equivalent to its circular counterpart multiplied by -1.

The derivative of sinh x is given by cosh x and the derivative of cosh x is
sinh x.
The Gudermannian function gives a direct relationship between the circular
functions and the hyperbolic ones that does not involve complex numbers.
The graph of the function cosh x is the catenary, the curve formed by a
uniform flexible chain hanging freely under gravity.

Relationship to the exponential function

From the definitions of the hyperbolic sine and cosine, we can derive the
following identities:
These expressions are analogous to the expressions for sine and cosine,
based on Euler's formula, as sums of complex exponentials.

Hyperbolic functions for complex numbers

Since the exponential function can be defined for any complex argument,
we can extend the definitions of the hyperbolic functions also to complex
arguments. The functions sinh z and cosh z are then holomorphic; their
Taylor series expansions are given in the Taylor series article.
Relationships to ordinary trigonometric functions are given by Euler's
formula for complex numbers:

so:

Derivatives
External links
1. ^ G. Osborn, Mnemonic for hyperbolic formulae, The Mathematical
Gazette, p. 189, volume 2, issue 34, July 1902

You can check my second tutorial notes for the contents of this
short notes.