JOURNAL OF COMPUTING, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 9, SEPTEMBER 2010, ISSN 2151-9617

HTTPS://SITES.GOOGLE.COM/SITE/JOURNALOFCOMPUTING/
WWW.JOURNALOFCOMPUTING.ORG 44

Comparative Simulation Study to Evaluate

Performance Parameters for Multi-hop
WRONs by OWns
Asima Nisar*

Abstract—A comparison based on simulation study has been made by using OWns (Optical WDM network simulator) to investigate effects
on three network performance parameters namely, average hop count, average packet delay, and link utilization with Exponential session
traffic source while varying number of wavelengths (16, 32, 48, and 64) in WRONs (Wavelength Routed Optical networks) having 25, 50,
and 100 nodes. It is observed that average hop count is independent of the number of wavelengths and gets its minimum with 100 nodes.
Minimum average packet delay has been noted with lesser wavelength numbers and number of nodes. With greater wavelength numbers
packet delay increases and this is not appreciated. A reciprocal relation is observed in between average packet delay and link utilization, as
link is utilized as efficient, the delay would be minimized consequently. This simulation study with these findings would definitely help to
understand the behavior of network performance parameters for WRONs.

Index Terms—Multi-hop Networks, Network Performance Parameters, OWns (Optical WDM network simulator), WDM (Wavelength Division
Multiplexing), WRONs (Wavelength Routed Optical Networks)

——————————  ——————————

1. INTRODUCTION

W DM is a promising approach for using the extensive

bandwidth available in an optical communication me-
dium. The concept of multiple wavelengths carrying
traffic belonging to different sessions along the same physical
link is called WDM. There has been significant research on rea-
lizing WDM over wide-area optical networks [7].
In order to efficiently utilize this extensive bandwidth,
efficient transport architectures and protocols are needed [2].
Simulation is used in the study and evaluation of new pro-
tocols, and is considered a critical component of protocol de-
sign. But, a lack of uniformity in the choice of simulation plat-
forms for optical WDM networks makes it difficult for re-
searchers to exchange and compare obtained results under a
common simulation environment [1].
This simulation study is conducted by using OWns, to
investigate effects on performance parameters including aver-
age hop count, average packet delay, and link utilization with
Exponential traffic source while varying number of wave-
lengths (16, 32, 48, and 64) in WRONs having 25, 50, and 100
nodes. This comparative simulation study would definitely
provide a sound understanding of the behavior of WRONs
while dealing with different number of wavelengths within
multi-hop scenario.
This paper is organized as; in section 2 necessary de-
tails of single-hop networks, multi-hop networks, wavelength
routing, wavelength routed optical WDM networks, wave-
————————————————
* Asima Nisar is Assistant Professor in Dept. of Computer Science & I.T., Feder- cate with node 2, it first must transmit to node 5, which then
al Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, Gulshan Campus, Karachi -
75300, Pakistan.
length conversion, ideal WDM networks, OWns overview and
OWnam (OWns network animator) are mentioned as Back-
ground. Related work and simulation study details are dis-
cussed in section 3. In the same section, a comparison among
different simulators for optical WDM networks [5] has been
shown in Table 1. Further, simulation parameters used in this
study are listed in Table 2. In section 4, simulation results are
presented in Table 3, Table 4 and Table 5. Relevant graphs have
been shown in Fig.3, Fig. 4, and Fig. 5 with brief discussion.
Findings of this comparative study are put in section 5 as Con-
clusion. Relevant upcoming research directions are highlighted
also in section 5 as Future Work. Finally, References are there
in section 6.
2. BACKGROUND
2.1 Single-hop Networks
In single-hop network, optical data start at the originating node
and reach the destination node without stopping at any other
intermediate node. In such network, data transfer occurs with
an uninterrupted optical path between the origin and the des-
tination but the network and all its components must accom-
modate N wavelengths, which may be difficult (or impossible)
to achieve in a large network. Currently, fabrication technology
cannot provide and transmission capability cannot accommo-
date 1000 distict wavelengths for a 1000-user network [6].
2.2 Multi-hop Networks
In multi-hop networks, two nodes can communicate with each
other by sending through a third node, with many interme-
diate hops possible. For example, if node 1 wants to communi-
transmits to node 2, incurring two hops. Any extra hops are

© 2010 Journal of Computing Press, NY, USA, ISSN 2151-9617

http://sites.google.com/site/journalofcomputing/
JOURNAL OF COMPUTING, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 9, SEPTEMBER 2010, ISSN 2151-9617
HTTPS://SITES.GOOGLE.COM/SITE/JOURNALOFCOMPUTING/
WWW.JOURNALOFCOMPUTING.ORG
deleterious in that they:
 Increase the transmit time between two communicat-
ing nodes, since a hop typically requires some form of
detection and retransmission.
 Decrease the throughput, since a relaying node can
transmit its own data while it is in the process of relay-
ing another node’s data.
Multi-hop networks do reduce required number of wave-
lengths and wavelength tunability range of the components [6].
2.3 Wavelength Routing
The ability to switch a signal at intermediate nodes in a WDM
network based on their wavelengths is known as ‘Wavelength
Routing’. One of the greatest advantages of using wavelength
routing WDM is the ability to create a virtual topology differ-
ent from the physical topology of the underlying network. This
virtual topology can be reconfigured when necessary, to im-
prove performance [7].
2.4 Wavelength Routed Optical WDM Networks
In a WDM network, it is possible to route data to their respec-
tive destinations based on their wavelengths. The use of wave-
length to route data is referred to as wavelength routing, and a
network which employs this technique is known as a wave-
length routed network. Such a network consists of wavelength
routing switches (or routing nodes) which are interconnected
by optical fibers. Some routing nodes are attached to access
stations where data from several end-users could be multip-
lexed on to a single WDM channel. An access station also pro-
vides Optical-to-Electronic (O/E) conversion and vice versa to
interface the optical network with conventional electronic
equipment. A wavelength routed network which carries data
from one access station to another without any intermediate
O/E conversion is referred to as an all-optical wavelength
routed network. Such all-optical wavelength routed networks
have been proposed for building large Wide Area Networks
(WANs) [7].
2.5 Wavelength Conversion
When two signals compete for one wavelength channel, one of
them can be converted to a different wavelength, it is wave-
length conversion. It is a unique dimension to resolve conten-
tions in optical WDM networks. Full-range wavelength con-
version converts a wavelength to any other wavelength,
though it is expensive and difficult to implement. Limited-
range wavelength conversion converts a wavelength to several
adjacent wavelengths [8].
2.6 Ideal WDM Networks
In an ideal WDM network, each user would have its own
unique signature wavelength. Routing in such a network
would be straightforward. This situation may be possible in a
small network, but it is unlikely in a large network whose
number of users is larger than the number of provided wave-
lengths. In fact, technologies that can provide and cope with 20
distinct wavelengths are the state-of-the-art. There are some
technological limitations in providing a large number of wave-
lengths, for instance: Due to channel-broadening effects and
non-ideal optical filtering, channels must have minimum wa-
velength spacing. Wavelength range, accuracy, and stability
© 2010 Journal of Computing Press, NY, USA, ISSN 2151-9617
http://sites.google.com/site/journalofcomputing/
45
are extremely difficult to control. Therefore, it is quite possible
that a given network may have more users than available wa-
velengths, which will necessitate the reuse of a given set of
wavelengths at different points in the network [6].
2.7 OWns: Overview
OWns (an extension of network simulator ns2; designed espe-
cially to simulate optical WDM networks) has been developed
as a generic framework to study routing in Optical WDM net-
works. OWns components include optical switching node,
multi-wavelength link, WA (Wavelength Assignment) module
and routing module [1].
The OWns architecture encompasses the key characte-
ristics of WDM networks including optical switching nodes,
multi-wavelength links, and RWA (Routing and Wavelength
Assignment) algorithms. OWns adopts a certain level of ab-
straction to build the specific switching schemes of WDM net-
works (e.g. circuit switching) based on the packet switching
framework of ns2. A new class of traffic sources termed the
session traffic is implemented to generate traffic sessions suita-
ble for WDM circuit switching simulations. The traffic genera-
tor randomizes source and destination pairs according to their
uniform distribution. By default, all generated multi-
wavelength links have the same wavelength number and all
wavelengths have the same bandwidth.
Fig. 1 OWns Components Organization and Interactions [1]
OWns view the physical and logical topology of WDM
networks being implemented as the physical layer and the log-
ical layer respectively. It uses C++ to implement efficient build-
ing blocks (such as nodes, links, traffic models, and existing
protocol suites) as well as transmission mechanisms, and a
scripting language OTcl, an object-oriented extension of Tcl as
a glue (simulation description languages that configure simula-
tion scenarios). The current version of OWns supports circuit
switching [1].
2.8 OWnam: Visualization tool of OWns
nam (network animator) is an animation tool that reads the
trace output generated by ns and produces a visualization. A
specific extension to nam, OWnam, is being developed to ad-
dress the needs of visualizing WDM network simulation scena-
JOURNAL OF COMPUTING, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 9, SEPTEMBER 2010, ISSN 2151-9617
HTTPS://SITES.GOOGLE.COM/SITE/JOURNALOFCOMPUTING/
WWW.JOURNALOFCOMPUTING.ORG
rios based on OWns. In OWnam, each traffic flow is still visua-
lized by the conventional packet animation approach sup-
ported by nam [1].
Fig. 2 shows the 25-node WDM network topology
generated by the topology generator along with a snapshot of
the simulation run. The Exponential session traffic pairs are
randomly distributed amongst all nodes, which are displayed
by the packet flows in OWnam.
Fig. 2 Simulation instance by OWnam [1]
For instance, at 0.777645s, a lightpath is created for
traffic session 109 from node 1 to node 17 and the lightpath is
established on the shortest path (path 1) between the source
and the destination without wavelength conversion [1].
3. RELATED WORK AND SIMULATION STUDY
Optical network has been identified as a feasible candidate for
the next generation network environments due to its potential
advantages to meet rising demands of high bandwidth and
low latency communication [5].
3.1 Switching Modes in Optical Networks
Networks establish communication links based on either cir-
cuit or packet switching. For high-speed optical transmission,
packet switching holds the promise for more efficient data
transfer [6].
Network packet switching can be accomplished in a
straightforward manner by requiring a node to opto-
electronically detect and transmit each and every incoming
optical data packet. As for the routing, all the switching func-
tions can occur in the electrical domain prior to optical re-
transmission of the signal. Unfortunately, this approach suffers
from an opto-electronic speed bottleneck.
Alternatively, much research is focused toward main-
taining an all-optical data path and performing the switching
© 2010 Journal of Computing Press, NY, USA, ISSN 2151-9617
http://sites.google.com/site/journalofcomputing/
46
functions all optically with only some electronic control of the
optical components. However, there are many difficulties with
optical switching. A redirection of an optical path is not easy
since photons do not have as strong interaction with their envi-
ronment as electrons do. Switching has to be extremely fast
due to the high speed of the incoming signal. Switching nodes
cannot easily tap a signal and acquire information about the
channel [6].
Optical Burst Switching (OBS) is an integrated one
which takes some merits of Optical Circuit Switching and Opt-
ical Packet Switching while avoiding their demerits [3]. Despite
the benefits of OBS paradigm, its high burst blocking probabili-
ty has delayed its introduction in the industry [4].
3.2 Wavelength Routed Optical Networks vs. Packet
Switched Optical Networks
Optical networks have been studied with two points of views.
One is Packet Switched Optical Networks (PSONs) and other is
Wavelength Routed Optical Networks (WRONs).
PSONs efficiently utilize the network resources similar
to the conventional packet switched networks. However,
PSONs require optical buffering and synchronization technol-
ogies at optical layer in order to eliminate output contention
blocking of optical packets. PSONs are not feasible at now
since optical buffer is still far from actual implementation.
On the other hand, WRONs can be implemented with
current available optical devices such as optical filter and cross-
connector. WRONs operate as Optical Circuit Switched (OCS)
network without using optical buffer. However, WRONs have
problems of network inefficiency caused by optical constraints
and imbalanced usage of network resources [5].
3.3 Network Efficiency Issues in WRONs
From many years, optical networking engineers and research-
ers have contributed huge endeavors to improve the network
efficiency in WRONs. In particularly, topology design is in-
tended to combine the best features of network resources such
as optics and electronic. Topology reconfiguration is needed in
response to changing traffic requirements [5].
Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) is anoth-
er crucial issue for achieving good performance while improv-
ing the utilization of network resources in WRONs. These
problems will be key technologies for deployment of optical
networks. It is almost impossible to get the optimum solution
of these problems, especially when the network size increases.
Though, many researchers have been proposed various heuris-
tic algorithms to reduce the complexity of these problems. Till
now, simulation plays an important role to solve these prob-
lems with a cost effective method to design and evaluate the
behavior of WRONs [5].
3.4 Simulators for Optical WDM Networks: Comparative
Study
There is a little work on simulation platforms which is specia-
lized for developing, exchanging, and comparing results ob-
tained from their simulation in optical networks [5].
JOURNAL OF COMPUTING, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 9, SEPTEMBER 2010, ISSN 2151-9617
HTTPS://SITES.GOOGLE.COM/SITE/JOURNALOFCOMPUTING/
WWW.JOURNALOFCOMPUTING.ORG 47

A comparison is made among simulators for Optical 3.5.1 Configuration of Simulation Parameters by using
WDM networks on the basis of three supporting levels namely; OWns
H (High), M (Medium), and L (Low) in Table 1. Further, salient In the following Table 2, values of simulation parame-
features of OWns can be seen here clearly that provides a ters are shown.
sound reason to choose OWns. Table 2: Simulation Parameters

Table 1: Simulator Comparison [5] Topology Random

Supporting level: H (High), M (Medium), L (Low)
Seed to generate Random topology 98765
Wavelength Routing Protocol WDM Static
ONSS OWns OPNET ONDES Wavelength Assignment Protocol First Fit

Extensibility L H H H Total no. of nodes 25, 50, 100

Nodes Connection Probability 0.03
Open Source L H L H
Link Wavelength Number 16, 32, 48, 64
Publicity L H H L
Link Bandwidth 16 Mb
Specialized H H M H Link Delay 10ms
in Optical
Network Wavelength Conversion Factor 0.5
Wavelength Conversion Distance 4
Supporting L H H L
TCP/IP Wavelength Conversion Time 0.024

Optical M H H H Link Utilization Sample Interval 0.5

Network
Traffic Density 0.6
components
Total Session-Traffics in network 10
Including M H H H
algorithms Session Traffic Load 0.3 Erlangs
Traffic Arrival Rate 0.5
Easy H L L H
manipulaion Traffic Holding Time 1.0

Platform L L L H Packet Size 300 bytes

indepenence Session Traffic Packet Arrival Rate 1 Mb

Program Visual C++ and C++ Java Traffic Type Exponential

Language C++ OTcl
Expoo Traffic Average Burst Time 0.7
Expoo Traffic Average Idle Time 0.1
Optical Network Simulation System (ONSS) has been Max. Traffic Requests Number 1000
developed in topology design and wavelength assignment giv-
en a physical topology. Sivalingam et al. developed Optical
WDM network simulator (OWns) as an extension to the net- This is an extensive study of [1] and [9]. So, common
work simulator ns2. OPNET (OPtimum NETwork Perfor- simulation environment has been created with OWns for a use-
mance) provides a set of optical network components and the ful exchange of findings with other researchers by a deep re-
basic algorithms to perform optical network simulation but view of [1] accordingly, as lack of similarity in simulation envi-
with complex configuration usages [5]. Choi et al. [5] devel- ronment makes it difficult to conclude and compare results.
oped ONDES (Optical Network Design and Evaluation Simu- 3.5.2 Testbed
lator) which is specialized in optical network topology design
For this simulation study, 64 bit Core2Duo 2.00 GHz
and performance evaluation in the WRON environment.
Intel processor having 2.00 GB RAM with Window’s Vista is
3.5 Simulation Study used. On Virtual Machine with Red Hat Linux 6.2 platform,
This comparative study is conducted to investigate the beha- OWns is patched up with NS-allinone-2.1b6 version.
vior of network performance parameters against wavelength
numbers (16, 32, 48, and 64) for different sizes of WRONs
comprising of 25, 50, and 100 nodes.
© 2010 Journal of Computing Press, NY, USA, ISSN 2151-9617
http://sites.google.com/site/journalofcomputing/
JOURNAL OF COMPUTING, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 9, SEPTEMBER 2010, ISSN 2151-9617
HTTPS://SITES.GOOGLE.COM/SITE/JOURNALOFCOMPUTING/
WWW.JOURNALOFCOMPUTING.ORG 48

3.5.3 Simulation Scenario Configuration by using OWns Table 4: Average Packet Delay
The default scenario generation tool of OWns is uti-
lized to generate random topology with Exponential traffic. Wvlens 25 nodes 50 nodes 100 nodes
The script presented in the simulator as Demo Topology is
16 0.42143523 1.12136810 1.73387028
used to invoke topology generation tool and to configure this
simulation. Through this script the RWA algorithm with fixed- 32 0.44068406 1.13472951 1.74644752
alternate shortest path routing and first-fit Wavelength As-
signment is used for simulation. Wavelength Routing is per- 48 0.45962841 1.14789767 1.75887744
formed on the shortest path. 64 0.47828700 1.16074148 1.77144018
3.5.4 Performance Metrics
Three network performance metrics are measured in
this simulation study, namely, Average Hop Count, Average
Packet Delay, and Link Utilization while varying wavelength
numbers (16, 32, 48, and 64) for 25, 50, and 100 nodes WRONs.

4. SIMULATION RESULTS AND GRAPHS

Simulation results are shown for WRONs with 25 nodes, 50
nodes, and 100 nodes, in Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5, respec-
tively, with their relevant graphs and brief discussion.
Fig. 4 Wavelength Numbers vs. Average Packet Delay
4.1 Wavelength Numbers vs. Average Hop Counts
Simulation results for Average Hops are presented in Table 3 Different number of wavelengths do effect on average
while varying Wavelength Numbers (16, 32, 48, and 64). packet delay. Packet delay gets its minimum value with lesser
number of wavelengths. Average packet delay is observed as
Table 3: Average Hops minimum by decreasing the number of nodes in WRONs
[Fig. 4].
Wvlens 25 nodes 50 nodes 100 nodes 4.3 Wavelength Numbers vs. Link Utilization
16 4.70687936 5.15154536 3.61615155 Simulation results for Link Utilization are presented in Table 5
while varying Wavelength Numbers (16, 32, 48, and 64).
32 4.70687936 5.15154536 3.61615155
Table 5: Link Utilization
48 4.70717131 5.15154536 3.61615155
64 4.70717131 5.15154536 3.61615155 Wvlens 25 nodes 50 nodes 100 nodes
16 0.06597400 0.03492900 0.00737200
32 0.06023900 0.03218600 0.00679300
48 0.05821400 0.03117000 0.00659300
64 0.05739300 0.03075600 0.00650400

Fig. 3 Wavelength Numbers vs. Average Hops

Minimum average hop count is observed for WRONs

with 100 nodes and showing no effect with different wave-
length numbers [Fig. 3].

Fig. 5 Wavelength Numbers vs. Link Utilization

4.2 Wavelength Numbers vs. Average Packet Delay
Simulation results for Average Packet Delay are presented in Different number of wavelengths do effect on link uti-
Table 4 while varying Wavelength Numbers (16, 32, 48, and lization. Link utilization gets its maximum value with lesser
64). number of wavelengths. Link utilization is observed as maxi-
mum by decreasing the number of nodes in WRONs [Fig. 5].
© 2010 Journal of Computing Press, NY, USA, ISSN 2151-9617
http://sites.google.com/site/journalofcomputing/
JOURNAL OF COMPUTING, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 9, SEPTEMBER 2010, ISSN 2151-9617
HTTPS://SITES.GOOGLE.COM/SITE/JOURNALOFCOMPUTING/
WWW.JOURNALOFCOMPUTING.ORG 49

A reciprocal relation is observed in between average [7] Byrav Ramamurthy and Ashok Ramakrishnan, “Virtual Topology
packet delay and link utilization, as link is utilized as efficient, Reconfiguration of Wavelength-Routed Optical WDM Networks”,
delay would be minimized consequently [Fig. 4], [Fig. 5]. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference,
10.1109/GLOCOM.2000.891340, pp (1269 – 1275) – Vol. 2

5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

Different number of wavelengths do not effect on average hop
counts. Average hop counts is observed as minimum with 100
numbers of nodes in WRONs.
Different number of wavelengths do effect on average
packet delay. Packet delay gets its minimum value with lesser
number of wavelengths. Average packet delay is observed as
minimum by decreasing the number of nodes in WRONs.
Different number of wavelengths do effect on link uti-
lization. Link utilization gets its maximum value with lesser
number of wavelengths. Link utilization is observed as maxi-
mum by decreasing the number of nodes in WRONs.
When packet delay gets its minimum value it means
link is utilized at its maximum. Hence, lesser packet delay with
higher link utilization is appreciated.
This simulation study with these findings would defi-
nitely help to understand the behavior of network performance
parameters for multi-hop WRONs. As simulation is the cheap-
est way to study the behavior of WRONs, so it has become an
ongoing research area especially for upcoming researchers to
explore it with respect to different angles.
6. REFERENCES
[1] Bo Wen and Nilesh M. Bhide and Ramakrishna K. Shenai and Krishna
M. Sivalingam, “Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
Network Simulator (OWns): Architecture and Performance Studies”,
First Workshop on Optical Networks, Dallas, TX © Jan. 2000
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.13.6944
[8] http://www.bnl.gov/csc/seminars/abstracts/Yang_Presentation.pdf
[9] Asima Nisar, “Effects of Packet Size and Wavelength Numbers on
Delay and Link Utilization in WRONs by using OWns”, Journal of
Computing, Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2010, ISSN 2151-9617,
pp (43-48)
Asima Nisar is born in Karachi - Pakistan
th
on 6 . of March - 1977. She got two Masters’
degrees as full-time student. She completed
her first M.Sc. (Statistics) degree from Univer-
sity of Karachi in 1997. She completed her
second M.Sc. (Computer Science) degree
from N.E.D. University of Engineering & Tech-
nology, Karachi in 2001. She is now Assistant
Professor in Dept. of Computer Science and
I.T., Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences
& Technology (FUUAST), Gulshan-e-Iqbal
Campus, Karachi – 75300, Pakistan. She
joined Federal Govt. Urdu Science College -
th
Karachi on 16 . of September - 2002, as Lecturer in Department of Com-
puter Science. After few days that college was upgraded into University
named FUUAST. Before, she had been a full-time Cooperative Teacher in
Department of Computer Science, University of Karachi, in Fall – 2002.
She had put her services as Cooperative Teacher in Govt. Degree Science
College, Malir Cantt - Karachi, in Spring – 2000. Recently, she has com-
pleted her degree M.S. (Computer Science) in Networking equivalent to
M.Phil. from PAF-KIET City Campus, Karachi in Spring – 2010 as part-time
student. She has been published two survey research papers in Technolo-
gy Forces, Journal of Engineering and Sciences, ISSN 1994-862x. She has
also a publication in Journal of Computing, Volume 2, Issue 8, August
2010, ISSN 2151-9617. Her current research interests include ‘Survivabili-
ty Issues against Multi-link Failures in Multi-domain Optical WDM
Networks’.

[2] Theofanis G. Orphanoudakis, Andreas Drakos, Chris Matrakisdis,

Christina (Tanya) Politi, Alexanderos Stavdos, “An Efficient Optical
Switch Architecture with Controlled Latency for GRID Networks”,
IEEE 0-7695-2858-9/ICNS – 2007

[3] Yantao Guo, Aijun Wen, Zengji Liu, Zhiqing Zhang, “A Novel Differ-
entiated Service Hybrid Signaling Protocol for Optical Burst Net-
works”, IEEE 0-7695-2841-4/ICIS – 2007

[4] S. Y. Lee, In-Yong Hwang, YongSuk Lee, Hong-Shik Park, “A study on

Offset Time Based Burst Generation Scheme for Optical Burst Switch-
ing Networks”, IEEE, 0-7695-2938-0/ ICSNC – 2007

[5] Min Ho Park and Jin Seek Choi, “An Implementation of Optical Net-
work Design and Evaluation Simulator for Wavelength Routed Opti-
cal Networks”, Applied Telecommunications Symposium, 1-56555-276-
8, pp (143 - 148)

[6] Adar Shtainhart, Ronen Segal, Aviad Tsherniak, “WDM – Wavelength

Division Multiplexing”, a document by Google search engine
http://www.pulsewan.com/data101/wdm_basics.htm

© 2010 Journal of Computing Press, NY, USA, ISSN 2151-9617

http://sites.google.com/site/journalofcomputing/