BIO 101 LECTURE

Chapter 8 terms cells. This electron flow that

• Absorption maintain a high is cyclic and
spectrum – a concentration of generates ATP
diagram that CO2 in the bundle- alone
depicts sheath cells, • Electromagnetic
wavelengths of where Calvin cycle spectrum – all
electromagnetic occurs possible
radiation that are • Calvin cycle – the wavelengths of
absorbed by a cycle includes electromagnetic
pigment carbon fixation, radiation, from
• Action spectrum – reduction and relatively short
rate of carbohydrate wavelengths
photosynthesis production, and (gamma rays) to
plotted as a regeneration of much longer
function of ribulose wavelengths
different biphosphate (radio waves)
wavelengths of (RuBP). During this • Granum – leaf
light process, ATP is structure
used as a source consisting of
• Autotroph – an
of energy and thylakoids stacked
organism that is
NADPH is used as on top of each
able to produce all
a source of high- other
or most of its own
energy electronsso • Heterotroph –
organic
that CO2 can be organism whose
compounds; “self-
incorporated into energy is derived
feeder”
carbohydrates from eating other
• Biosphere – all of
the places on the
• CAM plants – C4 organisms or
plants that take up materials from
earth where living
carbon dioxide at other organisms
organisms exist,
night • Homologous genes
encompassing the
air, water, and • Carbon fixation – – two or more
land in this process, genes that are
CO2 becomes similar because
• C3 plants – a plant
incorporated with they are derived
that can only
ribulose from the same
incorporate CO2
biphosphate ancestral gene
into organic
(RuBP), a five- • Light reactions –
molecules via
carbon sugar one of two stages
RuBP to make
3PG, a three- • Carotenoid – type in the process of
carbon molecule. of pigment found photosynthesis.
in chloroplasts The high energy
• C4 plants – a plant
that imparts a electron of P680
that avoids
color that ranges eventually is
photorespiration
from yellow to transferred to
because the CO2
orange to red NADP+
is first
incorporated via • Chlorophyll – • Mesophyll –
PEP carboxylase, pigment that gives central part of a
into a four-carbon plants the green leaf, which contain
molecule, which is color cells that carry out
pumped from • Cyclic the bulk of
mesophyll cells to photophosporylati photosynthesis in
bundle-sheath on – pattern of plants
• Noncyclic electron electron itself) can
flow – combined be transferred to
action of adjacent pigment
photosystem I and molecules
II • Rubisco – enzyme
• PEP carboxylase – that catalyzes
enzyme in C4 carbon fixation
plants that adds • Stomata – surface
CO2 to pores on a plant
phosphoenolpyruv that can be closed
at (PEP) to to retain water or
produce the four- open to allow the
carbon compound entry of CO2
oxaloacetate needed for
• Photoautotroph – photosynthesis
organism that and the exit of
uses the energy oxygen and water
from light to make vapor
organic molecules • Stroma – the fluid-
• Photon – massless filled region of the
particle travelling chloroplast
in a wavelike between the
pattern and thylakoid
moving at the membrane and
speed of light the inner
• Photorespiration – membrane
process where • Thylakoid –
plants produce flattened, fluid-
organic molecules filled tubules
by using O2 and within the
releasing CO2 thylakoid
• Photosynthesis – membrane
process by which • Thylakoid lumen –
plants, algae, and single, convoluted
cyanobacteria compartment
capture light within the
energy to thylakoid
synthesize • Thylakoid
carbohydrates membrane –
• Pigment – a membrane within
molecule that can the chloroplast
absorb light that forms
energy thylakoid and
• Primary electron thylakoid lumen
acceptor – • Wavelength –
molecule to which distance from the
a high-energy peak of one wave
electron from to the next
P680* is
transferred
• Resonance energy
transfer – process
by which the
energy (not the