I.

INTRODUCTION

A. Background
The word reptilia comes from reptum which means reptile. Reptiles are
the first group of land animals that breath by lungs throughout their lives.
Reptiles are cold-blooded vertebrates (poikilothermic) with scales all over their
body. In some members of particular ordo/sub ordo are able to peel off their
skin completely like in the ordo of Ophidian. Also there are reptiles that able
to do partial scales peel-off, which is the sub-ordo of Lacertilian. Meanwhile
in the ordo of Chelonia and Crocodilia, the scales almost never experience
changes nor peeling. Reptiles skin have very little skin glands. They adapt
themselves on dry places above the ground (Brotowidjoyo, 1993).
Reptiles constitute a vital component and play significant roles in
natural ecosystem, and form the second largest of the vertebrate assemblages
in abundance and biomass, across all habitats (Chung et al., 2015). Lizards are
four-legged animals. Commonly, lizards have glistened skin with green to
brownish color. Fertilization in reptiles happen internally and mostly
categorized as ovovivipar because the egg grows outside the body (Das, 2010).
This lab activity used Lizard (Eutropis multifasciata) as practical object
to represent species of the Reptilian class. This lizard was chosen because its
not venomous and not dangerous. It also has an easily observed morphological
and anatomical structure so its easier to do observations (Sukiya, 2005).

B. Purpose
The purpose of this lab activity is to observe the morphology and anatomy
of Lizard (Eutropis multifasciata) as the representation of Reptilian class.
 II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
A. Material
The materials that used in this practice are Lizard (Eutropis multifasciata),
and chloroform.
The tools that used in this practice are tub preparations, tweezers, knives,
surgical scissors, and piercing needles.

B. Methods
The methods that used in this activity are:
1. The lizard anesthesized using chloroform and left suffocate.
2. After the dead lizard dissected, surgery begins with cuts in front of the
cloaca hole to the left and right sides of the body and then forward through
the front foot to the middle of the upper jaw.
3. Hemipenis lizard can be equipped by locking the base of the tail.
4. The parts of the oral cavity can be folded by cutting both the wide-angle of
the mouth-width, the jaw is opened and then drawn the top and bottom,
then the part will be visible.
5. The interior parts of the reptile body speak and are drawn then illustrated.
B. Discussion
Classification of Lizard (Eutropis multifasciata) according to Ibrahim
et al. (2003) are:
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Subphylum : Vertebrate
Classis : Reptilia
Ordo : Squamata
Sub ordo : Lacertilia
Family : Scincidae
Genus : Eutropis
Species : Eutropis multifasciata
Based on the anatomical and morphological observation of Lizard
(Eutropis multifasciata), its body is divided into three parts which are caput
(head), truncus (body), and cauda (tail). The lizard has two pairs of legs, a pair
in the front and another pair on the back. Each digits of lizard have claws that
functioned to kill the prey. Digits on the front and rear legs are different. The
skin is generally covered by a gore layer of epidermal squam, and beneath it
supported by derminal lamina (Radiopoetro, 1977).
Lizard has horn substances along the surface of its body as the special
feature. It also has a cauda or tail, and the heart is made up of two atrium and
a ventriculus. Lizard has two pentadectil pairs of limbs named the anterior
extremity and posterior extremity (Brotowidjojo, 1993).
The scaly and dry skin of lizard is less permeable to water, which
caused limited fluid loss from the skin. The scale colors also depend on the
age, sex, state of environment and physiological state of the lizard’s body. The
ribs on lizard can alternately stretch then close together because of opposite rib
muscles placement. (Kimball, 1991). Lizards belong to the ordo of Squamata.
They usually live near the water, so it is common to find them inside or around
a river. Some of lizard species live in the woods or just above the ground on
the edge of rivers (Yudha et al., 2016)
Lizard has a wide mouth with tooth that serve for chewing and
defensive purposes. The rows of teeth can be distinguished into two: a row of
conisch teeth (attic shape) that attached to the jaw and functioned as pleurodont
teeth, bent towards the cavum oris. On the palate, there is a row of fine teeth
called dentes palatini. A flat lingua (bifurcated) lies at the base of cavum oris.
Behind the pharynx there’s esophagus which is a cylindrical channel leading
to ventriculus. Between the two intestines of small and large, there’s a very
short caecum where the rectum ends in the cloaca. Digestive gland in the form
of liver consisted of brown dexter and sinister lobes. In the caudal section of
the hepatic dexter lobe there’s vesica felea. Pancreatic gland located between
ventriculum and cranial intestinum tenue. Cloaca is a common estuary for
digestive, excretory and reproductivity (Jasin, 1989).
The genital system in male lizard consist of oval-shaped and relatively
small, white colored testes. A pair of testes located in the dorsal of the
abdominal cavity. The reproductive tract, the ductus mesonefrus goes to the
cloaca. Some of ductus wolf near the testicles are curled to form epididymis.
The mesonephros tubule forms afferen duct that connect the seminiferous
tubule and epididymis. In most of the reptiles, ductus defferens unite with the
ureter and enters the cloaca through one hole, which is the short urogenital
sinus (Condrokusumo, 1983).
Meanwhile in the female lizard genitalia system, there is a pair of
ovaries. It’s located right in the ventral columna vertebralis. The oviduct as
reproductive tract is long and curled. The anterior part opens into the cavity of
the selom as the ostium, while the posterior part empties into the cloaca. The
walls are glandular, the anterior part produces an albumin that functioned to
wrap the egg cell, except for snakes and lizards. The posterior part as a shell
gland will produce lime shell (Brotowidjoyo, 1993).
According to Brotowidjoyo (1993), the differences between male and
female lizard is that in the male lizard exist a pair of testes, meanwhile in the
female lizard has an ovary. Male lizards have hemipenis near the cloaca. The
hemipenis acts as sperm supplying organ when fertilization occurs. The left
testes of male lizard is higher than the right, and this applied for the kidneys
and the hemipenis as well. Female lizard has a pair of ostium tubes, oviduct and
ovaries. The body of male lizard tends to be bigger than the female lizard, and
also to distinguish the sex of lizard based on morphological vision, male lizard
has a long yellow line on the side of its body.
 IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the result and discussion, it can be concluded that Lizard (Eutropis
multifasciata) belongs to the class of Reptiles and doesn’t venomous. A special feature
owned by lizard is that the entire body covered with dry skin or scales. Its body divided
into three parts which are the caput (head), truncus (body), and cauda (tail). The
digestive system of Lizard (Eutropis multifasciata) consists of long esophagus and a
simple gastric. The male genitalia system are the hemipenis, and a pair of testes
meanwhile the female lizard owns ovary.
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