4.

0 INSTRUMENTS / APPARATUS / CHEMICAL / REAGENTS

4.1 Chemicals / Reagents

a) Buffer solution : pH 4, pH 7 and pH 10

b) Distilled water

4.2 Apparatus / Instruments

a) On-site water quality checker

b) Dissolved oxygen
c) pH meter
d) Conductivity meter
e) Beaker
f) Grab sampler
g) Wash bottle
h) Soft tissue
5.0 PROCEDURE

5.1. Field Observation

5.1.1 Observation of field conditions that could assist in the interpretation of

monitoring data was recorded during every sampling event. This provided
useful information about the water being sampled, which helped to
diagnose the source and potential impact of pollutants founded by
chemical analysis.

5.1.2 Examples of such field conditions were as follows:

i. Potential pollutants were washed by recent rain from surrounding
land into waterways.
ii. Some constituents were drived by winds toward one side of the
waterbody or created mixing which would help dissipated them
more quickly.
iii. Shading from cloud and vegetation were influenced the level of
dissolved oxygen.
iv. Any abnormalities that were indicated pollution or affected water
quality, such as absence of flow, presence of surface scum, water
colour or odours, excessive algal or plant growth, dead fish or
invertebrates were also be noted.
5.2. Field Measurement

5.2.1 Surface Water Sample

5.2.1.1. Field measurements commonly were monitored within a cross

section of the surface-water body to help determined how well
mixed the stream was, consequently the sampling method was to
be used and to determine the field-property values of the water
body at the selected site.
5.2.1.2. In situ use of multiparameter instrument is the most efficient
means of obtaining such data.
5.2.1.3. Many instruments include a pressure transducer that produces a
value for water depth or level. For instruments without pressure
transducers, the approximate depth of the sonde as it is lowered
through a transect can be noted by placing incremental marks
along the instrument cable or be connected to a pressure
transducer.
5.2.1.4. A minimum of 60 seconds was waited for the sensors to reach
thermal equilibrium with the water temperature at each new
location.
5.2.1.5. The field-measurement values on the instrument display was
allowed to stabilize within an established criterion before recording
final field measurements at each measuring point.

5.2.1.6. Field-measurement values generally were considered stable when

the variability among three or more consecutive readings, spaced
some number of minutes apart, conforms to the designated criteria.
5.2.1.7. Sensor readings will adversely affected by biological growth or
debris in the water.
5.2.1.8. Areas that will result in having to stop and clean algae, sediment,
or debris were tried to avoid from the sensors.