GALOIS THEORY THIRD EDITION IAN STEWART = == Professor Mathematics Institute University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC A CRC Press Company Boca Raton London NewYork Washington, D.C.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stewart, Ian, 1945- Galois theory / lan N. Stewart.—3rd ed, p. cm. — (Chapman & Hall/CRC mathematics) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58488-393-6 (alk. paper) 1. Galois theory. I. Title, II. Series. QA214.$74 2003 512’.3—~de21 2003048995 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-58488-393-6 Library of Congress Card Number 2003048995 Printed in the United States of America 234567890 Printed on acid-free paperContents Preface to the First Edition ...............sesceeeeeees enn eee e eee eeeeeeee vii Preface to the Second Edition ...............ccecceeeeneeeeneeeeeeneeeeee ix Preface to the Third Edition ........ 0.0.0.0 cccceseseseeeeeeeeeeeee seee XL Illustration Acknowledgments ..............00ecceeeceeeneeeteneeeeeeees xv Historical Introduction .............00scccecee eee eeceeeeeeeeneeeneeseee xvii 1) Classical Algebra ........... ccc cece eee eet e eee e ete eec ee teteeeenees 1 2 The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra..........00eseeceeeeeeeeeeeees 17 3. Factorization of Polynomi 31 4 Field Extensions .............ccccceee cece cess eeeenteeeneeeeeeeeaeeee 49, 5 Simple Extensions.............cccceecceesceeecceseeeseeeseeesneseees 57 6 The Degree of an Extension.............cecceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeees 67 7 Ruler-and-Compass Constructions.............00eccseeecseeeneneeees 75 8 The Idea Behind Galois Theory..............cccceccseeceeeeceeeeeees 85 9 Normality and Separability............. cc. ccceeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeeaeuee 107 10 Counting Principies . 11 Field Automorphisms .............0.cccceeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeteeneneens 125 12 The Galois Correspondence ..........cssseeeeeeneeeeeeneeseeneeeees 133 13 A Worked Example ...........0...0eeeceeeeeeeeeees fit eeereee teense 137 14 Solubility and Simplicity ........... 0. . cece sees eee ee eect eee eeeeeee 143 15 Solution by Radicals ........... 00... ee ccececeeee cee eeneeeeeseseeeees 153