GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY

CHANDKHEDA, AHMEDABAD
AFFILIATED
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
DAHOD

A Report on -
Integrating farming and water supply

Under the subject of

DESIGN ENGINEERING - 2B
B.E. SEMESTER - VI
(COMPUTER BRANCH)
SUBMITTED BY:

GROUP: FARMER

SR NO. NAME ENRL NO.

1. BHADALIYA INDRAJEET 150180107003

ASST. PROF. VIHARIKA CHAUDHARI

ASST.PROF.V.J.PATEL

(FACULTY GUIDE) (HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)

ACADEMIC YEAR
(2018-19)
 CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the work in the DESIGN
ENGINNERING-2B (2140002)

Integrating farming and water supply

SR NO. NAME ENRL NO.

1. BHADALIYA INDRAJEET 150180107003

Has been carried out under my supervision in

partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree
of Bachelor of technology in “Computer Engineering
(6th Semester) of Gujarat technological University,
Ahmadabad during the academic year 2018-2019”.

ASST. PROF. VIHARIKA CHAUDHARI

(FACULTY GUIDE)

:____________________________

ASST.PROF.V.J.PATEL
(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)

:____________________________
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is to place on record our appreciation and deep
gratitude to the persons without whose support this
project would never been seen the light of the day .We
express my sincere thanks to V.J PATEL SIR, Head of
the Department, Computer Engineering, GECD for
extending his help .We have immense pleasure in
expressing thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my
guided by VIHARIKA CHAUDHARI and all the
Faculty in Computer Engineering, GECD for his
valuable suggestion and guidance throughout this
project. Finally at the outset we would like to thank all
those who have directly or indirectly helped us
accomplish our project successfully.
 INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

1.2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE

2. LIST OF COMPONENTS OF PROJECT

2.1 TABLE OF COMPONENT FOR IRRIGATION

3. RESEARCH

3.1 DESIGN APPROACH

3.2 EXPECTED RESULTS

4. FINAL DESIGN

4.1 APPROACH
4.2 THE POWER SUPPLY CIRCUTE
4.3 THE SENSINNG CIRCUTE
4.4 THE PUMP

5. BLOCK DIAGRAM
 5.1 DISCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM
5.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PROJECT

6. CONCLUSION
7. REFERENCES

1. INTRODUCTION:

Water is an essential ingredient of crops. Knowing when crops need

water, how much they need and how best to apply it are the keys to a
good irrigation system. Although it is very useful when a person who
have a garden or plants, he is going to attend a function or away from
the home, what it happens to the garden.

Thus, I propose an automatic irrigation system, which uses a

microcontroller to schedule irrigation, a soil moisture sensor that
provides critical information to the microcontroller and a switch to
turn on and off the water pump. This system will achieve the goal of
scheduling irrigation as needed by plants, thus optimize plant growth,
production, and save water and energy.
THIS PROJECT IS USED TO MEASURE SOIL
CONDUCTIVITY.AS WELL AS START THE PUMP
AUTOMATICALLY WHEN SOIL IS DRY AND OFF THE PUMP
WHEN SOIL IS WET.MEASURED VALUES ARE DISPLAYED
ON LCD.

1.1Problem Statement:
Irrigation of plants is usually a very time-consuming activity; to be
done in a reasonable amount of time, it requires a large amount of
human resources. Traditionally, all the steps were executed by
humans. Nowadays, some systems use technology to reduce the
number of workers or the time required to water the plants. With such
systems, the control is very limited, and many resources are still
wasted
Water is one of these resources that are used excessively. Mass
irrigation is one method used to water the plant. This method
represents massive losses since the amount of water given is in
excess of the plants’ needs. The excess water is evacuated by the
holes of the pots in greenhouses, or it percolates through the soil in
the fields.

The contemporary perception of water is that of a free, renewable

resource that can be used in abundance. However, this is not
reality; in many parts of North America, water consumption is
taxed. It is therefore reasonable to assume that it will soon become
a very expensive resource everywhere.

In addition to the excess cost of water, labour is becoming more

and more expensive. As a result, if no effort is invested in
optimising these resources, there will be more money involved in
the same process. Technology is probably a solution to reduce
costs and prevent loss of resources.

1.2 Objective and Scope:

The objective of this project was to design a small-scale automated

irrigation system for indoors that would use water in a more
efficient way, in order to prevent water loss and minimize the cost
of labour.

The following aspects were considered in the choice of a design

solution:

 Installation costs;

 Water savings;

 Human intervention;

 Reliability;
  Power consumption;

 Maintenance;

 Expandability

A critical consideration is the installation costs, since costs

generally determine the feasibility and viability of a project. The
installation must be simple enough for a domestic user.

The water savings was also an important aspect, since there is a

demand to minimize water loss and to maximize the efficiency of
water used.

Since the objective is to minimize the cost of labour, minimal

supervision and calibration must be needed. The system must
operate with optimized consistency.

The power consumption must also be monitored. For maintenance,

the replacement parts must be readily available and easy to install
in the case of failure. Finally, the possibility for implementing the
system at a larger scale (e.g. in greenhouses) should be
investigated.
2) LIST OF COMPONENTS OF PROJECT:

1. Microcontroller Pic16f877 40 pin dip

2. TRANSFORMER (12-0-12 vac/500ma)
3. Diodes 4007
4. Capacitor (470uf)
5. Regulator (7805)
6. Resistor (10 KOHM)
7. Capacitor (100uf)
8. Operational Amplifier LM358
9. Ceramic Buzzer
10. Relay
11. LEDS
12. 16x2 LCD
2.1) TABLE OF COMPONENT FOR IRRIGATION:

USE OF
COMPONENT RATINGS
COMPONENT

Microcontroller Switch ON & OFF the

Water Pump
-
pic16f877 (40 pin) According to the Soil
Conductivity
To Step Down the
TRANSFORMER 12-0-12VAC/
Voltage from 240 AC
500 MA
to 12 V AC
To rectify the AC
Diodes-4007
Signal into Pulsating -
DC Signal
Used in a Filter Circuit
Capacitor
to Filter (Smoothing of 470uf
) Pulsating DC Signal
voltage regulator
To Convert 12V to 5V -
IC 7805

Resistance
To limit the current 10K
Capacitor
As Filters 100Uf

One LED For

indication of Circuit
LEDS
Status & Other two for -
indicating status of
Relay and Motor
16x2 LCD
It is used as a Display -
 3. RESEARCH:

3.1 DESIGN APPROACH:

To solve this problem, it is important to remember the two main
objectives, which are to make a more efficient use of the water
and to minimize the labour.

The constant open-loop approach is the simplest line of attack.

Constant open loop means that the valve is always open and a
constant rate of water flows through the pipes. Water saving
already exists because the geo textile limits the evaporation.
With this method, it is important to use a very small flow to
prevent overflow of the geo textile and plant mildew.
 Water tank

Valve

Plant

Figure 1: Constant open-loop control

With this system, the number of components is minimal (geo

textile, pipes, valve and water reservoir), which means that the
system is very simple to assemble and has a smaller chance of
failure.

The cost is also reduced because fewer pieces are involved. The
disadvantage is that the system lacks a feedback path. The water
input is not regulated to the actual water consumption, which
may result in waste or overflow. This task will have to be
performed by humans, who know the plants’ needs beforehand.

Another approach is a simple open-loop on/off control. In such a

system, the valve controlling the water input is in one of two
states: on or off. Its state is controlled by a timer, which sends
water only during a certain period of the day.
The rest of the time, the valve is closed. This approach can be
adapted to the evaporation schedule; the timer may be
programmed such that the water flows only at night.

This system is superior to the constant open-loop flow in that

the water input can be controlled by programming more or less
irrigation hours per day. However, there is still no feedback.
The timing must be decided in advance, depending on the
plants’ needs.

Time

Water tank

valve

Trees and Plants

Figure 2: Open loop on/off

A more complex approach is the two-level feedback control. It

requires an electric soil moisture probe and an electronic
controller. The controller may be a custom electronic circuit or a
programmable microcontroller.

The probe reads the soil moisture periodically and the controller
saves it into a register. This data is compared to a threshold
level, and depending on the output of the comparator, the valve
is either opened or closed.

The feedback loop has two definite advantages over all open-
loop approaches. First, the water flow is based on demand; this
reduces the risk of waste or overflow. Second, there is virtually
no human monitoring required. The trade off is complexity: it
increases the costs and the risk of failure. More effort must be
invested in testing the stability of such a system to avoid a
situation in which water would flow indefinitely.

Microcontroller

Plant Water tank

sensor valve

Figure 3: Two-level feedback control

3.2 EXPECTED RESULTS:

The chosen approach is expected to yield the following results.

All design candidates can be evaluated separately and compared
with each other in terms of these elements.
  Low installation cost. A domestic user must be able
to afford the system to irrigate his or her home plants.
The installation must be simple enough not to require a
technician. The assembly of the system must also be
inexpensive.


 Reduced labour. Once the system is installed, the

required labour will be limited to refilling the water
supply periodically. This is the first aspect implied by
full automation.


 Reduced monitoring. The control will necessitate

only minimal human surveillance (e.g. once a day to
verify the state of the system). This is the second aspect
of full automation.




 Decrease in water input. If the water used depends

only on the actual consumption of the plants and no
water is wasted, one should observe a decrease in the
water input. In the future, this can be translated into
money savings.



 Low maintenance. A good system requires very

small maintenance. Maintenance can be measured in
terms of life cycle. No parts should fail in the first five
 years, and replacement parts should be cheap, easy to
find and easy to replace.

 Low power consumption. The consumption of

electrical energy can also be minimized to reduce the
total costs associated with the system. This is especially
relevant if it is implemented in a large scale. Each
component can be optimized independently, but the
objective relates to the total power consumption.

4. FINAL DESIGN

4.1 Approach

The selected approach is an on/off timed feedback control. It

requires an electric soil moisture probe, an electric valve, and an
electronic circuit.

The plants are placed on a geo textile, which retains water, and
absorb water by capillarity. This design is suitable for most indoor
plants, especially those that require watering from below.

In the prototype, there is only one probe, so for now all plants should
be in the same pot. The probe reads the soil moisture at a specific
time. The Comparator Circuit then compares this value to threshold
levels.
 The Logic Circuit selects one of the comparator outputs based on the
user switch selection and opens or closes the valve for a pre-
determined period. The Clock Circuit gives the Logic Circuit its
timing pulse.
A Level Display shows the last measured humidity level. The valve
allows water flow from the water input (mains or tank) to the geo
textile.

Figure 4 is a block diagram representation of the whole system.

The boxes represent the sections of the system and the lines
represent signal and resource flow. From this, it is possible to
observe that the whole system operates as a closed loop.

Figure 4: Full system block diagram

4.2 The power supply circuit:

A step-down transformer with turn ratio of 16:1 was selected to
transform the 240V mains Supply voltage to 15V for the power
supply. The 15 V ac was converted to dc voltage using a full
wave -rectifier circuit. The circuit was designed as follows:

Vdd = Diode forward conduction voltage drop

Vb = Voltage drop across the diode bridge at any instant
Vs = Transformer secondary voltage
Vsp = peak value of transformer secondary Voltage
Vm= peak output dc voltage from the diode bridge
Vac= average value of the diode bridge output Voltage
Vdc = RMS value of output dc voltage of the diode bridge
gamma= ripple factor for a full wave rectification process using a
diode bridge
Vr = ripple voltage

C= capacitance value
I= required output current from power supply circuit
f = frequency of the ac mains supply voltage
t =time taken for filtering capacitor to discharge in compensation for
the ripple in the dc output
q =charge on filtering capacitor

Vb = 2 ×Vdd

Vsp= 1.414 ×Vs

Vm= Vsp–Vb

Vac =2/π×Vm

Vdc=Vm/1.414

Gamma=Vdc2-VAC2/Vdc

VDD=0.7 V
Vb=2×.7=1.4 V

Vs=15 V

Vsp=1.414×15=21.21 V
Vm=21.21-1.4=19.81 V
Vac=2/π×19.81=12.611 V
Vdc=19.81/1.414=14.01 V
Gamma=14.012-12.6112/14.1=0.48

The ripple in the output voltage is directly proportional to the output

current and is related to the filtering capacitance by the following
equations

q=l

q= I×t = C × dvsp

t =2×f
dvsp = Vr
Vr= gamma × vsp
2 × f ×I=C ×Vr
C = I/2×f× Vr

For the power supply to output a current of

2.5A, I= 2.5 A

f = 50 Hz

Vr = 0.48 × 21.21 = 10.1808

C= I/2×f× Vr=2.5/2 ×50 ×10.1808

=2,456uF

The closest available capacitor value to this is the 2200uF capacitor

which is still acceptable as it will further reduce the ripple in the
output voltage.

A 12 V regulator, uA7812 to regulate the output is due to its

capability to limit the current in order to prevent excessive current and
also reduce the amount of power lost as heat in the circuit.

0.1uF noise filter capacitors are used to ground the external or

environmental noise voltages that the circuit may pick up.

This ensures that the circuit produces an almost pure dc voltage of 12

volts.

4.3The sensing circuit:

The sensor designed was made up of two conducting metal probes

placed in a block of varnished wood. The distance of separation of
the probes was 4cm. The probes had conducting wires attached to
them at the end above the block.

4.4 The pump:

A 12 V dc-powered motor was used in designing the pump. The

motor was powered from the 12 V dc output from the power supply
circuit.
5. BLOCK DIAGRAM:
5.1DISCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM

1. System is based on PIC16F877 controller.

2. Power supply is given 5 v. which is derived from ac
230v.
3. 16x2 LCD is there to display the measured
parameters on the LCD screen also it displays set
parameters on LCD.
4. We have used copper wire for sensing the moisture
of soil.
5. this dc voltage is measured and moisture value is
displayed on LCD
6. we can set the parameter values using four switches
7. set limit and measured value display on LCD
8. if the measured values is more than limit pump is
switched off
9. if less then limit pump is switched on
5.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PROJECT

5.3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM EXPLATION

Power supply is consisting of transformer, rectifier, filter and

regulator. POWER SUPPLY IS DERIVED FROM 230V INPUT ac.
TRANSFORMER GIVES STEP DOWN VOLTAGE
12VAC.DIODES 1N4007 RECTIFIES THE AC VOLTAGE AND
MAKES 12VD.C.
470uf Capacitor makes it smooth dc.(with ripple in it).This input is
fed to 3pin regulator IC7805.3 PIN REGULATOR IC7805 GIVES
5VDC FIXED VOLTAGE.THE CIRCUIT WORKS ON 5VDC
SUPPLY.MICROCONTROLLER WORKS ON 5VDC. It Switch ON
& OFF the Water Pump According to the Soil Conductivity.

DETECTOR CURCUIT GIVES DC MILLI VOLTS RELATED TO

SOIL MOISTURE.THIS DC MILLIVOLT IS MEASURED BY
ADC OF PIC16F877 AND DISPLAYED ON LCD. we have used
copper wire for sensing the moisture of soil.

we can set the parameter values using four switches.set limit and
measured value display on LCD. if the measured values is more than
limit pump is switched OFF. if less then limit pump is switched on.

6. Conclusion:
Automatic irrigation control system has been designed and
constructed. The prototype of the system worked according to
specification and quite satisfactorily. The system components are
rarely available, relatively affordable and they operate quite reliably.

The system helps to eliminate the stress of manual irrigation and

irrigation control while at the same time conserving the available
water supply.

Improving Irrigation efficiency can contribute greatly to reducing

production costs of agricultural products, thereby making the industry
to be more competitive and sustainable. The system was tested on
three types of soil and from the result analysis sandy soils require less
water than loamy soils and clay soils require the most water for
irrigation.
 7.REFERENCES
1. Raj Kamal Embedded Systems: Architecture, Programming and
Design, Tata McGraw-Hil Publishing.
2. Mohammad Ali Mazidi & Janice Gillispie Mazidi, the 8051
Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Pearson Education.
3. P. M. Grant, Speech recognition techniques.
4. Stephen Cook, Speech Recognition.
5. www.engineersgarage.com
6. www.8051projects4u.com
7. www.semiconductors.philips.com
8. http://www.microchip.com
9.
http://www.imagesco.com/articles/hm2007/SpeechRecognitionTutori
al02