ABOUT DECRIPTIVE TEXT, RECOUND

TEXT, NARRATIVE TEXT, PROCEDURE,

REPORT TEXT, EXSPOSITION TEXT,
BIOGRAPHY, NEWS ITEM, EXPLANATION

By : Baselissa Batlyol and M.AlRaaf Sanjaya Ngabalin

Class : XII-Science
 Chapt. 1: DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
A. Giving or Asking Opinion
Opinion is including the words of opinion and argument/ reasons.
Opinion dialogue is a dialog consists of two persons or more who have
opinion each others. It can use the expressions, such as in my opinion, in
my view, I think etc. Argument dialogue is a dialog that states the
arguments or reasons. It can use the words such as first, second etc for
arranging arguments.
Asking opinion :

Formal :
- Have you got any comments on …..
- Do you have any idea?
- Do you have any opinion on ……
- Would you give me your opinion on……….?
- What is your reaction to ……
- What is your opinion about……….?
- What are you feeling about………….?
- What are your views on……….?
- Please give me your frank opinion?
Informal
- What do you think of…….?
- What do you think about………?
- What is your opinion?
- Why do they behave like that?
- Do you think it’s going?
- How do you like?
- How was the trip?
- How do you think of Rina’s idea ?
- How do you feel about this dicition?

Giving opinion
Formal :
- I personally believe …..
- I personally consider ….
- I personally think /feel ….
- I hold the opinion ….
- My own view of the matter is ……
- Well, personally …….
- If I had my view, I would …..
Informal
- I think I like it.
- I don’t think I care for it.
- I think it’s good/nice/terrific……..
- I think that awful/not nice/terrible…………
- I don’t think much of it.
 - I think that……..
- In my opinion, I would rather……….
- In my case …..
- What I’m more concerned with ….
- What I have in my mind is………
- The way I see is that…………
- No everyone will agree with me, but ….
- To my mind …..
- From my point of view ….
- If you aks me, I feel ….
- Absolutely ………

Note :
 Informal Expressions are used in a situation where you are talking between friends or
close friends.
 The expressions usually respond to something that you discuss in an informal
situation.
 Formal Expressions are used in a situation where you are talking in a formal situation,
such as in the office or school between the teacher and students
 Think about is used when a person is occupied with something or somebody
 Example : I can’t stop thinking about her
 think of is used to imagine something. You can actually replace the word think of
with the word imagine.

B. Announcement
Announcement is a type of advertisement or information to the peoples that featured
on radio, TV, internet, and the other media.

You can see many tipes of the announcement, like :

1. School announcement
2. Baby Birth announcement
3. Wedding announcement

School announcement
School announcement is an announcement that you can see ( hear ) in
the school, academy, and university. This announcement usually regarding to
the students and the people in the school.
The examples are :
C. Definition Of descriptive text
Descriptive Text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like.
Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.”
(teks yang menjelaskan gambaran seseorang atau benda. Tujuannya
adalah mengambarkan atau mengungkapkan orang, tempat atau benda
tertentu)
D. Generic Structure
 Identification : Identifies phenomenon (person, place, or thing)
that will be described. (berisi tentang identifikasi hal / seorang
yang akan dideskripsikan.)

 Description : Describes parts, qualities, characteristics, etc (berisi

tentang penjelasan / penggambaran tentang hal / seseorang
dengan menyebutkan beberapa sifatnya.)
E. Example of Descriptive Text

Jakarta City
Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia. It is centrally located within the country on the
northwest coast of Java Island at the mouth of the Ciliwung river. Jakarta dominates
Indonesian’s administrative, economy, cultural activities, and is a major commercial
and transportation hub within Asia-with a population of about 9 million, Jakarta has
more people than any other cities in Indonesia.
(Jakarta adalah ibu kota dari Indonesia. Itu pusatnya terletak dalam negara itu di
pantai barat laut Pulau Jawa di muara sungai Ciliwung. Jakarta mendominasi
administrasi, ekonomi, kegiatan budaya Indonesia, dan merupakan sebuah pusat
komersial dan transportasi utama di Asia-dengan populasi sekitar 9 juta, Jakarta
memiliki lebih banyak orang daripada kota-kota lain di Indonesia.)

The climate is hot and humid year-round. Rainfall occurs throughout the year,
although it is the heaviest from November to May. To average annual precipitation in
Jakarta is 1, 790 mm. The city lies on a flat, low plain and is prone to flooding during
periods of heavy rainfall. Kota is city’s oldest commercial area. It is located south of
the old Sunda Kelapa harbour. Glodok, the south of Kota is a banking, retail and
residential neighborhood with a large Chinese population. Merdeka Square with
Monas (The National Monument) dominates the city’s central district. Surrounding
the square are Istana Merdeka, the presidential palace, the National Museum, and the
Istiqlal Mosque.
 Chapt. 2: Recound
A. Invitation

Formal invatations

Formal is a more polite way of asking for people you don't know that well

 I was wondering if you would like to join us for a meal. Perhaps you would
like to have dinner at my home. Perhaps you would like to come round for a
meal.
 We would like to invite you to dinner.
 I thought you might like to try some of our local cuisine.
 There’s a really nice place just a few minutes from here.
 There’s a pretty good place you might like which specializes in steaks.
 There’s a really nice place just a few down the road.
 There’s a really nice place just round the corner.
 There’s a great new place with a fantastic view of the city.

Informal invitations

Informal is a less polite way of asking for people normally used for friends and
family

 Why not come round for a drink? What about going out for a meal? Why not
join us for a drink?
 Fancy going for a drink/ a meal?
 There’s a really nice place just a few minutes from here/ round the corner.
Shall we meet later tonight to discuss it over dinner?
 Let’s discuss it later over a drink.

Accepting an invitation
 That’s very kind of you. Thank you for inviting me. I’d like that very much.
 I’d be delighted to come.
 Thank you. That’d be very nice. I’ll look forward to it.
 Yes, please. Thanks.
 That’s/ What a good idea. That sounds good/ fun.

Setting the details for your invitation

 What time should I come?
 Where shall we meet?
 Shall I pick you up?
How to decline an invitation
o Thank you very much, but I’m afraid I can’t come.
o That’s very kind of you, unfortunately I have arranged something else.
o That’s very kind of you, but I won’t be here tomorrow.
o That’s very kind of you, unfortunately I’m busy on Tuesday.
o Thanks, but I won’t be able to make it then.
o No, thank you.
o No, thanks.
o I’m all right, thanks.
o I can manage.
FOR EXAMPLE:

To: All my beloved friends and family

Please, Come to my 9th birthday! And don’t forget to bring your sincere present
and don’t forget to pray for God.
Place: McDonild
Attire: Casual Attire
Time: 09.00 p.m – 12.00 p.m
Date: 1st January 2013
Games: Clown, piñata, hides and seeks, egg bounce, and many more
I’m waiting for your coming! Come before 09.00 pm and wear your casual attire!

My sincere greeting,
Minnie

B. Conditional sentences

Vormula: if + subjek + simple present tense (Verb 1), subjek + simple

future tense (will + Verb 1)

Example :

• If she wakes up earlier, she will not miss the morning class. (Bila dia bangun
lebih pagi lagi, dia tidak akan melewatkan kuliah pagi itu)

• They will buy a new sofa for the living room if Sue brings them to the
funiture exibition. (Mereka akan membeli sebuah sofa baru untuk ruang tamu
bila Sue mengajak mereka ke pamern funiture itu)

• If Donald does not make a goal, the team will be totally lost. (Bila Donald
tidak mencetak gol, tim tersebut akan benar-benar kalah)

• Aini and May will not come to your party if you do not send them invitations.
(Aini dan May tidak akan datang ke pestamu bila kamu tidak mengirimkan
undangan-undangan mereka)
 C. Definition of recound Text
Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is
either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the
participants and that differentiates from narrative

D. Generic structure
1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time

2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past

3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story

E. Example of Recound Text

Our trip to the Blue Mountain
Orientation On Friday we went to the Blue Mountains. We stayed at David and
Della’s house. It has a big garden with lots of colourful flowers and a
tennis court.
Events On Saturday we saw the Three Sisters and went on the scenic railway.
It was scary. Then, Mummy and I went shopping with Della. We went
to some antique shops and I tried on some old hats.

On Sunday we went on the Scenic Skyway and it rocked. We saw

cockatoos having a shower.
Reorientation In the afternoon we went home.
 Chapt.3: Narrative Text
A. Compliment
Definition of Expression of Compliment
Expression of Compliment is an expression that we say to express or give praise to
someone else. (Expression of Compliment adalah ekspresi yang kita katakan untuk
mengungkapkan atau memberikan pujian kepada orang lain).

“compliment is used to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good

will, for example :(pujian digunakan untuk menyanjung seseorang untuk
meningkatkan niat baik, misalnya)
– On his/her general appearance
(Pada penamplannya secara umum)
– If you notice something new about the person’s appearance
(Jika Anda melihat sesuatu yang baru tentang penampilan seseorang)
– When you visit someone’s house for the first time
(Ketika Anda mengunjungi rumah seseorang untuk pertama kalinya)
– When other people do their best
(Ketika orang lain melakukan yang terbaik)

Asking for Compliments

– What do you think of my new ……, (then)?
(Apa yang Anda pikirkan tentang ….baru saya, (kemudian)?
– I think …. suits me. Don’t you?
(Saya pikir …. pas untuk saya, bukan?)
– Do you like my (new) …..?
(Apakah kamu suka …. baru saya?)

Expressing Compliment
– Well done!
(Sudah selesai dilakukan dengan baik!)
– Fantastic!
(Fantastis!)
– That’s great!
(Itu hebat!)
– I like ….
(Saya suka ….)
– That/Those …. is/are nice.
(…. itu/ini bagus)
– ….. look/looks nice on you.
(… tampak bagus pada kamu)
– You do look nice in ….
(Kamu tampak sangat bagus dengan…)
– You have a beautiful hair.
(Kamu memiliki sebuah rambut yang bagus)
– You have a nice voice.
(Kamu memiliki sebuah suara yang bagus)
– Mary got nine for English. What a clever girl.
 (Mari mendapat nilai sembilan pada pelajaran bahasa inggris. Betapa pintarnya dia)
– How beautiful flower is.
(Bunga ini bagus sekali)
– What a beautiful flower.
(Bunga ini bagus sekali)

Responding to a Compliment
– Thank you/Thanks.
(terima kasih
– It’s nice of you to say so.
(Ini bagus sekali Anda mengatakan begitu.)
– Really? I’m not sure about it, actualy.
(Benarkah? Saya tidak yakin tentang hal itu, sebenarnya.)
– Do you really think so?
(Apa kau benar-benar berpikir begitu?)
– It’s very kind of you to say that.
(Sangat baik bagi Anda untuk mengatakan itu.)
– Thanks, I need that.
(Terima kasih, saya butuh itu)
– You’ve my day.
(Kamu punya hari saya)

EXAMPLE:

Dialog 1
Harsya: What a great Motorcycle you have, Pandu.
Pandu : Thank you, Harsya. I just finished modifying it.
Harsya: You mean this is the old motorcycle that you used to drive to school?
Pandu : Yes, it is.
Harsya: It looks a lot different. What did you do to it?
Pandu : Not much. I had it paint with a brighter colour and add some new accessories.
Harsya: Great job!
Pandu : Thanks.

B. Pemberitahuan

Example:
Dear Mr. ABC

Manager of HRD
As many of you probably know, tomorrow will be my last working day at [company
name].But before I leave,I would like to take a moment to remember and cherish our times
together.It’s been great knowing each one of you. Even though I will miss you all here, I am
looking forward to new challenge and to start a new phase of my career.

I have been extremely satisfied working with [company name],working here has been a
learning and an enjoyable experience.I thank you for all your support and encouragement
during these past three years.

With all of you,I have shared a unique companionship which I hope will continue in the years
to come even though I shall not be here with [company name] anymore.

This is not a goodbye, only a “see you later” message. Please keep in touch. You may contact
me at my personal email: [….]

Please accept my sincere apology for any mistakes I made during my employment at
[company name]. I wish you all and the company can achieve every success in the future
endeavors.

Sincerely Yours,

[your name]

C. Definition of Nrrative Text

Narrative text is a story with complication or problematic
events and it tries to find the resolutions to solve the problems. An
important part of narrative text is the narrative mode, the set of
methods used to communicate the narrative through a process
narration.

D. Generic Structure

1) Orientation

Sets the scene: where and when the story happened and introduces
the participants of the story: who and what is involved in the story.

2) Complication

Tells the beginning of the problems which leads to the crisis (climax)
of the main participants.

3) Resolution
 The problem (the crisis) is resolved, either in a happy ending or in a
sad (tragic) ending

4) Re-orientation/Coda
This is a closing remark to the story and it is optional. It
consists of a moral lesson, advice or teaching from the writer

E. Example of Narrative text

The Ugly Duckling

One upon time, a mother duck sat on her eggs. She felt tired of sitting on
them. She just wished the eggs would break out.

Several days later, she got her wish. The eggs cracked and some cute little
ducklings appeared. "Peep, peep" the little ducklings cried. "Quack, quack"
their mother greeted in return.

However the largest egg had not cracked. The mother duck sat on it for
several days. Finally, it cracked and a huge ugly duckling waddled out. The
mother duck looked at him in surprise. He was so big and very gray. He didn't
look like the others at all. He was like a turkey.

When the mother duck brought the children to the pond for their first
swimming lesson., the huge grey duckling splashed and paddled about just as
nicely as the other ducklings did. "That is not a turkey chick. He is my very
own son and quite handsome" the mother said proudly.
However, the other animals didn't agree. They hissed and made fun of him
day by day. Even his own sisters and brothers were very unkind. "You are
very ugly" they quacked.

The little poor duckling was very unhappy. "I wish I looked like them" he
thought to himself. One day, the ugly duckling run away and hid in the bushes.
The sad duckling lived alone through the cold and snow winter. Finally the
spring flowers began to bloom. While he was swimming in the pond, he saw
three large white swans swimming toward him. "Oh, dear. these beautiful
birds will laugh and peck me too" he said to himself. But the swans did not
attack him. Instead, they swam around him and stroked him with their bills. As
the ugly duckling bent his neck to speak to them, he saw his reflection in the
water. He could not believe his eyes. "I am not an ugly duckling but a beautiful
swam" he exclaimed.

He was very happy. From that day on, he swam and played with his new
friends and was happier than he had never been.
 Chapt. 4: Procedure
A. Criticizing
Definition ofCriticizing :
• The expression of disapproval of someone or something on the basis of
perceived faults or mistakes
• The analysis and judgement of the merits and faults of a literary or artistic
work
• To say what you think is wrong or bad about something
• To consider something carefully and judge what the good and bad aspects
with fai
• giving opinion about something that purposed for improvement.

Example:
1. Sorry, I must say your performance is not very good.
2. Honestly, I am dissapointed with your mark recently.
3. This is good, but it will be better if you retouch this part.

How to give a critic

• Give positive feedback
• When giving negative feedback, concentrate on only one or two criticisms.
• When making criticisms, mention what the speaker could do to improve.
• Choose an appropriate time and place
• Describe the person’s behavior carefully and accurately.
• Respond to the present, not to the past.
• Try to include ideas for solutions.

Constructive Criticism
Evaluation or observation of someone’s work or idea with purpose him/her to
improve their mistakes with offer some possible solutions.

How to Give Constructive Criticism

Be clear and specific in your critic
Give alternatives solution
Offer to work with opponents
Have reason to support your critic

Destructive Criticism
– Criticism performed with the intention to harm someone, derogate and
destroy someone’s idea, creation, prestige, and self confident.
– Critism which states that some material rates as unsatis-factory in some way
but does not offer anyway to make improvement so that it rates as better

How to receive destructive critic

• Make sure you understand the criticism.
• Do not rationalize your performance, maybe you could have done a better
job
• Ask the critic exactly what it is they did not like and why
• Ask how they would improve things. If they can’t tell you, ignore the
criticism and assume you have done a good job.
• Say thank the person for criticism on you

Expression Criticizing
– I have to say, his performance pretty disappointing!
(Saya Harus mengatakan, penampilannya cukup mengecewakan!)
– I do think you’re being a little unreasonable!
(Saya pikir Anda menjadi sedikit tidak masuk akal!)
– Without wishing to hurt your feelings, I think you need to lose a little weight
(Tanpa ingin menyakiti perasaan Anda, saya pikir Anda perlu menurunkan
sedikit berat badan)
– Don’t overdo it!
(Jangan berlebihan!)
– Don’t beat yourself up over this situation!
(Jangan salahkan diri Anda atas situasi ini!)
– I think you moved a bit fast, so it was hard to follow at times
(Saya pikir Anda pindah sedikit cepat, sehingga sulit untuk mengikuti
sekarang)
– Sorry, i must say that your score was not good enough!
(Maaf, saya harus mengatakan bahwa skor Anda tidak cukup baik!)
– I’ve told you many times to avoid those bad guys, but you didn’t listen!
(Aku sudah bilang berkali-kali untuk menghindari orang-orang jahat itu, tetapi
Anda tidak mendengarkan!)
– This is good, but it will be better if you study more hard next time!
(Ini bagus, tapi akan lebih baik jika Anda belajar lebih keras lain kali!)
– Ugh…you always repeat your bad habits. When will you change?
(Ugh … Anda selalu mengulangi kebiasaan buruk Anda. Kapan Anda akan
berubah?)
– You’re always so negative. It’s so draining to be around you!
(Kau selalu begitu negatif. Ini sangat melelahkan berada di sekitar Anda!)
– You’re too old-fashioned. You are always wearing granny clothes that
makes you look so old and boring
(Kau terlalu kuno. Anda selalu mengenakan pakaian granny yang membuat
Anda terlihat begitu tua dan membosankan)
B. Formal Letter

C. Definition of Procedure Text

o Procedure text is a piece of text that give us instructions for doing something
o Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved
through a sequence of actions or steps.
o particular way of accomplishing something or of acting
o a step in a procedure
o series of steps followed in a regular definite order
 legal procedure
 a surgical procedure
o set of instructions for a computer that has a name by which it can be called
into action
o traditional or established way of doing things
D. Generic structure
⦁ Goal: memberikan informasi tentang maksud dan tujuan prosedur dan
memprediksi suatu kesimpulan.
⦁ Materials: berisi daftar materi atau bahan-bahan yang dibutuhkan untuk
melakukan suatu prosedur atau langkah-langkah.
⦁ Steps: daftar urutan instruksi/aktivitas untuk mencapai tujuan dalam urutan
langkah yang benar.
⦁ Result: Hasil dari serangkaian langkah-langkah yang telah dilakukan.
E. Example
How to Make Ice Cream

Materials:
2 cups milk or cream
2 tablespoons sugar
1 teaspoon Vanilla extract
Several cups of Ice
1 cup salt
You need these supplies to make ice cream
Tub or large coffee can to hold salt and ice
Glass bowl or small coffee can
Electric mixer or whisk
Ice cream scoop
Storage container for freezer
Steps:
First, setting up the cooling apparatus. Stir ice and salt in the larger container.
Then, combine the ingredients. Mix together the milk, sugar, and vanilla in the
glass bowl. Then, set this bowl in the tub filled with ice and rock salt, making
sure that the salt water does not spill into the bowl.

Next, mix the ice cream. Mix the ingredients in the small container vigorously.
The salty ice mixture will cool the mixture down until it turns into ice cream.
It should take about 10 to 15 minutes to stir the ice cream using either method.
Stir until it is free from ice crystals and is the right consistency.

Last, storage and serving. ice cream is ready.

 Chapt. 5: Report
A. Identity
example:
Good morning, friends. I would like introduce myself.
my name is gumanti ning rahayu
my nick name is ayuk.
I live with my parents at 902 east kusumanegara street, bantul.
I was graduated from SMPN 1 Yogyakarta (menggunakan passive past tense karena
"saya telah lulus")
I was born in Binjai, North Sumatera on July eleventh, fifteen years ago.
My hobbies are cooking and cycling.
I want to be an English teacher someday. My favorite subject is English. That's why I
really want to improve my English, so I can speak and write English fluently. And I
love teaching too. I always help my sisters to do their English homework.
I think that's all enough. Nice to meet you all. Good bye.

B. Definition of Report
“A report text is a type of text that announce the result of an investigation or
announce something. The information given in a report text is very general
information.”

C. Generic Structure
General Classification
berisi pernyataan umum tentang subject yang dibicarakan atau dibahas.

Description
merupakan bagian yang memberikan gambaran secara detail mengenai subject yang
dibahas pada bagian general classification.

D. Example
General Classification :
Venice is a city in northern Italy. It is the capital of region Veneto. Together with
Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area. Venice has been
known as the “Queen of the Adriatic”, “City of Water”, “City of Bridges”, and “The
City of Light”. The city stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian
Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy.

Description:
Venice is world-famous for its canals. It is built on an archipelago of 117 islands
formed by about 150 canals in a shallow lagoon. The islands on which the city is built
are connected by about 400 bridges. In the old center, the canals serve the function of
roads, and every form of transport is on water or on foot.
You can ride gondola there. It is the classical Venetian boat which nowadays is
mostly used for tourists, or for weddings, funerals, or other ceremonies. Now, most
Venetians travel by motorized waterbuses (“vaporetti”) which ply regular routes along
the major canals and between the city’s islands. The city also has many private boats.
The only gondolas still in common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger
ferries crossing the Grand Canal at certain points without bridges.

You can see the amusing city’s landmarks such as Piazza San Marco, Palazzo
Contarini del Bovolo, Saint Mark’s Cathedral or villas of the Veneto. The villas of the
Veneto, rural residences for nobles during the Republic, are one of the most
interesting aspects of Venetian countryside. They are surrounded by elegant gardens,
suitable for fashionable parties of high society. The city is also well known for its
beautiful and romantic view, especially at night.
 Chapt. 6: Exsposition
A. Definition
text that exposes the author's idea of the surrounding phenomenon. The
goal is to get the reader concerned about what is being discussed and give
their attention to the issue. The difference with hortatory exposition is on the
advice given. Because, in the analytical exposition there is no suggestion, just
give a conclusion at the end of the text.
B. Example
Cars Should Be Banned

(Thesis)
Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution,
and cause a lot of road deaths and other accidents.

(Argument 1)
Firstly, cars, as we all know, give contribution to the most of the
pollution in the world. Cars emit deadly gas that causes illness such as
bronchitis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these
illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.

(Argument 2)
Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars
commonly hit pedestrains in the city, which causes them to die. Cars
today are our roads biggest killers.

(Argument 3)
Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard
to sleep at night, or to concentrate on your homework, and especially
when you talk to someone.

(Reiteration)
In conclusion, cars should be benned from the city for the reason listed.

C. Generic Structure
 Thesis
In the Thesis section, the author introduces the main topic or
idea to be discussed. Thesis is always in the first paragraph in
analytical exposition text.

 Argument
In this section the author presents arguments or arguments
that support the main idea of the author of the text. Usually in an
analytical exposition text there are more than two arguments. The
more arguments displayed, the more the reader believes that the
topics discussed by the author are very important or require
attention.
 Reiteration
This section is the closing part of an analytical exposition text
that is always located at the end of the paragraph. Reiteration
contains a rewritten or redeployed main idea contained in the first
paragraph. Reiteration is also commonly called conclusion or
conclusion.
 Chapt. 7 : Biography
A. Definition
to inform by retelling past events and achievements in a person’s life.
B. Example
MUHAMMAD HATTA

Muhammad Hatta was one of Indonesian founding fathers. He lived from 1902 until
1980. Together with Sukarno, he proclaimed the independence of Indonesian on
17th August 1945.
Muhammad Hatta was born on 12th August 1902 in Bukittinggi, west Sumatra. When
he was still in junior high school in Bukittinggi he joined the league of young
Sumantrans.
When he finished his study in Bukittinggi, he moved to Batavia. Then, he went to the
Netherland to continue his study. When he was there, he participated actively in the
nation movement. As a result, he was arrested by the Dutch government.
In 1932, Bung Hatta went back to Indonesia. He joined a political organization
called Pendidikan National Indonesia. This organization wanted Indonesian people to
know many things about politics. Because of this activity he was arrested again. He
was sent to Bovan Dingual, and later to Bandan Neire as a prisoner. Before the
Japanese invaded in 1942 he was bought back to Java.
On 17th August 1945, two days after Japan surrendered to the Allies, Bung Karno and
Bung Hatta declared the independence of this Indonesia. Then, they were selected as
the president and vice president. Bung Hatta was the vice president until 1956. He
resigned and concentrated in writing. On 14th march 1980 bung hatta passed away in
Jakarta.
Muhammad Hatta was one of the greatest people in Indonesia. People will always
remember him as an honest and sincere person.

C. Generic structure
a) Part 1: orientation
It given the reader the background information as two why this person is
Noteworthy and should have a biography written about the. The opening paragraph
should answer the questions: who, what, where, when, and how.
b) Part 2: series
It presents a series of events, usually told in chronological order. Here the writer
might refer to a certain time on line.

c) Part 3: reorientation
It consists of a type of conclusion with a comment on the contributions this person has
made or a summary and evaluation of the person’s achievement.
 Chapt. 8: News Item
A. Definition
“News items is a text that informs the readers about newsworthy or important events of
the day.”
“The purpose of news item text is to inform the readers about newsworthy or important
events of the day.”
B. Example

Earthquake aftershock hits Nepal and India, magnitude 6.7

A strong earthquake aftershock struck India and Nepal on Sunday, shaking buildings
in New Delhi and triggering an avalanche in the Himalayas.
The United States Geological Survey said the tremor was 6.7 magnitude, less than the
7.9 quake that struck the region on Saturday killing at least 1,900 people.
“Another one, we have an aftershock right now,” Indian mountaineer Arjun Vajpai
told Reuters by telephone from base camp on Mount Makalu, 20 km (12 miles) from
Everest.
Screams and the sound of an avalanche could be heard over the phone line Vajpai was
speaking on. At Everest base camp, Romanian climber Alex Gavan tweeted that the
aftershock had set off three avalanches

C. Generic structure
 Main Event / Newsworthy Event: is a headline, a section that
tells a summary of an important event or event that occurred.
 Background Event / Elaboration: tells in detail the background
of the event or event, who is involved, where and how the event
occurred.
 Source: the last part of the structure of news item text, is a source
of news can be a statement of resource persons, witness comments,
opinions of experts, or statements from related parties of an event.
 Chapt. 9 : Explanation
A. Definition
Explanation Text is a text which explains the processes related to forming of
natural, social, cultural, or scientific phenomena, such as how a motorcycle is
made or how bees make honey

B. Example
Flooding is a disaster which commonly happens in large and densely
populated cities. In Indonesia, the floods hit Jakarta very often and cause
many victims. Then, do you know the process of how flood happens? Pay
attention to the following explanation.

The process of natural flooding is preceded by rain which falls to the surface
of the earth. Then the rain water is absorbed by the ground surface and flows
to the lower place. Once that condition happens, evaporation and the water
appear to the surface of the land. Flooding can be disastrous for humans
when floods happen in an area that people live because the water carries
along objects like houses, bridges, cars, furniture and even people.

On the other hand, the process of non natural flooding is usually caused by
bad habits of humans who do not care about the environment, such as
littering that can make water flow clogged. This makes the water deposited in
landfills which gradually becomes more common. When water reservoirs can
no longer hold water discharge, the water then overflows out theland and
cause flooding.

C. Generic Structure
1. General Statement

The General Statement is the first part of the Explsnstion Text located in the first
paragraph. The General Statement serves to provide a general explanation of the
event or phenomenon to be discussed in this text. The General Statement may
contain an understanding of an event or phenomenon and several sentences
containing general explanations of the event or phenomenon.

2. Sequenced of Explanation

Sequenced of Explanation is the next part of the explanation text and is located in
the next paragraph after the General Statement paragraph. The second part or
Sequenced of Explanation serves to provide an explanation of why and how an
event or phenomenon can occur or be created. The explanation is a process - the
process of the formation of events are written in sequence. The Sequenced of
Explanation section usually answers the "How" and "Why" questions and can be
written in more than one paragraph.