Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MODULE 1
Terminal Area Fixes and Tolerances
Contents
• Fix Tolerance Factors
• System Use Tolerance
• Radar Fixes
• DME Accuracy
• Fix Tolerance
• Operational Acceptability
• Descent Fixes – Obstacle Clearance
• Stepdown Fix
• Obstacles Close to FAF or Stepdown Fix
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Introduction
• Fixes may be defined by intersections from navigation facilities
providing bearings, radials or range information ‐ such as VOR, NDB
and DME.
• Radar is not normally the primary method of fixing.
• When available, Terminal Area Radar (TAR) can provide any terminal
area fix.
• En‐route surveillance radar (RSR) may be used for the IAF and/or IF.
3 Terminal Area Fixes and Tolerances
Introduction
Terminal area fixes include, but are not limited to;
– the Initial Approach Fix (IAF),
– the Intermediate Fix (IF),
– the Final Approach Fix (FAF),
– the Holding Fix,
– the Missed Approach Point (MAPt),
– or the Turning Point (TP)
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Fix Tolerance Factors
• The dimensions of fix tolerance areas are determined by the system use
accuracy of the navigation systems defining the fix.
• Distance of the fix from the navigation aids.
• Collocated and non‐collocated facilities.
• Tolerance expressed as a plus/minus value around the nominal fix.
• Root sum square calculation of tolerances and system use accuracies
provide a 95% probability of containment (2 standard deviations).
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System Use Tolerance
• A statistical analysis of the ground station, airborne receiver, and flight
technical tolerances is carried out and yields the following results:
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VOR / VOR Fix Tolerance
5.2 4.5
Intersecting Aid
Tracking Aid
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NDB / NDB Fix Tolerance
6.9 6.2
Intersecting Aid
Tracking Aid
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Radar Fixes
• Radar should not normally be used as the primary method of fix
identification.
• A statistical analysis of the mapping accuracies, radar azimuth
resolutions, flight technical tolerance and controller technical
tolerance is carried out and yields the following results:
TAR
Within 20 NM 1.6 km
Terminal Area Radar
RSR
En‐route Within 40 NM 3.2 km
Surveillance radar
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DME Accuracy
• The RSS value for the DME accuracy is:
0.25 NM + 1.25% of distance from antenna
Distance from antenna
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VOR / DME Fix Tolerance
5.2
0.25NM + 1.25% of
distance from antenna
Tracking Aid
(VOR)
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Fix Tolerance – Collocated Facilities
Figure I‐2‐2‐1. Intersection fix tolerance areas
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Fix Tolerance – Non‐collocated Facilities
Figure I‐2‐2‐1. Intersection fix tolerance areas
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Fix Tolerance – Overhead VOR
Figure I‐2‐2‐3. Fix tolerance area overhead a VOR
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Fix Tolerance – Overhead NDB
Figure I‐2‐2‐4. Fix tolerance area overhead a NDB
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Operational Acceptability – Fix Planning
50°
55°
VOR/DME
tan 55°
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Operational Acceptability – IF / IAF
Figure I‐2‐2‐5. Fix tolerance in the immediate approach segment
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Operational Acceptability – FAF
Figure I‐2‐2‐6. Final approach fix (FAF) tolerance
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Operational Acceptability – MAPT
Figure I‐2‐2‐7. Assumed fix tolerance areas for limiting radial/bearing or DME distance
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Descent Fixes – Obstacle Clearance
Figure I‐2‐2‐9. Area requiring obstacle clearance
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Stepdown Fix
Figure I‐2‐2‐10. Stepdown fix with dual OCA/H
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Obstacles Close to FAF or Stepdown Fix
Figure I‐2‐2‐11. Area where obstacles need not be considered
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Obstacles Close To FAF Or Stepdown Fix
Figure I‐2‐2‐11. Area where obstacles need not be considered
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