Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
x 2 +2,x ~ 1 '
Ex.1 lff(x) = , then LHV- f(x) equals
{ 2x+l,x<1 x-»
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) Does not exist
Sol. lim fix)
x-->1-0
\
lim = [2(I-h)+1]= 3
h-->O
lim
x-->I+0 \
lim [(1+h)Z + 2] = 3
fix) = h-->O
. LHL = RHL, so lim f(x)
., \ = 3. x~l Ans.[C]
, l+e- I1x
Ex.2 lim is equal to
x-->o 1- e -II x
(A) 1 (B)-1
(C) 0 (D) Does not exist
IIh
I
Sol. LHL= lim ~ lf h h-->O 1- e
-IIh I
= h-->O
lim = e +-1
e-1/h-l
, l+e- II h 1+0
RHL = 11m = =-= 1 Ans.[D]
h-->O l_e-1/ h 1-0
LHL ;;/:. RHL, so given limit does not exist.
!
X- l, X < O
Ex.4 lim~'
I x -31' IS equal to
x-->3
(A) 1 (B)-1
(C) 0 (D) Does not exist
LHL - lim- (3~h)-3
Sol. - h-->O 1(3-h)-31
-h
= lim -=-1
h-->O I-hi
1
ee
· -h: =
I im 1
h-tO Ih I
LHL *- RHL, so limit does not exist. Ans.[D]
. 2x 2 +3x
Ex.S lim equals-
x-too 3x2+4
(A) 1/2 (B) 2/3
(C) 3/4 (D) 0
-lim 2+(3/x) 2
Sol. - x-too 3+(4/x 2 ) 3 Ans.[B]
:= lim X [1+- 2
1- -_1_+ ...-1]
x-too 2x 8x~
x-sin x .
Ex.7 Iff(x) :=-1----::-2 - ,then lim f(x) equals -
x + cos X x-too
(A) 0 (B) 00
(C) i (D) None of these
{I-(sin xix)}
Sol. lim f( x)
x-too \
= x-too
lim
{I + (cos 2 X I x)}
Ans.[C]
(
Ex.8
. [x -(a+I)x+a]
lim
x..... x3 _a3
2
is equal to -
a-I
(A)- (B) a- I
3a 2
(C) a (D) 0
(~oform)
2
Sol. lim [x -Ca3 + 1)x
3
+a]
x-e-a x _a
:= lim
2x-a-I - a-I
x.... a 3x 2 - 3a2
(D.L.Hospital rule) Ans.[A]
2
lim x
Ex.9 tt:": r;----- is equal to
x-sO v1+x-v1-x
(A) 1/2 (B)2
(C) 1 (D) 0
Sol.
"
LImit l'
= 1m
x(.Jl+x +~)
---'--------'
x-eo (1+x)-(1-x)
= lim .J];"; +~ = 1
Ans.[C]
x-->o 2 .
. tan 2x - x
Ex.10 lim
x-e-O 3x
.
-Sill X
equals-
Sol.
The given limit is in the form , therefore applying L 'Hospital's rule, we get
" lim 2 sec 2 2x - 1 2-1 1
L mut = -= Ans.[C]
x-->o 3 - cos x 3-1 2
, (tanxJI/X
Ex.11 hm
x-->o
-X- is equal to
= lim (1+~JI/X2
x-->o 3
Ans.[B]
Ii sin XO •
Ex.12 1m -
x~o x IS equal to
(
(A) 1 (B) n (C) x (D) n/180
Sol. Limit = lim sin(7t/180)x
x-e-O X
= lim (7t/180)cos(7t/180)x
x-e-O 1
7t
180 Ans.[D]
Ex.13 lim
x~co
(~-
2
tan -1 XJI/X equals
3
= lim (corx)!"
X-''''
I -1
:. log y = lim ogcot x
x~c.o X
(Ox 00 form)
=_ lim (l+x
2
r
l
x-.+'" cor" x
-2x
. (I+X 2 ) 2
. x
hm ...0..-----'_
x-.+'" -I =-2 II m - 2
x-'<XlI+x
l+x 2
= lim -~+.J24
x-e l x-I
I
=.J24 Ans.[D]
. Jf(x)-3
Ex.15 Iff(9) = 9 and f'(9) = 4, then h~ r is equal to-
x-.+ '\Ix-3 (
(A) 1 (B)3 (C) 4 (D) 9
Sol. Given limit is in % form, so using Hospital rule, we get
I
~.f(x)
2v f (x)
Limit = x-.+9
Jim I
2..h
Ans.[C]
continuous
(A) Only at x = 1
(B) Onlyatx=-1
(C) At both x = 1 and x = - 1
(D) Neither at x = 1 nor at x = - 1
Sol. f(-1-O) =-1, f(-1) =-(-1)= 1
=> f( -1-0) 7:- fe-I)
=> f(x) is not continuous at x = - I
Further , f( 1) = -I
f(1+0) = I => f(1)7:-f(1+0)
=> f(x) is not continuous at x = 1. ADS. [D]
Ex.17 Iff(x) = { 0,
k
x cos(l/x), x 7:- 0
xe O
~.... ""-?..\t~ £d e{..
~"f....!"
\., L< ::0'
. contmuous
IS
. L" d~ \:. s eO 4-~ tue ~ ~
at x = 0, then ~€. ~ ~ ;6 ~ I
t!
(A) k < 0 (B) k > 0 (C) k = 0 (D) k z 0
'" Sol. Since f{x) is continuous at x = 0
:. !~ ftx) = f(O)
but f(0)= 0 ( given)
: • x-e-O
lim fr x) = x-e-O
lim xk cos (I/x)
L\.
1 I
--x O<x<
2 ' 2
0, x=O
1 1
Ex.18 Iff(x) = X=
2' 2
3 I
--x -<x <1
2 ' 2
1, x =1
f(.!.-+O)
2
= lim (~-x)
2
=I
x--+1/2
f (.!.--O)
2
lim (~-x)=o
=
2x--+112
Ans. [C]
I, x::;2
Ex.20 If~pe function fix) = ax + b, 2<x<4
{ 7,
, x24 (
is continuous at x = 2 and 4, then the values of a and b are
. (A) 3, 5 (B) 3, -5
(C) 0, 3 (D) 0, 5
Sol. Since f(x) is continuous at x = 2
:. f(2) = x-->
Iim 2
+ f(x)
:.7=4a+b ...(2)
Solving (l) and (2), we get a= 3, b = -5. Ans.[B]
x, whenx E Q
Ex.21 Iff(x)= { h Q,thenf(x)
-x, W en x s
is continuous at
(A) All rational numbers
(B) Zero only
(C) Zero and 1 only
(D) No where
Sol. Let us first examine continuity at x = O.
f(O)=O (":OEQ)
= f (0-0) = ~~ f( 0- h) = ~~ ft-h)
= ~~ { -h or h according as - h E Q or -h ~ Q)
=0
f( 0+0) = ~~ ftO+h) = ~~ f(h)
6
= lim { h or -h} = 0
h~O
= !~ {(a-h) or - (a-h)}
= a or -a, which is not unique.
=> f(a-O) does not exist
=> f(x) is not continuous at aERo.
Hence flx) is continuous only at x = o. Ans.[B]
3(%-h)
l-sin
Sol. f ("::-0)
2
= lim
h~O
3COS
2(%-h
J
· l-cOS3h
= I1m _-::-_
h->O 3sin2h
= lim 2b~n2h/2 b
h-+O 4h 2 8
.. a = 1/2, b = 4 Ans.[C]
7
Ex.24 If the function
is continuous in the interval (- co, 6), then the value of a and b are respectively
(A) 0, 2 (B) 1, 1 (C) 2, 0 (D) 2, 1
Sol. Obviously the function f(x) is continuous at x = 1 and 3. Therefore !~+ f(x) = f(1)
~ a+ b=2 ...(1)
and !~~_ f(x) = f(3)
~3a+b=6 ...(2)
Solving (1) and (2), we get a = 2, b = O. Ans.[C)
l-cos4x
2
0
,x < r' {
x
Ex.25 Iff(x) = a, x=o
s: .x c- O
~16+~ -4
then at x = 0
(A) f(x) is continuous, when a = 0
(B) f(x) is continuous, when a = 8
(C) f{x) is discontinuous for every value of a
22x
Sol. f(O-O) = lim l-cos4x = 2sin =8
x-->o x2 x2
, £ ~+4
f(O +0) = Iim x
x-e-O (~16+£ -4) ~16+£ +4
f(O) = a= 8. Ans.[B]
sin[ x] 0
--x>
[x]+I'
cos-
Ex26 Iff(x)= lim 2[x] ,x <0
• \ x---+o [x]
k, x = 0
8
(Where [x] = greatest integer s x) is continuous at x = 0, then k is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) -1 (D) Indeterminate
Sol. As given f(O - 0) = f(O + 0) = k
cos (-h)
Now f(O - 0) = h....O
lim 2[-h]
[-h]
= lim cosC~:I))
h....O --'--:........;.~
=_ 1
-I
f( o+ 0) = h~
r tan2h
e tan3h =
r
eh~
(tan2h)
tan3h
e".... 3sec' 3h - e
- x if x <0
2
Ex.29 Function f(x) = lim x : if 0 s x s 1, is
h~O{
x 3 -x+ 1, if x> 1
differentiable at
(A) x = 0 but not at x = 1
(B) x = 1 but not at x = 0
9
(C) x = 0 and x = 1 both
(D) neither x = 0 nor x = 1
Sol. Differentiability at x = 0
0 _ limh-O
-- 1°1m (O+h)2_ -
h.....O h h..... o
h.....O -h
h.....O -h
Differentiability at x = 1
- 10 (1+h)3-(l+h)+I-1
- Im~~~-~-
h.....O h
-1°
- 1m
2h+3h 2+h 3_
- 2
h.....O h
h.....O -h
= lim -,-(l_-_h~)-_I
h.....O -h
2
- 1°1m -2h+h - 2
-
h.....O -h
3X,- 1S; X S; 1
Ex.30 If f(x) = { 4- x.l < x < 4
then at x = 1, f(x) is
(A) Continuous but not differentiable
(B) Neither continuous nor differentiable
(C) Continuous and differentiable
(D) Differentiable but not continuous
Sol. Since fi(l..c..Q) = x.....
lim1 3x = 3
f(1+0) = ~~ (4-x)=3
and f(l) = 3 1 = 3
:. f(x) is continuous at x = 1
x .....l+ x-I
x-3
_ I. 3
- I m -
x .....l x-I
10
. 3J+h_3
=hm-
h->O h
. 3h-I
=3hm-
h->O h
= 31og3
and f '(1+ 0) lim f(x) -f(I)
x-I
x ....l "
. 4-x-3
= hm =-1
x-s-l x-I
.. f' (1+0)*f'(1-0)
(}/I- f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1. Ans.[A]
x
x.31 Function ftx) = 1+ I x I is differentiable in the set
(A) (-ex:>,ex:» (B)(-<lO,O)
(C) (-<lO, 0) U (0, co (D)(O, co
x
Sol. When x <0, f(x) ~r~-x
( 1
f'(x) = (I-x)2 ... (1)
e:
f '(O- O) = 1
{ f'(O+O)=I ~f'(O)=l ~
Hence f(x) is differentiabl~ R Ans.[A]
2
x sin ~,x * 0
Ex.32 Iff(x) = x , then
{
0, x=0
(
(A) f and f' are continuous at x = 0
(B) fis derivable at x = 0
(C) f and f' are derivable at x = 0
(D) f is derivable at x = 0 and f' is continuous at x = 0
Sol. When x *0
f' (x)=2xsin -+x2cos -. - 2 1
x
1( x1)
x
. 1 (1)
= 2x sm -;- cos -;
which exists finitely for all x*-O
2sinllx
and f' (0) = lim f(x)-f(O) lim x = 0
x->O X- 0 x->O X
11
f' (x) =
! 2x sin l- - cos l- , x * 0
0,
x x
x =0
Also xuirn
....o
).rm (2xsm--cos
f' (x) = x....o
. 1
X
1)
X
)1m . 1
= 2- x....o
COS -
X
But ;~ cos'; does not exist, so !~ f' (x) does not exist. Hence f' is not continuous (so not
derivable) at x = O. Ans.[B]
dx dx.
Sol. de = a (1 + cos), de = a sin 8
(
dy dy I de a sin e I
(A)
. dy = 1- ~=_1_
X+l
Ans.[A]
., dx e eX+l
Ex.35 If y = -Z--Z
)
, then
dZy
-Z equals-
(
x -a dx
3x +a
Z z 3x 2 +a z
2(3x 2 +a 2 ) 2(3x 2 +a 2 )
(C) (x 2 _a 2 ) 3 (D) (x Z_ aZ) 4
Sol.
2
2(3x 2 +a )
= (x 2_a 2 ) 3 Ans.[C]
12
sec x - tan x dy
Ex.36 If Y= ,then -d equals
secx+ tan x x
(A) 2 sec x (sec x - tan X)2
(B) - 2 sec x (sec x - tan x)'
(C) 2 sec x (sec x + tan X)2
(D) - 2 sec x( sec x + tan x)'
sec x - tan x sec x - tan x
Sol.
y= sec x i tan x ' secx-tanx
= (sec x - tan x)21l
dy
dy
Ex.37 If x J1+Y + y~ = 0, then dx equals
1 1
(A) (l+x)2 (B) - (l+X)2
.F' 1
(C) 1+x 2 (D) None of these
Sol. Let us first express y in terms of x because all alternatives are in terms of x. So
x v1+; = -yJ!D.
=> x" (l + y) = y2 (l + x)
dy = (l+x)l-x.l = __1_
dy
Ex.38 If x> yX = 1, then dx equals-
x(y+xlogy)
(A)
y(x+ylogx)
x(x+ylogy)
(B)
y(y+xlogx)
y(y+x)ogy)
(C)
x(x+ylogx)
y(y+xlogy)
(D) x(x+ ylogx)
Sol. Taking log on both sides, we have
y log x + x log Y = 0
Now using partial derivatives, we have
dy =_ y / x + log y y(y+xlogy)
13
Ex.39 Ify = ~Sinx+~Sinx+.JSinx+ ......a: , then dy/dx equals
sinx COS X
(A) 2y+l (B) 2y-l
cosx
(C) 2y+l (D) None of these
y
(C) l-y (D) None of these
Sol. y = eX+Y
dy y
dx - l-y Ans.[C]
14
EXERCISE 1(B)
More than one options may be correct
x . en (cos x) x '* 0
If f(x) = en (I +x2 ) then:
o x=O
(A *) fis continuous at x = 0
(B) fis continuous at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 0
(C*)fis differentiable at x = 0
2
( C) lim 2x + 3 ° s (x) (D*) lim [xf - 9
x-eeo x2 + X - 5 gn x--,>3+ x 2 - 9
L im =0]
x~1C12 1 + sin x
3 Let [xl denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x ° If f(x) = [x Sin 1t x], then f(x) is:
(A*) continuous at x = 0 (B*) continuous in (-1,0)
(C) differentiable at x = 1 (D*) differentiable in (-1, 1)
0 O<x<1
[Hint: f(x)= [ 0 x=Oorior-I ~ f(x)=Oforallin[-I,l]
o -I<x<O
(
4 The function, f(x) == [ x I I] - I I
[xl where [x] denotes greatest integer function
(A*) is continuous for all positive integers
(B*) is discontinuous for all non positive integers
(C*) has finite number of elements in its range
(D*) is such that its graph does not lie above the x - axis °
o
l
x=-I
-1 -I<x<O
[Sol.
[ I x I] -I [xl I == ~ ~ ~::i- . Y
1
[Hint: f'(O+) = - . f' (0-) =- -
1
. f(x) =
~ =
Ixl ]
.J2' .J2 ' J1+~1-x2 J1+~1-x2
7 Consider thefunction f(x) = I x3 + 1 I then
(A*) Domain of f x E R
(B) Range of f is R+
also since fis not bijective hence it has no inverse => (C)]
. f(8)
~-1 8 e~-1
16
(D) htb") = g(b-) and h(b-) = f(b+)
[Sol. Given [ is continuous in [a, b] (1)
g is continuous in [b, c] (2)
feb) = g(b) ....(3)
h (x) =f(x) fOrXE[a,b)}
=f(b)=g(b) forx=b ....(4)
= g (x) for x E (b, c]
h (x) is continuous in [a, b) u (b, c] [using (1), (2)]
also f(b-) == feb); g (b") = g(b) ....(5) [using (1), (2)]
.. h (b) = f(b-) == feb) == g(b) = g(b+) = h(b+) [using (4), (5)
now, verify each alternative. Of course! g(b-) and f (b") are undefined.
h (b) = f (b") = feb) = g (b) = g(b+)
x -3 if x ~3
x 2 3x 13.
---+-lfx<1
4 2 4
· . 3 - (1 + h) - 2
f Tl") == Limit f(1+h)-f(1) = L Imrt 1
==
h--70 h h--70 h
(l-h)2 3 13
--'---'-- - -(1- h)+-- 2 (1- h)2 - 6(1- h)+ 5
f ' (1-) = Limit 4 2 4 = Limit --'-----~----'-------'--
h--70 - h h--70 - 4h
2
. . h - 2h + 6h _1
= LI mlt---
( h--70 -4h
f is continuous at x = 1 ]
(B) If f(x) == a o x2m+ 1+ a l x2m + a3 X2m- 1 + ...... + azm+1= 0 (aa 7:- 0) is a polynomial equation with
rational co-efficients then the equation f' (x) = 0 must have a real root. ( mEN ).
aa
(C*) If (x - r) is a factor of the polynomial f(x) = an x" + an_ 1 xn- I + an- 2 x n- 2 + ..... + repeated m
times where 1 :s; m s n then r is a root ofthe equation f' (x) = 0 repeated (m - 1) times.
1t
[Hint: (D) Let sin!x = t => COS-IX = - - t
2
17
y = sin-I( cos t) + cos' (sin( - t ~ JJ= sin-I( cos t) + cosl(cos t)
1t dy
y= - => -=0 True]
2 dx
dy 1 x dy y
[Hint: y2 = X + Y => - = - - also y = - + 1 => _ = -
dx 2y - 1 Y dx 2x + y
13 If.Jy + x +.Jy - x = c (where c:t: 0), then dy has the value equal to
dx
2x x c2
(A*) 2 (B*) y +J y 2-
x 2 (D)
2y
(
[Hint: square both sides, differentiate and rationalise ]
14 Iff(x) = cos[ ~]cos(%(x - 1)J ; where [x] is the greatest integerr function of x, then f(x) is continuous
at
[Hint: (A) = Not defined at x = 0; B = f (l) = cos 3 ; f(2) = 0 and both the limits exist
I I
(B*) The function f(x) = x2 x is twice differentiable at x = o.
x--*2
(
(D) If Lim (f(x) + g(x») = 2 and
x--*a
~~ (f(x) - g(x»)= 1 then Lim J(x) . g (x) need not exist.
x--*a
(B) limf(x)=~
x-e-l 3 f(x} has removable discontinuity at x = 1
18
(C) limf(x)
x-->I
does not exist
-1
(D) limf(x) = Tn f(x) has removable discontinuity at x = 1
HI 2'\12
Sol. f(x) =V
1(..Fi)2 + 1- 2~
~ _ 1
.x =
1..Fi - 11 .x = .if
~_1
[-J x E [1 ,2)
@ If x E (2 , 00)
]
(
18 Given that the derivative f' (a) exists, Indicate which of the following statement(s) is/are always True.
. f(h) - f(a) '( ) I' f(a)-f(a-h)
(A*) f'(a) = hm----'-'---'---'- (B*) f a = Im---'--'---'--
h
h-->a h-a h-->O
Sol. ° 1
(C) is false and is True only iff' (a) = limit is 2f' (a). In (D) same logic limit is "2f'(a)]
\
X -cos 2 X . IS hdx
19 Let I J = Lim . and 12 = LIIl}. h 2 2' Then
2
1- cos X
[Sol. II = Lim x = 1
( X~ 1+ sinx
x
12 = Lim 2
h~O+
J ~dX+ 2=
0 h x
Lim
h~O+
[2~tan-1
h
~]I
h 0+
= 1t Ans.
22
Note: ->1t [2 = 3.1428571 and 1t::::: 3.1415929]]
7 72
20 f(x) is an even function, x = 1 is a point of minima and x = 2 is a point of maxima for y = f(x).
Further X400
lim f(x) = 0, and lim
X40
f(x) = 00. f(x) is increasing in (l,2) & decreasing everywhere
19
(*B) y = f(x) and y = If(x)1 are identical functions
(*C) f''(x) =0 has exactly four real roots whose sum is zero
-2 -1 2
PASSAGE 1
A curve is represented parametrically by the equations x = f(t) = alnCbt) and y = get) = b-lnCat)
°
a, b > and a "j; I, b "j; I where t E R.
dZy
22 The value of -Z at the point where f(t) = get) is
dx
(A) ° (B)
2
1
(C) 1 (D*) 2
I dy I
dy I yZ
dy Y get)
Again xy = I => -=--=- (C) is correct (D) is incorrect
dx x f(t)
20
At x = 1,
fg"+gf"+2g'f'=O
f g'' gf"
--+-=-2 ....(3)
f' g' g'f"
from equation (2) g(t) = f(-t)
" g'(t)=-f'(-t)
and g"(t)=f"(-t)
substituting in equation (3)
f(t) . f"(-t) + f(-t) .f"(t) =-2
f'(t) -f'(-t) -f'(-O f'(t)
PASSAGE 2
1
[x] ,-2~x~--
Let a function be defined as f(x) = 2, where [.] denotes greatest integer
2 1
{2x -1 , --<x< 2
2
function.
, ,
_ _ ____e
r
25 The function f(x-l) is discontinuous at the points
1 1. 1
(A) -1'-2 (B) -2'1 (C*) 0'2 (0) 0,1
21
Sol Discontinuous at 1,1/2
-1 112
1+1/../2
Sol
-1 -1/2 (
1
.J2
at -1,-l/2,1/J2 the functionis not differentiable.
PASSAGE 3
Two students, A & B are asked to solve two different problem. A is asked to evaluate
lim
x~o
1- cos(ln(1 + x))
x2
& B is asked to evaluate lim ~ + ~
n~oo \ln 3 +1 \ln 3 +2
+ +~ J,n EN. A provides
(.In.Jn.Jn
\ln 3 +2n
the following solution
Let
1- cos(ln(1+X) .
x
x) 1-cosx
(A 5
u1m [n(1 + x)
--=
1) =:)
1
11 =
[1 = lim 2 lim - - 2- X~O x 2
x~o x x~o X ~
= n~oo
lim n [!{R1+R2+·······+A2!J
n+-
n 2 n+-
n 2 n+---.D.
n 2
lim
= n~OO
[![~ + 1+; ....+1]] = lim 2n = 2
n 2n times n~oo
n
22
(D) B gets the correct answer while A gets the incorrect answer.
..
f(x) Z2
(eX1 -- cosx
x - 1 )
x = a where l1 and l2 are correct values of the corresponding limits, if
x> a
Sol.
x~o Zn 2 (1 + x) x 2
A & B have made the same mistake, they used the notion of limit partly in the problem, where
( as once the limiting notion has been used the resulting expression must be free from the
variable on which the limit has been imposed
"
Z1m 2n.m Z Z" 2n.m
~<2< 1m ~
n~lXl "n 3 +1 n~lXl 3 + 1
"n
Hence 12 = 2 (sandwich theorem)
PASSAGE 4
( Let fix) is a function continuous for all x E R except at x = O. Such that f" (x) < 0 \;j XE (- 00, 0) and
f I (x) > ° \;j X E (0, 00). Let Lim f(x) = 2,
X --70+
Lim f(x) = 3 and f (0) = 4.
X--70
3_X2 4-X 5
30 The value of 'A for which 2 (Lim f(X )) = 'A (Lim f(2X ) \) is
X--70 X--70
r
(A) (B) 2 (C*) 3 (D) 5
3
2
31 The values of Lim· -x) X } where [ . ] denote greatest integer function and { . } denote fraction
X--70+ l-cosx
[f(x)]
part function.
(A) 6 (B*) 12 (C) 18 (D) 24
23
[[ ( )] [[ ]\]J
3
X -sin 3 x sin x"
32 3f x4 -f -x- where [ . ] denote greatest integer function.
Sol.
(i) x -e O , x3 - x2 = x2(x - 1) ~ 0
x -o O , 2x 4 - x5 = x4(2 - x) ~ 0+ y
2 (3) = A (2) => A= 3 Ans.
(ii)
f(-x)x 2 ~,
(\~~:;; )_[ 1[~~~;; ]
l-cosx 0
2
= 6 x 2 = 12 Ans.
2 . 2 .) 1
(iii) x +sm x+xsmx x= - (3)x~ 0- => f(O-) = 3
( 2 I 6 "
X
/
3] (
Sin x
=> [ x =0 f(O) = 4
.
3
x -sin3 x)
3f ( 4 >9
x
[9+] - f(O) = 9 - 4 = 5 Ans.]
33 Let h (x) = f l (x) + fix) + fix) + + fn(x) where flex), f2(x), fix), , fn(x) are real valued functions
ofx.
I II
Statement-It I(x) = cos I x +cos-\sgn x) + lin x \ is not differentiable at 3 points in (0, 2n)
because
Statement-2: Exactly one function flx), i = I, 2, ..... , n not differentiable and the rest ofthe function
(A *) Statement-I is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement- I.
(C) Statement-I is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, statement-2 is true.
[Sol. y = lin x I not differentiable at x = 1
n 3n
y = Icos I x II is not differentiable at x = "2' 2:
y = cosJ(sgn x) = cos:' (1) = 0 differentiable v x E (0, 2n) ]
24
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOTthe correct explanation for statement-I.
(C*) Statement-I is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
hsinh-O .
f(x) is diff. at x = 0
e.g. x I x I is derivable at x = 0]
7t
35 Statement-It f(x) = I cos x I is not deviable at x = "2 .
because
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOTthe correct explanation for statement-I.
(C*) Statement-l is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-l is false, statement-2 is true.
[Hint: Consider g (x) = x 3 at x = 0; g (0) = 0
I g(x) I is derivable as x = 0
actually nothing definite can be ~a!d/lso for g (x) = x - 1 with g (1) = 0
then I g(x) I not derivable at x = ~ .
36 Letf(x) =x - x2 and g (x) = {x} \:j X E R. Where { . } denotes fractional part function.
Statement-1: f(g(x)) will be continuous \:j x E R.
because
Statement-2: f(O) = f(l) and g (x) is periodic with period 1.
(A*) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-I.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-I.
(C) Statement-l is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-l is false, statement-2 is true.
[Hint:
~
-1 0 1 2 3
Sol !~.(sinx+[x])=O
25
lim (sinx + [x]) =-1
x....o
Limit doesn't exist
;t:f(a) + h(a)
f(x) + h(x) is discontinuous function
38 Column-I Column-II
l-cos2x
(A) Lim
x~o x2 x equa 1s (P)
e -e +x
, ((3/X)+ 1)I/X
(
, tan 3x-tanx3
(C) LIm equals (R) 4
x~o x5
' x+2sinx
(D) L1m -r======-----r==== (S) 5
x~o -J x 2 + 2 sin x + 1- -Jsin 2 x - x + 1
[Ans, (A) R; (B) S; (C) P; (D) Q]
[Sol.
(A)
1
1=4 Ans,
(C)
v
zero (by expansion)
2x+xtanx+x 2)
= Lim (tanx-x).(tan =.!. x3=1 Ans.
x-e-O x3 x2 3
(D) rationalising gives
LIm 2
26
sin2x
2. Lim x+sin2~ =2' Lim 1+-~ = 2(1+2) =2
x~O x 2-sin2x+2smx+x x-e-O sin 2x 3
x---+2+1
39 Column-I Column-If
x+ 1 if x < 0
(A) I(x) = [ at x = 0 is (P) continuous
cos x if x ~ 0
(B) For every x E R the function (Q) differentiability
sin(1t[x -1t])
where [x] denotes the greatest integer function is (S) non derivable
(C) h (x) =~{x}2 where {x} denotes fractional part function
for all x E I, is
f -
- I r
X [nx if x :t: 1
(D) k(x)= [ at x = 1 is
e if x = 1
[Ans. (A) P, S; (B) P, Q; (C) R, S; (D) P, Q]
. cosh-O
[Sol. (A) f' (0) = LIm does not exist. Obviously f (0) = f (0-) = f (0+) = 1
h-tO h
Hence continuous and not derivable
(B) g (x) = 0 for all x, hence continuous and derivable
(C) as O:$; {f(x) } < 1, hence h (x) = ~{x}2 = {x} which is discontinuous hence non derivable all
xEI
I
·
L im [nx . log e
(D) x = LIm x x = e = f (1)
x-tl x~l
Hence k (x) is constant for all x > 0 hence continuous and differentiable at x = 1. ]
40 Column - I Column - II
2
(A) Number of points of discontinuity of f( x) = tan" x - sec x (p)
in (O,21t) is
(B) Number of points at which f(x) = sin" x-t tan" x +coC1 x (q) 2
is non-differentiable in (-1,1) is
27
7t 37t
(A) tan" x is discontinuous at x = 2'2
7t 37t
sec" x si discontinuous at x = 2'2
7t
a O:5;x<
2
7t
1 X=
2 7t
(C) Y = [sinx] = .. Points of discontinuity are 2,7t
7t
a -<X:5;7t
2
a x = 27t (
(D)
28
EXERCISE l(C)
3x 2 +ax+a+3
If the function f (x) == 2 is continuous at x == - 2. Find the value of a + f (-2).
x +x-2
[Ans. 14]
Sol. Since the function is conti then
Y.F.l x = _ 2 == RHLl x = _ 2 == LHLl x = _ 2
. 3x2+ax+a+3 (I5-a).c:
= 11m ; - - lorm
x--> -2 x 2 + X - 2 0
15 -a= 0
a= 15 ...(1)
( , 3x2+15x+I8
II m - - - : - - -
x-->-2 x 2 + x-2
, 3(x+2)(x+3)
_ Ilffl ----'-_-C..-'-------'
- x-->-2 (x+2)(x-I)
= lim 3(x+3)
x--> -2 (x -1)
3
=- =-1
-3
hence f(-2) == - 1
f(x)
[Ans.5]
· x3-3x2-4x+I2
1tm
u1m (x-3)(x 2-4)
== n1m (2 3)
x - =5
Sol.
x-->3+ X - 3 x-->3+ (x - 3) x-->3+
hence Ik == 51
n
3 Determine the value of product of values of a & b so that f is continuous at x == "2' f(x)
29
13-c:~: if x<~
= a if
[ b(l-sinx)
{n_2x)2
if
[Ans. 2]
Sol. Y.F,\ n =a
x=
2
, (1-Sin3 XJ '-
Iim 0 c.
rorm
1t
put x> --h
2
,
= lim [1-Sin3(~-h)J = lim 1-C~S3hJ =I'('
1m
(l-cosh) (l+cos
2h+cosh)
=..!..
h-+O
3cos
2 (1t)
--h
1t
put x= -+h
2
1 b
a= - =
2 8
sin3x+Asin2x +Bsinx
4 If f(x) = x5 (x -::f:- 0) is cont. at x = O. Find the value of A + B + f(O)
3
[Ans.2]
frO)
\
= limf(x)
x---+o
-I' (sin3x+Asin2x+Bsinx)
- 1m 5
x~o X
3 + 2A + B = 0 ...(1)
-I'
- 1m
(-9sin3x-4Asin2x-Bsinx).(Q~
3 ' lorm
)
x-->O 20x 0
x-->o 120x 0
243+32A+B
f(O) = 120
...(3)
!A=-4,B=S!
(
then
f(O) = 1
2(n;·2 X
xnf(x)+ h(x)+ 1 ' sin )
5 Let g (x) = Lim n ' x:;t 1 and g (l) = LImI I ~ ( 2 x )) be a continuous function at
n-e-eo 2x +3x+3 X~ n sec n;'
x = 1, find the value of 4 g (1) + 2 f(l) - h (1). Assume that f(x) and h (x) are continuous at x = I,
[Ans. 5]
. xnf(x)+h(x)+1
Sol. g(x)= I1m---"---C----"---C- since g is conti
X400 2x n+3x+3
& g(l) = 2
31
h(1) = 1
f(1)=4
arg = 1 so arg - 1 therefore
=> 4g(1) + 2f(1) - h(1)
\ = 4.2 + 2.4 - 11
\
\
\ = 8 + 8 - 11 = 5 ADS
_ lim (l-cosn2
X
)(l+cosn2
X
) cos(n2'\)
\\
- HI 1-cos(n2X ) \
g(l) = 2 ...( 1 ) . r 1 \
" xnf(x)+h(x)+l 1
(
x = I1m
g() n+3x+3 ;x =t
X--><XJ 2x
h(x)+l
O<x<l
3(x + 1)
g(x) = 2 x =1 using (1)
f(x)
x> 1
2
o ; O<x<l
" t X--><XJ
H In lim x" = 1 ; x =1
{00; xc- l
(
whenx< 1 thenxn=O
g(x) = h(x)+l
3(x + 1)
f(x)
g(x) = -2
32
.(2 + cosx 3)
6 The function f(x) = 3' - -4 is not defined at x = O.
x SInX x
Let L be the value of the function at x = °so that it is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of L:'
[Ans.60]
Sol. Since the function is conti. at x = °
then
Y.F.l x= 0 = LHLlx=o = RHLlx=o
f(x)= (
2 + COSX
3)
\ x 3sinx x''
L = f(O) =limf(x)
x-->o
_ lim[2X+XCOSX-3Sinx]
- x-->o sin
x4 ( - x)
-.X
,r'
= lim("2X+XCOsx-3SinX]
S
x-->o X )
(x x" J ( x J]
2 3 S
= hm-
. 1s [ 2x+x 1 - - + -.... -3 x - - +X- ....
HO x 2! 4! 3! 5!
5 3 s
x' x -3x+~--
. 1 [ 2x+x--+-...
=hm- 3x 3x ....]
s
HO x 2! 4! 3! 5!
= lim
HO
x: [(~_2J+
x 4! 5!
..]
(
1 3 1
=--~=- :. L-I = 60
4 120 60
7 Let f (x) = x3 - x2 - 3x - 1 and h (x) = ~~:~ where h is a rational function such that
(a) it is continuous every where except when x = - 1, (b) Lim h(x) = 00 and (c) Lim h( x) =~ .
x--'>oo x--,>-l 2
If Lim (3h(x)+f(x) - 2g(x)) = _£. where p and q are coprimes then find the value of p+q.
x--'>o q
[Ans. 43]
33
Sol. hex) = f(x)
g(x)
(.;};n g (I)
h(x) =
(x + l)a ...(2yh x->O
3
) = lim (3. [X _ X- 3x
(x+1)4
2
-1) +(x 3 - x2-3x-1)-2(4(x+1» :
I
'.' x = - 1, function will = 3(-1) -1-8
4
_ 39 _ P
disconti; and for -- -- .. p+q =43 Ans
4 q
x = - 1 hex) = 00
2-2x-1)(x+1)
lim (x =..!..
x-->-l (x + l)a 2
2 1
-=
a 2
put in (2)
'x3 _x 2 -3x-1
h(x)=---
(x+1)4
(
g(x) = 4(x + 1)
8 Evaluate:
x 6000 -(sin ooo
Lim --~----'-::::-::-::
xt
x-s-O 100'x 2 '(sinx)600o .
[Ans. 10]
m (si )ffi . x
1001= Lim x -,-. SlOX = Lim as L1m ( - -) m =1:
x--+O x 2 '(sin x)'" x--+o r'C:=::::===s:-:;----=' [ x--+O sin x
34
. )ill
-D smx
(
1001= Lim x
x~o 2x
1001 = - L im 3 = 1000
x~o 2x
[Ans.2]
2)+2hf'(3-h 2
· f(3+h2)-f(3h2) L' 2hf'(3+h )
Sol. L 1m 2
= 1m-----'-----'---....:....-----'
h~O 2h x~o 4h
. f'(3+h 2)+f'(3-h2)
= lim by L'hospital
x~o 2
= f'(3)+f'(3) =~=2
2 2
10 Let f (x) [3 + 4 sin x] (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function). If sum of all the values of
=
kn
in [n, 2n] where f(x) fails to be differentiable, is 2' then find the value ofk.
[Ans.24]
Sol.
y
rex) = [3 + 4 sin x]
= + [4 sin x]
sum of all x = 1t + (n - a) + (1t + ~) + (1t + y) + (2n - y) + (2n - ~) + (2n - a)
= 12n
:. k = 24
II The number of points at which the function f(x) = max. {a - x, a + x, b}, - co < x < co, 0 < a < b cannot
be differentiable is
[Ans.2]
Sol. /'"
'bo
I;
A
(
12 Let I, g and h are differentiable functions. If 1(0) = 1 ; g (0) = 2 ; h (0) = 3 and the derivatives oftheir
pair wise products at x = 0 are
(f g)'(O) = 6; (g h)'(O) = 4 and (h f)'(O) = 5
then compute the value of(fgh)'(O). [Ans. 16]
(fi )'h+( h)'f +(hf)'
[Sol. (fgh)'(O) = f g h' + g h f' + h f g' = g g g
2
(fg)'(O) 'h(O) + (gh)'(O)'f(O) + (hf)' (0) .g(O) 6·3 + 4·1 + 5 ·2
.. (fgh)' (0) = 2 2 = 16 Ans.
1
Sol. f(x)=x+ - - - - - - , - - - - =x+ - -
x + x +--------:-- x i-f'(x)
2x+---
2x +......... co
(
hence f(x) x = x +f(x)
.. f2(x) - x2 = 1
differentiating w.r.t. x
2f(x)'f'(x)-2x=0 or f(x)'f'(x)=x
hence f(10)' f' (10) = 10 ]
2
. 3 'd y . . p .
14 If the value ofthe expression Y - 2 for the ellipse 3x 2 + 4y2 = 12, IS - where p and q are copnmes
dx q
then
the value of p + q [Ans. 13]
[Sol. Differentiating implicity we have
36
3x
6x + 8yy' = 0 and hence y' = - 4y; 4[yy" + (y')2] = - 3
9x 2
3 + 4(y')2 + 4yy" = 0 and hence 3 + 4y2 + 4yy" = 0
2
9x 2 d y
multiplying by y2, 3y2+ - +4 y3- =0
4 dx 2
but 3x2 + 4 y2 = 12 and hence y3 ylll = 2.4 = - Pq at every point on the ellipse
15 If f: R -+ R is a function such that f(x) = x3 + x2f'(1) + xf"(2) + f"'(3) for all x E R, then find the
value of f(2) - f(1) + f(O). [Ans.O]
Sol Given that I{x) = x3 +x21'(1) = 1+ 1'(1)+xI"{2)+ 1"'(3) ...(1)
Putting x = 0 and .e = 1 in (1), we get
I{O) =1"'(3) and 1(1) =1+ 1'{I)+ 1"(2)+ 1"'(3)
.. 1(1)- 1(0)=1+ 1'(1) + 1"(2) ...(2)
Differentiating both sides of (1) w.r.t. x, we get
I'{x) = 3x2 + 2xl'(1) + 1"(2) ...(3)
1'(1)=3+21'{1)+1"(2)
or 1'{I) = 1"(2) =-3 ...(6)
(
=> 1"(2) = 12+21'(1) or 21'(1)-1"(2) = -12 ...(7)
37
2
d
16 Let y = x sin kx. Find the sum of possible values ofk for which the differential equation - { + y = 2k
dx
cos kx holds true for all x E R. [Ans. 0]
[Sol. y = x sin kx ....(1)
Y1 = kx cos kx + sin kx
Y2 = k[cos kx - kx sin kx] + k cos kx
2
d y_ 2 .
2 - 2k cos kx- k x SIn kx....(2)
dx
d2y d2 y
~ ~
hence, 2k cos kx - k 2x sin kx + x sin kx = 2k cos kx
17 The functionf: R ~ R satisfies j'{x/) . f"(x) = f'(x) . f'(x 2 ) for all real x. Given thatf(l) = 1 and
f"'(1) = 8, compute the value of 1'(1) +1"(1). [Ans.6]
[Sol. Given,j(x2) . I"(x) = I'(x) . f'(x 2)
Put x = 1 in the given relation
f(1)· f " (1) = (f'(I)f (
let f'(1) = a and f"(1) = b
.. bc=a2 .•.• (I) (asf(1)=I)
to find (a + b) = ?
differentiating the given relation
we get f(x 2) • f"'(x) + f"(x) . 2x f' (x2 ) = f' (x) . f"(x 2) 2x + f' (x2 ) • f"(x)
put x= 1
8 + 2ba = 2ab + ab => ab = 8 ....(2)
from (1) and (2)
a3 = 8 => a = 2 and b = 4
=> a + b = 2 + 4 = 6 Ans. ]
18 A polynomial function f(x) is such that f(2x) = f' (x)f" (x), then find the value off(3)
[Ans. 12]
3 2
Comparing x , 18a = 8a (1) => a > 4/9
3
f'(x)> 94x :. f(3) = 12
g (x) ~ In( x+.J1 + x' ) then find the value of x eg(x{f[~))' + g'(x) at x ~ 1. [Ans. 0]
38
[Sol. g (x) = In( x +~1 + x 2
)
1
g'(x) = --== ....(1)
~1+x2
x 1
now f'(x)= 1+~1+x2 . ~1+x2
39
(
EXERCISE 2(A)
. 1{fX-7JX
1. The value of LIm is
HI ~_~
9 5 9 45
(A) 13 (B) 91 (C) 91 (0) 91
I I
. x 13-x 7
Sol. hm
x~l
I
_
I
_
x 5 -x 3
1 1
r
lim 13 -7 = 45
ADS.
HI 1 1 91
5 3
x-I
(A) 4950 (B) 5050 (C) 5150 (0) 5151
100
~>k -100
Sol. Lim-,,-k=--,-I--
x~1 x-I
. x +1 . x 2 -1 . x 3 -1 . x 100 -1
=:> Ltm-- + Llm--+ Llm-- .....L l m -
x~1 x -1 x~1 x -1 x~1 x -1 x-e-l x -1
(
Applying L'Hospital rule
2 3
=:> Lim 1+ Lim 2x + Lim 3x + Lim 4x + Lim 100x 9
x~1 x~1 x~l x-e-l x~1
=1+2+3+4 100
J..-::- tim
~-:3 'L
I-'?
0=){.P t.)
\-)('t 1
_, _ \ " .... l , 1\
(00 - 00 form)
x-e-l [ l-xq-xP+x
p+q
q-I p-I
Lim[ - pqx + qpx )
x~1 qx'' l_pXP I +(p+q)X(p+q-l)
q-2+qp(p
Lim[ -pq(q-l)x l)x P 2 )
x~1 q(q q
l)x 2 p(p l)XP 2+(p+q)(p+q_l)x(p+q-2)
pq(p-q) p-q
=> =~-
2pq 2
I
Lim 1+(tanx)3
x~311/4 -cos2x
1 -2
-(tan x) 3 x sec2 x
Lim~3_----
X~ 311 + 2sin 2x
4 2
=> 6-1 ( -sec"41tJ2
-1 1
-x2=-
6 3
Sol.
" (sinx/x)2 1
L
=> im tan(Rn 2 (l + x)) (
/1 HO .~)
Rn 2(1 + x) .
2(1
Rn + x)
x
L" 1
x x
1 2
(A)l (B) J3 (C) J3 (D)J3
1 1 I
2x 2+3x 3 +5x 5
Sol. Lim----:-----,
X~OO l l
(3x - 2)2 + (3x - 3)3
divide numerator & denominator by x l /2
3
1
Lim cos4x cos2x
x~o 1 1
-----
cos3x cosx
. cos2x-cos4x cosx.cos3x
L1m x----
x~o cosx-cos3x cos4x.cos2x
. +2sin3x.sinx
LI m - - - -
x~o 2sin 2x.sin x
. sin3x 2x 3x
LIm--X-X
x~o sin 2x 3x 2x
Lim 3x =i
x~o 2x 2
tan x - sinx
8 The sum of an infinite geometric series whose first term is the limit of the function f(x) = ~--
sin' x (
1-~
as x -)0 °and whose common ratio is the limit of the function g(x) = ( -1)2 as x -)0 1, is
cos x
(A) 1/3 (B) 1/4 (C) 1/2 (D) 2/3
Sol. Let first term of on infinite G.P. is a & common ratio of infinite G.P. is r
. tanx-sinx (0 )
given a = LIm
x~o
. 3
sm x
-form
°
Apply L'Hospital rule
. sec2x-cosx
L 1m -----=---
" l-cos3 x
L 1m~~~~~
·
L rm 1-cos3x x L"Im-1
x~o 3sin 2 x cos 2x x~o cos x
3x (
· 4 l-cos 1
L1m-x x
x~o 4 3sin 2 x cos2 x
. 4(l-cos3x)
L 1m --"-~~-----;;:-'
x~o 3(sin2x)2
. I-JX
r = LHfl ~-----,,---::
x~l (cos" X)2
1_1_
Lim 2..h
x---71 2( cos - Ix) x r:-?"
1
2
"\I1-x
2
" 1x.J1- x
L 1m ------,~-- 1
x---71 4..h(cos- x)
put x = cos t
a
so sum of infinite G.P. is J00-
1-r
1
=--=-x-=
"2 1 4 2
1'-! 2 3 3
4
eX +e- x
Sol. Lim(x fn(cos nx)) coshx = 2
X---700
\1\IV)
~ 'J'\.-rl fX)
\ \ Vv)
~~oO
lim lx - [Rn(e
2x
+ 1)- fn2e X
]J
X---7CX)
--- \ \r-- L
5
(e2X 1) 2x
-£02 - lim £0 .e
X~OO x
1+
° e2x
-£02- lim . 0 - 1I:
x~C()
e2 x
2 2 2 2
°
The value of LIm 8 [ x x x x
-8 1- cos - cos + cos cos-
]
is
10 x~ x 2 4 2 4
(A) 1/16 (B) 1/32 (C) 1/64 (D) 1/8
Sol.
x~o x
8 [( x
2
x (
4
x
Lim-8 l1-cos-'j -COS-l1-cOS-j
2
2
1 2 2
1]
8 [( x 1( x
Lim=-8 l1-COS-jl1-COS-j
2 2
'J ]
x~o x 2 4
Lim = -
x~o
8 [(
x
2 x
8 1-l2cos - 4
2
-1j 1( x
l1- COS-)
4
2
1]
8 [ 2-2cos 2x- l 1( - C O S
Lim=-
x~o x 8 4
x -j
4
2 2
1]
2
8X2[(
°
Llm=-
2 x x
l1-cos -jl1-COS-)
1( 2
1]
x~o8 x 4 4
X2]
. 16[.2X2
L Im=g SIn - o2
2sIn -
x~o x 4 8
, ( 1
j
l
SiO X2
Lim=_1 __4_
x~o 32 (x 2 1
l4j
1 1 1 1
(A) 2J2 (B) 4J2 (C) sJ2 (D) 16J2
6
.J2 -cos8-sin8
Sol. lim (%fonn )
e--7~ (48 _1t)2
4
sin8-cos8
lim
e--7~ 2(48 -1t).4 (%fonn )
4
1 1
11/
lim cos8+sin8 = .J2+ .J2 = .J2 =_1_
~
e--7~ 8.4 32 32 16.J2
4
-J\ ~y / ~
Lim TC~sx -I
)vol .~~
r',{
12 The value of X~
2 x ( x- 21t) is ?-- .'1)1
: ~
cOSX
Sol. pm 2- -)1
e ~2 X x-1t
2
lim ---4---~
tv
~~2cOSX
_.
2 ..
(
. 1_2cOSX
hm-- 'J-t1\
_.
1t 2 1t
X--7
2x L'
( ~
lim ------"''-
1t
X--7
2
. (In(1+x)-ln2)(3.4 x 1-3x)
13 The value of LIm 1 1 is
X--71 [(7+x)3 -(1+3x)2].sin(x-l)
3 4 3 4 9 4 9 4
(A) -Rn- (B) --Rn- (C) -Rn (D) --Rn
4 e 4 e "4 e 4 e
here (I)CO
7
=> 2 .!..3·l
Rn4 1
- ]
1-9 =>~
~
12
/l'7'\/
L The value of Lim
n400
t ((r+1)Sin~-rSin~)
r=2 r+1 r
is
(A) n - 2--- i - ~ t 2n
(B) (C) - '2. (D) ~4 -1
. 2
(
Sol. If R = lim t((r+ l)Sin~-rSin~)
n400 r=2 r +1 r
c-;::."
o
-t. = l'im (3'sm--
n 2' n 4'
Slll-+ n 3'
Slll-- n 4~i+nS1ll
n Sr[)'
Slll-+ . -n - (~s'
n- AI
~AA
n400 3 2 4 3 5
0
1\
n- .r
4 .;
. r::'
+(TI+l&1-TI~)
R= lim((n+1)~2Sin~)
H<O CY 2 1\(V\
n4<o
~~~-2J
n+1
(
R = lim(n-2)= 3.14 - 2
n400
= 1.14
so {R} = R- [.e]
.14-1=.14orn-3
4
(3x + 2x ) sin
2
t+ 1
3
x 1 +5 .
Sol.
. 3X3+2x _(X)3+ 5
I1m + ~----=---'--'--=---
x-t-oo - (xi - (xi - (x) + 1 - (X)3 + (xi - (x) + 1
2 5
3+- 2
-1+ 3
lim x + x
3
x x2 x X x 2 x
3
-3
lim -+1=-2
X-7-00 1
3
Ii (x + 27}en(x - 2)
16 The value of x~ (x 2 -9) is
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 6 (D) 9
" (x3+27)fn(x-2)
Sol. I 1m -"---~----'---"":""
2
x-73 (x -9)
" (x-3)(x2+9-6x)fn(1+(x-2))
I 1m .
x-73 (x + 3)(x - 3)
Iimx' +9-6x = 18 - 9 = 9
X-73
. 27x _9 x _3 x +1
17 The value of ~~ ..fi - ";1 + cos x is
(D) J2(fn3)2
Sol.
412(27 X - 9 x-3 x + 1)
. ~---'--~--"":""
hm
( X-70 2 x
X(3 X
lim412[9 -l)-l(3x -l)J
X-70 x2
X X X x-1
Iim412[(9 -1) (3 -l)J 9 -IJ 3
X-70 x2
=> lim 412[ - x lim-
X-70 x
X-70 X
=> 812(fn3)2
9
(1+eX)IIX ]IIX I'S
18 The value of Lim
x-tO [
1 1
(A) Je (B)
Je
(C) -
e
(D) e
I/X
. (1 + x)1!x
Sol. LIm (1 )00
x---+o [ e ]
Lim (l+XY/x- e 1
L=e H o .
e X
In(l+x) -I
Lim e[e x-I] (fn(l+X)-x)
Act.: HO e( f n(1+ x) - x) . X2
Lim
HO
t-et+l/e
(e t - li / e
=
1
2 c
(taking commone)
. rr
-vn2+n-l
:': J2~-1
19 The value of LIm is
n---+oo ( n
1 1
(A) Je (B)
Je
(C) -
e
(D) e
L im[,J;;2;;.+n]( 2,J;;2;;.-I)
n.. n
Sol. e
(-n-l)(2~-I) [ki 2
en
Ll~ { rt:
n vn-+n+(l+n)
j ta ng n as common]
T
20 The value of Lim (tan
x---+I
)tan
7tX
4
is
10
]
tan~
° 1tX 2
Sol. LIm tan-
[
X-41 4
xx ) Ian
Lim ( Ian--l xx
eHI4 2
. (xx x)
Limsm 4-4" .tan~
e x-+I cos~. cos~ 2
4 4
sin~(x-l)
Lim 4 .tan~.~(x-l)
e x~1 ~(x-I)cos~cos~x 2 4
4 4 4
e Lim~(X-l)cost(~~)
HI 2 2 2x
_
- e-1 -- ( e -1)
eX -cos2x -x
21 Given I(x) = x2 for x E R- {O}
1
f({x}) for n<x<n+
2
where {x}denotes
1 E I fractional part
g(x) = f(l- {x} ) for n + - < x < n + 1 , n { function
2 -
5
otherwise
2
then g (x) is
(A) discontinuous at all integral values ofx only
(B) continuous everywhere except for x = 0
1
(C) discontinuous at x = n +"2 ; n E I and at some x E I
Li . e h -cos2h - h
o ° el-{n-h} -cos2(1-{n-h})-(1-{n-h})
\l~cit g(n - h) = (1- {n _ h})2
LO e h -cos2h-h 5
= h~ h2 ({n-h}={-h}=l-h)= 2
5
g (n) = "2' Hence g(x) is continuous at \f x E I.
11
22 Let I(x) = ~g~, where g and hare cotinuous functions on the open interval (a, b). Which of the
following statements is true for a < x < b?
(A)I is continuous at all x for which x is not zero.
(B) I is continuous at all x for which g (x) = 0
(c) I is continuous at all x for which g (x) is not equal to zero.
(D*) I is continuous at all x for which h (x) is not equal to zero.
[Hint: By theorem, if g and h are continuous functions on the open interval (a, b), then g/h is also continuous
at all x in the open interval (a, b) where h (x) is not equal to zero. ]
2cosx-sin2x e- coSX_ l
23 I(x) = (n _ 2x)2 g (x) = -8-x---4-n-
h (x) = f(x) for x < nl2
= g (x) for x > nl2
then which of the following holds?
(A) h is continuous at x = nl2 (B*) h has an irremovable discontinuity at x = nl2
2cos x -sin 2x n
x<-
(x)~ [
(n-2x)2 2
[Sol. h
e-cosx -1 n
x>-
8x-4n 2
LHL at x = nl2
Li 2sinh-sin2h LO 2sinh(1-cosh)
rm = un = 0
h~O 4h 2 h~O 4h 2
f( ~l 0 and g ( r) ~ ~ =>
(
x-eX +cos2x
24 Iff(x) = x2 ' x*-O is continuous at x = 0, then
5
(A) f(O) = (B) [f(O)] = - 2 (C) {f(O)} =-0.5 (D*) [f(O)] . {f(O)} = -1.5
2
where [x] and {x} denotes greatest integer and fractional part function
[Hint: Lim x-ex +1-~1-COS2X) =_..!.- -2=-~. hence for continuity f (0) = -
5
x~o x 2 2' 2
cosx, x 2::0
----*
(B) f(O) f(2)
f(O)=l, f(2)=2
(
28 Which one of the following functions is continuous everywhere in its domain but has atleast one point
where it is not differentiable?
[x ]
(A*)f(x)=xI/3 (B)f(x)=- (C) f (x) = e- X (D) f(x) = tan x
x
jf x<2
x-'\hx-2
(A) f (2) = 8 => f is continuous at x = 2 (B) f (2) = 16 => f is continuous at x = 2
13
(C*) f (2-) *- f (2+) => f is discontinuous (D) f has a removable discontinuity at x = 2
[Hint: f(2+) = 8 ; f(2-) = 16
30 The graph of function f contains the point P (1,2) and Q(s, r). The equation ofthe secant line through
[Sol. I By definitionJ'(l) is the limit ofthe slope of the secant line when s --)- 1. [29-01-2006,12&13]
. S2 +2s-3
Thus J'(l) = L l m - -
s-l
~Q(S")
s---tl
= Lim (s-1)(s+3)
s---tl s-l
P(1,2)
= Lim(s+3) =4
s-ol
=> G!)
~
II By substituting x = s into the equation ofthe secant line, and cancelling by s - 1 again, we get
y = s2 + 2s -1. This is f(s), and its derivative isf'(s) = 2s +}' so!' (1) = 4.]
(
Let [x] denote the integral part of x E R . g(x) = x - [x] . Let f(x) be any continuous function with f(O)
= f(1) then the function hex) = f(g(x)) :
(A) has finitely many discontinuities (B) is discontinuous at some x = c
(C*) is continuous on R (D) is a constant function.
[Sol. g(x) = x- [x] = {x}
f is continuous with f(O) = f(1) f(x)
hex) = f(g(x)) = f({x})
Let the graph of f is as shown in the figure
satisfying x
f(O) = f(1)
now h(O) = f({O}) = f(O) = f(1)
h(0.2) = f ({Oo2}) = f(0.2)
h(1.S) = f ({ 1.S}) = f(O.S) etc.
Hence the graph ofh(x) will be periodic graph as shown
=> h is continuous in R => C
~
X)
(
I I . ]
1-1-
o 1 2 3 x
. (f(h)-f(O) )
f'(x)=f'(O)+lxl=lxl ]
14
33 Let j be a differentiable function on the open interval (a, b). Which of the following statements must
be true?
I. j is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
II. j is bounded on the open interval (a, b)
III. If a<al<bl<b, andj(al)<O<j(b l), then there is a number c such that al<c< b, andj(c)=O
(A) I and II only (B) I and III only (C) II and III only (D*) only III
[Sol. I and II are false. The function f(x) = l!x, 0 < x <1, is a counter example.
Statement III is true. Apply the intermediate value theorem to f on the closed interval [a., b J ]
-rt7h
34 Let f(x) = max. {I x 2
-21 x 11,1 x I} and g (x) = min. {! 2
x -21 x 1\,1 x I} then
(A) both f(x) and g (x) are non differentiable at 5 points.
(B*) f (x) is not differentiable at 5 points whether g (x) is non differentiable at 7 points.
(C) number of points of non differentibility for f(x) and g (x) are 7 and 5 respectively.
(D) both f (x) and g (x) are non differentiable at 3 and 5 points respectively.
[(x) y
[Hint: j(x) is non differentiable at x = a, ~, 0, y, 8
3x2_4--h+l forx<1
35 Let g(x) = [
ax+ b for x z 1
If g (x) is the continuous and differentiable for all numbers in its domain then
(A) a = b = 4 (B) a = b =-4
3x2_4--h+l for x c l
[Sol. g(x)= [
ax+ b for x z 1
sin!n[x]
36 Let [x] be the greatest integer function and f(x) = 4 . Then which one of the following does not
[x]
hold good?
2 2
Hence discontinuous at x = 2 ]
37 Number of points where the function f (x) = (x2 - I) I x2 - X- 2 I + sine I x I) is not differentiable, is
(A) 0 (B) I (C*) 2 (D) 3
[Hint: not derivable at x = 0 and 2
x
38 Consider function f: R - {-I, I} -+ R. f(x) = 1-1 x I. Then the incorrect statement is
l
- x- if x 2':0, x:;t:I y
[Hint: f(x) = I-x
_x_ ifx<O,x:;t:-I
I+x
~I
_.- ••-•••_ ••
_.~.~
i
,/1 .
•• •••••_ ••-•• _ •••_.... -r--vt-•••••••_ •••_ •••••
~
!
(
! !
I 2 if x > 0, x :;t: I ~
and f' (x) =
(I-X) ············--·--r --·-··..=-i ----------.------.l"(
I 2 ifx<O,x:;t:-I
[l-i x]
3n 3
for continuity sin na = - 1 = sin ( 2nn + 3;) => na = 2nn +- => a= 2n+
2 2
3
hence a = 2n + -, n E I and b E R]
I!n (e x2
+ 2£)
40 If f(x) = ~ is continuous at x = 0, then f(O) must be equal to:
tan x
(A) 0 (B) I (D*) 2
en (ex2 +2f;.)
[Hint: f (0) = ~i~~t
~
16
x2
41 If f( x + y) =:: f(x) + fey) + c, for all real x and y and f(x) is continuous at x = 0 and f' (0) = 1 then f' (x)
equals to
(A) c (8) -1 (C) 0 (D*) 1
. , . f(O+h)-f(O)
. f(h)-f(O)
= LIm = f'(O) = 1
h~O h
f' (x) = 1 ]
43 People living at Mars, instead ofthe usual definition ofderivative D f(x), define a new kind ofderivative,
D*f(x) by the formula
. . f 2 (x + h) - f 2 (x)
D*f(x) = Lurut where f2 (x) means [f(x)]Z. Iff(x) = x lnx then
h-e-O h
44
.
Consider f(x) =
[2 (sinx - sin
3x) 3x
+ Isinx - sin 1
2 (sinx - sin 3x) -Isinx - sin3xl
, x
j * -n2 for x E (0, n)
17
d 2y dy .
45 If Y =(A + Bx) enx + (m _1)-2 eX then -2 - 2m - + m-y IS equal to:
dx dx
(A *) e" (B) emx (C) e- mx (D) e(l - m) X
[Hint: y = (A + Bxje?" + (m - 1)--2 . eX
y . e- mx = (A + Bx) + (m _1)-2. e(l-x)x
e- mx. YI _ my + e-mx = B - (m _1)-1 . e--{m-l)x
Y2-2mYI -r my s e-Ans.]
46 L et f (x) be a polynomial function of second degree. If f (1) = f (-1) and a, b, c are in A.P., then f '(a),
f'(b) and f(c) are in
(A) G.P. (B) H.P. (C) AG.P. (D*) AP.
[Sol. Let f(x) = px? + qx + r
f (1) = f (-1) gives p + q + r = p - q + r
hence q = 0
f'(x)=2px ....(1)
Given a, b, c are in A.P. ./
hence 2pa, 2pb, 2pc will also be in AP. (
or f" (a), f' (b), f' (c) will also be inAP. => (D)]
[Hint: l-x ]
(
48 If x2 + y2 = R2 (R> 0) then k = y" where k in terms ofR alone is equal to
~(1 + y,2r
1 1 2 2
(A) R2 (B*)- (C) (D)- R 2
R R
[Sol. 2x + 2yy' = 0
X
x + yy' = 0 => y'=-
y
....(1)
1 +Oyy" + (y')2 = 0
1 + (y,)2
y"=- _..:.:........:.
y
18
y" 1+(y,)2 1 1
now k= ( 2\312
1+(y') ) - - y(1 + (y')2)12 = - y~1 + (y,)2 R
7t
=x+~+--~+x
2
7t
( y=2x+ - . z= ~1+x2
2 '
dy
now compute dz
2
x - x d (-I )
51 If f(x) = 2
x +4x
' then
x
d
f (x) at x = 2 is
19
x 2 -x x-I 5
f(x) = 2+4x
= - = 1-
x x+4 x+4
f(el(x)) = x
5 5
5
rl(x) = - - 4
I-x
d
dx f
(-I) 5
(x) = (1-x)2 ;
d (
dx f
-I)
(x) at x=2 =
5
(1-2)2 = 5 Ans.]
1 1 (
f' (102+) = .JI02-2 = 10
10 f' (102+) = 1
53 Suppose A = :~ for the curve x2 + y2 = 4 at ( -fi, -fi), B = :~ for the curve sin y + sin x = sin x . sin
dy
y at (n, n) and C = dx for the curve 2e XY+ eX eY- eX e Y= e XY+ I at (1, 1), then (A + B + C) has the value
equal-to
(A) - 1 (B) e (C*) - 3 (D) 0
x
[Sol. A: 2x + 2yy' = 0 => y'=-
y
y'( -fi ) = - 1 = A
20
cos x
x 1 L' . fl(X)
54 Let f(x) = 2sinx x2 2x . Then x~Jt -- =
x
tanx x 1
(A) 2 (B*) -2 (C) -1 (D) 1
[Hint: C 2 ~ C2 - xC3 => fix) = x2 (tan x - cos x)] => f (x) = (tan x - cos x) 2x - x2 (sec-x + sin x) ]
x+a
55 If -2- = b corI(b In y), b > 0 then, value ofyy" + yy' In yequa1s
. I
2
r
(A) y' (B*) y' (C) 0 (D) 1
x+a x + a )
[Sol. -2- = b cot-I(b In y); cot ( Th =bIny [Apex 2007: Test-V: Paper-I]
·. - cosec-
(x+a) 1 b,
Th 2b = yy ; ·.
1 ( 2(x+a)J
- 2b2 l+cot 2b =
y'
Y
2
_ ~((l+(bIny)f)= L. _ - 1 (2(bIny)-y'
b ) = yy"-y'
· . 2b s : ·. 2b2 Y y2
2 2
· . -In y y' = y y" - y' ; ·. yy"= y' -y' y In y
2 2
· . Yy" + Yy' In y = y' - y' y In y + Yy' In y = y'
(A) P I" (x) + P' (x) (B) P" (x) . P'" (x) (C*) P (x) . P'" (x) (D) a constant
d- .
[Sol: 2 dx (y3 Y2) = 2 (Y3'Y3 + 3 y2 YI Y2)' Now differentiate y2 = P(x) thrice)]
58 Let f (x) be the continuous function such thatf(x) = 1- eX for X:f=. 0 then
x
21
1 1 1 1
(A) f' (0+) = - and f' (0-) = - - (B) f' (0+) = - - and f' (0-) =
2 2 2 2
1 1
(C) f' (0+)= f' (0-) = - (D*) f' (0+) = f' (0-) = -
2 2
I-ex eX -1
[Sol. for continuity Lim-- = f(O); hence f(O)=- Lim-- =-1
x-tO X h-tO -x
h
_1-_e_ +1 h
I-h-[I+~+ h: + ] 1
f' (0+) = L'tm h L' 1- e + h
= im -
1. 2. = -
2
h-tO h h-s-O h2 - h2
l-e- h h h -......]
i-t.- 1-,+-, 1
~~+1 -h [ 1. 2. = __
f' (0-) = L'1m -h l-e -h
= L'Im~~-
h-tO - h h-tO h2 h2 2
l-e- x
if x:;t: 0 J
hencef(x) = [ X .r
-1 if x =0
59 Suppose f(x) = eax+ ebX, where a:;t: b, and that f" (x)-2 f' (x)-15 f(x) = 0 for all x. Then the product
ab is equal to
(A) 25 (B) 9 (C*) - 15 (D)-9
[Sol. (a2 - 2a - 15)eax + (b2 - 2b - 15)ebX= 0
=> (a2-2a-15)=0 and
b2-2b-15=0
=> (a-5)(a+3)=0 and (b-5)(b+3)=0
=> a = 5 or - 3 and b = 5 or - 3
or a = - 3 and b = 5
d2 y
60 If eY + xy = e, then the value of -2 for x = 0 is
dx
(A) lie (B*) lIe 2 (C) lIe 3 (D) none of these
[Sol: When x = 0, eY = e => y = 1
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get {
dy dy
eY - +y+x- =0 .........(1)
dx dx
2y 2y
eY d l-~y(dYJ2 + dy
+ dy + X d = 0 .........(2)
dx 2 ~ dx dx dx dx 2
-, ~"Y dy 1
22
dx
63 If f" (x) = ~(x) and ~ , (x) = f(x) for all x. Also, f(3) = 5 and f '(3) = 4. Then the value of [ f (10)]2
[~(1 0)]2 is
(A) 0 (B*) 9 (C) 41 (D) None of these
d
[Sol: dx ([f(x)]2 - [~(x)F} == 2 [f(x) ·f'(x) - ~(x) '~'(x)] = 2 [f'(x): ~(x) - ~(x)· f(x)] = 0
[.: f' (x) == ~(x) and ~ , (x) = f(x)]
=> [f(X)]2 -[~(x)F = constant
:. [f(10)]2- [~(10)F = [f(3)]2 - [~(3)F == [f(3)]2- [f' (3)]2 = 25 - 16 = 9
4
cos" a sin a 1 dy
64 I f - - + - - = - - then - =
x Y x+Y dx
(A) xy (B*) tarr'rx (C) 0
4
cos a sin" aJ
[Sol: (x + y) ( - x - + - y - == 1 = (cos?« + sin2a)4
or
23
65 The function f(x) = eX + x, being differentiable and one to one, has a differentiable inverse
1 1 1
1 (1 )
[Sol.
dy
dx ~ l+x'
x
J:, -0
+ tanlx + I~I -I
lilly
1'(0-) = - 1
Hence1'(0) = - 1 Ans.]
1+ ..
y(l + Y+ cos x) = sin x (l + y)
y'(O) [1 + 2y + cos x] - 0 = 1 + 0
1
2y'(O) = 1 => y'(O) =
2
24
1
if x w O
68 Let y = flx) = [ :-;;>
if x ec 0
Then which ofthe following can best represent the graph ofy = f(x) ?
d2y
Alternatively: check concavity by finding -2 and eliminate D. ] I
dx /
2;
69 If y is a function of x then d + Y dd Y = O. If x is.a function of y then the equation becomes
dx x
d 2x dx d
2x
(dX J3
(A) - +x - =0 (B) d y2 +y dy) = 0
dyz dy
Z
(C*) -d X -y (dXJ2
- =0 (D) dZx -x (dXJ2 =0
dl dy dyz dy
d 2y dy
[Sol. Given -Z +y- = 0
. dx dx
now
(
(putting in (1) )
d 2x
-d2Y y
+yd =0 ~ ~C ]
(:;J dx
25
70 Let ef(x) = in x. If g(x) is the inverse function of f(x) then g ' (x) equals to
(A) eX (B) eX + x (C*) e(x + eX) (D) e(x +In X)
dx eY y eY+y
- = e 'e = e = g'(y)
dy
26
EXERCISE 2(B)
In cos x
if x >0
Vl+x2_1
Let f(x) =
[ esin4x -1
if x c O
Is it possible to define f(O) to make the function continuous at x = O. If yes what is the value off(O), if
not then indicate the nature of discontinuity.
. esin4x -1
Sol. LHLI = hm---
x= 0 x->o- Rn(1 + tan2x)
putx=O- h
. e-sin4x -1
= lIm----
HO Rn(1- tan 2h)
sin4h
. e-
= 11m -1 (-sin4h) 4h [ 1 .
J.I ]
h--+O -sin4h 4h . Rn(1-tan2h) (-tan2h).2h
(-tan2h) 2h
If(O-) = 21
= lim [ cos x -1
x--+o· 1+-x
1 2 1
( = lim (l-COSX)(-4)
x->o+ x2
2 x2 x2 x2
Sol. Y ( x) = x +
n
--2 +
1+ x (1 + x )
2 2 + ... +
(1+ X
2
r- I
27
y (x) = X 2
(l-CL, JJ
n 1_ _
1_
1+x 2
~X2 {1-(6J}
1+x 2 -1
1+x 2
l-sin7tX X < L
1+cos2ltx' 2
3 ui f(x) =[ p, X = 1.Determine the value ofp, ifpossible, so that the function is continuous If
\ .
../2x=I x> l.
J4~-2' 2
at x = 1/2.
. I-sin nx
_ Il I D - - -
- x-.!= 1+ cos(2nx)
2
1
put x= --h
2
. l-Sin(~-nh)
= hID----"---~
h-.+O 1+ cos(n - 2nh)
r ( 1- cos nh) [
=~..To (nh)2 1-cos(2nh)
(2nh)2
1 l(
4n
2h2
n 2h2
)
28
RHLI 1
X=
= lim f(x)
[1)+
2 X4
2
u [ ~ :
= x~Gr ~4+.J2x-I-2
= hrp
x~
.( ~
2
~
4+-v2x-I-4
J~
( 4+-v2x-l
r;;--; +2)
g(x), x:51
(a) evaluate h (g(2)) (b) If f(x) = [ h() l' find 'a' so that fis continuous.
. x, x>
g(2) =.J6-4 = Ji
hex) = 2x2 - 3x + a
g(X) ; x:51
(ii) f(x) = {hex) ; x> 1
.J6-2x ; x:51
{
f(x) = 2x _ 3x + a ; x » 1
2
(
V·F.lx=l =2 ...(1)
R.H.L.lx=l = ~~ f(x)
= lim(2x 2 -3x+a)
x~l+
L.H.L.lx-- 1 = x41
lim f(x)
=2
29
since function is conti
2 =a-l =2
a-I=2=>la=31
5 Let fex) = [1+X ,O:'S:x:'S:2. Determine the form ofg(x) = f [f(x)] & hence find the point of
3-x ,2<x:'S:3
discontinuity of g, if any.
. = {l+X O~x~2
Sol. f(x)
3-x 2<x~3
3 .
/
1" 1 . (
o 2 3
g(x) = f (f(x))
={l +f(x)
O~f(x)~2
3-f(x) 2<f(x) s 3
let f(x) = y
l + Y ; O~y~2
fey) = { 3- Y ; 2 < y ~ 3
3 ---.-.
.r« :
c
I; '"! :
... ~ ........•..........
! _ .
2 . .
··· ...
1 ·······i········ J..
: : ~
: : ..;
: : -,
! i +
2 3
1+ (1 + X) O~x ~l
= 1+(3-x) 2<x~3
{
3-(l+x) l<x~2
30
2+ X os x s 1
= 2-x 1<x:s;2
{
4-x 2:S;x:s;3
: ...~:~l-·-· ·s- - _· _·
!,
; :
:.
.
1 __.. · ····i··· · .
···· ..
. ...,,
··
,
I
.' .
'
'
I :
o 2 3
1,2 Ans
( Or
F.V.l x = LHL = RHL
6 Let [xl denote the greatest intege- function & f(x) be detlned in a neighbourhood of 2 by
[ 1-cos(x-2)
A (x-2)tan(x-2) ,x>2
Find the values ofA & f(2) in order that f(x) may be continuous at x = 2.
putx= 2+ h
. A(l- cosh)
- 11m ----'---'
- h--.O h tan h
31
A
RHLl x=2 = 2 since the function is contin.
A 1
LHLl x = 2 => !~~ f(x) Y.F.l x=2 = 2 ="2
[x+1]
(e(X+2)£n4) -16-4
= lim
x->2 4 x -16 IV.F.I.=2= ~I Ans
(x+2) ([x)+I)
=
liI m 4 -4 - - -16
-
x->2 4 x 16
!A=ll Ans
[ X+2)
. 4
2 -16
= h m x- - -
x.->T 4 -16 (
put x=2-h
4-h
. 4 2 -16
= lim ---'-2-'-h-
x~ 4 - -16
(6~
~JlMI5X if 0<x<.1!.2
7 b+2 if x=1
-£ ~tanxl)
(l~cosxl"'-b- if -kx<n
2
Determine the values of 'a' & 'b' , if f is continuous at x = n12.
n
put x= --h
2
tan6h
a
--tan x
_ lim (l-cosx) b
- x-+(~r
32
7t
putx= -+h
2
~coth
= lim(1 + sinh)b ; 1<Xl form
h-->O
_ lim (sinh)~coth
- eh-->o b
Iim!cosh a
= eh->Ob =e b
since the function is conti so
LHL\x=-"-
2
= RHLlx=-"-2 =v.F·lx=-"2
!a=O, b=-ll
J)
(
(~-Si~-l(1- {X}2)}in-1(1- {x})
8 Let f(x) = x:;tO
.J2({x}- {X}3)
7t
x=O
2
where {x} is the fractional part ofx. Consider another function g(x); such that
g(x) = f(x) ; x ~ 0
= 2.J2f(x); x < 0
- lim .J2
- x-->o+ 2(x-[x]-(x-[x]i)
33
1 - X2 = cos 8
x2= 1- cos 8
x =.Jl-cos8
when x ~ 0+ then 8 ~ 0
- -1t],
- 1m -----r===8
- 2.fi 8-->0+ .Jl- cos8
RHL
Ix = 0 = ~lim2(
4 8-->0+
.8/2 J=~
8I 2
SIll 2
LHLI x= 0 = x-->O
lim f(x)
(
~ -sin-l(l-x -[X])Z)sin-1(l- x + [x])
( 2
nIlfl ....:>...:...----;=------<---------,----
= x-->O- .fi(x-[x]-(x-[x]n
= lim -=2'----------,=- _
x-->O- .fi(x+l-(x+ln
=
lim 1t-COs-1(x 2+2x),sin-lx
x-->O- .fi(x + l)(x + 2) x
1t
LHLlx=o = 4.fi
34
= lim f(x) = 2:
x-->O+ 2
= 2J2lim f(x)
X40
r: 1t 1t
= 2...;2.-=
4.J2 2
1t
g(O) = f(O) =
2
x2
- - for x s O
9 If the ~9ction f(x) defined as f(x) = [
2 is continuous but not derivable at x = 0
( xnsin l for x c- O
then find the range of n. x
Sol.
.
f(x) =
[-~for
2
x ~O
xnsin~for x c- O
f(x) is continuous at x = 0
f(O) = 0
r r (_x 2 \ 0
"
L = 1lmf(x)= l'rm x" sin 1
2 x-->O+ x-->o+ X
( for continuous,
=> x-->O+
lim x" sin(l) = 0
X
:. n>O
h2
fh+O-fO. -~--o . -( h)
f '(0-) = lim ( ) () = lim 2 = lirn
h-->O- 2 h-->O- h h-->O- 2
35
h" sin~
f(h + 0) - f(O) I'
· h
f '(0+) = Iim == rm
h-->O' h h-->O' h
only when n - 1 S 0
=> n s 1 .....(ii)
n E (0, 1]
Lim~(f(X)+f(~)+
x~o x 2
.f(~))
k
= 1+~+.!.+
2 3
+~k
(
= lim f(x) 2
f(~) k
f(~)
x-->o - - + - - + ....+ -
X X X
2 k
1 1
= f'(O) +2 f'(O)+ .....+ k f'(O)
(
1 1
= 1 +2+····+ k
11
__[a x2
- b if <1 Ixl
II is derivable at x = 1. Find the values of a & b.
If f(x)
-g if xlz l
ax2 _ b if'[x ]c l
Sol. f(x) = 1
if l x lz l
r-[x-]
f(x) is differentiable at x = 1, hence it is also continuous at x == 1
36
lim
x-»t
f(x) ee f(1)
~Ia-b==-II ...(i)
. ah 2 + 2ah + a - b + 1
== I1 m - - - - -
h-->O h
. ah? +2ah .
== hm == lim (ah + 2a) == 2a
h-->O h h-->O
-1
--+1
· f(h+I)-f(l) I' Ih+l[
fl(1 +) = Itrn = im
h-->O+ h h-->O+ h
(
-1+I+h
lim 1+ h = lim-I-=I
h-->O+ h h-->O+ 1+ h
f '(1-) = f'(1 +)
~2a= 1
a= 1/2
b=3/2
lim
x-e l
f(x) = f(1)
~ x-->l
lim ax (x - I) + b = 0
37
lim a(h+I)(h+l-l)+b
1 _ lim f (h + 1)- f (1) _ h.....O- h
f (1) - h.....O h - h + 1- 1
{ lim
h..... O+ h
_
lim
h.....O
a(h+~h+O = {~~a(h+l)
{ lim h 1
h..... O+ h
': f'(1)=DNE~a*1
:,aER-{l}&b=O
f(x) is cant. at x = 3
lim
,,->3
f(x) = f(3)
~ lim (px 2 + 9x + 2) = 2
" .....3
~ 9p+ 3q +2=2
~ 9p + 3q = 0 ....(i)
{I 'h Im-
h.....O- n {1 2+6ph+qh
(
2+6ph+qh+9p+3q
= I' ph = lim ph
im h->O+ h
h .....O+ h
={:im (ph+6p+q) =
h~O+
{6P~q
:. fl(3+) = f'(3-) ~ 6p + q = 0 ...(ii)
solving equation (i) & (ii) p = 1/3, q = - 1
a E R - {I}, b = 0, p = 1/3 , q = - 1
38
f(x) = x.sin ~.sin . I where x*-O, x*-1I rn & f(0) = f (11 rn) = 0 ,
x x.sm X
r = 1,2,3, .
x x.sm
x
( 1
hsin(~).sinl hsm.1(1)J-0
. h
= LI m--------
h-->O h
( 1
hSin(~) .sinl hsm. 1( l)J
. h
= LI m - - - - - - -
h-->O h
( 1
= ~~~sin(~).sinl hsm.1e)J
( h
'\
= L. sm. (1)
Hfl
h-->O h
. (-
- sm -1 )
hsin(1/h)
'-v---J '~--v----'
v
1-'; st -I'; ,;1
=DNE
so f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
Limf(x) =
x-->o
Limxsin(~) ,sin( x sm(11
x-e-O X
. 1
x)
)
39
= Lim x .sin(l/ x) . sin ( 1 \j
<-->0..':'0 ~ nsin(l/x)
-L,;], • '
-I'; ,;1
=0
= f(O)
( "
Lirpf(x) == LirpxSin(.!-).Sinl
X-->-
rn
X-->-
1tr
X
xsm
.
l( )j 1
x
( 1 "
rn
( "
~~x,sin(~).sinl
rn '----v--'
-->0
X sm
. Ie )j
x
-I'; <:1
=0
(
== fC~)
Hence function is continuous V x E [0, 1]
l- X (Osxsl)
14 f(x) == x+2 : (1<x<2) Discuss the continuity & differentiability of y = f [f(x)] for 0 s x s 4.
[
4-x , (2sxs4)
1- X (Osxs1)
Sol. f(x) = x+2 : (1 < x < 2)
f4-x , (2sxs4)
40
{
4-f(x) 2:$f(x)~4
x O~x~l
x-3 3:$x~4
= -x+6 2<x<3
-x+2 1<x<2
x Os x s I
f(f(x)) = x x=2
-x+6 2<x<3
x-3 3~x~4
( (2,4)~
Y
(3,3)
(2,2)
(4, 1)
1
2 3 4
15 Let f be a function that is differentiable every where and that has the following properties:
(i)f(x+h)=f(x)·f(h) (ii) f(x»Oforallrealx. (iii) f'(O)=-1
41
Use the definition of derivative to find II (x) in terms of I(x).
x=O
Sol. f(x + h) = f(x) . f(h) f(O) (f(O)- 1) = 0 => f(O) = 1
Ih=O
· f(x + h) - f(x)
f'(x) = 11m -----'----'------~
h-->O h
. f(h)-f(O)
=> f'(x) =hm
h-->O h
f(x)
= f'(O) f(x)
=> f'(x) = f(x)
:. f'(x) = f(x)
/' (
16 Discuss the continuity & the derivability of 'f where f(x) = degree of (UX 2 + u2 + 2u - 3) at x = ~2.
x2 2 t:
Sol. f(x)=degreeof(u +u +2u-3)atx =,,2
. f(h+Ji)-f(Ji)
f' (Ji ) = Lh!..~ h
-lE~ f(h+Ji~-f(Ji)
. f(h+ Ji)-f(Ji)
LIlfl -----'------'---'---'
h-->o h
2
Lim 2+ 2Jih + h - 2
= h-->o+ h
{
o
42
Limf'(x) = Lim x 2
x--'>.J2 x--'>.J2
=2
17 Letf(x) be a function defined on (-a, a) with a> O. Assume thatf(x) is continuous at x = 0 and
. f(x) - f(kx)
Lim = a , where k E (0, 1) then compute f' (0+) and f' (0-), and comment upon the
x-tO X
differentiability of fat x = o.
Sol.
": Lim f(x)-f(ka) =a
x--'>o X
" f(x)-f(O)+f(O)-(kx)
=> L 1m =a
x--,>o X
' f(x)-f(O)-f(kx)+f(O)
=> L 1 m . a
x~o x
=> L 1m =a
X--'>o X X
43
. f(x)-f(O) L· f(kx)-f(O) k
1m 1m . =0
X-->O- X X-->O- kx
~
{L
Lim f(x)-f(O) -Lim f(kx)-f(O).k =0
x-->o+ X x-->o+ kx
f '(O- ) - kf'(O-) = 0
= { f'(O+)- kf'(O+) = 0
]8 A derivable function f: R+ ~ R satisfies the condition f(x) - fey) ;::: In (xjy) + x - y for every
x, y E R+. If g denotes the derivative of f then compute the value of the sum L g(1)
100
- .
n=l n
~
x-y
>
- x-y
+ [for x:;t: y]
· f(x)-t(y) 1· fn x-fny ] (
~lm 1 ;:::Im +
X-4y X - Y X-4y X - Y
(Y+h)
h-->O h h-->O h
h)l/h
h-->O
(
=:> f'(y);::: lim fn ]+-
Y
+1
]9 If y= ~-+~x~x2+1+/n~x+~x2+]provethat2y=xy'+/ny'.where'denotesthederivative.
44
2+
=x+ 2.Jx 2+1 [2 (x 1)]
y' = x + .Jx 2 + 1
dy 16t(1-t 4 )
20 If Y= sec 4 x and x = tan-let), prove that
dt (1_6t 2+t 4)2'
1 1+tan 22x
[Sol. y= cos4x = 1-tan22x ....(1)
1-t
substituting in (l)
4t 2
1+-----0--::
(1-ei _ (1+t 2)2 _ (1+t 2)2
y= 4t 2 -(1_t 2)2_4t2-1-6t2+t 4
1- -----=-_=_
2)2
(1-t
21
l+lnt
If X=-2- and y
3+2lnt dy
" Show that y - = 2x -
(d )2+ 1.
y
t t dx dx
dx t -(1 + lnt) 2t t(1- 2 -lnt) (l + 2lnt)
[Sol. 4 4 3
dt t t t
t(~t )-(3
+ 2lnt)
dy =----"---..:....-~_- (1+21nt)
dt t2 - - t2
3
dy = 1 + 2ln t t
dx t2 "1+ 2In t = t
3+2lnt
Now L.R.S. .t = 3 + 2Int
t
45
2(1 + Int)
2
R.H.S. == 2 . t + 1== 3 + 2In2
t
=> L.H.S. == R.H.S. ]
X, x 2·x x 3.x 2
22 If y == 1+-_-+ ( _ )( _ ) + ( )( )( ) +..... upto (n+ 1) terms then prove that
x x, x x, X X2 x-xl X-X 2 X-X 3
dy
dx
==J...[~+~+~+
X X,-X X X3-X
... +~]
Xn-X2-X
[Sol. adding term by term
X X x x
Iny== In + In - - - + In - - - + +In - -
(x-cx.) (x-x2) (x-s x.,')
(
_ x ) _ x-x n [(X-Xn)-X] _ ~ [~)
nowD [ 2
X- Xn X (x - x n) x x n - X
dy
dx
=y[~+~+ +~]
X xl - X X - X .... X - X ]
2 n
23 Suppose f (x) == tan (sin-, (2x))
(a) Find the domain and range of f
(b) Express f(x) as an algebaric function ofx.
1 1) 2x "(c) 16.fi ]
(c) Find f' (1/4). [Ans.(a) ( -2'2 ' (-00,00); (b) f(x) = ~1-4x2
9
[Sol. f (x) = tan (sin-\2x)) (
(a) for f to be well defined
1 1 1 1t
-1 < 2x < 1 => - 2 <x <"2 [... for x == ± "2 ' tan 2" is not defined]
Hence domain is (- ~, ~)
for x E (-~,~), sin- 12x E (-%' %) hence for (-%,~) can take all real values.
Hence range of f is x E R
f(x) == ~ 2
1-4x
46
(c)
dy 1
24 If x== tanI-ln
2
Show that dx == "2 sin y(1 + sin y + cos y).
Y . 2t 1-t Z
Sol Put tan- ==t smy=--z ,cosy==--z
2 l+t l+t
. 2+2t
l+smy+cosy ==--2
l+t
and y==2tan-1t ...(1)
dy 2
-==-
2 ...(2)
dt 1+t
Now X == t -21og(1 +t)+ logt
dx=l_~+!==~
dt 1+ t t t (t + 1)
dy dy dx 2 t 2 +t
dx == dt +dt == 1+t 2 ·1+t2' by (2) & (3)
dy
or - = -2t-2 . 1_2t+2
-2
dx 1+t 2 1+ t
1. (
==-smy .
l+smy+cosy ) ,by(1)
2
(
~
OS 3X dy 6 . 0.
25 If Y== arc cos - - 3 then show that dx == - ,smx>
cos x cos2x + cos4x
Sol We have,
cos3x
y=cos -I
cos' x
cos3x
cosy=
cos' x
cosy=
)4COS x-3cosx
--
3
cos' X
47
:=:} COS
2
y=4-3(1+tan 2 x)
:=:} l-cos 2 y=3tan 2 x
:=:} sin 2 y = 3 tan 2 x
:=:}
dy
=
J3
dx cos vcos" X
dy
=-
J3 =
3
dx cos" X cosx cos3x
dy 6 .
Hence Proved dx = 1 - - - - - , smx> O.
cos2x + cos4x
(
In(tan~) changes the equation
2
dy
27 Showthatthesubstitution z= d ; +cotx +4ycosec2x=0
2 dx dx
to (d2y/dz2) + 4 Y = O.
=~(dY)=~(cosecxdY)
2y
d
dx' dx dx dx dz
48
dx dz dz
d2 d
= cos ec 2 x - { - c o s ec x cotx 2 [From (1)] ....(3)
dz dz
2
d d
But given ----?+
dx
cotx 2+4ycosec
dx
2x
=0
2
cos ec'x --?-
d
dz
d
dz
d
cos ec x cot x -.2::. + cot x cos ec x -.2::. + 4Y cos ec' x = 0
dz
[From (2) and (3) ]
2
2 d y 2
cosec x-z+4ycosec x=O or
dz
xe" xs 0
28 Letj(x) = [ then prove that
2_X3
X+X x c-O
(a) / is continuous and differentiable for all x. (b) / 'is continuous and differentiable for all
x.
xex+ex =eX(x+l), x c O
[Sol. f' (x) = [
1+2x-3x2 x >0
ex +(x+l)e X =e X(x+2),
x c O
Again f ''(x) =
[
2-6x x c- O
Lim /"(x) = Lim /"(x) = 2 f' (x) is also continuous and differentiable]
x--+o+ x-e-O"
X1 YY1
w.r.t. x then prove that X ZZl __ X3 /S1 t11
X y Z S2 t2
2 2 2
x sX tX
XI sXI + XS I tX I + Xtl [From (1),(2) and (3)]
X 2 sX2 + XS 2 + 2slXI tX 2 + Xt 2 +.2tIXI
(
50
EXERCISE 3
x
Let f(x) = -.-, x> 0 and g(x)=x+3, xcl
smx
=2-x, x s O =x 2-2x-2,lsx<2
=x-5. x:::::2
find LHL and RHL of g( f'(xj ] at x = 0 and hence find Lim g( f'(x) ].
x--+o ,
x>O
Sol. f(X)={Si:X
2-x xsO
X+ 3 x<O
g(x)= x 2-2x-2 1 SX < 2
{
x-5 x~2
/
f (X) + 3 / f(x) < 1
2(x)-2f(x)-2
g(f(x))= f lsf(x)<2
{
f(x)-5 . f(x) ~ 2
x x
--+3 x>On--<l
sinx sinx
2-x+3 xs 0 n 2x<1
= (r()
-
x
sinx
x
-2 - - 2
sinx
(2-x)2_2(2-x)-2
x>On ls--<2
xsOn1s2-x<2
x
sinx
x x
-.--5 x>On--:::::2
smx sin x
2-x-5 xsOn2-x:::::2
(
't.
$
$
(_ x )2 _2(_X)-2 x>Onls-.-<2
x
sinx sinx smx
_x__ x
5 x>On--~2
sinx sin x
2-x-5 xsO
1
-x-3 xsO
X X x
=> g(f(x)) = ( - )
2 -2 ( - -) 2
Is--<2nx>0
sin x sin x sinx
x x
--5 x > On--;::: 2
sinx sinx
'.' gf(O) = - 0 - 3
=-3
= x->o
lim -(x + 3)
=-0-3=-3
RHL = !~ g(f(x))
,
= I1m x
- -)
2 -x- - 2
2- ( ) ]
[(
x->o+ sin x sin x
=1-2-2
=-3
': LHL =RHL=-3
:. lim
x-> og(f(x))=-3
2 Let Pn =a Pn- 1
-I, 'if n = 2, 3, and Let PI = aX - 1 where a E R+then evaluate Lim Pn .
x~o X
Sol. Given Pn = a Pn-1 -I; Pn-I = a Pn-2 -1
Let PI = aX - 1
lim~
x~o x
, a Po-1 -I p
=> lim x --!!.=l
x~o X Pn-l
2
=> lim Rna x Pn-l
X40 X
. ap -I p
lim Rnax n-l x n-2
=> X40 X Pn-2
=:> (Rnat
, I (I I
3 /'
l+ax)
If the ~~ x 3 .Jl + x - 1+ bx exists and has the value equal to I, then find the value of ;- -T2 + b3 .
Sol. r
x~~
1[I l+axJ
.Jl + x - 1+ bx
= lim_1 [1+bX-(I+ax)~]
, l+bx-(1+ax) (1+xyI2
- I1m
- HO x\l+xyI2(1+bx)
We know that
b 1 22.
1-(1--1) 1-(l-l) (1--
2 22 2
2)
3
]
1+ x-(1+ax) 1+2"x+ 2! x + 3! x + .
= lim
HO
r
-'=-
x 3(1
+ XY/2 (1+ bx)
____='_
H~-]) (~-2)
3!
X3_ ... _axl(1+!x+H~-1)~2+H~-1)(~-2)x . .
2 2! 3!
3+ Jj
l i m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - : c - - -3- - - - : - ; - ; - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - : . . .
x-->o x (l + X)1I2(l + bx)
3
1221.(1.- 1) 2222
1.(1. -1) (1.- 2) 3
l(122 1.(1. -1) 2222
1.(1. -1) (1. - 2) 3
~\
bx - 2"
X - 2! X - 3! X - ••. - ax 1+ 2" + 2!
X X + 3! X +.....
=lim
x->O x\1 + X)J/2(l + bx)
2 2! 2 2!
3
3! 3!
=lim------------ ----,-------------
.-.0 x 2 ( +xy/2(1+ bx)
( b- a - ~) -(~+
l ~(~-1)1J X -(t(~-1)
2
l2
(~-2) +a.t(t-1)lJX2-(
2! 3! 2!
)X3 _ ( ) X 4 _ •••••••
= lim---------------- -=--------------
2.1.1
X-40 x
(i)b-a-!=O
2
1(1 1.)
(ii)~+ 2 2-
2 2!
=0
1 1
a 22
=:>---=0
2 2
1
=:>a--=O
4
1
=:> a=
4
1
.: b-a =
2
1
=:>b=a+
2
3
=
4
1 3
a=-&b=
4 4
= lim-----------::---------
x-->o
4
.
= lim
HO
l---J-(
[
( a !~l~
8
222
2.3 )x-()x -
2
]
.
11111 11 1
= ---.-.-.-=--+-=-
32 2 2 2 2 16 32 32
=>
.
~~7
1 (1 1+ ax)1
..)1+ X -1+bx =- 32
. f = -
.. 32
123
---+
.. a f b
123
=---+
1 -1 3
- - -
4 32 4
=4 + 2.32 +4
=4+64+4
=72
4
Let {an}, {bn}, {cn} be sequences such that
(i) an + bn + cn = 2n + 1 ; (ii) anbn +bncn + cnan = 2n - 1; (iii) anbncn =- 1 ; (iv) an < bn < c
n
Then find the value of Lim na .
n-7 00 n
Sol. x 3
- (2x + 1)x2 + (2x - 1) x + 1 = 0 ...(1)
roots of equation an' bn, cn an < b n < cn
x = 1 is a root of equation (1)
( so (x- l)(x2 - 2nx - 1) = 0
x = n±~n2 +1
x = n±~n2 +1
x = n±~n2 +1
5
x 3 - (2x + I)x 2 + (2n -I)x + 1
(x -1)
x 3 _x 2
- + 1
-x+I
do ·
I im => hm
. ~ n + j;;2;l
" n-e-eo
na
n n~co
n(n-\ln~
+I)x ~
n+\ln 2 +1
(
=> ~~
.
( r:IJ
-n
n I+Vl+~
1
=-"2
5 If n E N and an = 22 + 42 + 62 + ....... + (2nf and bn = 12 + 32 + 52 + ..... + (2n - 1f. Find the value
Llm
. F:-.jb; .
n~co ~
2n(2n + I) (4n + I)
an + bn = 6
n(2n + I)
bn = 6 [2(4n+I)-4(n+I)]
Lim
n~oo
~(J4n2+6n+2-J4n2-1)
,,3
by ratio radization
1 6
= )3"2+2
=)3
2
6 At the end points A, B ofthe fixed segment oflength L, lines are drawn meeting in C and making angles
8 and 28 respectively with the given segment. Let D be the foot of the altitude CD and letx represents
( the length ofAD" Find the value ofx as 8 tends to zero i.e. Lim x .
e~o
CD
Sol. tan8 =
x
CD
tan28= -
L-x
2tan8
xtan8 = (L - x) 1 28
-tan
2(L- x)
x-
- I-tan 28
..
II(
x(1- tan 28) = 2L - 2x
7
x(2 + I - tan 28) == 2L
2L
x 3 -tan 2 8 ' tan8 --t 0
8--tO
7 At the end-points and the midpoint of a circular arc AB tangent lines are drawn, and the points A and B
are joined with a chord. Prove that the ratio ofthe areas ofthe two triangles thus formed tends to 4 as the
arc AB decreases indefinitely.
Sol. Let radius of circle is r &
LAOB=20
LACB =1t-28
( '.' points A, C, B, 0 are concyclic) (
:. LAOP = LBOP = 8
1t
L ACP=LBCP= --8
2
In ~AOP,
AP AP
sin8=-=
OA r
=>AP= r sin8
OP OP
cos8= -==
OA r
=> OP == rcos8
AB == 2AP = 2r sin8
(
in~AOC,
r
=>cos8=
OC
r
=:>OC= -
cos8
pc=oc-OP
_r_ r cose
case
= r(_1 -case)
case
r
= - - (1 - cas 2e)
case
r . 2e
:. PC= --sm
case
1
:. ar(LiABC) = "2 AB. PC
1 r. 2e
= - 2r sine. --.sm
( 2 case
r
'.' OC= - - OR=r
case
RC=OC-OR
r
=---r
case
r
= --(I-case)
case
In LiDRC,
DR
~ cate = RC ~ DR = RC case
r
= --e (1 - case). cotl)
cas
DR+RE=DE
~DE=2DR
9
2r
= -.-(1- cos G)
sin G
1
are (.6.DEC) = - x DE x RC
2
_1 2r(l-cosO).r(1-cosO)
2 sin O cosf
r 2(I-cosS)(I-
cose)
= -'----'--'-----'
sin O.cosf
sine.cosa
. ar(.6.ABC)
11m -----'---'-
• 0 oar(.6.CDE)
AB....
= r 2 tan e.sin 2 _
lim _--::-- e
0....0 4r 2 sin 0 /2
sinO.cose
, taneosin30.cosO
= I1 m - - - - , - - -
0.... 0 4sin 4 S /2
tanS.sin 3SocosS (
e4
=lim--~--- 4
0---+0 4 sin 0/2
e 4
. Ca~e) -( si;er·cos o
= lim
0....0
4 (sine 12) ' 1
4
0/2 24
1.1.1 =4
4.1.1/16
10
x
Sol. Put -1- = Y => Y ~ 1 as x ~ 00
+x
e Lim[COS2lty'-I{
y->I ~l-y
Lf = e Lim(-2Sin 2lty'{
y~1
1,
(I-y)
I)
Lim_2[Sin
y->I
2"(I-y')
,,2(I_y.)2
,,2(l_y·)2
(l_y)2
.l]
AI t, : Let limit = eL
x
Let = - - = t
l+x
Sol. Lim
x--+o
(x -1+COSX)~
x
(
(x-l+l-~+
1/ X
4
x + .....J1
Lim
x-->o
l 21 4!
X
• x( X
3 \ I/x
I
c.;
~~l2+4r+
x
2
II
..... J~ =e
-1/2
Llmll--+- ) => e
.--.0 2 4!
·
L un (X-l+COSX-X) -::::)e
1 -112
AIt: e x->O X X
11
10
Sol.
Lima 1/ X
- 1 a llx - 1 a 1/ x _ 1
_1_ _ + _2_ _ + .... + _n_ _
eX-O<D
1Ix 1Ix 1Ix
(
e' £n., )+(£n·2)+···+(£n.")
11 Letf(x)= sin-1(l-{x}).cos-1(l-{x}) then find LiIl}. f(x)and Li~ f(x), where {x} denotesthe fractional
..j2{x} . (l-{x}) x-e-O x--*o
part function.
. sin-l(1-{x})cos-l(l-{X})
Sol. L 1m _--'--.=-~'----_"----'-:..L._
{x} ~ 0 for x ~ 0+
x-->O' .J2{x}.(1- {x})
1(1-{x})sin-1
Lim sin- J{x}(2-{x}) =2:
x-->o' .J2{x}(1- {x}) 2
{x})) [{x}~ 1]
1 1(1-
Lim sin- (1- {x})(cos-
x-->O- .J2{x}(1- {x])
12
Sol. L 1m . =2
x->o xsmx
2 2
a[I+~+ ]-b[I-~~+ ]+C[I-~+
4
2(a + c) = 4 => a - c = 2
ja=l=c!
!b=2!
2 2
13 Lim 1 2 2 [a
2 : x - 2Sin(a Sin(7t where a is an odd integer
x-oa (a -x ) 27t) 2XJ)
2+x2
Sol. Lim 2 1 2 2 [a 7t
+cos-(a+x)-cos (-(a-x)
7t)]
x-e-a (a - x ) ax 2 2
.
Lim 2 1 2 2 [(a-xl +cos-(a+x)+(l+l)--cos-(a-x)
7t 2ax 7t ]
x->a (a - x ) ax 2 ax 2
a7t 7t ) _ . (a7t
[ cos ( -+-x -SIn - -
((a+X)7t))~+ Lim (4sin2%(a-x)~
)2 2
4 4 2 4 x--+a a - x 7t 2
. . (a+ x)
16
13
2 3 2n)
14 If L = Lim (1- x)(1- X )(1- x ) •.•..• (1- x then show that L can be equal to
x~l [(1- x)(1- x 2)(1 x') (1- xn)f
(a)
fIn+r lfI(4r-2)
(b)
r=l r n! r=1
(c) The sum of the coefficients of two middle terms in the expansion of (1 + x)2n-l.
(d) The coefficient of x" in the expansion of(l + x?n.
Sol.
Cn + 1) (n + 2) 2n = 2n! = 2nC
, I
1.2.3....n n!n! n
r (
2.6.10 .....(4n - 2) 2n[1.3.5 .....(2n -1)]
( a) (b) = ----"----'-------'-"
n! n!
. l-x+lnx
15 Evaluate, LIm - - -
x-e-l 1+cosnx
2h2
L' 1- x + {;nx
II L'Im-----,--'--------'~-
h+£n(1-£h)/n
Sol. x~rp 1+ cos nx h-+O 1- cos nfu
n 2£h 2
put x = 1- h (
Lim _h_+_£_n--O.(I_-_£_h,,---)
. h+£h(1-£h)
L 1m --"":"'---::--'-
fh-+O 2' 2 n £h
sm
2
2
14
16
·
LIm
roo exp( xIn(l + a: )) - exp( xln(l + b:))
LIIDlt----------
j
y~O <-400 Y
Sol.
17 L et "0= 2 cos6'
1t I
and x n = -V2+xn_I' n= 1, 2 , 3, , fiIIId Lim
n-oec
~
2(n+l).-i-r>« 0
~
8 Of 8=
Sol. xl = 2+ 2cos- = 2cos I
1t
6 2 6
8 8
x 2 = 2 cos '4 ~= 2 cos Y
1t 1t
= 28 = 2x-=
6 3
..
18
· [.en (1 + X)IH
LIm __ 1]
x~ x2 X
· .en(1 + x)!"
Sol. LIm --'-------'
2
X-40 x X
15
(l+X)[~_~+x
3
Lim .•.•.. ]-1
HO x 1 2 3
x
1 1
=--+1 =
2 2
19 Let L = IT
00
1- 2
4
; M = IT
00 [
n
3
-3-
1J
n=3
(
n )
n=2 n +1
1 2 3 4
-x-x-x
3 4 5 6 . (%)(~) (I)
= lx1=(~)
2 3 -1 33 -1 43-1
M = -3-·-3-·-3-········
2 +1 3 +1 4 +1
2
-..
(n -1)(n + n + 1) = (2 -1. 3 -1. 4 -1. 5 -1 .....)
(2 2+2+132+3+11
r
l2 2 -2+ 32 -3+ 1)"····
· ~)-v
102 n 2+n+1 2 ,~~
=> . =
(n + l)n 3 3 (b _
i' -FM" ...('Nr~ tl // ¥
20 A circular arc of radius 1 subtends an angle o~ians, 0 < x <
the figure. The point C is the intersection of the two tangent lines at A & B. Let
T(x) be the area of triangle ABC & let Sex) be the area of the shaded region.
Compute:
(a) T(x) (b) Sex) &
%as shown in
16
2sin(7t
Sol. Act: ar (L\ABC) = ..!...e = x)
2
1 2 1 2 •
ar (L\ABC) = -r x--r smx
2 2
x
.e=rtan
2
1 2 X •
T(x) -tan -smx
_=2 2
Sex) !(x-sinx)
1 1
(a) ar(L\ABC) = T(x) =2".AB.CD = 2" .2r sin 2"' rsec2"- rcos2"
x ( x X)
• 2 X • 3 X
sm - sm
= r2 sin ~ __2_ = r 2 _ _2_
2 x x
cos- cos
2 2
1 2 X .
= -tan -smx ('.: r = 1)
2 2
1 1. =-
(b) Sex)= -x--smx 1(x-smx
. )
222
I I
(area of ar c = 2" r2el area of L\ = 2" b C sin A)
1 2X. 2 X •
-tan -.smx tan -.smx
(c) Lim 2 2 Lim 23
X-40 1 . HO ( x "1
-(x-smx) x-lx-3T+ .....)
( 2
x
tan 2
=> Lim -----.i. sin x = ~ =i
HO x2 1 4 2
4- x
4 3!
17
n
21 Letf(x) = Lim ~)n-I sin ' ~ and g (x) = x - 4f(x). Evaluate Lim(l + g(x))cotx .
n-+co n=1 3n x--+o
3x
. 3 3sinx-4sin
Sol. sm x = 4 sin 3x = 3sin x - 4 sin 3 x
-1 ~
L..J (3 sm--smx
. x . ) + 3(3' x . 3 2"
sm2"-sm x) + 32(3' x . 3 3
x)
sm 3-sm
4 ne.l 3 3 3 3 3
-1 In 3n-1sm.--smx
' X •
4 n=l 3n 1
1. XSin(~)
3 n
•
1
- LIm -smx
4 n....cc x
r 3n
..!..[x-sinx]
=g(x)=x-4 [~(X-SinX)]
g(x) = sin x \~
y .....) o
8 8 8
_ 2 2 2
---.
tan 8
tan- tan
8'
2
8
2
2
.
(
8tann
Lim 2
8
n....co {\ 8 tan 8
tanu-sn
2
L= Lim V 2 4
x--+o X
If L = alb where 'a' and 'b' are relatively primes find (a + b).
18
2 t t
24 j
Lim [COSh (1t X))X where cosh t = e + e
x~oo cos (1tjx) 2
1t
put -= t
x
Lim(el+e-I-2+2(1-COSI»).'C
t--+O 2cost t2
(II) Alt: e
( ,,' . e'+e- I-2 4siIll/2
2~~-I'-+-I'
e
e,,'/2(1+1) = e"
25 Through a point A on a circle, a chord AP is drawn & on the tangent at A a point T is taken such that
AT = AP. IfTP produced meet the diameter through A at Q, prove that the limiting value ofAQ when P
moves upto A is double the diameter ofthe circle.
when P~A AQ
Sol. T~A sin(1t -8)
1t-28 ~ 0
AQ = fsin8 ,.,(1)
cos8
19
AP = R= 2r cos (28 - ~) = 2r sin 28 when P--)A
2rsi028.si08 2
AQ =
cos
8 = 4r sin 8
Alt :- gemetrically:
AQ=AS + SQ
in I1TAQ ~ LQ ="2
io I1PSQ--)
LQ=LP = Q
SQ=PS
as P --) A ~ SP = SA = 2r y-ISQ ~ AQ = AS + SQ = 2r + 2r = 4r
(
26 Using Sandwich theorem, evaluate
.
[ 1 1
~~~ j;;2 + ~02 +1 + ~02 +2 +
. 1 1
+ ~02 +20
]
111
2 2 2
--<2
- - 2< - 2
3 3 3
--< --<-
0+n 2 - 0+0 2 -1+0 2
n(n+l) S
---''------,- 0(0+1)
< 0 < ----'--"' (
2
2(0+0 ) - -2(1+0 2 )
1 1 1
20
---,==== <
S0 <20
-J0 2+20
- - R
t = 2
20
27
(1
If L = Lim , -
1
r:-?"
x~o \In(1+x) In(x+-vI+x 2 ) ;
I
then find the value of
L+I53
L .
Sol. L-Lim[_1-
- HO en(1+ x)
1
en(x +.JI + x")
1
put x = - x (.: x ~ 0, we can put x = - x) i
I
t
L = L. [1
im
HO en(1-x)
1]
---,====
en(.JI+x 2-x)
I'
I
f
Adding both:
1 1
I
2L= L Hfl
.1
HO en(1+ x)
+--
1
en(1- x) en(x+.JI+x 2) - en(~(1+x2_x))
,.I
iI
i!
/
2) 2-x2)
. en(I-x { en(1+x }
2L = LIm - = 0 .. N is absolute zero
HO en(1+x)en(1-x) en(x+.JI+x 2)en(.JI+x2-x) (. r )
x 2)/en(1
= Lim en(1-2 + x). en(1- x) = +1
HO -x X (-x)
1
L=+
2
1
+-+ 153 306+1
2 = =307
+1 +1
2
(
ax 2+bx+c+e nx
28 A function f: R ~ R is defined as f(x) = lim nx where f is continuous on R. Find the
n--+oo 1+ c.e
value of a, band c.
. ax" + bx t c t e'"
Sol. f(x) = I1 m - - - - -
n--+oo 1 + c.e'"
ax 2 + bx + c + e"
lim ;x<O
n--+oo 1+ c.e'"
ax" + bx-r c-r e'"
lim
;x=O
n--+'" 1+ c.e"
ax? + bx + c + enx
lim .x c- O
n--+oo 1+ c.e"
21
ax" + bx+c+O nx
x < O(lim e = 0)
l+c.O n-><XJ
c+l
x=O
c+l
ax ' bx c
-nx
+-+-+1
. -=------=-----"'---
hm e e" e" x>O
l+c
(lim
h-><XJ
ehx = (0)
ax' + bx + C ; f <0
r
; " x =0
(
; x c- O
c
1
=;> -=1 =;>a-0+3.0+c= I
c
:. c = 1 =;>c=1
:. c = 1, a, b E R
(
14X- 5[ [xl for x> 1
29 Discuss the continuity offin [0,2] where f(x) = [[ ] ; where [x] is the greatest integer
COS1tX for x:::;; 1
not greater than x.
Sol. f(x) = cos 1tX
1 x=O
1
[cos nx] = 0 X <x:::;;- 0
2
1
-1 -<x:::;;1
2
22
5
(4x -5) l<x<
4
14X- 5 1 ; 1<x <2 5
14x - 51 [x] = { 6 ; 4x-5 -:S:x<z
x=2 4
6 x=2
.
6
3
x =0
0 O<x:>:.!.
2
1
-1 .!.- < x :>: 1
f(x) =
~
30 Iff(x) = x + {-x} + [x] , where [x] is the integral part & {x} is the fractional part ofx. Discuss the
continuity off in [ - 2, 2 ].
Sol. f(x) = x + {-x} + [x]
.: {x} =x-[x]
{-x} =-x- [-x]
f(x) = x + (- x - [- x] + [xj)
<
X- (- X) = 2X; X E I
-4 x =-2
5 -2 < x <-1
-2 x = -1
3 -1<x<O
f(x) = 0 x=O
1 0< x < 1
2 x = 1
-1 1 < x < 2
4 x=2
23
so the function is discontinuous at all integers in [-2, 2].
31
is continuous at x = 1 but discontinuous at x == 2.
ax-b for
Find the locus of (a, b) for which the function f(x) = 3x lI
x~1
for 1 < x < 2
bx 2 - a for xz2
Sol. conti at x == 1
a-b==3 ...(1)
dis at x == 2
6:;t 4b - a
6:;t 4b -3 - b
6:;t 3b - 3
(a, b):;t (6, 3)
(x, y):;t (6,3) Ans
32 f (x) ==.
asj!lX -a tan X
.
tan X-SIn x
for x > ° (
__ In(1 + x + x 2 ) +In(1- x + x 2 )
now if 9 (x) = In (2 - :) . cot (x - a) for x:;t a, a:;t 0, a> 0. If g is continuous at x = a then show that
g(e-I) =- e.
Sol. Since the function is conti at x == then °
V.F-Ix = 0 == RHLlx=o == LHLl x = 0 since the function is conti then
• a sinx _ a tanx
== h m - - - -£na==l
x-->o· tan x - sin x
• a!llnx(asinx-tanx -1) (
== hm -----'------'
g(a) =limg(x)
x-->a
2
= lim £n(1 + x + x ) + £n(1- x + x 2 ) == lim_£n_(-'-2_-_-_:-'-)
X-->O- sec x - cos x x-->a tan(x - a)
24
2) 2)).cos
= lim £n((1+ x + x (1- X + x X
put x= a + h
x-->O- 1- cos 2x
putx= O-h
2 4)cosh 1
= lim £n(1 + h + h
g(a)=-
h-tO sin" h a
= lim(~)2
smh
h-->O
(l+h2)cosh
33 Let f(x + y) = f(x) + fey) for all x , y & if the function f(x) is continuous at x = 0, then show that f(x) is
continuous at all x.
Sol. f(x + y) = f(x) + fey) V x, y E R
put x =y = 0
f(O + 0) = f(0) + f(0)
=> £to) + 2f(0)
=> f(O) = 0
since f(x) is continuous at x = 0
lim
x-->O
f(x) = f(0)
so we have to prove
= V~f(a+h) (putx-a=h)
25
= lim f(a) + limf(h)
h40 h40
= f(a)
\.
+ limf(h)
h~O
= f(a) + f(O)
= f(a) + 0
= f(a)
=RHS
34 Given f(x) =
f=1
± tan(~) 2f
sec(~1)
r: ; r, n E N
Find the value ofk, ifpossible, so that g(x) is continuous at x = 1t/4.Also state the points ofdiscontinuity
. x . x
smxcos--cosxsm- x
sinx/2 2 2 = tanx-tan-
Sol.
x x x 2
2 2 2
x x
x x x x
2 • 2 2 2
(
x x x x
tan-.sec-=tan-·
3 2 2
-tan 3
2 2 2 2
x x x x
tan-.sec-1 = tan--tan
1
2 0
2 20
-2 0
-
0
using (1)
26
1t
x;;t.
4
g(x) =
1t
x=
4
.~
f
'<..
lim
n-->oo x" =rr:IJ
x <1
x=1
x c- l
/'
1t
0 x<
4
1t
limttan x)" = 1 x=
n-->oo 4
1t
r:IJ x>
4
35 Let f be continuous on the interval [0, 1] to R such that f(O) = f(1). Prove that there exists a point c in
Now
since g is continuous and g(O) and g( ~) are of opposite sign hence the equation g(x) = 0 must hav~~t
; xcO
36
; x c- O
where a> 0, find the value of 'a' & 'g(O)' so that the function g(x) is continuous at x = O.
_r
_III!
[I-aX + xax.ena)
x2 since the function is conti (
x~ aa
put x= a-h g(O) = LHLlxo=() = RHLlxo=()
= lim[ 1- a-h- ha-h.ena) (.en(2a)/ = (.ena/
x-->o a-hh2 2 2
. [ah-I-h.ena).~~
I1m , lorm
=
x-->o 2h 0 (.en 2a + .ena) (.en 2a - .ena) = 0
.en2a2 = 0
1
LHL I = (.ena)2 2a2 = 1, a = ± ,,2
r;:;' a > 0
x=o 2 '
(.en2a)2
:. g(O) = .
.2
put x = 0 + h 1(
="2 .en2·
1)2
h
28
. [(2a)h - h£n2- h£na -l),Q~ 1 t: 2
= 1h~O
1m
h
2 '
0
lorrn = -(£n,,2)
2
= lim (2a)\£n2a)2 1 2
= -(£n2)
h~O 2 8
37 A function f:R~R satisfies the equation f(x+y)=f(x). fey) for all x,y in Rand
f(x) =1= 0 for any x in R. Let the function the differentiable at x = 0 and f'(O) = 2.
Show that fl(X) = 2f(x) for all x in R. Hence determine f(x).
So, f(O)=l
= lim f(x)f(h)-f(x)
h~O h
f(h) -1
= f (x) lim-----'---''--
h~O h
If'(x)
-dx = .hrX2dx
f(x)
29
38 Letfbe a function such that f(x+f(y))=f(f(x))+f(y) v x.y e R and f(h)=h for
f(x + h) - f(x)
Now f'(x) = lim~-!...-~ (for 0 < h < E)
h-->O h
= lim f(h+x)-f(x)
h-->O h
= lim f(f(h))
(form (1))
h-->O h
h-->O h
=lim~=l
h-->°h
(-:f(h)=h)
-2 , -3 $X $0
39 Let f(x)= { x-2 , 0<x$3 ,where g(x)=f(lxl)+lf(x)l· Test the differentiability of
-x for -3 $x$O
- 0 for 0 <x s 2
{
2x-4 for 2<x$3
Check the differentiability
At
-(O-h)-O
= lim =-1
h-->O -h
30
( 0 - 0)
= lim
h--+O h
=a
Lg'(O) * Rg'(O)
.. g (x) is not differentiable at x= a
Check at
-
/ =lim 2(2+h)-4-0 =2
/'
~.
• h--+O h
Lg'(2) * Rg'(2)
Hence g (x)' is not differentiable at x = 2.
Graphical method:
-2 -3::; x s a
.. f (x) = {x_ 2 ; a < x::; 3
Graph of f(x) :
31
Graph of f(lx!) :
Graph of If(x)! :
y
~
(
1
-3 -2 -1
-1
Graph of g(x)=lf(x)l+f(lx!) :
-3 -2 -1
.. f(x)-f(y) ~lx_yI2
x-y
Taking lim as y ~ x, we get
32
41 Let f(x;YJ= f(X);f(Y) for all real x and y.1f f'(O) exists and equals -1 and f(O)=l,
Sol
.
Since
'~(x+YJ_f(X)+f(Y)
-2 - 2 .... (1)
33
B
y
X+ Y f(x) + f(Y)]
If M is the mid-point of AB then co-ordinates of Mare [ -2-' 2
y
x+
According to the graph, co-ordinates of Pare ( -2-,f (x+YJJ
-2 and PL >ML .
(
~ f(x ;Y J > f(X);f(Y)
x + YJ f(x)+f(Y)
But given f ( -2 = 2 which is possible when P ~ M
34
f(nx)+f(nh) _ f(nx)+f(O)
n n
= lim--=-------------=-"- [ from (1) ]
h-->O h
x + Y) 2+f(x)+f(y)
43 If f ( -3- = 3 for all real x and y and fl(2) = 2 then determine y = f(x).
5 o 1r
1 f(x+ y)= 2+f(X~+f(Y)
0 :
... (1)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x treating y as constant,
At x = 2, f'(2)=c=2 (given)
fl(X)=2
., f(x)=2x+2
Hence y = 2x + 2.
X+ 2y ) _ f(x) + 2f (v)
44 If f ( - 3 - - 3 "i x,YER and f'(O)=l; prove that f(x) is continuous for
all x E R.
f 1 ( x + 2y
3
).1.3 = fl(X)+3
0
f'( -2).
=2·- 2
1 .: lim f(x) = 2J
1+x [ x--+o X
2
=
1+x 2
.. f(x)=2tan-1x+c or f(0)=2tan-10+c=0
=> O=O+c c=O
then f(x) = 2 tan' x (
=lim f(h)+2xh-l
h->O h
f(h)-f(O)
= lim + lim(2x)
h->O h h->O
= f'(O)+2x
=> f(x)-f(O)=xsin<j>+x 2
2+xsin<j>+1
=> f(x)=x (-: f(O) =1)
Here coefficient of x 2 is 1 > 0 and Discriminant
o = sin 2 <j> - 4 <°.
(f(1))2 + 2 = 3f(1)
f (x) = 1 ± x n (x E N)
=3(x+ ~J+C-3X-X3
= C= constant.
= lim----,---f
( x_(1 +_~)--'-..-)-_f(x_.1) ,rl
h.....O h (
hJ
e h.-!'.Xf ( 1 +-
" (eh
= f( x )11m - + e (x-I) n
- -lJ 1m h x (:f(l)=O)
h.....O h h.....O
x·
X
fl(l)
= f(x).l + e X-I .
x
(
x-I
=f(X)+~ (':f'(1)==e)
x
eX
f'(x) = f(x) +
X
=> ~(e-Xf(x)) =!
dx x
O~ in.tegrating we have e-Xf(x) = In x+c at x=l,c=O
and f (x + v) = f (x) + f (v) + e X+ Y(x + v)- xe" - ye Y+ 2xy V x, Y E R then determine f (x).
38
= lim--of(,--x+_h---"-).;f--,-(x---!.. .)
Now, f'(x)
h--70 h
h
= lim f(x)+f(h)+ex+h(x+h)-xe x -he +2xh-f(x)
h--70 h
= f I (0) + xe".1 + eX -1 + 2x
= 1 + xe" + e" + 2x -1
= xe" +e x +2x
Integrating both sides w.r.t. x with limit 0 to x
.. f(x)-f(0)=xe x-e X + e X + x 2
f (x) - 0 = xe" + x2
Hence f(x)=x 2+xe x
50 Let f(xy)=xf(y)+yf(x) for all x,YER+ and f(x) be differentiable in (0,00) then
determine f(x).
f(l)"* 0 then show that f is differentiable for all x"* O. Hence, determine f(x).
Sol Given f(xy) = f(x)f(y)
39
Putting x = Y= 1 then we get f(l) = 1.
Differentiating both sides w.r. t. x treating Y as constant,
f'(xy).y = f'(x)f(Y)
Replacing Y by x and x by 1, then
f'(x).x = f'(l)f(x)
f'(x) 1
~ f(x) =;
Integrating both sides w.r.t. x and taking limit 1 to x, then
r
1
f'(x) dx =
f(x)
r
1 X
.!.dx
2{f(x)-f(y)} = 2f(~)
40
[ From (5) ]
= lim
( h)
f 1+- 1 1
x =-f '(l)=- {-: fl(l) = 1}
h-->O h x x
-·x
x
f l (2) = .!
2
and f (x) = In x + In c for x = 1, and f (1) = In 1 + In c
=> O=O+Inc .. ln c e O
then f(x) = In x f(e)=Ine=l.
x 1- 1
53 Suppose p(x)=aO+alx+a2x2+ ... +anxn. If \p(x)!::;le - 1 for all x z O, prove that
la1 + 2a 2 + ... + nanl ::; 1.
(
2
Sol Given p(x) = a o +a1x +a 2x + ... + a.x"
h-->O h h-->O h
[ from (1) ]
41
54 Let f(~)= f(X);(Y) for all real x and y. If f(l)=f'(l), show that f(x)+f(l-x)=
. f(XY) _ f(x)f(Y)
Sol Given 2 - 2
Replacing x by 2x and Y by 1, we get
2f(x) = f(2x )f(l) ... (1)
and,
... (2)
now,
f (x)
I = lim f (x + h)- f (x)
h....O h l'
(
f(2X)f(1+~)
2 x -f(x) [ from (2) ]
=lim--=----
h....O h
f(2x).
= --hm----"---~-
t(l+~)-f(l)
2 h....O h
x·
x
= f(2x) .fl(l)
2x
fl(X) 1
==f(x)==~
Integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
42
Inf (x) = In x + In c
f(x)=cx (c is constant> 0)
f(x) +f(l-x) = cx+ c(l-x) = ex + c -cx = c = constant.
3 2
.
55 Let f(x) = x _x +x+ 1 and g(x) =tax{f(t): 0 s t s x}....D s xs 1Y-x,1 < x s 2.
€::..
Sol
g(x)={f(X) ,Osxs1
3-x , 1<xs2
3 2
= {x - x + X+1 ,Os x s 1
3-x 1<xs2
Graph of g(x) :
Clearly, 9 (x) is continuous for all x E (0,2) and differentiable at all points in this
interval except x = 1.
x(x 2 -9x+15) = 0
x=O
,
9±m
2
x=O
,
9-m
2 (
X :;f: 9+m
2'
'; 9-m
2
>6J
,/
(
6 o:s;x< 9-m
2
9-ffi
g(x)= x3-9x 2+15x+6 ---:s;x:s;6
2
x-18 x>6
Graph of g(x) :
Clearly g(x) is continuous in [0,(0) and differentiable at all points in this interval
other than
9-J2i and 6.
2
44
.
b sm _l(X+C)
--
1
--<x<O
2 ' 2
1 x =0 , If f (x) is differentiable at x = O. Find the
57 Let f{x) =
2
eax / 2 -1 1
O<x<
x 2
.r'
(
a 1
at h~O numerator must be = 0, then 2.1 - "2 = 0
a=l
... (1)
=>
2(e ~-l)+h
Replacing h by -h then P = lim--'----.".-"'--- .,. (2)
h-->O 2h 2
h h h
e2 + e 2 - 2 e h - 2e2 + 1
Adding (1) and (2) then 2P = lim
h-->O h2 = lim
h-->O 2
h
h e2
45
Lf'(O)=limf(O-h)-f(O)=lim
b .
Sin
-l(-h+cJ
-2- -2
1
h-e-O -h h~O -h
Now, at h ~ 0 numerator must be = 0
..
. -1
b Sin (c2J-2=
1 0
then,
. _l(C-h) . -l(C)
U'(O) = blim Sin 2 -Sin 2
h~O -h
{(_C;
= blim----"-sm-'
h~O
h)JP:}_(1-
:_ - ~)(_1-
(c ;-------<-h
-h
n}
-%~1-(
"blrrn sin-'{( c;h )JP:} c;h ))}
(
. {(T)R-%R~}{(T)R+%~}
~-b~ h{(C;h)R-%~}
{
. (Tn1-~)-~{1-(C~rJ
~-bl~ h{(C;h)f~~}%~}
=-blim (2c-h)(-h)
,~ 4h{(C;h)fl}% {1-(<C;hJ}}
46
2bc b
S-ZA
1 b
. f(x)-f(a) ,
i.e. U'(a)=Rf'(a):=f'(a)
!~_ 9 (x):= !~~+ 9(x) = f' (a) {'.'f (x) - f(a ) := 9 (x) (x - a)} ...(1)
1 •f(x)-f(a)
Again f (a) := x-->a
hm ( X - a )
:= lim 9 (x) = 9 (a )
x-->a
L.H.L=R.H.L=V.F.
(
59 Let 9 (x) := 0 if -e s x < 1
:={1+~sin(lnx2n)} if Ls x s e,
:= x(g(x) + 1) otherwise
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of f( x) over its domain.
47
= 0 for - e :s:: x < 1
i.e.,
= O,-e:s:: x <1
where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
consider: 1 :s:: x :s:: e
Case I: If O:S::ln(x
21t):S::7t i.e. l:s::x:s::~ then O:s::sin(1n(x 21t)):S::1
Case II :
=x(1+0) for x = e
=x
.. f is differentiable in (-e, 1) and (1,e)
Check the differentiable of f(x) at x = 1.
= lim (1- h) -1 = 1
h--.O -h
48
. (l+h){l+~sin(ln(l+ht'))-l
= lim-----O...---------'--
h-tO h
(1 + h) (In(l+h) 2,,)
h+--sin
= lim 3
h-tO h
. (l+h). sin(ln(1+h)2")
= 1 + lim lim --'------'
h-tO 3 h-tO h
= 1 + (_1;_0}1.21t.1
21t
=1+-·
3
Thus f is not differentiable at x = 1.
Hence f is continuous and differentiable for all x E domain of except not
differentiable at x = 1.
= lim{f(x)f(h)-g(x)g(h)} -{f(x)f(O)-g(x)g(O)}
h-tO h
. f(x)(f(h)-f(O)) . g(x)(g(h)-g(O))
= lim - lim-----'--~--=-----.:...---,----'--'-'-
h-tO (h-O) h-tO (h-O)
= f(x)f'(O) - g(x)g'(O)
and g '()
x = I'im g (x + h) - g(x) = I'rm ------0.-_--'------'-_--'
g (x + h) - g (x + 0)
h-tO h h-tO h
49
= lim {g (x )f (h) + f(x )g(h)} {g(x)f(O) + f(x )g(O)}
h~O h
..... (3)
Putting x = 0, y = 0 in the given equation then
-I
f(O) = {f(O)}2 _{g(O)}2 and g(O) = 2f(0)g(0) F
(
1
or g(O){2f(O) -I} = 0 or g(O) = 0 or f(O) ="2
1 1 (1)2
and for f(O) ="2'"2= "2 _(g(O))2
~ (g(0))2=_~ (Impossible)
61 Let f(x) be a real valued function not identically zero such that (
f(x+yn)=f(x)+{f(y)r;V x.v e R{where n is odd natural number> 1) and f'(O)~O.
Putting x = y = 0 ~ f(O) = 0
f '(0) = lim f (0 + h) - f (0 )
h~O h
=limf(h)-O
h~O h
50
Also,
f 0) = lim f (0 + h) - f ( a)
I (
h....O h
. f(O+(hllnf)-f(O)
= lim-----'----------'---
h....O h
=A n [from (1)]
From (1) and (2), A= An ,r'
(
A = -1,0,1 (': n is odd and A E R)
f'(O) ~ a (':A;i;-l)
f'(O) = 0,1
f(x + h) - f(x)
Agai n f I ( x) = lim ----'--~'-----~
h....O h
= lim f(X+(h1/nf)-f(x)
h....O h
. f(x)+(f(hlln)f -f(x)
= lim --'----'---------'-'----
h....O h
For A = O,f'(x) = a
At x = 0, f (0) = c = a (:f(O)=O)
f(X) = a
51
=> f(x)-f(O)=x => f(x)-(O)=X (-:f(O)=O)
Hencef(x) = x and f'(x) = 1 .. f'(lO) = 1 and f(5) = 5.
f I ( x)
o
= 11m
f(x+h)-f(x) . f(X(l+~)J-f(X'l)
= hm--'-----'-------'--'---
h....O h h....O h
h( (h)J
h-l-j{ el+!!xf(x)+exf l+j{
e -f(x)-O
= lim
h....O h
(0: f(l) = 0)
h I ' ex+h-l.-!'.xf ( 1 + hJ
= limf(x) (e -.) + lim x
h....O h h....O h
h X+h-l-~{t(l+~ )-f(ll}
= f(x)lim(~)
h + lim e
h....O h....O
(h)
x· (
x
eX-l.f'(l) () ex-1·e
) 1+
= f( x· =f x + - (-:f'(l)=e)
x X
eX eX
=f(x)+ f'(x) - f(x) =
x x
eX x e 2x --;
52
.. c == 0
f f (t) dt = y r
f (t) dt + x f f (t) dt; '<j x, yEW
f(xy).y==yf(x)+ S:f(t)dt
.,1"
(
Putting x == 1, we get yf(y) == Yf(l) + S: f(t)dt
~ yf(y)==3y+ J:f(t)dt (-:f(1)=3)
~ f'(y) == ~
y
Integrating both sides w.r.t. y with limit 1 to x then
yf'(l) = 31nx - 3ln1
( ~ f(x)==3+3Inx
64 Let f(xrnyn)==mf(x)+nf(y) '<j x.y e R" and '<j m.n s R If f'(x) exists and has the value
53
. f(x+h)-f(x) . f(
f X) == lim
1( == lim----"--'--------'--'-------
X(l+~))-f(X'l)
h-->O h h-->O h
.+vmr {(l+;JT}-+vmf((l)""r)
== hm-----"----------'-------
h-->O h
r'
('
(Putting y == 1 in (1) then f( x m ) == mf(x))
f(l+~) ( h)
f 1+-
~ == ..!lim x lim x == e
f (1 + x)
Hence lim == e
h-->O X
1
and lim. (f(X))2 == 1 and lim_ (f(X))2 == 2 for x E (X1,X2), then prove that
X4~ X~X2
x~ -x~ ~ -3
1t
(
or d]lsin-1(f(x))2}
dx _x 2 ~O
X4Xl X4X2
54
1t 2 1t 2 2 2 1t
--X <--X X -X >-.
2 1 - 6 2 1 2 - 3
If g(x) = f(f(x)) Iv' X E R then equation (2) can be written as g(g(x)) = g(x); g is also
a differentiable function on Rand g(x) 2: 0 Iv' X E R.
Then the range T=g(R) of g is an interval in [0,00). Let a be the infimum of T.
Since g(t) = t for all t E T and g is continuous.
=? g(a)=a
Assume T has more than one element. Choose 8 > 0 such that (a, a + 8 ~ T).
Then X E (a - 8,a)
g(x)-g(a) ~ 0
g(x) 2: g(a) = a
x-a
=limg(a-h)-g(a) ~O
.... (3)
h~O -.:h
g(x)-g(a) =1
For x E (a,a+8) we have
x-a
f Hence Rg'(a) = lim g(x)-g(a) = 1 .... (4)
x-a
x~a+
As g is differentiable at a, therefore (3) and (4) are contradictory. This concludes that
T is a single point i.e., g is a constant function,
g(x)=c Iv' xER, (c is constant)
from (1), f( c) = f(x) Iv' x E R
This shows that f is a constant function. Thus there is no non-constant differentiable
function satisfying .(1).
67
55
g (x) = {max {f(t) : x +1 :s; t :s; x + 2,-3 :s; x < O}
I-x, for x ~ 0
f"(x) = 6x-6
Cut off x-axis x3 _ 3x 2 + 6 = 0 has maximum 2 positive and 1 negative real roots.
56
f(x+2) -3 ~ x <-2
f(O) -2~x<-1
g(x)
Hence - f(x+l) -1 ~ x <-0
I-x x:2:0
integer function.
Sol Since x =[x]+[x]
=> [x] = x - {x}, where {x} is the fractional part of x.
.. [2rx] = 2rx - {2rx}
I
r=l
0 ~ I {2rx} < II
r=l r=l
{2rx} 1
lim 0 ~ lim
n-4oo
I-2-
n
n-4oo r=l n
< lim
n n-seo
.... (1)
n 2
n 2rx n {2rx}
= lim , , - - lim , , -2
n-4oo
2
f::t n n-4oo f::t n
. -1 ( 1 + -1 J -
= 2x lim lim . I--
{2rx}
n
2
n-4oo 2 n n
n-4oo r=l
1- .
= 2x. (1+0)-0 { from (1) }
Z
=X \;j XER.
57
I - ax+xaXlna
i
x 2 x<O
function f(x) = a .x
2xax- x In 2 - x Ina -1
2 x>O
x
where a> .
Without u ing C Hospital's rule or series expansion, find the value of 'a' and 'f(0)'
so that f( ) is continuous at x = O.
For x < ,
.... (1)
P lim a 21 -1- 2t In a (
1-.0 4e
_1I'
- -
41--+0
1m [ -
t
1 2I'
a 1 --)2 + -
4
1m [ -
1--+0
1e
-
a 1--- ; ctin
--
a)
1 ( Ina )2 +-P
=- 1 [ from (1) ]
4 2
= lim[a h
h->O
-1)[2 h-1) + lim[a
h
h
h-.O
h - h In a
h2
-1) + lim[2
h-.O
h
- h In
h2
2-1)
1 - I'
= (In a)(ln 2) + -(In a)2 + -(In 2/ [ from (1) ]
2 2
But f(x) is continuous at x = 0
LH.L. = RH.L.
58
..
1
=> 0= In a +2"In 2 (': In 27:-0)
and f(0)=L.H.L.=~(Ina)2
1(1
= 2" -2"In 2
1
)2 = 8(ln 2) 2.
X\I-X)Sin( ~) if Oc x s j '
70 I: [0, I] -)0 R is defined as I(x) = x , then prove that
[
° if x = °
(a) / is differentiable in [0, I] (b) / is bounded in [0, I] (c) /' is bounded in [0, 1]
X\I-X)Sin(:2) if Oc x s l
[Sol. I(x) =
[
° if x =0
f t (0+) = Lim
h \1- h) sin ~ -
h
°
°
=
h~O h
x~l-
·
L im (xx-J)
71 Find the value of x~O+ x . [Ans. I]
(ex1nx_I)
59
=Limit x(ln x)z (as x ~ 0 x lnx ~ 0)
x~o
. . (lnx)z .. 2lnx z
. I-cosx·cos2x·cos3x........ cosnx
72 If L im has the value equal to 253, find the value of n
x~o xZ
(where n EN). [Ans. 11]
x~o+ x~o+ n n
x x x 1
L = e1 where I == Lim PIal +pzaz +· ...... +Pnan
1 x~o x
using L'HospitaI's Rule
L ) = e1 = a )Pj ·a Z··
Pz a Pn
.. ·n Ans•
In L = Lim n n
Z x~oo x (
using L'Hospital's Rule
.
Lim ,
az
-
x [
, -
a3 ]X , etc all vanishes as x ~ 00
X~OO [ a) ] az .. .
p) Inal
= In a)
Pj
hence In L z = In a l => L z = a) Ans,
(3) Lim F(x) = L3 (say)
x~-co
60
dividing by (an? and taking x~~, anI ]X, [aa2n JX etc vanishes
[a
InL = Pn/nan
3
Pn
Lim 1-cos3x·cos9x·cos27x cos3°x 10 fi h I f
74 If ------------=-------,-----------,---- = 3 , ind t eva ue 0 n. [Ans.4]
x~o 1 1 1 1
1- cos - x .cos - x .cos - x cos - x
3 9 27 3°
2x 3x
· 1-cos3x 'cos3 ·cos3 cos J" x
[Sol. Let U = L l f f i - - - - - - - - -2
= - - - - - - -
n x~o x
x x x x
and
V = Lim 3 3 3 3
.n x~o x 2
· -D(cos3x·cos32x·cos33X cos3°x)
U = L lffi-----O..-----------------'
° x~o 2x
1 dy
dy
dx
= _ IT
r~l
32[32n -1]
U o = (32-1)'2 ....(1)
1
lilly replacing 3r by y:- we get
....(2)
2n +2 = 10 ~ In = 41 Ans.]
61