Study of Scattering of An Arbitrarily Oriented Dipole Field by Circular Disc

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the

Bachelor degree of Electronics.

By

Muhammad Qasim 0511-BH-ELE-14

SESSION 2014-2018

Department of Physics

GC University, Lahore
 DECLARATION
I Muhammad Qasim is a student of Bachelor of Science in the subject of Electronics session
2014-2018, hereby proclaim matter printed in the thesis title “Study of Scattering of An
Arbitrarily Oriented Dipole Field by a Circular Disk” done under the supervision of
“Honorable Mr. Faheem Qasim”.

Dated Muhammad Qasim

 CERTIFICATE
I Faheem Qasim certify that the work contained in this thesis entitled “Study of Scattering of
An Arbitrarily Oriented Dipole by A Circular Disc ” has been carried out and completed by
Muhammad Qasim under my supervision within the given time constraints, as a student of
B.Sc.(Hons.) ELECTRONICS, Department of Physics, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan.

Supervisor Chairperson

Faheem Qasim Prof. Dr. Riaz Ahmed

Department of Physics Department of Physics

GC University, Lahore GC University, Lahore

Controller of Examination

GC University, Lahore

Dated:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Countless gratitude to ALLAH ALMIGHTY Who is omnipotent and has blessed us with the ability
to read and write. He blessed us with a chance and choice, health and courage to achieve this goal.

I feel privileged in taking this opportunity to express sincerest thanks to Mr. Faheem Qasim for
his inspirational supervision teachings, kindness and cooperative attitude. Thanks to Dr. Ali Asif,
Mr. Yasir Noor and Mr. Imran Awan for their appreciation and counseling during their lectures.
 Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Introduction ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.1Electromagnetic Waves ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2Research Objective .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 2 ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Literature Review............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1Electromagnetic Scattering ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.1 Mie Scattering ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.2 Rayliegh Scattering ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2 Circular Disk as A Sacttering Material ..................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.3 Electric Dipole and its Field...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.4 Maxwell’s Equations ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 3 ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Research and Experiments .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1 Kobayashi Potential Method ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.2 Equation for Incident Wave ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3 Equation for Field Scattered by Circular Disk .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 4 ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Results and Conclusions ................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1 Results ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2 Conclusions ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
References ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
 Table of Figures
Figure 1: Scattering of An Arbitrarily Oriented Dipole by Circular Disc .................................... 10
Figure 2 Scattering of an arbitrarily oriented dipole field by a circular disk. ............................... 10
Figure 3 Scattering of Electrons ................................................................................................... 11
Figure 4 Circular Disc as a Scatterer ............................................................................................ 13
Figure 5 Electric Dipole Filed....................................................................................................... 14
Figure 6 Object Problem ............................................................................................................... 23
 ABSTRACT
The Kobayashi Potential technique is used as a method to examine the scattering of dipole which
is arbitrarily oriented by virtue of a circular disk. In this case we are using the circular disk which
is made up of perfect conducting material. As we figure out the problem we encounter with dual
integral equations. The wave generated by arbitrarily oriented dipole is spherical in shape. We
have to find and calculate magnetic field, in this case, induced surface current and the components
of electric field which are normal to the disk. Maxwell equations are used to calculate the magnetic
field and the electric field. The dual integral equations are solved out keeping in view the boundary
condition and also the edge conditions. Hankel transform technique is used after this step. After
applying the above mentioned techniques, the resultant equations are transformed into matrix.
Chapter#1

Introduction:
Scattering has been an area of interest for many researcher both theoretically and practically. A
lot of research has been done on the process of scattering by virtue of a circular disk. The shape
of circular disk is canonical or inclined. Owing to its shape and unique properties it has been
used since long time in radars and antennas. Number of methods have been developed for the
analyzing the electromagnetic scattering. High Frequency Approximation is a remarkable
process which is used in case the size of the object is much greater as compared to its
wavelength. The disk which is of circular shape has attracted a lot of researcher and scientist due
to its ability to scatter the electromagnetic waves. The result of electromagnetic scattering yields
an equation which must be in order with the Maxwell Equations. Those surfaces which have very
high value of conductivity and very low value of resistivity can be examined with the help of
Impedance Boundary condition. The Surface Impedance Boundary Condition (SIBC) in such
cases makes it easy to resolve problems. The idea of SIBC was introduced by Shchukin and
Leontovich. Lindell and Sihvola further simplified the problem by giving the possible
imagination of such artificial surfaces where the Z., is the impedance of surface and ii the unit
normal to the surface. Quite a number of techniques have been used to solve the problem of the
disk .In initial research phase the surface of the disk was supposed to be purely conducting.
However, Inawashiro and Hongo et al. have replaced the purely conductive material disk with
the dipole field. Jafri et al. had also analyzed the scattering of impedance disk using KP method
and Sebak and Shafai examined the arbitrarily shaped objects particulary impedance sphere and
finite circular cylinder developing the integral equation and then applying the method of
moments but both used the plane wave as source of excitation. In this research paper, the
problem of scattering of dipole field by a circular disk has been analyzed using the Kobayashi
Potential method. Firstly the KP method was used to analyze potential problem related with the
purely conducting material either disk or strip but later on it was used to great extent for
Perfectly Conducting Circular Disk. The formulation of the problem starts with the defining the
longitudinal components of the vector potentials of electric and magnetic types to express the
scattered field in the form of Fourier-Hankel transform. The imposition of the required boundary
conditions yields the dual integral equations (DIE). The equations may be written in the form of
the vector Hankel transform given by Chew and Kong. The DIEs solution is expanded in terms
of a set of the functions with expansion coefficients. These functions are constructed by keeping
in view the discontinuous properties of the Weber-Schafheitlin's integrals and it is readily shown
that these functions satisfy the required edge conditions as well as boundary conditions. At this
stage, we apply the projection using Jacobi polynomials as basis of the functional space. Thus
the problem is reduced to the matrix equations for the expansion coefficient. The matrix
equations are solved to determine the expansion coefficients. Numerical results for the far field
patterns are obtained and compared with those obtained through physical optics method. The
comparison shows that results match fairly well.
1.1Electromagnetic Waves:
Electromagnetic waves are utilized to transmit long/short/FM wavelength radio waves, and
TV/phone/remote signs or energies. They are additionally in charge of transmitting vitality as
microwaves, infrared radiation (IR), unmistakable light (VIS), bright light (UV), X-beams, and
gamma beams. Every district of this range has an imperative influence in our lives, and in the
business including correspondence innovation. The rundown given above are in expanding
recurrence (or diminishing wavelength) arrange. Here again is the rundown of areas and the
surmised wavelengths in them. For straightforwardness, we give just the sizes of frequencies.
Transmission of vitality through a vacuum or utilizing no medium is refined by electromagnetic
waves, caused by the swaying of electric and attractive fields. They move at a steady speed of
3x108 m/s. They are called electromagnetic radiation, light, or photons.

Electromagnetic radiations are typically regarded as wave movements. The electronic and
attractive fields sway in headings opposite to one another and to the course of movement of the
wave. The wavelength, the recurrence, and the speed of light comply with the accompanying
relationship:

Wavelength * recurrence = speed of light.

The speed of light is generally spoken to by c, the wavelength by the lower case Greek letter
lambda, l and the recurrence by bring down case Greek letter nu n. The electromagnetic radiation
is the establishment for radar, which is utilized for direction and remote detecting for the
investigation of the planet Earth.
1.2Objectives of Research:
In this theory, the circular disk is taken as a scatterer for electromagnetic plane wave. Superbly
Electric Conducting (PEC) and impedance strip is considered for this reason. For PEC objects,
following limit conditions must be fulfilled by the aggregate electric and attractive fields
n X E= 0 and n.B= 0
where n is a unit vector normal to surface of object.
The KP technique has been utilized by numerous scientist to research dissipating and diffraction
issues from various obstructions. This strategy has not been connected to think about the
disseminating from a scatterer within the sight of chiral medium. So this reality has persuaded us
to stretch out KP technique to break down the scrambling marvel from a protest within the sight
of chiral medium. As strip geometry has tremendous applications in radars. Wave aides and radio
wires, in this manner it has been chosen as a scatterer.

Dipole

Figure 1: Scattering
Figure of An
2 Scattering Arbitrarily
of an Oriented
arbitrarily Dipole
oriented byfield by
dipole
Circular Disc
a circular disk.
Chapter#2(Literature Review)

Electromagnetic Scattering:

Electromagnetic waves are extraordinary compared to other known and most ordinarily
experienced types of radiation that experience diffusing. Dispersing of light and radio waves
(particularly in radar) is especially critical. A few unique parts of electromagnetic dissipating are
particular enough to have traditional names. Significant types of versatile light disseminating
(including immaterial vitality exchange) are Rayleigh diffusing and Mie dispersing. Inelastic
scrambling incorporates brillouin diffusing, Raman dissipating, inelastic X-beam disseminating
and Compton dispersing.

Figure 3 Scattering of Electrons

Disseminating is the procedure by which a molecule in the way of an electromagnetic wave

persistently expels vitality from the occurrence wave and re-emanates the vitality into the
aggregate strong point focused at the molecule. We just consider the far field answer for a
solitary homogeneous circle. The full formal arrangement called Mie hypothesis is required for a
molecule that has a comparative span with respect to the wavelength of the episode light. This is
for the most part the case for cloud and vaporized particles at obvious and close infrared
wavelengths. This hypothesis is the reason for portraying the rainbow, brilliance and other
environmental optical wonders. At the point when the wavelength of light is huge contrasted
with the molecule measure, Mie hypothesis is all around approximated by Rayleigh dissipating.
In the climate atoms go about as Rayleigh scrambles — this marvel clarifies why the sky is blue.
Dispersing properties fluctuate quickly with wavelength so broadband approximations are
inapplicable. Dispersing is constantly considered as a monochromatic procedure, and figurings
over a data transfer capacity include wavelength mix. Variety in scrambling properties for
molecule conveyances is regularly moderate enough that a solitary estimation can do the trick for
a scope of wavelengths. Light diffusing is one of the two noteworthy physical procedures that
add to the noticeable appearance of most protests, the other being ingestion Surfaces described as
white owe their appearance to multiple scattering of light by internal or surface in homogeneities
in the object, for example by the boundaries of transparent microscopic crystals that make up a
stone or by the microscopic fibers in a sheet of paper. All the more by and large, the shine of the
surface is dictated by disseminating. Exceptionally diffusing surfaces are portrayed as being dull
or having a matte complete, while the nonappearance of surface dissipating prompts a shiny
appearance, likewise with cleaned metal or stone. Ghostly ingestion, the particular assimilation
of specific hues, decides the shade of most protests with some change by flexible dispersing. The
obvious blue shade of veins in skin is a typical precedent where both phantom retention and
diffusing assume essential and complex jobs in the tinge. Light disseminating can likewise make
shading without retention, frequently shades of blue, similarly as with the sky (Rayleigh
diffusing), the human blue iris, and the plumes of a few winged animals. Be that as it may, full
light dispersing in nanoparticles can deliver a wide range of profoundly immersed and energetic
tints, particularly when surface plasmon reverberation is included.

Mie scattering:

The term Mie arrangement is likewise utilized for arrangements of Maxwell's conditions for
dissipating by stratified circles or by unbounded chambers, or different geometries where one
can compose isolate conditions for the spiral and rakish reliance of arrangements. The term Mie
hypothesis is once in a while utilized for this accumulation of arrangements and strategies; it
doesn't allude to a free physical hypothesis or law. All the more extensively, "Mie disseminating"
recommends circumstances where the span of the scrambling particles is practically identical to
the wavelength of the light, as opposed to significantly littler or considerably bigger. Mie
scrambling (once in a while alluded to as a non-atomic or airborne molecule dissipating) happens
in the lower 4.5 km of the environment, where there might be numerous basically round particles
present with distances across roughly equivalent to the span of the wavelength of the occurrence
vitality. Mie disseminating hypothesis has no upper size restriction, and joins to the furthest
reaches of geometric optics for huge particles.

Rayleigh scattering

Rayleigh scrambling named after the British physicist Lord Rayleigh is the prevalently flexible
diffusing of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles considerably littler than the
wavelength of the radiation. Rayleigh dispersing does not change the condition of material and
is, subsequently, a parametric procedure. The particles might be singular iotas or atoms. It can
happen when light goes through straightforward solids and fluids, and is most conspicuously
found in gases. Rayleigh diffusing outcomes from the electric polarizability of the particles. The
swaying electric field of a light wave follows up on the charges inside a molecule, making them
move at a similar recurrence. The molecule thusly turns into a little emanating dipole whose
radiation we see as scattered light. Both Mie and Rayleigh scrambling are viewed as versatile
dispersing forms, in which the vitality (and along these lines wavelength and recurrence) of the
light isn't generously changed. Notwithstanding, electromagnetic radiation scattered by moving
diffusing focuses undergoes a Doppler move, which can be distinguished and used to gauge the
speed of the dissipating focus/s in types of strategies, for example, radar. This move includes a
slight change in vitality.

Circular Disk as a Scattering Material:

The problem of scattering of electromagnetic wave by a circular disk of perfect conductor has
attracted researchers much attentions theoretically and practically. The circular disk/aperture is
canonical structure in the field of scattering. It has wide range of application in radars, reflectors,
and antennas etc. Many methods for analysis of electromagnetic scattering have been developed.
High frequency approximation techniques are approximate methods and are applied when size
of the object is large in terms of wavelength. Among them simple and relatively accurate
methods are following
Physical Optics (PO)
Physical Theory of Diffraction
Increment Length of Diffraction Coefficient (ILDC)
Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD)
Method of Equivalent Current (MEC)

Dipole

Figure 4 Circular Disc as a Scatterer

Electric Dipole:
An electric dipole is a partition of positive and negative charges. The easiest case of this is a
couple of electric charges of equivalent greatness however inverse sign, isolated by a few
(typically little) remove. A lasting electric dipole is called an electret.

Dipoles can be portrayed by their dipole minute, a vector amount. For the basic electric dipole
given over, the electric dipole minute focuses from the negative charge towards the positive
charge, and has a greatness equivalent to the quality of each charge times the partition between
the charges. To be exact: for the meaning of the dipole minute, one ought to dependably consider
"as far as possible", where, for instance, the separation of the creating charges should join to 0
while all the while, the charge quality should veer to limitlessness so that the item remains a
positive steady.

Figure 5 Electric Dipole Filed

Field from Electric Dipole:

The electrostatic potential at position r due to an electric dipole at the origin is given by:

where

R is a unit vector in the direction of r, p is the (vector) dipole moment, and ε0 is the
permittivity of free space. This term appears as the second term in the multipole expansion of
an arbitrary electrostatic potential Φ(r). If the source of Φ(r) is a dipole, as it is assumed here,
this term is the only non-vanishing term in the multipole expansion of Φ(r). The electric field
from a dipole can be found from the gradient of this potential:
Maxwell’s Equations
‘A changing electric field induces a magnetic field’

Maxwell’s called his extra term the displacement current (𝑱𝒅 ).

𝜕Ε
𝐽𝑑 =∈𝑜
𝜕𝑡

𝜕Ε
Since ∈𝑜 has nothing to do with current, except that it adds to J in Ampere’s law.
𝜕𝑡

Maxwell’s equation

1. Gauss’s law
𝜌
∇. Ε = 𝜖
𝑜

2. No name
∇. Β = 0

3. Faraday's Law

𝜕Β
∇×Ε=−
𝜕t

4. After Maxwell’s correction Ampere’s Law

𝜕Ε
∇ × Β = 𝜇𝑜 𝐽+𝜇𝑜 ∈𝑜 𝜕𝑡

Maxwell’s equation for free space (where there is no charge and no current).

𝜌=0 ; 𝐽=0

So

1. Gauss’s law
∇. Ε = 0

2. No name
 ∇. Β = 0
3. Faraday’s Law

𝜕Β
∇ × Ε = − 𝜕t

4. Ampere’s Law

𝜕Ε
∇ × Β = 𝜇𝑜 ∈𝑜 𝜕𝑡

Maxwell’s equation inside a matter.

𝜌𝑏=−∇.𝑃 𝜎𝑏 =𝑃.𝑛̂

Where 𝜌𝑏 denote the volume bound charge density.𝜎𝑏 Denote the surface bound charge density.

𝐽𝑏 = ∇ × 𝑀 (Volume bound current)

𝐾𝑏 =M× 𝑛̂ (surface bound current)

1. Gauss’s law

𝜌
∇. Ε = 𝜖
𝑜

𝜖𝑜 (∇. Ε) = 𝜌

𝜌 = 𝜌𝑏 + 𝜌𝑓 = -∇. 𝑃 + 𝜌𝑓

𝜖𝑜 (∇. Ε) =-∇. 𝑃 + 𝜌𝑓

∇. (∈𝑜 Ε + 𝑃) = 𝜌𝑓

D=∈𝑜 Ε + P

∇. 𝐷 = 𝜌𝑓
Where 𝜌𝑓 denotes the free space charge density. P denote the magnetic polarization .D show the
dielectric constant. The value of D is D= ∈𝑜 Ε + P

2. No name

∇. Β = 0
3. Faraday’s Law

𝜕Β
∇ × Ε = − 𝜕t

4. Ampere's Law

𝜕Ε
∇ × Β = 𝜇𝑜 𝐽+𝜇𝑜 ∈𝑜 (A)
𝜕𝑡

J=𝐽𝑓 +𝐽𝑏 +𝐽𝑃

𝜕𝑃
𝐽𝑃 = 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑃
J = 𝐽𝑓 + ∇ × M + 𝜕𝑡 (B)

So the value of equation (B) put in equation no (A)

𝜕𝑃 𝜕Ε
∇ × Β = 𝜇𝜊[[𝐽𝑓 + ∇ × M + 𝜕𝑡 ]+ ∈𝑜 ]
𝜕𝑡

1 𝜕𝑃 𝜕Ε
(∇ × Β) = [[𝐽𝑓 + ∇ × M + 𝜕𝑡 ]+∈𝑜 ]
𝜇𝑜 𝜕𝑡

1 𝜕𝑃 𝜕Ε
(∇ × Β) − ∇ × M = 𝐽𝑓 + +∈𝑜
𝜇𝑜 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

Β 𝜕𝑃 𝜕Ε
∇ ×(𝜇 − Μ) = 𝐽𝑓 + 𝜕𝑡 + ∈𝑜
𝑜 𝜕𝑡

Β
H=𝜇 −Μ so
𝑜

𝜕
∇ ×H = 𝐽𝑓 + 𝜕𝑡 (𝑃 + ∈𝑜 Ε)

D = ∈𝑜 Ε + P
 𝜕𝐷
∇ ×H = 𝐽𝑓 + 𝜕𝑡

Where H denote the magnetic displacement. D denote electric displacement.

Maxwell’s equation in conductor.

In conductor 𝜌𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐽𝑓 are exist.

1. Gauss’s law

𝜌𝑓
∇. Ε = 𝐽𝑓 ∝ Ε
𝜖𝑜

𝐽𝑓 = 𝜎Ε

2. No name

∇. Β = 0

3. Faraday’s Law

𝜕Β
∇×Ε =−
𝜕t

4. Ampere's Law

𝜕Ε
∇ × Β = μσΕ + μϵ 𝜕𝑡
Chapter#3
Research and Experiments

Kobayashi Potential (KP) Method:

In the past segment, a concise survey of various strategies that are being utilized to examine the
electromagnetic wave scrambling have been displayed. It is likewise displayed how these techniques
are being utilized to consider the dispersing particularly in issues about the strip. In 1930, Iwao
Kobayashi acquainted another strategy with take care of the blended limit esteem issues. In his
technique, he used the spasmodic properties of the Weber-Schafheitlin essential to fulfill the limit and
edge conditions. He additionally exhibited the points of interest of Jacobi's polynomials properties that
are utilized to fulfill some edge states of the issue and in addition to acquire the grid conditions.
Kobayashi utilized his strategy to take care of the potential issues of various types of items under
different setups. He tackled the potential issues of the jolted directing strip, circles and broadly
contemplated the electric potential field of the plate of different kinds like roundabout, semi-
roundabout and so on. The coupling and capacitance between circles under various setup were
additionally inspected by the Kobayashi. This technique for Kobayashi was entitled as Kobayashi
Potential (KP) strategy by I. N. Sneddon.

Lwao Kobayashi connected his strategy just to the electrostatic issues. Roused by crafted by Kobayashi
analysts connected this technique to various fields. Prof. Yukichi Nomura stretched out this technique
to the wave marvels like scrambling from roundabout gap and widely contemplated the diffractions of
electromagnetic and acoustic waves from the differencrects. In the definition of the limitless strip,
Nomura and Katsura acquired lattice conditions. The components of these conditions included vast
integrals and they were not ready to understand these integrals. Hongo stretched out crafted by Nomura
to break down different dispersing and diffraction issues. He, as well, utilized the KP technique to
decide the diffractions from unending openings, opening at the interface of various mediums and by
flanged parallel plate waveguide and so forth. Later on, Serizawa et al. investigated the diffraction of
electromagnetic and acoustic waves from rectangular plate and gap in various designs. Imran et al.
utilized the KP strategy for diffraction investigation of opening in impedance plane, impedance strip
and impeccable electromagnetic conductor strip. The dispersing from round circles by considering
plane wave and dipole fields as a wellspring of excitation was dictated by Jafri et al. The KP strategy
has likewise been generally used to consider rj dissipating of electromagnetic and acoustic waves from
splits and holes geometries. Diffraction of electromagnetic plane waves by a stacked trough/hole were
dictated by Sato and Shirai. Ghalamkari et al. decided the diffraction electromagnetic wave from
dielectric filled rectangular furrow. The dispersing of acoustic field over a grinding of rectangular holes
was additionally examined by Khanfir et al. utilizing KP technique.
The KP technique has various points of interest over different strategies as portrayed beneath;
The problem formulation of the KP method is simpler than other methods such as Wiener-Hofp or
Maliuzhinets method.

• This method produces better results for both conducting and non-conducting objects.
• This method is more versatile being applicable to wide range of applications from electrostatic to
wave motion problems.
• It efficiently solves the multiple diffractions and higher order interaction problems.
• The KP method is equally good for all three coordinates systems, i.e., rectangular, spherical and
cylindrical.

Along with several advantages, it has some limitations as listed below;

• Like other conventional methods which involve Eigen function expansion, it may be applied
only to limited types of geometries such as rectangular and circular plates etc.
• While working with this method sometimes the numerical solution of the expressions
becomes tedious that further requires new algorithms.

In the KP method formulation, the properties of the Weber-Schafheitlin integrals and the Jacobi
polynomials are used extensively, therefore these are discussed in the upcoming subsections.

Weber Schafheitlins Integral:

An integer of the form

for suitable µ, v, p E R and S E R+ = (0, co) is called a Weber—Schafheitlin integral [10,

Chapter 13.4]. If p is strictly less than 1, the result of this integration is known and can be found
in many textbooks or handbooks. However, the critical case p = 1 turns out to be of considerable
interest in the scattering theory (forthcoming paper, The Aharonov—Bohm wave operators
revisited, by J. Kellendonk and S. Richard). Therefore, we provide in this paper the result of
Equation (1) for p = 1 as well as the result of the related integral

is the Hankel function of the first kind and of order it. We emphasize that both results are not
functions of the variable s but distributions on R. We also mention that in [2] the special cases v
= ±tt of Equation (1) and v = µ of Equation (2) have already been explicitly calculated. It is
interesting to note that for values of p strictly smaller than 1, integral (1) can also be seen as a
very special case of a more general family of expressions analyzed by Srivastava, Miller and

Henkel Transform:

In arithmetic, the Hankel change communicates any given capacity f(r) as the weighted total of
an interminable number of Bessel elements of the principal kind Jν(kr). The Bessel capacities in
the entirety are the majority of a similar request ν, however contrast in a scaling factor k along
the r-pivot. The essential coefficient Fν of every Bessel work in the entirety, as a component of
the scaling factor k comprises the changed capacity. The Hankel change is a vital change and
was first created by the mathematician Hermann Hankel. It is otherwise called the Fourier–
Bessel change. Similarly as the Fourier change for a vast interim is identified with the Fourier
arrangement over a limited interim, so the Hankel change over an unbounded interim is
identified with the Fourier– Bessel arrangement over a limited interim.

The Hankel change of request ν of a capacity f(r) is given by:

where յv is the Bessel function of the first kind of order.

the previously mentioned opposite Henkel change can be promptly checked utilizing the
symmetrically relationship.

Reversing a Hankel change of a capacity f(r) is substantial at each time when f(r) is nonstop
given that the capacity is characterized in (0, ∞), is piecewise ceaseless and of limited variety in
each limited subinterval in (0, ∞),

However, like the Fourier Transform, the domain can be extended by a density argument to
include some functions whose above integral is not finite, for example
Equations for Incident wave:

The geometry of the problem under investigation is shown in Fig. 1. The dipole is located at(Po,
(k , zo) and "a" is the radius of the o disk. (p, 0, z) are the coordinates of the observation point.
The electromagnetic field due to the dipole is derived in [23] and [41] and we just write the
tangential components of the electromagnetic field for the disk problem.

The expression for Fourier Components defend in (1) at z=0 are given below.

Р-directed Dipole field:

Figure 6 Object Problem

Ф-directed dipole field:

ᴢ-directed dipole field:

where the parameters and variables used are normalized by the radius of the disk as
The Equations for the fields scattered by disk:

We now discuss our analytical method for predicting the scattered field by a perfectly conducting
field on the plane z= 0 when it is excited by a dipole.

Spectrum function of the current density on the disk:

Since and are continuous on the plane z = 0 we assume the vector

potentials corresponding to the diffracted field are expressed in the form

where the upper and lower signs refer to the region z > 0 and
z < 0, respectively. The unknown spectrum functions and they are to be determined so that
they satisfy all the required boundary conditions and edge conditions. Equations (19a) and (19b)
are of the form of the Hankel transform for z = 0. First we consider the surface field at the plane
z = 0 to derive the dual integral equations for seeking the solution for the spectrum functions.
By using the relations between the vector potentials (19) and the electromagnetic field
P-directed dipole:

Ø-directed dipole:
z-directed dipole:
Chapter#4

Radiation Pattern:
The hypothetical articulations for the far field are given by (34) for the plate and (46) for gap
issue. Fig. 3 to Fig. 11 demonstrate the far field examples of roundabout circle in the φ-cut
plane φ = 0, π within the sight of ρ-coordinated, φ-coordinated and z-coordinated dipole. The
standardized radii are κ = ka = 3 and ka = 5, separately. The dipole is set at ρ0 = 5. The plane
of rate is xz-plane (φ0 = 0, π). In every one of these figures, the typical occurrence is for θ = 0.
In these figures the outcomes got utilizing the physical optics (PO) strategy are likewise
included for examination. The PO articulations are given by (35)–(37). It is seen from the
examination that the PO and KP results concur well for ordinary rate (θ = 0) however the level
of inconsistency increments as the point of rate turns out to be expansive and sweep of plate
diminishes. It is because of the way that the PO estimation error increments for shadow locale
commitment. Also PO gives great outcomes for greater articles (as far as wavelength).
Results and Discussion:
To investigate the dipole field scattering characteristics of impedance disk, expansion
coefficients Amn Dmn needs to be determined. These are determined through numerical
computations and we have taken m, n =2 κ. The theoretical expressions for the far field are
given by (19) for the impedance disk. The dipole is placed at 2.5λ0 and in xz-plane (φ0 = 0).
Fig. 2 to Fig. 13 show the far field patterns of the impedance disk in the φ-cut plane φ = 0, π
for ρ-, φ-, and z- directed dipole for different angle of incidence, disk sizes and surface
impedances. The normalized disk sizes are κ = ka = 3, ka = 5 and, ka = 7 respectively. In all
these figures, the normal incidence is for θ0 = 0. In all results, the value of surface impedance (ζ
= 0.3 j0.1) is used except where the results are shown for different values of surface impedances
which are mentioned in figures explicitly. In these figures, the field patterns obtained using the
physical optics (PO) method are also included for comparison. It is observed from the
comparison that the PO and KP results agree well for normal incidence (θ0 = 0) but the degree
of discrepancy increases as the angle of incidence becomes large. It is due to the fact that the PO
approximation inaccuracy increases for shadow region contribution. The values of the
normalized surface impedance ζ (0.3-j0.1, 0.15-j0.09, 0.12-j0.07) are taken from [42] which
correspond to 5%, 10%, and 20% respectively gravimetric moisture content in San Antonio Gray
Clay Loam with a density of 1.4 g/cm3. We also observe that the scattered field increases as the
surface impedance of the disk decreases and it approaches to perfect electric conductor (PEC)
disk scattering [23] case as the surface impedance leads to zero, as expected. Because PEC
boundary condition is a special case of surface impedance boundary condition. But we see that
this effect is more pronounced for ρ-directed dipole as compared to φ-directed dipole.

Conclusion:
We have figured the scattering created by a self-assertively situated dipole scattered by a
splendidly leading roundabout circle and its integral roundabout gap in a superbly directing
unbounded plane. We inferred double basic conditions for the prompted current and the
digressive segments of the electric field on the plate. The conditions for the present densities are
unraveled by applying the broken properties of the Weber-Schafheitlin's integrals and the vector
Hankel change. It is promptly discovered that the arrangement fulfills Maxwell's conditions and
edge conditions. In this manner it might be considered as the Eigen work extension. The
conditions for the electric field are tackled by applying the projection. We utilize the utilitarian
space of the Jacobi's polynomials. In this way the issue lessens to the grid conditions and their
components are given by unending integrals of a solitary factors. These integrals are changed
into limitless arrangement as far as the standardized sweep. Numerical calculation for the far
field designs has been done for various estimations of κ and occurrence points’ θ.
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