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( 3 −1,331) =
2
5. f ( x, y ) =( x − 1) 2 + 2 xy 3 g (4, − 1,331)= 10 4 2, 420
f (2, − 1) =(2 − 1) 2 + 2(2)(−1)3 =−3
s
f (1, 2) =(1 − 1) 2 + 2(1)(2)3 =16 9. f ( r, s ) =
ln r
3 3
f (e =
2
, 3) = 2
ln e 2
e3
f (ln=9, e3 ) ≈ 25.515
ln(ln 9)
10. f ( x, y ) = xye xy
=
f (1, ln 2) ln=
2eln 2 2ln 2
= =
f (ln 3, ln 4) (ln 3)(ln 4)e(ln 3)(ln 4) (ln 3)(ln 4)3ln 4 or (ln 3)(ln 4)4ln 3
y x
11. g ( x, y=
) +
x y
2 1 5
g (1, 2) = + =
1 2 2
3 2 13
g (2, − 3) = − + − = − ≈ −2.167
2 3 16
705
706 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
e st
12. f ( s, t ) =
2 − e st
e0
f=
(1, 0) = 1
2 − e0
e 2ln 2 eln 4 4
f (ln 2, 2) = = = = −2
2−e 2ln 2
2−e ln 4 2−4
14. g ( x, y, z=
) ( x + y )e yz
g (1, 0, − 1)
= (1)e=
0
1
g (1, 1, 2) =+
(1 1)e 2 =
2e 2
ln(r + t )
15. F (r , s, t ) =
r +s+t
ln(2)
f (1,=
1, 1) ≈ 0.2310
3
ln(3e2 )
f (0, e 2 , 3e 2 ) =
4e 2
2 + ln 3
= ≈ 0.1048
4e 2
5x + 2 y 19. f ( x,= x2 − y
17. f ( x, y ) = y)
4x + 3y The domain of f is the set of all real pairs
The domain of f is the set of all real pairs
(x, y) such that x 2 − y ≥ 0, or y ≤ x 2 .
4
(x, y) such that 4x + 3y ≠ 0, or y ≠ − x.
3 x
20. f ( x, y ) =
ln( x + y )
18. f ( x, y ) = 9 − x 2 − y 2
The domain is the set of all (x, y) such that
The domain is the set of all (x, y) such that x + y > 0 and x + y ≠ 1.
9 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0 or x 2 + y 2 ≤ 9. This is the
disk of radius 3 centered at (0, 0). 21. f(x, y) = ln(x + y − 4)
The domain of f is the set of all real pairs
(x, y) such that x + y − 4 > 0, or y > 4 − x.
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 707
e xy 26. f ( x, y=
x
= C
22. f ( x, y ) = )
x − 2y y
The domain is the set of all (x, y) such that The graph is sketched for C = −2 and C =
x − 2y > 0. 2.
23. f(x, y) = x + 2y
With C = 1, C = 2, and C = −3, the three
sketched level curves have equations
x + 2y = 1, x + 2y = 2, and x + 2y = −3.
27. f(x, y) = xy
With C = 1, C = −1, C = 2, and C = −2,
the four sketched level curves have
equations xy = 1, xy = −1, xy = 2, and
24. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y = C xy = −2.
The graph is sketched for C = 0, C = 4,
and C = 9.
28. f ( x,= =
y ) ye x
C
The graph is sketched for C = 0 and C = 1.
25. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 4 x − y
With C = −4, and C = 5, the two sketched
level curves have equations
x2 − 4 x − y = −4 and x 2 − 4 x − y =
5.
708 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
320 y 160 x
38. Q( x=
, y) + denotes the number of units sold, A the sales price per unit, x the number
y+2 x+4
of thousand dollars spent on development, and y the number of thousand dollars spent on
promotion. The profit is
320 y 160 x
P ( x, y, A=
) + ( A − 50) − 1,000 x − 1,000 y
y+2 x+4
3
(b) 3x + 2y = 70 or y =
− x + 35
2
710 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
40. U ( x, y ) = 2 x3 y 2 so
= =
U (5, 4) 2(5) 3
(4) 2 4,000
The utility yields an indifference curve: The indifference curve shows all
20 5 combinations of close friends and
4,000 = 2x3 y 2 or y = 3/ 2 interesting projects that lead to the same
x
satisfaction for Beverly. So, you could say
The graph of the level curve U = 4,000 is
she is “indifferent” to change whenever
shown in the figure.
the combination stays the same.
42. Q( K , L) = AK α L1−α so
α
Q=
(mK , mL) A(mK )= (mL)1−α Amα K α=
m1−α L1−α Am1+α−α
= K α L1−α mAK
= α 1−α
L mQ( K , L)
Ai
43. M ( A, n, i ) =
1 − (1 + i ) −12n
0.052
(a) M 250000, 15,
12
=
250,000 0.052
12 (
≈ $2,003.13
)
(
0.052 −12(15)
1 − 1 + 12 )
The total amount paid is
(2003.13)(12)(15) = $360,563.40
Since the original loan is for $250,000, the interest paid is
360,563.4 − 250,000 = $110,563.40.
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 711
0.056
(b) M 250000, 30,
12
=
250,000 0.056
12 (
≈ $1,435.20
)
( )
−12(30)
1 − 1 + 0.056
12
The total amount paid is
(1435.20)(12)(30) = $516,672
Since the original loan is for $250,000, the interest paid is
516,672 − 250,000 = $266,672.
N
44. (a) Let x be the number of units ordered in each shipment. Then shipment are ordered at a cost
x
N x x
of D . The average number of units in storage at any time is , so the storage cost is S .
x 2 2
DN Sx
C=( x) +
x 2
S
C ′( x) = − DNx −2 +
2
DN S 2 DN
C ′( x) = 0 when = = or x = Q( N , D, S ).
2 2 S
x
(The negative square root is disregarded as extraneous.)
2(35)(9,720)
=
(b) Q(9,720, 35, 0.84) = 900
0.84
The EOQ is 900 units per order.
=
45. Q( K , L) A[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β
Q( sK , sL)
= A[α ( sK ) − β + (1 − α )( sL) − β ]−1/ β
= A[α s − β K − β + (1 − α ) s − β L− β ]−1/ β
= A( s − β ) −1/ β [α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β
= sA[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β
= sQ( K , L)
33,093
= 23,
Q(2(277), 0.5(743)) =
400.3
2
−1/ 2 1
=
For this last Q, Q(2 K , 0.5 L) 2= (57) K 1/ 4 L3/ 4 Q( K , L) .
2
(b) B f (61, 170, 27) (b) For the fixed values of L and R,
=655.10 + 9.60(61) + 1.85(170) = V ( P, r )
9.3P
[(0.0075) 2 − r 2 ]
− 4.68(27) 1.675
= 1, 428.84 kilocalories. = 5.55 P (0.0000563 − r 2 )
To sketch several level curves of V,
=
(c) Bm (85, 193, A) 66.47 + 13.75(85) set V(P, r) = C for several values of C
+ 5.00(193) − 6.77 A and solve for P. We will use the list
= 2,018 2, 200.22 − 6.77 A feature of the calculator with C = 100,
A ≈ 26.9 years old 200 and 300. Setting V(P, r) = C
5.55(0.0000563 − r 2 ) = C
=
(d) B f (67, 173, A) 655.10 + 9.60(67) 0.1802C
In general, P =
+ 1.85(173) − 4.68 A 0.0000563 − r 2
= 1,504 1,618.35 − 4.68 A Press y =.
A ≈ 24.4 years old
Input (0.1802 L1 ) / (0.0000563 − x 2 )
1.3 −1.4 for y1 = .
V M
50. (a) E (V , M ) = k (0.0032) From the home screen, enter
5 2 {100, 200, 300} STO→ 2nd L1.
With k = 0.2, E (10, 13) ≈ 0.0001147.
Use z-standard function under the
zoom menu for the standard window
(b) 19(0.0001147) = 0.0021793 so the
dimensions.
number of tons is
Press graph.
0.0021793
T≈ ≈ 22 tons Note that there are vertical asymptotes
( ) ( )
1.3 27 −1.4
0.48(0.0032) 510
2 when r = ± 0.0000563 but that the
graph is defined in between these
asymptotes as well.
(c) Writing exercise; answers will vary.
(b) In general,
1
0.0122 P + 2 (V − 1) − 273.15 = C
V
C + 273.15 1
=
and P − 2.
0.0122(V − 1) V
Press y =.
Input
1
( L1 + 273.15) / (0.0122( x − 1)) − 2
x
Each level curve represents all for y1 = .
combinations of mental age and actual From the home screen, enter
age that yield a given IQ. {−100, 0, 100} Sto→ 2nd L1.
Use window dimensions
53. P (2, 0.53, 23)
[0, 35000]5,000 by [0, 2.9]0.3.
= 0.075(2)(0.53)(273.15 + 23) Press graph.
≈ 23.54 atmospheres
54.
2. f (x, y) = x − xy + 3 3t 3 −1
9. f ( s, =
t) = s t
f x ( x, y ) = 1 − y 2s 2
f y ( x, y ) = − x 3 3t
fs = (−1) s −2t =
− 2
2 2s
3. f ( x, y ) =4 x3 − 3 x 2 y + 5 x 3 −1 3
=ft = s
f x = 12 x 2 − 6 xy + 5 2 2s
f y = −3 x 2
10. z = t 2 s −3
∂z ∂z
4. f ( x, y ) = 2 x( y − 3x) − 4 y = 2ts −3 and = −3t 2 s −4
∂t ∂s
= 2 xy − 6 x 2 − 4 y
f x ( x, y=
) 2 y − 12 x 11. z = xe xy
f y ( x, y=
) 2x − 4 ∂z
= x( ye xy ) + e xy (1) =( xy + 1)e xy
∂x
5. f ( x, y ) = 2 xy 5 + 3x 2 y + x 2 ∂z
= x= (e xy )( x) x 2 e xy
f x = 2 y 5 + 6 xy + 2 x ∂y
= 15(3 x + 2 y ) 4
e 2− x
∂z ∂ −e 2− x y −2 =
fx = − 2
=
5(3 x + 2 y ) 4 (3x + 2 y ) y
∂y ∂y
2e 2− x
= 10(3x + 2 y )4 e 2− x ( 2 y −3 ) =
f y =− − 3
y
8. f ( x, y ) = ( x + xy + y )3
14. f ( x, y ) = xe x + 2 y
f x ( x, y ) = 3( x + xy + y ) 2 (1 + y )
f x ( x, y ) xe x + 2 y (1) + e x + 2 y
=
f y ( x, y ) = 3( x + xy + y ) 2 ( x + 1)
= e x + 2 y ( x + 1)
= (e x + 2 y )(2) 2 xe x + 2 y
f y ( x, y ) x=
716 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
2x + 3y ln( x + 2 y )
15. f ( x, y ) = 19. f ( x, y ) =
y−x y2
( y − x)(2) − (2 x + 3 y )(−1)
fx = ( y 2 ) ( x +12 y ) − ln( x + 2 y )(0)
( y − x) 2
fx =
5y y4
= 1
( y − x)2 = 2
( y − x)(3) − (2 x + 3 y )(1) 5x y ( x + 2 y)
fy = = −
( y − x) 2
( y − x) 2 ( y 2 ) ( x +22 y ) − ln( x + 2 y )(2 y )
fy =
y4
xy 2 ( y )(2) − ( x + 2 y ) ln( x + 2 y )(2)
16. z = =
x2 y3 + 1 ( x + 2 y) y3
∂z ( x 2 y 3 + 1) − x(2 xy 3 ) 2[ y − ( x + 2 y ) ln( x + 2 y )]
= y2 =
∂x ( x 2 y 3 + 1) 2 y3 ( x + 2 y)
y 2 (1 − x 2 y 3 )
= x y
( x 2 y 3 + 1) 2 =
20. z ln +
y x
∂z ( x 2 y 3 + 1)(2 y ) − y 2 (3x 2 y 2 )
=x x2 + y 2
∂y ( x 2 y 3 + 1) 2 = ln
xy
xy (2 − x 2 y 3 ) = ln( x 2 + y 2 ) − ln x − ln y
=
( x y + 1)
2 3 2
∂z 1 1 x2 − y 2
= 2 =(2 x ) −
17. z = u ln v ∂x x + y 2 x x( x 2 + y 2 )
∂z ∂z y 2 − x2
= (1) = ln v ln v = 2
1
=
(2 y ) −
1
∂u ∂y x + y 2 y y( x2 + y 2 )
∂z 1 u
= u=
∂v v v 21. f ( x, y=) x2 + 3 y
18. f(u, v) = u ln uv = u(ln u + ln v) f x ( x, y ) = 2 x f x (1, − 1)= 2(1)= 2
1 f y ( x, y ) = 3 f y (1, − 1) =3
fu (u , v) = u + ln u + ln v =
1 + ln uv
u
1 u 22. f ( x, y ) = x3 y − 2( x + y ) = x3 y − 2 x − 2 y
f v (=
u , v) u=
v v f x ( x=
, y ) 3x 2 y − 2
f y ( x, y=
) x3 − 2
f x (1, 0) =−2; f y (1, 0) =
−1
y
23. f ( x=
, y) = y (2 x + y ) −1
2x + y
2y
− y (2 x + y ) −2 (2) =
f x ( x, y ) = −
(2 x + y )2
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 717
x 29. f (=
x, y ) 5 x 4 y 3 + 2 xy
24. f ( x, y ) =+
x =+ x x( y − 3x) −1
y − 3x =
f x 5(4 x3 ) y 3 + =
2 y 20 x3 y 3 + 2 y
1( y − 3 x) − x(−3) =
f y 5 x 4 (3 y 2 ) + =
2 x 15 x 4 y 2 + 2 x
f x ( x, y ) = 1 +
( y − 3 x) 2
∂
y =
f xx (=f x ) 20(3x 2 ) y 3=+ 0 60 x 2 y 3
= 1+ ∂x
( y − 3 x)2 ∂
−x =
f yy (=
f y ) 15 x 4 (2 y )=
+ 0 30 x 4 y
f y ( x, y ) =x(−1)( y − 3 x) −2 (1) = ∂y
( y − 3 x) 2 ∂
f xy = ( f x )
f x (1, 1) = 1+
1
=
5
; ∂y
(−2) 2 4 = 20 x3 (3 y 2 ) + 2(1)
−1 1 = 60 x3 y 2 + 2
f y (1, 1) = = −
(−2) 2 4 ∂
f yx = ( f y )
∂x
25. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − 7 xy + 5 y 3 − 3( x + y ) − 1 = 15(4 x3 ) y 2 + 2(1)
fx = 6x − 7 y − 3 = 60 x3 y 2 + 2
fy =−7 x + 15 y − 3 2
= f xy
f x (−2, 1) =−12 − 7 − 3 =−22
f y (−2, 1) = 14 + 15 − 3 = 26 30. f ( x, y ) =( x + 1)( y − 1) −1
1
f x =( y − 1) −1 = , f xx =0
26. f ( x, y ) = ( x − 2 y )2 + ( y − 3x)2 + 5 y −1
f x ( x, y ) = 2( x − 2 y ) − 6( y − 3 x) f xy =f yx = −( y − 1) −2 = −
1
f y ( x, y ) = −4( x − 2 y ) + 2( y − 3x) ( y − 1) 2
f x (0, − 1) =
10, f y (0, − 1) =−10 fy =−( x + 1)( y − 1) −2
2( x + 1)
27. f ( x, y ) = xe −2 y + ye − x + xy 2 f yy = 2( x + 1)( y − 1) −3 =
( y − 1)3
f x = e −2 y − ye − x + y 2
2
−2 xe −2 y + e − x + 2 xy 31. f ( x, y ) = e x y
fy =
2 2
f x (0, 0) =1 − 0 + 0 =1 f x = 2 xye x y
and f y = x 2 e x y
f y (0, 0) = 0 + 1 + 0 = 1
718 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
∂ 1
f xx = ( fx ) s ( s 2 + t 2 ) −3/2 (2 s )
f ss =−
∂x 2
+ ( s + t 2 ) −1/2 (1)
2 2
= 2 xy (e x y )(2 xy ) + e x y (2 y ) 2
2
= 2 y (2 x 2 y + 1)e x y −s2 1 (s2 + t 2 )
= +
∂ 2 2 ( s 2 + t 2 )3/2 ( s 2 + t 2 )1/2 ( s 2 + t 2 )
=f yy = ( f y ) x 2 (e x =y
)( x 2 ) x 4 e x y
∂y t2
=
∂ ( s 2 + t 2 )3/2
f xy = ( fx )
∂y 1
x2 y x2 y
t − ( s 2 + t 2 ) −3/2 (2t )
ftt =
= 2 xy (e )( x ) + e
2
(2 x) 2
= 2 x( x 2 y + 1)e x
2
y + ( s + t 2 ) −1/2 (1)
2
∂ s2
f yx = ( f y ) =
∂x ( s 2 + t 2 )3/2
2 2
= x 2 (e x y )(2 xy ) + e x y (2 x) ∂
f st = ( f s )
2 ∂t
= 2 x( x 2 y + 1)e x y
1
= f xy =−s ( s 2 + t 2 ) −3/2 (2t )
2
− st
32. f (u=
, v) ln(u 2 + v 2 ) = 2 2 3/2
(s + t )
2u
fu = 2 ∂
u + v2 fts = ( ft )
∂s
u 2 + v 2 − 2u 2 2(v 2 − u 2 ) 1
= fuu 2= =t − ( s 2 + t 2 ) −3/2 (2 s )
(u 2 + v 2 ) 2 (u 2 + v 2 ) 2 2
Rewrite f(u, v) and what follows above − st
= 2 2 3/2
with u and v interchanged. Then (s + t )
2(u 2 − v 2 ) = f st
f vv = 2 without performing any
(u + v 2 ) 2
additional computations. 34. f ( x, y ) = x 2 ye x
fuv =f vu =(2u )(−1)(u 2 + v 2 ) −2 (2v) =f x ye x ( x 2 + 2 x)
4uv f= ye x ( x 2 + 4 x + 2)
= − 2 xx
(u + v 2 ) 2
f=
xy f=
yx e ( x + 2 x )
x 2
33. f ( s, t ) = s 2 + t 2 = ( s 2 + t 2 )1/2 =f y x=
2 x
e , f yy 0
1 2 2 −1/2
fs = (s + t ) (2 s ) = s ( s 2 + t 2 ) −1/2 35. z = 2x + 3y; x = t 2 ; y = 5t
2
1 2 2 −1/2 dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
ft = (s + t ) (2t ) = t ( s 2 + t 2 ) −1/2 = ⋅ + ⋅
2 dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
= (2)(2t ) + (3)(5)
= 4t + 15
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 719
40. ; x = t3 + 1, y = 1 − t2
dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
( x − y )(1) − ( x + y )(1) 2 ( x − y )(1) − ( x + y )(−1)
= (3t ) + (−2t )
− 2
− 2
( x y ) ( x y )
−6 yt 2 2 xt
= −
( x − y )2 ( x − y )2
−2(3 yt 2 − xt )
=
( x − y )2
Since the partial derivatives are opposite increased from K to K + 1 while the size
in sign for all p1 and p2 , the of the labor force is not changed. In
commodities are neither substitute nor particular, if the capital investment K is
complementary. increased from 900 (thousand) to
901 (thousand) and the size of the labor
100 force is L = 1,000, the resulting change in
44. D1 =2,000 + − 25 p2 output is
p1 + 2
∆Q = QK (900, 1000)
p2
=
D2 1,500 − 30(1,000)1/3
p1 + 7 =
(900)1/2
∂D1
=−25 < 0 30(10)
∂p2 =
30
∂D2 p2 = 10,
= >0
∂p1 ( p1 + 7) 2 or daily output will increase by 10 units.
Hence these commodities are neither
substitutes nor complements. 48. (a) Q( K , L) = 30 K 0.3 L0.7
7 p2 QK ( K , L) = 9 K −0.7 L0.7
45. D1 ( p1 , p2 ) = −0.7
1 + p12 = =
QK (630, 830) 9(630 )(8300.7 ) 10.92
p1
D2 ( p1 , p2 ) = QL ( K , L) = 21K 0.3 L−0.3
1 + p22
∂D1 7 ∂D2 1 = =
QL (630, 830) 21(630 0.3
)(830−0.3 ) 19.33
= > 0 and =
∂p2 1 + p1 2 ∂p1 1 + p22
Since both partial derivatives are positive (b) The government should encourage
for all p1 and p2 , the commodities are additional labor employment.
substitute commodities.
49.
46. D1 = 200 p1−1/ 2 p2−1/ 2
(a)
D2 = 300 p1−1/ 2 p2−3/ 2
∂D1 −300[0.4 K −1/ 2 + 0.6 L−1/ 2 ]−3
=−100 p1−1/ 2 p2−3/ 2 < 0 QK =
∂p2
( −0.2 K −3/ 2 )
∂D2
= −150 p1−3/ 2 p2−1/ 2 < 0 = 60k −3/ 2 [0.4 K −1/ 2 + 0.6 L−1/ 2 ]−3
∂p1
Hence these commodities are
complementary.
47. The partial derivative
∂Q −1/2 1/3 30 L
1/3
Q= K = 30 K L=
∂K K 1/2
is the rate of change of the output with
respect to the capital investment. This is
an approximation to the additional
number of units that will be produced
each week if the capital investment is
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 721
≈ 58.48 ≈ 91.54
50. The profit is P(x, y) = (x − 30)(70 − 5x + 4y) + (y − 40)(80 + 6x − 7y) cents. An approximation to
the change in profit that will result if y is increased by 1 cent while x is held fixed is the partial
derivative Py ( x, y ) = ( x − 30)(4) + ( y − 40)(−7) + (1)(80 + 6 x − 7 y ) = 10 x − 14 y + 240. If the current
prices are x = 50 and y = 52, the change in profit is
=
∆p Py (50, = 52) 10(50) − 14(52) + 240
= 12 cents.
51. F ( x, y ) =200 − 24 x + 4(0.1 y + 3)3/2 (c) With D = a + bx + cy, Dx= b < 0 and
∂F D y= c > 0.
= 6(0.1 y + 3)1/2 (0.1) =
0.6(0.1y + 3)1/2
∂y
is the rate of change of demand with ∂ 2Q
54. If < 0, the marginal product of
respect to the price of gasoline. When the ∂K 2
selling price is kept constant, capital decreases as K increases. This
∂F implies that for a fixed level of labor, the
∆f ≈ ∆y .
∂y effect on output of the addition of $1,000
of capital is greater when capital
Since y = 380 cents and ∆y = −1,
investment is small than when capital
∆F ≈ 0.6[0.1(380) + 3]1/2 (−1) ≈ −3.84 or investment is large.
demand will decrease by approximately ∂ 2Q
4 bicycles. If > 0, it follows that for a fixed
∂K 2
∂f f ( x + ∆x, y ) − f ( x, y ) level of labor, the effect on output of the
52. f=
x = lim is addition of $1,000 of capital is greater
∂x ∆x→0 ∆x
when capital investment is large than
the change in demand per unit (of $1,000)
when it is small.
in advertising. f y is the change in
demand per unit (of $1) in selling price. In 55. Q( K , L) = 120 K 1/2 L1/3
general f x > 0 and f y < 0.
1
53. (a) If the price x of the first lawnmower (a) QL = 120 K 1/2 L−2/3
3
increases, the demand for that same
lawnmower should fall. If the price y = 40 K 1/2 L−2/3
80
of the second (competing) lawnmower QLL = − K 1/2 L−5/3
increases, the demand for the first 3
lawnmower should increase. QLL < 0; for a fixed level of capital
investment, the effect on output of the
(b) Dx < 0, D y > 0
addition of one worker hour is greater
722 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
x 43 44 43
y 85 85 86
Q 304,212 313,103 306,968
61. Q( x, y ) = 10 xy1/2
∂Q ∂Q
∆Q ≈ ∆x + ∆y
∂x ∂y
5x
= (10 y1/2 )∆x + 1/2 ∆y
y
5 ⋅ 30
(
= 10 36 (−3) + ) 36
(5)
= −55
or the number of units produced will decrease by 55.
724 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
dH ∂H dx ∂H dy
62.= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
19 −1/2 1/2 1/2 −1/2
=− x (350) + 9(0.1 y + 16) (0.1)(5(3 )t )
2
=−3,325 x −1/2 + 4.5(0.1y + 16)1/2 (31/2 )t −1/2
x(3) = 35,050 + 350(3) = 36,100
y (3) =300 + 10(9)1/2 = 330
dH 3,325 3
= − + 4.5 33 + 16
dt t =3 36,100 3
3,325
= − + 4.5(7)
190
= −17.5 + 31.5
= 14
The demand will be increasing at the rate of 14 cars per month.
63. Q( x, y ) =200 − 10 x 2 + 20 xy
x(t) = 10 + 0.5t
y=
(t ) 12.8 + 0.2t 2
dQ ∂Q dx ∂Q dy
(a) = ⋅ + ⋅
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
= (−20 x + 20 y )(0.5) + (20 x)(0.4t )
When t = 4, x(4) = 12 and y(4) = 16. So,
dQ
= [−20(12) + 20(16)](0.5)
dt
+ [20(12)][0.4(4)]
= 424 units per month/month
Q′(t ) 424
= 100
(b) When t = 4, Q(12, 16) = 2,600 so 100 ≈ 16.31%.
Q(t ) 2,600
dQ ∂Q dK ∂Q dL
64.= +
dt ∂K dt ∂L dt
dK dL
= 60 K −1/ 2 L1/ 3 + 40 K 1/ 2 L−2 / 3
dt dt
dK dL
Use K = 400, = 9, L = 1,000, and = −4.
dt dt
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 725
dQ
= 60(400) −1/ 2 (1,000)1/ 3 (9) + 40(400)1/ 2 (1,000) −2 / 3 (−4)
dt
60(10)(9) 40(20)(−4)
= +
20 100
= 27 − 32
= −5
Production is currently decreasing at a rate of 5 units per day.
kL k (1.2 L)
69. F ( L, r ) = 4
(b) F (1.2 L, 0.8r ) =
r (0.8r ) 4
= 2.93F ( L, r )
(a) F(3.17, 0.085) = 60,727.24k
∂F ∂F
∂F k (1.2 L, 0.8r ) = 2.44 ( L, r )
= = 19,156.86k ∂L ∂L
∂L r 4
∂F ∂F
∂F 4kL (1.2 L, 0.8r ) = 3.66 ( L, r )
= − 5 = −2,857,752.58k ∂r ∂r
∂r r
70. S (W , H ) = 0.0072W 0.425 H 0.725
=
(a) =
SW (W , H ) (0.0072)(0.425)W −0.575 H 0.725
−0.575
= =
SW (34, 120) 0.00306(34 )(1200.725 ) 0.013
This is the rate of change of surface area with respect to weight for a child weighing 34 kg and
measuring 120 cm tall.
S H (W , H ) = (0.0072)(0.725)W 0.425 H −0.275
= =
S H (34, 120) 0.00522(34 0.425
)(120−0.275 ) 0.0063
This is the rate of change of surface area with respect to height for a child weighing 34 kg and
measuring 120 cm tall.
∂F cπ x 2 1
71. = ( y − z ) −1/2 (−1)
∂z 4 2
−cπ x 2
=
8 y−z
is the rate of change of blood flow with respect to the pressure in the capillary. Since this rate is
negative, the blood flow is decreasing.
72.
All of these partials measure the rate of change of percentage of total blood flow with respect to
the quantities x, y, u, v respectively.
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 727
73. =
z x2 − y 2
∂z ∂2 z
= 2 x and 2 = 2
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂2 z
= −2 y and 2 = −2
∂y ∂y
∂2 z ∂2 z
Since + =
0 the function satisfies Laplace’s equation.
∂x 2 ∂y 2
74. z = xy
∂z
=y
∂x
∂z
=x
∂y
∂2 z
=0
∂x 2
∂2 z
=0
∂y 2
∂2 z ∂2 z
Therefore, + =
0 and z = xy satisfies Laplace’s equation.
∂x 2 ∂y 2
75. =z xe y − ye x
∂z ∂2 z
= e y − ye x and 2 = − ye x
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂2 z
= xe y − e x and 2 = xe y
∂y ∂y
∂2 z ∂2 z
Since + =
− ye x + xe y ≠ 0 the function does not satisfy Laplace’s equation.
∂x 2
∂y 2
76. z = [( x − 1) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 ]−1/ 2
∂z
= −[( x − 1) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 ]−3/ 2 ( x − 1)
∂x
∂2 z 3
= −( x − 1) − [( x − 1) 2 + ( y + 3)2 ]−5 / 2 (2)( x − 1) − [( x − 1)2 + ( y + 3)2 ]−3/ 2
∂x 2
2
= [( x − 1) + ( y + 3) 2 ]−5 / 2 [2( x − 1) 2 − ( y + 3) 2 ]
2
∂2 z
= [( x − 1) 2 + ( y + 3) 2 ]−5 / 2 [−( x − 1) 2 + 2( y + 3) 2 ]
∂y 2
728 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
∂V nRT ∂P nRT P
77. = 2π RH is the rate of change of the P= and = − 2 = −
∂R V ∂V V V
volume with respect to the radius. When ∂V ∂T ∂P V T P
∂V = − = −1
the height is kept constant, ∆V ≈ ∆R ∂T ∂P ∂V T P V
∂R
Since R = 3, H = 12, and ∆R = 1, 81. (a) Cost
∆V ≈ [2π(3)(12)](1) = 72π, or an increase = (area bottom)(cost per unit area)
in volume of approximately 226 cubic cm. + (area top)(cost per unit area)
+ (area sides)(cost per unit area)
78. S ( R, H ) = 2πR 2 + 2πRH + (volume)(cost per unit volume)
9. f ( x, y ) = x3 + y 2 − 6 xy + 9 x + 5 y + 2 saddle point.
D(−2, −2) = −72(4)(−2) > 0 and
f x = 3x 2 − 6 y + 9 f xx (−2, − 2) < 0, so (−2, −2) is a relative
So, f x = 0 when 0= 3( x 2 − 2 y + 3), or maximum.
0 = x 2 − 2 y + 3.
11. f ( x, y ) = xy 2 − 6 x 2 − 3 y 2
f y = 2 y − 6x + 5
f= y 2 − 12 x
So, f y = 0 when 0 = 2y − 6x + 5. Solving x
y2
this system of equations by adding, 0, or x =
So, f x = 0 when y 2 − 12 x =
12
0 = x 2 − 6 x + 8 = ( x − 2)( x − 4)
=
f y 2 xy − 6 y
So, x = 2, 4.
7 So, f y = 0 when
When x = 2, 0 = (2) 2 − 2 y + 3, or y = .
2 2 xy − 6 y =
0
19 y
2
When x = 4, 0 = (4) − 2 y + 3, or y = .
2
2 y − 6y =0
2 12
7 1 3
So, the critical points are 2, and y − 6y = 0
2 6
19 y 3 − 36 y =
0
4, .
2 y ( y + 6)( y − 6) =
0
f xx = 6 x, f yy = 2, f xy = −6 or y = 0, y = −6, y = 6.
7 When y = 0, x = 0; y = −6, x = 3; y = 6,
For the point 2, , x = 3.
2 So the critical points are (0, 0), (3, −6) and
=D 6(2)(2) − (−6) 2 < 0. (3, 6). Now, f xx = −12, f yy= 2 x − 6,
7 f xy = 2 y.
So, 2, is a saddle point.
2 For the point (0, 0),
19 D =(−12)(−6) − 02 > 0.
For the point 4, ,
2 Since f xx < 0, the point (0, 0) is a relative
=D 6(4)(2) − (−6) 2 > 0 and f xx > 0, so maximum. For the point (3, −6),
19 D =− ( 12)(0) − [2(−6)]2 < 0.
4, is a relative minimum.
2 So, the point (3, −6) is a saddle point.
For the point (3, 6),
10. f ( x, y ) =
− x 4 − 32 x + y 3 − 12 y + 7 D= (−12)(0) − [2(6)]2 < 0
fx =−4 x3 − 32 =−4( x3 + 8) =
0 when So, the point (3, 6) is a saddle point.
x = −2.
12. f ( x, y ) =x 2 − 6 xy − 2 y 3
f y = 3 y 2 − 12 = 3( y + 2)( y − 2) = 0 when
f x = 2 x − 6 y = 0 when 2x = 6y or x = 3y.
y = −2 or y = 2.
fy =−6 x − 6 y 2 =
0 when 6 x = −6 y 2 or
f xx =
−12 x 2 , f yy =
6 y, and f xy = 0.
x = − y2.
D ( x, y ) =
(−12 x 2 )(6 y ) − 02 =
−72 x 2 y
D(−2, 2) = −72(4)(2) < 0 so (−2, 2) is a Thus, 3 y = − y 2 or y 2 + 3 y =
0 so y = 0 or
−3. When y = 0, x = 0 and when y = −3,
732 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
−2[e1− x −y
2 2
f yy = ( x 2 + 6 y 2 − 2)
( x 2 + 2 y 2 )(−2 xe1− x − y2
2
fx = )
+ ( x 2 y + 2 y 3 − 2 y )(−2 ye1− x − y2
2
+ (e1− x − y2
2
)(2 x) )]
f xy = −2[e1− x −y
2 2
−2 xe1− x − y2
2
= ( x 2 + 2 y 2 − 1) (4 xy )
+ ( x3 + 2 xy 2 − x)(−2 ye1− x − y )]
2 2
So, f x = 0 when x = 0 or x 2 + 2 y 2 − 1 =0
For the point (−1, 0), D = (−4)(2) − 0 < 0
( x 2 + 2 y 2 )(−2 ye1− x − y2
2
fy = )
So, (−1, 0) is a saddle point.
+ (e1− x − y2
2
)(4 y ) For the point (0, 0), D = (2e)(4e) − 0 > 0
and f xx > 0, so (0, 0) is a relative
−2 ye1− x − y ( x 2 + 2 y 2 − 2)
2 2
=
minimum.
So, f y = 0 when y = 0, or
For the point (1, 0), D − (−4)(2) − 0 < 0
x2 + 2 y 2 − 2 =0. There are no solutions So, (1, 0) is a saddle point.
to the system of equations For the point (0, −1), D = (−2)(−8) − 0 > 0
and f xx < 0, so (0, −1) is a relative
x2 + 2 y 2 − 1 =0 and x 2 + 2 y 2 − 2 =0.
maximum.
Further, when x = 0, f y = 0 when
For the point (0, 1), D = (−2)(−8) − 0 > 0
−2 ye1− y (2 y 2 − 2), or y = 0, −1, 1.
0=
2
and f xx < 0, so (0, 1) is a relative
maximum.
− ( x + y −6 y )
e− x − y 2 +6 y
2 2 2
=
14. f ( x, y ) e=
f x = −2 xe − x − y + 6 y
2 2
So, f x = 0 when x = 0.
( 2 y + 6)e − x − y 2 +6 y
2
f y =−
−2( y − 3)e − x − y + 6 y
2 2
=
So, f y = 0 when y = 3. The only critical point is (0, 3).
−2[(−2 xe − x − y 2 +6 y
) + e− x − y 2 +6 y
2 2
f xx = (1)]
−2[( y − 3)(−2 y + 6)e − x − y +6 y
+ e− x − y 2 +6 y
2 2 2
f yy = (1)]
18. f ( x, y ) = 2 x 4 + x 2 + 2 xy + 3x + y 2 + 2 y + 5
f x = 8 x3 + 2 x + 2 y + 3
f y = 2x + 2 y + 2
1
Set f y = 0 and solve for 2y. Substitute this into f x = 0 yielding 8 x3 + 1 =0 or x = −
2
1
Solving for y yields y = − .
2
=f xx 24 x + 2, f yy = 2, and f xy = 2
2
1 1
D − , − = 12 > 0
2 2
1 1
Since f xx > 0, − , − is a minimum.
2 2
1
19. f ( x, y ) =
x + y + 3x − 2 y + 1
2 2
−(2 x + 3)
fx =
( x 2 + y 2 + 3 x − 2 y + 1)2
3
So, f x = 0 when x = − .
2
−(2 y − 2)
fy = 2
( x + y 2 + 3 x − 2 y + 1)2
3
So, f y = 0 when y = 1. The only critical point is − , 1 .
2
1
f xx (( x 2 + y 2 + 3 x − 2 y + 1)2 (−2) + (2 x + 3)[(2( x 2 + y 2 + 3x − 2 y + 1)(2 x + 3)])
( x + y + 3 x − 2 y + 1)
2 2 4
1
f yy (( x 2 + y 2 + 3 x − 2 y + 1)2 (−2) + (2 y − 2) + [2( x 2 + y 2 + 3 x − 2 y + 1)(2 y − 2)])
( x + y + 3 x − 2 y + 1)
2 2 4
1
= f xy (0 + (2 x + 3)[2( x 2 + y 2 + 3 x − 2 y + 1)(2 y − 2)])
( x + y + 3 x − 2 y + 1) 4
2 2
3 3
For the point − , 1 , D = (−4)(−4) − 0 > 0 and f xx < 0, so − , 1 is a relative maximum.
2 2
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 735
16 x2 + 9 y 2
− 288
20. f ( x, y ) = xye
16 x2 + 9 y 2 16 x2 + 9 y 2
− 288 −
x 288
fx ye
= + xy − e =
0 when x =
±3 or y =
0
9
16 x2 + 9 y 2 16 x2 + 9 y 2
− 288 −
y 288
fy xe
= + xy − e =
0 when y =
±4 or x =
0
16
16 x2 + 9 y 2
− 288
Therefore f=
x y 0 at (3, 4), (3, −4), (−3, 4), (−3, −4), and (0, 0). Let t
f= =e
xy x2 x xy x 2
f xx = − t + y 2 − − t = − 1 t
9 9 9 3 27
xy y2 y xy y 2
f yy = − t + x 2 − − t = − 3t
16 16 16 16 16
x 2 x y x
2 2
y2
f xy =1 − t + y 1 − − t =1 − 1 − t
9 9 16 9
16
D(0, 0) = −1 < 0 so the point (0, 0) is a saddle point.
8 3
D(3, 4) =D(−3, − 4) = − e−1 − e−1 > 0
3 2
f xx (3, 4)= f xx (−3, − 4) < 0 so the points (3, 4), (−3, −4) are maxima.
8 3
D(−3, 4)= D(3, − 4)= e −1 e −1 > 0
3 2
4) f xx (3, − 4) > 0 so the points (−3, 4), (3, −4) are minima.
f xx (−3, =
y2
21. f (=
x, y ) x ln + 3 x − xy
2
x
= x(ln y − ln x) + 3 x − xy 2
2
= x ln y 2 − x ln x + 3 x − xy 2
2 1
f=
x ln y − x + ln x (1) + 3 − y
2
x
= ln y − ln x + 2 − y
2 2
So, f x = 0 when =
0 2ln y − ln x + 2 − y 3
1 2 x(1 − y 2 )
f=
y 2 x − 2 =
xy
y y
So, f y = 0 when x = 0, y = −1, 1. We must reject x = 0, since f is undefined when x = 0.
When y = −1, f x = 0 when
736 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
0= ln1 − ln x + 2 − 1
0 = 1 − ln x
=
ln x 1,= or x e.
When y = 1, f x = 0 when
0 = ln 1 − ln x + 2 − 1, or x = e.
So, the critical points are (e, −1) and
(e, 1).
1 2x 2
f xx = − , f yy = − 2 − 2 x, f xy =− 2 y
x y y
−1
For the point (e, −1), =D (−4e) − 0 > 0 and f xx < 0, so
e
(e, −1) is a relative maximum.
1
For the point (e, 1), D = − (−4e) − 0 > 0
e
(e, 1) is a relative maximum.
22. f ( x, y )= x( x 2 + y 2 + 4) −1
( x 2 + y 2 + 4) − x(2 x) y 2 + 4 − x2
f=
x = = 0 if x=
2
y 2 + 4.
( x + y + 4)
2 2 2
( x + y + 4)
2 2 2
−2 xy
− x( x 2 + y 2 + 4) −2 (2 y ) =2
fy = =0 if x =
0 or y = 0.
( x + y 2 + 4)2
For x = 0 the first equation leads to y 2 = −4 which has no solution in the real number system.
For y = 0, x = ±2, so the critical points are (2, 0) and (−2, 0). Now
1
= f xx [( x 2 + y 2 + 4) 2 (−2 x) − ( y 2 + 4 − x 2 )(2)( x 2 + y 2 + 4)(2 x)]
( x + y 2 + 4) 4
2
2 x( x 2 − 3 y 2 − 12)
=
( x 2 + y 2 + 4)3
(±4)(4 − 12) 1
Thus f xx (= ±2, 0) = .
(4 + 4) 3 16
1
= f xy [( x 2 + y 2 + 4) 2 (2 y ) − ( y 2 + 4 − x 2 )(2)( x 2 + y 2 + 4)(2 y )]
( x + y 2 + 4) 4
2
2 y (3 x 2 − y 2 − 4)
=
( x 2 + y 2 + 4)3
Thus f xy (±2, 0) = 0.
( x 2 + y 2 + 4) 2 − y (2)( x 2 + y 2 + 4)(2 y ) −2 x( x 2 − 3 y 2 + 4)
f yy =
(−2 x) =
( x 2 + y 2 + 4) 4 ( x 2 + y 2 + 4)3
(4)(4 + 4) 1
Thus f yy (±=
2, 0) = .
(4 + 4) 3 16
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 737
1 1
Now D= (±2, 0) > 0
16 16
Checking the signs of f xx (2, 0) and f xx (−2, 0) we see (2, 0) is a relative maximum, while (−2, 0)
is a relative minimum.
when x = 1
So, the only critical point in R is (1, 2). Now the boundary lines of R have the equations
x = 0, y = 0, and . Start with the segment on the line x = 0. The original function
becomes a function of y only, or
for
So, the extremes for this segment can only occur at the endpoints (0, 0) and (0, 3)
Next, consider the segment on the line y = 0. The original function becomes a function of x only, or
for
So, the point must be considered along with the endpoints (2, 0) and (0, 3). Collecting
these possible extreme points, we need to test (0, 0), (0, 3), (2, 0), and in the original
−1 2
f x = 0 when 4x = − y 2 , or x = y
4
when
2 y + 2 xy =
0
1
2 y + 2 − y2 y = 0
4
1
2 y − y3 = 0
2
1
y 2 − y2 = 0
2
1 1 2 2
y = 0 or 2 − y 2 == 0, 2 y , y ==
4, y ±2
2 2
So, the critical points in R are (0, 0),
(−1, −2) and (−1, 2).
The boundary lines of R have the equations x = −5, y = 5, x = 5 and y = −5. Using x = −5,
u ( y ) = f ( −5, y ) = 50 + y 2 − 5 y 2 − 2
= 48 − 4 y 2
u′ ( y ) =
−8 y =
0 when y =
0
and x = −5
So, the extremes can only occur at (−5, 0), (−5, 5) and (−5, −5).
Using y = 5,
v ( x ) = f ( x, 5 ) = 2 x 2 + 25 + 25 x − 2
25
v′ ( x ) =
4 x + 25 =
0 when x =
−
4
and y = 5
25
But, − , 5 is not in R, so reject it. Using x = 5,
4
w ( y ) = f ( 5, y ) = 50 + y 2 + 5 y 2 − 2
= 48 + 6 y 2
w′ (=
y ) 12
= y 0 when=
y 0
and x = 5
So, the points to consider here are (5, 0), (5, −5) and (5, 5).
Using y = −5,
r ( x ) = f ( x, − 5 ) = 2 x 2 + 25 + 25 y − 2
25
r′ ( x ) =
4 x + 25 =
0 when x =
−
4
and y = −5
740 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
25
But, − , − 5 is not in R, so reject it. Collecting all points to consider,
4
f ( 0, 0 ) =0 + 0 + 0 − 2 =−2
f ( −1, − 2 )
= 2 ( −1) + ( −2 ) + ( −1)( −2 ) − 2 = 0
2 2 2
f ( −1, 2 )
= 2 ( −1) + ( 2 ) + ( −1)( 2 ) − 2 = 0
2 2 2
f ( −5, 0 )
= 2 ( −5 ) + 0 + 0 − 2 = 48
2
f ( −5, 5 )
=2 ( −5 ) + ( 5 ) + ( −5 )( 5 ) − 2 =−52
2 2 2
f ( −5, − 5 )
2 ( 5 ) + ( −5 ) + ( −5)( −5) − 2 =
=− −52
2 2 2
f ( 5, 0 )
= 2 ( 5) + 0 + 0 −=
2
2 48
f ( 5, − 5)
= 2 ( 5) + ( −5) + ( 5)( −5) − 2= 198
2 2 2
f ( 5, 5)
= 2 ( 5) + ( 5) + ( 5)( 5) −=
2 2 2
2 198
So, the smallest value is −52, and the largest value is 198.
26. vertices (0, 0), (3, 0), (3, −3), (0, −3)
Finding the critical points in R,
and
when x = 2
when y = −1
So, the only critical point in R is (2, −1).
Now, the boundary lines of R have the equations x = 0, x = 3, y = 0, and y = −3. Start with the
segment on line x = 0. The original function becomes a function of y only, or
for
when
So is a point to consider. Next, use x = 3. The original function becomes
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 741
when
So is a point to consider. Now use y = 0. The original function becomes a function of x
only, or
when x = 2
So (2, 0) is a point to consider. Finally, use . The original function becomes
when x = 2
So is a point to consider. Collecting all possible extreme points, including the corners, we
need to test (2, −1), (0, −1), (3, −1), (2, 0), (2, −3), (0, 0), (3, 0), (3, −3), and (0, −3).
27. f ( x, y ) = x 4 + 2 y 3 ; x 2 + y 2 = 1
Finding the critical points in R,
f x ( x, y ) = 4 x3 and f y ( x, y ) = 6 y 2
f x ( x, y ) = 0 when x = 0
f y ( x, y ) = 0 when y = 0
So, the only critical point in R is (0, 0). The boundary equations are =
x 1 − y 2 and
x=− 1− y2 .
Using =
x 1− y2 ,
u ( y) = (
f 1 − y 2 , y =− )
(1 y 2 ) + 2 y3
2
=−
1 2 y 2 + y 4 + 2 y3
742 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
u′ ( y ) = 4 y 3 + 6 y 2 − 4 y
= 2 y ( 2 y − 1)( y + 2 )
1
u ′ ( y ) = 0 when
= y 0, , − 2
2
1 1
Since y = −2 outside of R, reject that value. When y = 0, x = 1 or −1. When y =, x =± 1−
2 4
3 3
or, x = − or x = . Using x =− 1− y2 ,
2 2
(
v ( y ) = f − 1− y2 , y )
(1 y 2 ) + 2 y3
2
=−
so no new points are found. Collecting all points to consider,
f ( 0, 0 ) = 0
f (1, 0 ) = 1
f ( −1, 0 ) =
1
4
3 1 3 3
1 13
f , = + 2 =
2 2 2 2 16
4
3 1 3
3
1 13
f − , =
− + 2 =
2 2 2 2 16
So, the smallest value is 0 and the largest value is 1.
28.
Finding the critical points in R,
So, no points in R are critical; only points on the boundary have to be considered.
For all points along the boundaries x = 0 and y = 0,
For all points along the circular boundary, Using
Since x = 2 implies
the point must be considered, and here So, the smallest value is
0, and the largest value is 16.
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 743
30. Since the first type of system sells for x hundred dollars and costs $1,000 (or 10 hundred dollars)
per system, the corresponding profit per system is (x − 10). The demand for the first system is
40 − 8x + 5y. Hence the profit from the sale of the type of system is P1 = ( x − 10)(40 − 8 x + 5 y )
The second type of system sells for y hundred dollars and costs $3,000 (or 30 hundred dollars) per
system. Since the demand for the second system is 50 + 9x − 7y, the profit from the sale of this
type of system is P2 = ( y − 30)(50 + 9 x − 7 y ).
Hence the total profit is
P ( x, y=
) P1 + P2
= ( x − 10)(40 − 8 x + 5 y ) + ( y − 30)(50 + 9 x − 7 y )
= −150 x − 8 x 2 + 14 xy − 1,900 + 210 y − 7 y 2
The first-order partial derivatives are
Px = −150 − 16 x + 14 y and Py = 14 x + 210 − 14 y
Setting each to 0 and solving simultaneously yields x = 30 and y = 45. Hence, (30, 45) is the only
critical point. The second order partial derivatives are Pxx =
−16, Pyy = −14, and Pxy = 14.
D( x, y ) = Pxx Pyy − ( Pxy ) 2 = (−16)(−14) − (−14) 2 = 28 > 0 for all x and y.
Thus, P has a relative extremum at (30, 45). Moreover, since Pxx = −16 < 0, this relative extremum
is a relative maximum. Assuming that the relative maximum and the absolute maximum are the
same, it follows that to maximize profit, the telephone company should price the first system at
$3,000 (x = 30 hundred dollars) and the second system at $4,500 (y = 45 hundred dollars).
744 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
32. Let x denote the number of units of commodity A and y the number of units of commodity B. The
price of commodity A is p(x) = 20 − 5x and that of commodity B is q(x) = 4 − 2y, while the cost of
producing both commodities is C(x, y) = 2xy + 4. Thus the profit is
P ( x, y ) = (number of units of commodty A)(price per unit of A)
+ (number of units of commodity B)(price per unit of B) − cost
= 20 x − 5 x 2 + 4 y − 2 y 2 − 2 xy − 4
Then Px =20 − 10 x − 2 y and Py =4 − 4 y − 2 x. Setting each to 0 and solving simultaneously leads
to 20 − 10x − 2y − 5(4 − 4y − 2x) = −2y + 20y = 18y = 0 or y = 0, so x = 2.
Also, Pxx (2, 0) =−10, Pxy (2, 0) =
−2, and Pyy = −4.
D(2, 0) = (−10)(−4) − (−2) 2 > 0 and Pxx < 0, so (2, 0) is a relative maximum. This means that the
company ought to sell 2 units of commodity A and none of commodity B.
x y
Py = + 40 −
10 5
x y
So, Py = 0 when 0 = + 40 − = x + 400 − 2 y
10 5
Solving this system by multiplying the first equation by two and adding to the second,
0 = 1400 − 7x, or x = 200.
When x = 200, Py = 0 when
0 = 200 + 400 − 2y, or y = 300.
2 1 1
Pxx = − , Pyy = − , Pxy =
5 5 10
2
2 1 1
D =− − − > 0 and Pxx < 0
5 5 10
So, profit is maximized when
200 machines are supplied to the domestic market and 300 are supplied to the foreign market.
(c) The total profit is Ph + Pf which is maximized when x = 450 − 3c and y = 500 − 5c.
Px ( x, y )
( x + 5 )( 216 ) − ( 216 x )(1)
75 − 1,000
( x + 5 ) 2
1,080
= 75 − 1,000
( x + 5 )2
81,000
= − 1,000
( x + 5 )2
Px ( x, y ) = 0 when
81, 000
− 1, 000 =
0
( x + 5)
2
81, 000
= 1, 000
( x + 5)
2
= ( x + 5)
2
81
9= x + 5, or x =
4
Py ( x, y )
( y + 3)( 640 ) − ( 640 y )(1)
= 75
( y + 3)
2
− 1, 000
1,920
= 75 2
− 1, 000
( y + 3)
144, 000
= − 1, 000
( y + 3)
2
Py ( x, y ) = 0 when
144, 000
− 1, 000 =
0
( y + 3)
2
144, 000
= 1, 000
( y + 3)
2
= ( y + 3)
2
144
12 =
y + 3, or y =
9
Px ( x=
, y ) 81, 000 ( x + 5 ) − 1, 000
−2
Py (=
x, y ) 144, 000 ( y + 3) − 1, 000
−2
Pxx ( x, y ) =
−162, 000 ( x + 5 )
−3
−162, 000
=
( x + 5)
3
Pyy ( x, y ) =
−288, 000 ( y + 3)
−3
−288, 000
=
( y + 3)
3
xy ( x, y )
P= yx ( x, y )
P= 0
−162, 000 −288, 000
=D ( 4, 9 ) −0
93 12
3
36.
Finding the critical points in R,
So, the point (3, 16) must be considered. Along the curve , becomes
So the point must be considered. Taking into account also the corner points (−4, 16) and (4,
16),
748 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
w( y) =
C ( 0, y ) =y 2 − 380 y + 60, 000
w′ ( y=
) 2 y − 380
w′ ( y ) 0=
= when y 190
So, the point (0, 190) must be considered as well as the endpoints (0, 0) and (0, 400). Using y = 0,
r ( x) =
C ( x, 0 ) =x 2 − 280 x + 60, 000
r ′ ( x=
) 2 x − 280
r ′ ( x ) 0=
= when x 140
So, the point (140, 0) must be considered as well as the endpoints (0, 0) and
(300, 0).
Collecting all points to consider,
C (140, 190 ) = 4,300
C (175, 225 ) = 6, 750
C ( 0, 400 ) = 68, 000
C ( 200, 200 ) = 8, 000
C (192, 216 ) = 7, 680
C ( 300, 0 ) = 66, 000
C ( 0, 190 ) = 23,900
C ( 0, 0 ) = 60, 000
C (140, 0 ) = 40, 400
So, the minimum cost is $4,300 when
x = $140 and y = $190.
38. (a) Since the cat food won’t be sold below cost, x ≥ 30 and y ≥ 40. Also, the quantity sold of each
must be nonnegative, so 70 − 5x + 4y ≥ 0 and 80 + 6x − 7y ≥ 0. Solving the corresponding
equations for y and graphing shows that R is the region enclosed by a triangle with sides described
(b) The critical point found in Example 7.3.4, (53, 55), lies within the region and therefore must be
considered. Since this point was already found to represent the absolute maximum of the profit
function, it is also represents the absolute maximum for any bounded region within the domain
of f. The maximum value of the function is f(53, 55) is 770, for a maximum daily profit of $7.70
on sale of cat food, obtained by selling the local brand for 53 cents and the national brand for 55
cents. This result is no different from Example 7.3.4.
750 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
To find the smallest profit, we consider f(x, y) along each of the boundaries. For y = 40,
Since u (x) is a parabola that points down, and any minimum must occur at the ends
of this side of the triangle, that is, at the vertices. Now we consider the line
Substituting,
We could obtain and but we can already see by inspection of the squared terms that
the coefficient of in the simplified expression of will be negative. Therefore, is,
like u(x), a downward-pointing parabola and only the endpoints of this side of the triangle need
to be considered as possible minima. If we consider, finally, we obtain
Once again we see immediately that the leading coefficient will be negative and this will be a
downward-pointing parabola. Any minimum of w(x) must lie at one or both ends of the
corresponding side. Therefore to find the minima of we only need to examine the
vertices of the boundary triangle.
So the minimum profit is $0. This is obtained when cents and cents;
at these prices, which means no cat food of either brand is sold.
The same profit, $0, is obtained when x = 46 cents and y = 40 cents; here, and
which means all the cat food being sold (national brand only) is being sold at
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 751
cost. Also, note that at cents, y = 40 cents all the cat food being sold (local brand
only) is being sold at about 3 cents above cost, for a modest profit of $2.11 per day.
39. (a) The cost of obtaining each type of shirt is $2. Since won’t sell below cost, x ≥ 2 and y ≥ 2 .
Also, the quantity sold of each must be nonnegative, so 40 − 50 x + 40 y ≥ 0 and
5 6 2
20 + 60 x − 70 y ≥ 0 . Graphing =
y x − 1,=y x + , y = 2 and
4 7 7
36 34 12
x = 2, the region R enclosed is a triangle with vertices (2, 2), , and , 2 .
11 11 5
(b) P ( x, y ) =
−50 x 2 + 100 xy + 20 x
− 70 y 2 + 80 y − 120
Px ( x, y ) =
−100 x + 100 y + 20
Py ( x, y ) = 100 x − 140 y + 80
Px ( x, y ) = 0 when −100 x − 100 y + 20 =
0 , or x = y + 0.2
Py ( x, y ) = 0 when 100 x − 140 y + 80 =
0 , or=x 1.4 y − 0.8
So,
y + 0.2 = 1.4 y − 0.8
1 = 0.4 y
y = 2.5
and x = 2.7
5
The only critical point in R is (2.7, 2.5). Now, the boundary equations of R are =
y x − 1,
4
6 2 5
=
y x + and y = 2. Using = y x − 1,
7 7 4
5
u ( x ) P x, x − 1
=
4
5
= −50 x 2 + 100 x x − 1 + 20 x
4
2
5 5
− 70 x − 1 + 80 x − 1 − 120
4 4
= −34.375 x + 195 x − 270
2
u′ ( x ) =−68.75 x + 195
u ′ ( x ) = 0 when −68.75 x + 195 =
0 or, x ≈ 2.84 and y ≈ 2.55
752 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
12 36 34
So, the point (2.84, 2.55) must be considered as well as the endpoints , 2 and , .
5 11 11
6 2
Using =
y x+ ,
7 7
v′ ( x ) =
−30.78 x + 82.84
v′ ( x ) = 0 when −30.78 x + 82.84 =
0 or,
36 34
So, the point (2.69, 2.59) must be considered as well as the endpoints (2, 2) and , .
11 11
Using y = 2,
r ( x ) = P ( x, 2 )
=
−50 x 2 + 200 x + 20 x − 280 + 160 − 120
=
−50 x 2 + 220 x − 240
r′ ( x ) =
−100 x + 220
r ′ ( x=
) 0 when − 100 x + 220
= 0 or,
12
x = 2.2 and y = 2. So, the point (2.2, 2) must be considered as well as the endpoints , 2 and
5
(2, 2). Collecting all points to consider,
So, the conclusion is again that Duncan shirts should sell for $2.70 and the James shirts for $2.50
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 753
(no change in answer). The smallest profit occurs at each of the three vertices of the triangular
region.
) C + xye1− x − y2
2
41. f ( x, y =
y[ x(−2 xe1− x − y2
) + e1− x − y2
2 2
fx = (1)]
= ye1− x −y
2 2
(−2 x 2 + 1)
2
So, f x = 0 when y = 0, or x = (rejecting the negative solution).
2
x[ y (−2 ye1− x − y2
) + e1− x − y2
2 2
fy = (1)]
= xe1− x − y (−2 y 2 + 1)
2 2
When y = 0, f y = 0 when x = 0.
2 2
When x = − , fy = 0 when y = .
2 2
2 2
When x = , f y = 0 when y = .
2 2
2 2
Again rejecting the negative solutions, the critical points are (0, 0) and , . Rewriting f x
2 2
f x e1− x − y2
2
as = (−2 x 2 y + y )
f xx (e1− x − y2
2
= )(−4 xy )
+ (−2 x 2 y + y )(−2 xe1− x − y2
2
)
Similarly,
f yy (e1− x − y2
2
= )(−4 xy )
+ (−2 xy 2 + x)(−2 ye1− x − y2
2
)
f xy (e1− x − y2
2
= )(−2 x 2 + 1)
+ (−2 x 2 y + y )(−2 ye1− x − y2
2
)
For the point (0, 0), D = (0)(0) − (e) 2 < 0
754 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
42. We minimize
S ( x, y ) = ( x + 300) 2 + ( x + 100) 2 + ( x − 400) 2 + x 2 + 2 y 2 + ( y − 500) 2 + ( y − 300) 2
S x = 2( x + 300) + 2( x + 100) + 2( x − 400) + 2 x
S y =4 y + 2( y − 500) + 2( y − 300)
S x = 0 at x = 0, S y = 0 at y = 200,=
S xx 8,=
S xy 0, S yy = 8, D = 82 − 0 = 64 > 0 and S xx > 0,
therefore (0, 200) is a minimum.
43. The square of the distance from S(a, b) to each point is:
(a + 5) 2 + (b − 0)2 = a 2 + 10a + 25 + b 2
(a − 1) 2 + (b − 7) 2 = a 2 − 2a + b 2 − 14b + 50 (a − 9) 2 + (b − 0) 2 = a 2 − 18a + 81 + b 2
(a − 0) 2 + (b + 8) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + 16b + 64
So, the sum of the distances is
f (a, b) = 4a 2 − 10a + 4b 2 + 2b + 220
5
f=a 8a − 10, so f a = 0 when a =
4
1
b 8b + 2, so fb = 0 when b = −
f=
4
f aa = 8,= fbb 8,= f ab 0 so,
D = (8)(8) − 0 > 0 and f aa > 0
5 1
The sum is minimized at , − .
4 4
44. (a) Taking the test “cold” results in a score of S(0, 0) = 15.
1
e −( γkt + ( r / 4t ))
2
46. (a) S (r , t ) =
4πt
1
e −( γkt + ( r
2
=St / 4t ))
(−4 γkt 2 − 2t + r 2 )
8t 5/ 2
π
St will be 0 when the quadratic factor −4 γkt 2 − 2t + r 2 is 0. By the quadratic formula, this
−1 + 1 + 48γkr 2
occurs when = =
t tm , the other root being discarded since t must be positive.
4 γk
A typical graph of S(r, t) for fixed r is shown below.
756 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
The graph shows the value of tm corresponds to a relative maximum. This is not the same as
saying S(r, t), as a function of two variables, has a relative maximum since we do not know the
behavior of Sr .
1+ z
(b) Let z = 1 + 4 γkr 2 , so that tm = . Then
4 γk
1+ z γk
e −((1+ z ) / 4+γkr /(1+ z ))
2
=
M (r ) S=
( r , tm ) S r =
,
4 γk π(1 + z )
z2 −1 γkr 2 z2 −1 z −1
Note that r 2 = , so= = .
4 γk 1 + z 4( z + 1) 4
γk γk
=M ( z) = e −((1+ z ) / 4+( z −1) / 4) e− z / 2
π(1 + z ) π(1 + z )
(
6 y = 2 y + 3x λ )
72
6x − =2 xλ
3
3 2
2 xy + x = 500
2
Solving the second equation for λ and substituting into the first equation gives
36
6y = (2 y + 3x 3 −
)
3x
72 y
6 y =6 y + 3 3 x − − 36
3x
72
= y 3 3 x − 36
3x
1 2 3
= y x − x
8 2
Substituting into the third equation gives
1 3 3 2
2 x x 2 − x + x = 500
8 2 2
1 3 3 2
x − 3x 2 + x = 500
4 2
x3 − 4 3 x 2 + 2 3 x 2 =
2,000
x3 − 2 3 x 2 − 2,000 =
0
To use the calculator to solve x3 − 2 3 x 2 − 2,000 =
0
Press y =.
Input x ^ 3 − 2 ∗ (3) ∗ x 2 − 2,000 for y1 = .
Use window dimensions [0, 20]5 by
[-50, 500]150.
Press graph.
Use the zero function under the calc menu to find x = 13.866.
When x = 13.866 feet,
1 3
= y (13.866) 2 − (13.866)
8 2
≈ 12.025 feet.
48. T (r , z ) Ae − pr (e − qz − e − sz )
2
=
First,
(−2 pr ) Ae − pr (e − qz − e − sz )
2
Tr (r , z ) =
Tz (r , z )= Ae − pr (−qe − qz + se− sz ).
2
If the parameters q and s are equal, then e − qz = e− sz for any z so T(r, z) = 0 for all values of r and
z. That is, the maximum (or minimum) temperature is 0. So we can assume q ≠ s and therefore
(e − qz − e − sz ) ≠ 0.
758 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
ln s − ln q
Thus Tr = 0 means r = 0. The only way for Tz to be 0 is if − qe − qz + se− sz =
0 or z = so
s−q
ln s − ln q
the maximum temperature occurs at r = 0 and z = .
s−q
49. (a) The problem is to minimize the total time T(x, y), where
(1.2) 2 + x 2 (2.5)2 + y 2
=T +
2 4
4.3 − ( x + y )
+
6
∂T 1 1 2x
= −1
∂x 2 2 (1.2) + x 6
2 2
∂T 1 1 2y 1
= −
∂y 4 2 (2.5) 2 + y 2 6
∂T ∂T 1 x 1 1 y 1
= = 0 when = and = which leads to
∂x ∂y 2 (1.2) 2 + x 2 6 4 (2.5) 2 + y 2 6
x = 0.424 and y = 2.236.
In addition to his path, the “boundary” cases must also be considered. That is, a path where
Tom moves directly to the river (perpendicular to the river), then Tom swims directly across
the river (perpendicular to the river), and Mary runs to the finish. The second boundary path is
along the diagonal connection S and F.
Case 1
x = 0, y = 0
1.2 2.5 4.3
Time = + + ≈ 1.942
2 4 6
Case 2
x = 0.424, y = 2.236
1.273 3.354 1.64
Time = + + = 1.748
2 4 6
Case 3
x = 1.395, y = 2.905
1.84 3.833 0
Time= + + = 1.878
2 4 6
The minimum time is when
x = 0.424 miles and y = 2.236 miles.
∂T 1 x 1
−
=
∂x 1.7 (1.2) 2 + x 2 6.3
∂T 1 y 1
−
=
∂y 3.5 (2.5)2 + y 2 6.3
∂T ∂T
We must find when = = 0
∂x ∂y
Press y =.
∂T
Input for y1 = .
∂x
Use window dimensions [0, 2]0.5 by
[−1, 2]0.5
Press graph.
Use the zero function under the calc menu to find x ≈ 0.3363.
∂T
Repeat process for to find
∂y
y ≈ 1.6704.
Repeating the case scenarios as in
part (a)
Case x y Time
1 0 0 2.103
2 0.3363 1.6704 1.9562
3 1.395 2.905 2.177
Tom, Dick, and Mary will win by 0.208 hours (12.5 minutes).
50. The pasture has two sides, one of length x and one of length y. We have xy = 6,400. Therefore the
6, 400
length of the fence needed is F ( x, y ) = 2 x + y = 2 x + = F ( x).
x
Minimizing,
6, 400
F ′( x) = 2− 2 = 0
x
= x = 3, 200 40 2
6, 400
= y = 80 2
40 2
52. so and
So, when
So, when
and .
When ,
and .
762 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
x
53. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 4 xy, f x = 2 x − 4 y = 0 when y = .
2
f y = 2 y − 4 x = 0 when y = 2x.
So, (0, 0) is a critical point.
f xx = 2, f xy = −4, and f yy = 2, so D = 4 − (−4) 2 < 0 and (0, 0) is a saddle point.
The above is true but not asked for. If
x = 0, f (0, y ) = y 2 which is a parabola with a minimum at (0, 0) (in the vertical
yz-plane). If y = 0, f ( x, 0) = x 2 which is a parabola with a minimum at (0, 0) (in the vertical xz-
plane).
If y = x, f ( x, x) = −2 x 2 which is a parabola with a maximum at (0, 0) (in the vertical plane passing
through the z-axis and the line y = x in the xy plane).
54. f ( x, y ) = ( x 2 + 3 y − 5)e − x −2 y 2
2
2 xe − x −2 y 2
+ ( x 2 + 3 y − 5)(−2 x)e − x −2 y 2
−2 x( x 2 + 3 y − 6)e − x −2 y 2
2 2 2
fx = =
3e − x −2 y 2
+ ( x 2 + 3 y − 5)(−4 y )e − x −2 y 2
( 4 x 2 y − 12 y 2 + 20 y + 3)e− x −2 y 2
2 2 2
fy = =−
The critical points are (0, −0.138), (0, 1.805), (1.936, 0.75) and (−1.36, 0.75).
x 2 + xy + 7 y 2
55. f ( x, y ) =
x ln y
To use the graphing utility to determine critical points of the function,
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 763
fx
( x ln y )(2 x + y ) − ( x 2 + xy + 7 y 2 )(ln y )
=
( x ln y ) 2
ln y[2 x 2 + xy − x 2 − xy − 7 y 2 ]
=
x 2 ln 2 y
x2 − 7 y 2
=
x 2 ln y
fy
=
( x ln y )( x + 14 y ) − ( x 2 + xy + 7 y 2 ) () x
y
( x ln y ) 2
( xy ln y )( x +14 y ) − x ( x 2 + xy + 7 y 2 )
y
= 2 2
x (ln y )
x[( y ln y )( x + 14 y ) − x 2 − xy − 7 y 2 ]
=
x 2 y (ln y ) 2
( y ln y )( x + 14 y ) − x 2 − xy − 7 y 2
=
xy (ln y )2
x2 − 7 y 2
Next, f x = 0 when 2
0. f y = 0 when
= 0, or x 2 − 7 y 2 =
x ln y
( y ln y )( x + 14 y ) − x − xy − 7 y 2 =
2
0.
The critical points are found by solving the system
x2 − 7 y 2 =
0
( y ln y )( x + 14 y ) − x 2 − xy − 7 y 2 =
0
From the first equation, x = ± 7 y. Substitute x = 7 y into the second equation to obtain
( y ln y ) ( )
7 y + 14 y − 7 y 2 − 7 y 2 − 7 y 2
=0
y 2 (ln y )
( )
7 + 14 − 14 − 7 =
0
Press y =.
( ( ) )
Input x 2 ln( x) ∗ 14 + 7 − 14 − 7 for y1 = . (Remember that we are actually solving for y.)
Use window dimensions [−5, 10]1 by [−10, 10]1.
Press graph.
Using trace and zoom or the zero function under the calc menu to find the zeros are
y ≈ 2.7182818 (y = e) and y = 0.
If x = − 7 y, we also find the zeros to be y = 0 and y = e. So, the critical points are ± 7e, e . The ( )
point (0, 0) cannot be a critical point since ln 0 is not defined.
764 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
56. f ( x, y )= 6 x 2 + 12 xy + y 4 + x − 16 y − 3
f x= 12 x + 12 y + 1= 0
f y = 12 x + 4 y 3 − 16 = 0
0. A graphing utility reveals that y = 2.217 and x = −2.301, so a
f y − f x yields 4 y 3 − 12 y − 17 =
critical point is (−2.301, 2.217).
57. f ( x, y ) = 2 x 4 + y 4 − 11x 2 y + 18 x 2
f x =8 x3 − 22 xy + 36 x
=
f y 4 y 3 − 11x 2
The critical points are found by solving the system
2 x(4 x 2 − 11 y + 18) =
0
4 y 3 − 11x 2 =
0
Solving the first equation gives 2x = 0, or 4 x 2 − 11 y + 18 =
0.
If 2x = 0, x = 0 and substituting this into the second equation gives 4 y 3 = 0, or y = 0.
One critical point is (0, 0).
4
To solve 4 x 2 − 11 y + 18 = 0, solve the second equation to get x 2 = y 2 and substitute. Then,
11
4
4 y 3 − 11 y + 18 = 0
11
16 3
y − 11 y + 18 = 0
11
Press y =.
Input y = (16/11)x ^ 3 − 11x + 18 for y1 = . (Remember, we are actually solving for y.)
Use the window dimensions [−10, 5]1 by [−10, 10]1.
Press graph.
Use trace and zoom or the zero function under the calc menu to find the zero is
4
y ≈ −3.354. We find we cannot use this value, however, since x= 2
(−3.354)3 , x 2 ≈ −13.72,
11
which has no solution.
The critical point is (0, 0).
2. The points are (1, 1), (2, 2), and (6, 0).
S (m, b) = (m + b − 1) 2 + (2m + b − 2) 2 + (6m + b) 2
∂S
= 2(m + b − 1) + 4(2m + b − 2) + 12(6m + b= ) 82m + 18b − 10
∂m
∂S
= 2(m + b − 1) + 2(2m + b − 2) + 2(6m + b= ) 18m + 6b − 6
∂b
∂S ∂S 2
Set = 0 and = 0. Solve the resulting equations for m and b to conclude m = − and
∂m ∂b 7
13 2 13
b = . Thus the least-squares line has the equation y = − x+ .
7 7 7
766 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
3. The sum S(m, b) of the squares of the vertical distances from the four given points is
S (m, b) = (m + b − 2) 2 + (2m + b − 4) 2
+ (4m + b − 4) 2 + (5m + b − 2) 2 .
∂S ∂S
To minimize S(m, b), set the partial derivatives = 0 and = 0.
∂m ∂b
∂S
= 2(m + b − 2) + 2(2m + b − 4)(2)
∂m
+ 2(4m + b − 4)(4)
+ 2(5m + b − 2)(5)
= 92m + 24b − 72
=0
∂S
= 2( m + b − 2) + 2(2m + b − 4)
∂b
+ 2(4m + b − 4) + 2(5m + b − 2)
= 24m + 8b − 24
= 0.
Solve the resulting simplified equations
23m + 6b = 18 and 3m + b = 3 to get
m = 0 and b = 3. So, the equation of the least-squares line is y = 3.
4. The points are (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 2), and (6, 0).
S (m, b) = (m + b − 5) 2 + (2m + b − 4) 2 + (3m + b − 2)2 + (6m + b)2
∂S
= 2(m + b − 5) + 4(2m + b − 4) + 6(3m + b − 2) + 12(6m + b= ) 100m + 24b − 38
∂m
∂S
= 2(m + b − 5) + 2(2m + b − 4) + 2(3m + b − 2) + 2(6m + b= ) 24m + 8b − 22
∂b
∂S ∂S 23
Set = 0 and = 0. Solve the resulting equations for m and b to conclude m = −1 and b = .
∂m ∂b 4
23
Thus the least-squares line has the equation y =− x + .
4
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 767
5. x y xy x2
1 2 2 1
2 2 4 4
2 3 6 4
5 5 25 25
Σx = 10 Σy = 12 Σxy = 37 Σx 2 =
34
x y xy x2
−4 −1 4 16
−3 0 0 9
−1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
1 2 2 1
∑x = −7 ∑ y = 2 ∑ xy = 6 ∑ x 2 = 27
When n = 5, the least-squares formula gives
n∑ xy − ∑ x ∑ y 22
=
m = ≈ 0.512
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2 43
=
b
∑ x 2 ∑ y − ∑ x∑ xy= 48
≈ 1.116
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2 43
The least-squares line has equation y = 0.512x + 1.116.
768 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
7. x y xy x2
−2 5 −10 4
0 4 0 0
2 3 6 4
4 2 8 16
6 1 6 36
Σx = 10 Σy = 15 Σxy = 10 Σx 2 =
60
x y xy x2
−6 2 −12 36
−3 1 −3 9
0 0 0 0
0 −3 0 0
1 −1 −1 1
3 −2 6 9
∑x = −5 ∑y= −3 ∑ xy = −22 ∑ x 2 = 55
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 769
=b
∑ x2 ∑ y − ∑ x∑ xy ≈ −0.902
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2
9. x y xy x2
0 1 0 0
1 1.6 1.6 1
2.2 3 6.6 4.84
3.1 3.9 12.09 9.61
4 5 20 16
Σx Σy Σxy Σx 2
= 10.3 = 14.5 = 40.29 = 31.45
=b
∑ x 2 ∑ y − ∑ x∑ xy ≈ 5.54040
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2
11. x y xy x2
−2.1 3.5 −7.35 4.41
−1.3 2.7 −3.51 1.69
1.5 1.3 1.95 2.25
2.7 −1.5 −4.05 7.29
Σx Σy Σxy Σx 2
= 0.8 = 6.0 = −12.96 = 15.64
=b
∑ x2 ∑ y − ∑ x∑ xy ≈ −2.0101
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2
13. Since y = Ae mx
ln y = ln A + ln e mx = ln A + mx = mx + ln A
We can find the least squares line,
Y = Mx + b, using Y = ln y. Then, use
M = m and b = ln A.
x y = ln y xy x2
1 2.75 2.75 1
3 2.83 8.49 9
5 2.91 14.55 25
7 3.00 21 49
10 3.11 31.1 100
(184)(14.6) − (26)(77.89)
b=
5(184) − (26) 2
661.26
=
244
≈ 2.710
For our exponential model, y = Ae mx . Since ln A = b, =
A e=
b
e 2.71 ≈ 15.029.
So, the exponential function that best fits the data is y = 15.029e0.04 x .
14. x y z = ln y
5 9.3 2.23
10 10.8 2.38
15 12.5 2.53
20 14.6 2.68
25 17.0 2.83
15. Since y = Ae mx ,
ln y =
ln A + ln e mx =mx + ln A
We can find the least-squares line,
Y = Mx + b, using Y = ln y. Then, use
M = m and b = ln A.
x y = ln y xy x2
2 2.60 5.20 4
4 2.20 8.80 16
6 1.79 10.74 36
8 1.39 11.12 64
10 0.99 9.9 100
5(45.76) − (30)(8.97)
m=
5(220) − (30) 2
−40.3
=
200
≈ −0.202
and
(220)(8.97) − (30)(45.76)
b=
5(220) − (30) 2
600.6
=
200
≈ 3.003
For our exponential model, y = Ae mx . Since ln A = b, =
A e=
b
e3.003 ≈ 20.15.
So, the exponential function that best fits the data is y = 20.15e −0.202 x .
16. x y z = ln y
5 33.5 3.51
10 22.5 3.11
15 15 2.71
20 10 2.30
25 6.8 1.92
30 4.5 1.50
For the x, z data ∑ x = 105, ∑ z ≈ 15.05, ∑ xz ≈ 228.30 and ∑ x 2 = 2, 275, and so m ≈ −0.08
and b ≈ 3.91.
For the fit y = Ae mx , ln A = b so =
A eb ≈ 49.97.
The best fitting exponential function to the original data is y = 49.97e −0.08 x .
17. (a)
774 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
(b)
x y = ln y xy x2
5 44 220 25
10 38 380 100
15 32 480 225
20 25 500 400
25 18 450 625
30 12 360 900
35 6 210 1,225
Σx Σy Σxy = 2,600 Σx 2
= 140 = 175 = 3,500
18. (a)
15, ∑ y 9.7,
∑ x == = ∑ x2 55 and ∑ xy = 34.2
n∑ xy − ∑ x ∑ y
=m = 0.51
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2
=b =
∑ x 2 ∑ y − ∑ x ∑ xy
0.41
n∑ x 2 − ( ∑ x )
2
Thus the best fitting line has the equation y = 0.51x + 0.41.
x y = ln V xy x2
1 4.04 4.04 1
2 4.09 8.18 4
3 4.13 12.39 9
4 4.17 16.68 16
5 4.13 20.65 25
6 4.17 25.02 36
7 4.25 29.75 49
8 4.32 34.56 64
9 4.37 39.33 81
10 4.44 44.40 100
Σx Σy Σxy = 235.0 Σx 2 =
385
= 55 = 42.11
(385)(42.11) − (55)(235.0)
b=
10(385) − (55) 2
3, 287.35
=
825
≈ 3.985
For our exponential model, V (t ) = Aert . Since ln A = b, =
A e=
b
e3.985 ≈ 53.785.
So, the exponential function that best fits the data is V (t ) = 53.785e0.041t . Her account is
growing at a rate of approximately 4.1% per year.
68 = Ae r (10)
Solving the first for A and substituting in the second gives
68 = (57e − r )e10r
1.19298 = e9 r
ln1.19298 = 9r
ln1.19298
or r ≈ =
≈ 0.0196 and A 57e −0.0196 ≈ 55.89. Frank’s function fits the first and last
9
data point, but may not be a good fit with the other data points. Frank’s function would be less
usable to predict other values.
20. (a)
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 777
(c)
21. (a)
(b)
x y xy x2
0 109 0 0
3 111 333 9
6 103 618 36
9 142 1,278 81
12 185 2,220 144
15 280 4,200 225
18 276 4,968 324
Σx = 63 Σy = Σxy = Σx 2 =
819
1,206 13,617
(c) In the year 2015, when t = 23, the predicted price is 10.96(23) + 73.61 = 325.69, or
approximately $3.26 per gallon.
778 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
22. (a)
=
(b) For this data, n = 6, and ∑ x 15,
= ∑ y 64,597, ∑ x2 = 55, and ∑ xy = 166,357 where x
represents the number of years after 2001 and y represents the DJIA. The least-squares
formulas yield
m ≈ 277.97 and b ≈ 10,071.24 and the least-squares line is
y = 277.97x + 10,071.24.
=
(c) y 277.97(7) + 10,071.24
= 12,017.03
23. (a) Let t denote the number of years after 2004 and y the corresponding GDP. Then,
x y xy x2
0 15,988 0 0
1 18,494 18,494 1
2 21,631 43,262 4
3 26,581 79,743 9
4 31,405 125,620 16
5 34,051 170,255 25
Σx = 15 Σy Σxy Σx 2 =
55
= = 437,374
148,150
(b) In the year 2020, when t = 16, the predicted GDP is,
=y 3,828.5 (16 ) + 15,120.4 ≈ 76,376.4 or 76,376.4 billion yuan.
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 779
24. (a)
(b) Let x be the number of years after 1991 and y the cocaine usage.
x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
(c) In the year 2013, x = 22 and the expected percentage of students who will have tried cocaine is
y = 0.146(22) + 6.44 = 9.65%.
25. (a) Let x be the number of catalogs requested and y the number of applications received (both in
units of 1,000). The given points (x, y) are plotted on the accompanying graph.
780 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
(b)
x y xy x2
4.5 1.0 4.5 20.25
3.5 0.8 2.8 12.25
4.0 1.0 4.0 16.00
5.0 1.5 7.5 25.00
4(18.8) − 17(4.3)
=
Using the formulas with n = 4, m ≈ 0.42 and
4(73.5) − (17) 2
73.5(4.3) − 17(18.8)
=b ≈ −0.71
4(73.5) − (17) 2
So, the equation of the least-squares line is y = 0.42x − 0.71.
26. (a) The data set to be fit is (0, 150.7), (1, 179.3), (2, 203.2), (3, 226.5), (4, 248.7), and (5, 291.4).
For this data, n = 6, and ∑ t = 15, ∑ y = 1, 299.8, ∑ t 2 = 55 and ∑ ty = 3,717 and the least-
squares slope and intercept are m ≈ 26.71 and b ≈ 149.85. The least-squares line is
y = 26.71t + 149.85.
(b) The year 2010 is t = 6 decades from 1950. The predicted population is
y = 26.71(6) + 149.85 ≈ 310.11 million people. The actual population in 2010 was
308.7 million.
27. (a) Let x denote the number of decades after 1950 and y the corresponding population (in
millions). Then,
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 150.7 179.3 203.2 226.5 248.7 291.4
Since y = Ae mx ,
ln=y ln A + ln e mx
ln=y mx + ln A
We can find the least-squares line, Y = Mx + b, using Y = ln y. Then, use M = m and b = ln A.
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 781
x y = ln y xy x2
0 5.02 0 0
1 5.19 5.19 1
2 5.31 10.62 4
3 5.42 16.26 9
4 5.52 22.08 16
5 5.67 28.35 25
=
(b) In the year 2005, x = 5.5 and P 155.089e0.124(5.5) ≈ 306.74 million.
=
In the year 2010, x = 6 and P 155.089e0.124(6) ≈ 326.36 million.
28. (a)
(b) For this data, n = 5, and ∑ x = 31.9, ∑ y = 330, ∑ x 2 = 238.25 and ∑ xy = 2,339.2 where x
represents the units of pollutant and y the incidence of disease. The least-squares formulas
yield m ≈ 6.73 and
b ≈ 23.05 and the least-squares line is y = 6.73x + 23.05.
29. (a) Let x denote the number of hours after the polls open and y the corresponding percentage of
registered voters that have already cast their ballots. Then
x 2 4 6 8 10
y 12 19 24 30 37
782 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
(b)
x y xy x2
2 12 24 4
4 19 76 16
6 24 144 36
8 30 240 64
10 37 370 100
30. (a)
(c) Solve 400 = 6.095t + 273.57 for t to get t ≈ 20.7. It takes about 20.7 hours to reach 400,000.
2(280,000) = 560,000
Solve 560 = 6.095t + 273.57 for t to get t ≈ 47.0. It takes about 47.0 hours for the population to
double from 280,000 to 560,000.
31. (a)
(b)
x y xy x2
0 99 0 0
4 6,360 25,440 16
8 36,064 288,512 64
12 79,477 953,724 144
16 61,109 977,744 256
20 42,156 843,120 400
24 37,726 905,424 576
28 37,991 1,063,748 784
Σx = Σy Σxy Σx 2
112 = 300,982 = 5,057,712 = 2, 240
(c) In the year 2012, when t = 32, the predicted number of cases is
y = 1,255.9(32) + 20,040.2 =60,229.
(d) No. The slope of the least squares line is positive, but since 1992, the number of cases is
decreasing. (Writing ExerciseAnswers will vary.)
32. (a)
(b) h w x = ln h y = ln w
87.9 52.4 4.48 3.96
95.3 60.3 4.56 4.10
106.7 73.1 4.67 4.29
115.4 83.7 4.75 4.43
127.2 98.0 4.85 4.58
135.8 110.2 4.91 4.70
∑ x = 28.22, ∑ y = 26.06
For this data, n = 6,
(c) Substituting y = ln w and y = ln h into the equation of the least-squares line gives ln w = 1.70 ln
h − 3.66.
Thus
w = eln w
= e1.70ln h−3.66
= e −3.66 (eln h )1.70
= 0.026h1.70 .
33. (a) ln W 4.054 4.693 5.297 5.704 5.873 6.040 6.284 6.611
ln C 1.668 2.617 3.645 4.358 4.649 4.905 5.276 5.766
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 785
(b) x y xy x2
4.054 1.668 6.762 16.435
4.693 2.617 12.282 22.024
5.297 3.645 19.308 28.058
5.704 4.358 24.858 32.536
5.873 4.649 27.304 34.492
6.040 4.905 29.626 36.482
6.284 5.276 33.154 39.489
6.611 5.766 38.119 43.705
Σx Σy Σxy Σx 2
= 44.556 = 32.884 = 191.413 = 253.221
=
(c) ln C 1.631ln W − 4.976
eln C = e1.631ln W −4.976
e −4.976
1.631
C = eln W
C = e −4.976W 1.631
C (W ) = 0.00690W 1.631
786 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
g=
x g=
y 1 Now, f ( ) (
2, − 2 =f − 2, 2 =e −2 )
( 2 ) =f ( − 2, − 2 ) =e 2 .
The three Lagrange equations are:
4x − 3y − 2 = λ and f 2,
−3x + 8y − 23 = λ So, the constrained maximum is e 2 and
x + y = 15
The first two lead to 7x − 11y = −21. the constrained minimum is e −2 .
Substitute y = 15 − x to obtain 18x = 144
or x = 8 and y = 7. 12. f ( x, y ) = ln( xy 2 )
The constrained minimum is f(8, 7) = −18. g ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 = 8
1 2
10. f ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy + 4 x + 2 y + 7 =fx = , fy
x y
g ( x, y ) = 4 x 2 + 4 xy = 1
=g x 4=
x, g y 6 y
f x = 4 x + 2 y + 4, f y = 2 y + 2 x + 2
1 2
gx =
8 x + 4 y, g y =
4x = 4λx, = 6λy
x y
2x + y + 2
We have λ = and We get λ =
1 1
and λ = 2 . Setting
4x + 2 y 2
4x 3y
x + y +1
λ= . 1 1
= 2 , we have 3 y 2 = 4 x 2 and
2x 2
4x 3y
Combining these yields y(y + 2x + 1) = 0
so y = 0 or y = −2x − 1. This leads to the since 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 = =
8, x =
2
,y
4
.
1 3 3
points ± , 0 . (Remember that x > 0 and y > 0.)
2
4 4 32
1 19 1 11 f , = ln
f , 0 = , f − , 0 =
2 2 2 2 3 3 9 3
11
The minimum value is . 13. f(x, y, z) = xyz
2 g(x, y, z) = x + 2y + 3z − 24 = 0
= f x yz = , f y xz , and f z = xy
11. f ( x, y ) = e xy
=
g x 1,=
g y 2, and g z = 3
g ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 4 = 0
The three Lagrange equations are:
f x = ye xy , and f y = xe xy yz = λ; xz = 2λ; xy = 3λ
g x = 2 x and g y = 2 y Dividing the first two leads to y = ,
x
The three Lagrange equations are: 2
dividing the first by the third leads to
ye xy = 2λx
x
xe xy = 2λy z = . Substitute in x + 2y + 3z = 24 to
3
x2 + y 2 − 4 =0 8
obtain x = 8, y = 4, and z = .
y x 3
Dividing the first two leads to = , or
x y 8 256
The maximum is f 8, 4, = .
x 2 = y 2 . Substitute in x 2 + y 2 =
4 to 3 3
obtain x = ± 2 and y = ± 2.
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 789
We have Px = λ = Py so
−0.04 x − 0.03 y + 15 =−0.1 y − 0.03 x + 40
=
0.07 y 0.01x + 25
1 2500
=y x+
7 7
Substituting into g = 700 yields x = 300 and y = 400.
300 refrigerators should be delivered to store A and 400 to store B.
Substituting this into the third equation px + qy = k. From the first two equations
aβx a (α + β) x Qx Q y
gives ax + b = k, =k = .
bα α p q
kα kα
=x = (since α + β = 1). 30. C(x, y) = px + qy
a (α + β) a
α β
aβx Q=( x, y ) Ax= y k, α + β = 1
Finally, since y = , it follows that = C x p= , Cy q
bα
= y =
aβ k α kβ Aαx α−1 yβ , Q y =
Qx = Aβ x α yβ−1
.
bα a b The first two Lagrange equations are
p= λ ( Aαx α−1 yβ ), q = λ ( Aβx α yβ−1 ).
27. λ ≈ ∆u if ∆k = $1. Since U ( x, y ) = xα y β ,
Solving for λ in each and equating yields
α xα −1 y β = λa and k = ax + by, it follows p q
α−1 β
= α β−1
that Aαx y Aβx y
α xα −1 y β Multiply both sides of the equation by
λ=
a Aαβx α yβ to get
β
αy βpx = αqy
= 1− α
ax αq βp
β 1− α = x = y or y x
α k β α βp αq
=
a b kα αq
β β Substitute x = y into the constraint
α k β α βp
=
a b kα Ax α yβ = k .
β
α k β a α
= αq α β
a bkα A y y =k
αβ β a β −1 βp
= 1−α
α β bβ k αq
y α+β =
α β −1 β β A βp
= β
α β −1b β k αq
α β y=
α β A βp
=
a b since α + β =1 and 1 − α = β. Similarly,
βp
28. C(x, y) = px + qy, Q(x, y) = c substitute y = x into the constraint
= C x p= , Cy q αq
The first two Lagrange equations are Ax α yβ = k .
p = λQx , q = λQ y β
α βp
β
Qy Ax x =k
So
p
=
q Q
or x = αq
Qx Q y p q 1−β
α+β k βp
x =
A αq
29. Let Q(x, y) be the production level curve
α
subject to px + qy = k. The three Lagrange k βp
equations then are Qx = λp, Q y = λq, and x=
A αq
794 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
=
33. Q( K , L) A[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β 34. The goal is to maximize P(K, L) subject to
the constraint C(K, L) = A, so
Since the constraint is c1K + c2 L = B, g(K, L) = C(K, L). The three Lagrange
g (K ,=L) c1K + c2 L. equations are
QK
A
= − [α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β −1
β
(−αβ K β −1 ) Divide the first two equations to eliminate
= Aα K β −1[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β −1 and
A
QL =− [α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β −1
β
(− β (1 − α ) L− β −1 )
= A(1 − α ) L− β −1[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β −1
= g K c= 1 ; g L c2
The three Lagrange equations are: x2 y 2
35. + =
1
Aα K − β −1[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β −1 4 9
= c1λ
(a) Need to maximize
f ( x, y ) = ( x − 1) + ( y − 1)
2 2
subject to
x2 y 2
Solving both for λ and equating gives g ( x, y=
) + . So,
4 9
Aα K − β −1[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β −1 f x ( x, =
y ) 2 ( x − 1)
c1
f y ( x,=
y ) 2 ( y − 1)
A(1 − α ) L− β −1[α K − β + (1 − α ) L− β ]−1/ β −1
= x
c2 g x ( x, y ) =
α K − β −1 (1 − α ) L− β −1
2
= 2
c1 c2 g y ( x, y ) = y
− β −1 9
K c1 1 − α and the three Lagrange equations are
=
L c2 α
796 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
x x ≈ 1.82 and
2 ( x − 1) =λ
2 9 (1.82 )
=y ≈ 1.25
2 5 (1.82 ) + 4
2 ( y − 1) =yλ
9 To find the maximum,
x2 y 2 f(−0.49, −2.91) ≈ 17.5082
g ( x, y ) = + =1 f(1.82, 1.25) ≈ 0.7349
4 9 Since f measures the square of the
Equating λ leads to distance, the radius is
4 ( x − 1) 9 ( y − 1) 17.5082 ≈ 4.18 miles.
=
x y
(b) Writing exercise - Answers will vary.
4 xy − 4 y = 9 xy − 9 x
=
9 x 5 xy + 4 y 36. The goal is to maximize
9x S (W , H ) = 0.0072W 0.425 H 0.725 subject
y= to the constraint
5x + 4
g(W, H) = W + H = 160.
Substituting into the constraint
equation leads to SW = 0.00306W −0.575 H 0.725
S H = 0.00522W 0.425 H −0.275
2
9x
x 5 x + 4
2
=
gW 1,= gH 1
+ =
1
4 9 The three Lagrange equations are
x2 81x 2 0.00306W −0.575 H 0.725 = λ
+ =
1
4 9 ( 5 x + 4 )2 0.00522W 0.425 H −0.275 = λ
W + H = 160
x2 9x2 It follows from the first two equations that
+ =
1
4 ( 5 x + 4 )2 0.00306W −0.575 H 0.725 = 0.00522W 0.425 H −0.275
29
Multiplying both sides by H= W
4 (5x + 4) ,
2 17
Substitute into the third equation to get
x 2 ( 5 x + 4 ) + 36 x 2 = 4 ( 5 x + 4 )
2 2
29
W+ W= 160
x 2 ( 25 x 2 + 40 x + 16 ) + 36 x 2
17
46
W = 160
= 4 ( 25 x 2 + 40 x + 16 ) 17
1,360
= W ≈ 59.13
25 x 4 + 40 x 3 + 52 x 2 23
The value for H is
= 100 x 2 + 160 x + 64
29 1,360 2,320
25 x 4 + 40 x 3 − 48 x 2 − 160 x − 64 = H = ≈ 100.87
17 23 23
=0 The surface area of Maria’s body is
Solving using a calculator or maximized by a height of 100.87 cm and
computer software, x ≈ −0.49 and a weight of 59.13 kg.
9 ( −0.49 )
=y ≈ −2.91
5 ( −0.49 ) + 4
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 797
37. Let S denote the surface area of the Substitute into the constraint equation to
bacterium. Then, get
, Y ) 2π R 2 + 2π RH .
S ( R= 4 3
πR = C
The goal is to maximize this function 3
3C
subject to the constraint π R 2 H = C R3 =
(volume is fixed, C is a constant), so 4π
3C
g ( R, Y ) = π R 2 H . R=3
4π
SR = 4π R + 2π H ; S H =
2π R;
=g R 2= π RH ; g H π R 2 ( R − 20 ) + 25 ( F − 5 ) =
2 2
39. 234
The three Lagrange equations are: The goal is to maximize F + R, subject to
4π R + 2π H =λ 2π RH the above constraint. Let T be the function
2π R = πλR 2 for the total number of foxes plus rabbits.
Then,
π R2 H = C
2 T ( F , R=
) F+R
The second equation leads to λ = ,
g ( F , R ) =( R − 20 ) + 25 ( F − 5 )
2 2
R
which leads to 2R = H, using the first
and
equation.
=
TF 1;=
T5 1
38. The constraint is the volume of the two gF =50 ( F − 5 ) ; g R =2 ( R − 20 )
hemispheres and the cylinder,
4 3 The three Lagrange equations are
V=
3
πR + πR 2 L= C. The goal is to =1 50 ( F − 5 ) λ
minimize the surface area, =1 2 ( R − 20 ) λ
S = 4πR 2 + 2πRL.
( R − 20 ) + 25 ( F − 5 ) =
2 2
The partial derivatives are 234
VR = 4πR 2 + 2πRL, S R = 8πR + 2πL, Equating λ leads to
1 1
VL = πR 2 , S L =
2πR =
The three Lagrange equations are 50 ( F − 5 ) 2 ( R − 20 )
4πR 2 + 2πRL =λ(8πR + 2πL) 2 ( R − 20 )= 50 ( F − 5 )
πR 2 = 2λπR ( R − 20 )= 25 ( F − 5 )
π
[4πR3 + 3R 2 L] =C Substituting in the constraint equation
3 leads to
Divide the first equation by the second
equation to get
4πR 2 + 2πRL λ(8πR + 2πL)
=
πR 2 2λπR
4R + 2L 4R + L
=
R R
L=0
798 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
25 ( F − 5 ) + 25 ( F − 5 ) =
2 2
234 The partial derivatives are=
f x 1,=
f y 2,
g x = y, and g y = x.
625 ( F − 5 ) + 25 ( F − 5 ) =
2 2
234
The three Lagrange equations are
650 ( F − 5 ) = 1 = λy; 2 = λx; xy = 3,200
2
234
1
From the first equation, λ = . From the
( F − 5) =
2
0.36 y
F −5 = 0.6 2
second equation λ = . Setting the two
F = 5.6 x
expressions for λ equal to each other
= 25 ( 5.6 − 5 )
and R − 20
1 2
gives = or x = 2y, and substituting
R − 20 =
15 y x
R = 35 this into the third equation yields
So, the largest total number is 560 foxes + 2 y 2 = 3, 200, y 2 = 1,600, or y = ±40.
3,500 rabbits = 4,060.
Only the positive value is meaningful in
40. Maximize subject to the context of this problem. So, y = 40,
and (since x = 2y), x = 80. That is, to
the constraint
minimize the amount of fencing, the
dimensions of the field should be
and for the constraint function 40 meters by 80 meters.
we find
42. Let x be the length and y the height of the
The Lagrange equations rectangle. The function to be maximized
are is A = xy subject to the constraint
g = x + y = 160.
= Ax y,= Ay x= , g x 1,=gy 1
y = λ, x = λ, x = y = 80
= = 6, 400 m 2
A (80)(80)
Solving this system of equations produces 43. Let f denote the volume of the parcel.
Then Then, f ( x, y ) = x 2 y.
The girth 4x plus the length y can be at
most 108 inches. The goal is to maximize
this function f(x, y) subject to the
constraint 4x + y = 108, so
g(x, y) = 4x + y.
The partial derivatives are f x = 2 xy,
Since any other test point yields a lower
value for P, this is the maximum. f y = x 2 , g x = 4, and g y = 1.
The three Lagrange equations are
41. Let f denote the amount of fencing needed
to enclose the pasture, x the side parallel 2xy = 4λ; x 2 = λ; 4x + y = 108
to the river and y the sides perpendicular xy
From the first equation, λ = , which,
to the river. Then, f(x, y) = x + 2y. 2
The goal is to minimize this function combined with the second equation, gives
subject to the constraint that the area
xy = 3,200, so g(x, y) = xy.
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 799
1 1 16
g do = − ; g di = − =Cy =
kx, g x 2=xy, g y x 2
d o2 di2 3
The three Lagrange equations are: The three Lagrange equations are:
−1 −1 1 16 16
1= λ⋅ 2 ; 1= λ⋅ 2 ; + =
1
L 6kx + ky = 2λxy; kx = λx 2 ;
3 3
do di d o di
x 2 y = 800
This leads to λ = −(d o2 ); λ = −(di ) 2 , or
Solving the first two equations for λ and
d o = di 8
Substituting into the third equation, equating yields x = y. Substituting into
9
d=o d= i 2 L and the maximum value of s 9
is 4L. the third equation yields x3 = 800, or
8
48. Think of the interior partitions as merely x = 8.93 and y = 10.04.
two spare sides. Then the volume is
50. T ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 3 xy + 5 x + 15 y + 130
=V x= 2
y 800 and the surface area
Tx = 2 x + 3 y + 5 = 0
(including the spare sides) is
Ty = 2 y + 3 x + 15 = 0
= S 6 xy + 2 x 2
The trap door is along the circumference
S x =+
6 y 4 x, S y =
6 x, Vx =
2 xy, V y =
x2 .
of the circle. Thus g ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 = 60
The three Lagrange equations are is the constraint.
6y + 4x = 2λxy g x = 2 x and g y = 2 y
6 x = λx 2 Hence the three Lagrange equations are
x 2 y = 800 2x + 3y + 5 = 2λx
Dividing the first two leads to 3y = 2x, 3x + 2y + 15 = 2λy
substituting in the third gives x2 + y 2 = 60
= x 3 1, 200 ≈ 10.6266 cm and Dividing the first equation by the second
23 and simplifying yields
= y 1, 200 ≈ 7.0844 cm. The partitions
3 3 x 2 − 3 y 2 + 15 x − 5 y =
0.
can slide anywhere desired in the interior. From the third Lagrange equation,
49. Let k be the cost per square cm of the y=
2
60 − x 2 or y =
± 60 − x 2 . First
bottom and sides. Then the cost of the top
is 2k per square cm and the cost of the substitute=y 60 − x 2 into
2k 3 x 2 − 3 y 2 + 15 x − 5 y =
0 to get
interior partitions is per square cm.
3
6 x 2 − 180 + 15 x − 5 60 − x 2 =
0.
The goal is to minimize the cost of the
box, Using a graphing utility to solve this
2k equation gives x ≈ −7.0942 and
C ( x, y ) = k ( x 2 + 4 xy ) + 2kx 2 + (2 xy ) x ≈ 4.8021.
3 The corresponding values for y are
subject to the constraint x 2 y = 800, so y ≈ 3.1101 and y ≈ 6.0779.
g ( x, y ) = x 2 y. Next substitute y =
− 60 − x 2 into
16 3 x 2 − 3 y 2 + 15 x − 5 y =
=
C x 6kx + ky 0 to get
3
6 x 2 − 180 + 15 x + 5 60 − x 2 =
0.
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 801
Using a graphing utility to solve this Then the cost function is given by
equation gives x ≈ −6.5529 and C ( x, y, z ) = 31xy + 27(2 yz + xz ) + 55 zx
x ≈ 3.8450. = 31xy + 54 yz + 82 xz
The corresponding values for y are and the constraint function is g(x, y, z) =
y ≈ −4.1303 and y ≈ −6.7243. xyz = k where k = 16,000.
Evaluate T at the four points. 31y + 82z = λ(yz),
T(−7.0942, 3.1101) ≈ 135.0 31x + 54z = λ(xz),
T(4.8021, 6.0779) ≈ 392.7 54y + 82x = λ(xy).
T(−6.5529, −4.1303) ≈ 176.5 From the first two equations it follows
T(3.8450, −6.7243) ≈ 30.8 54 y
The trap door is at (3.8450, −6.7243) and that x = , and from the last two
82
the temperature is approximately 30.8°. 31 y
equations, it follows that z = .
82
k2 1 1 1
51. E ( x, y,=
z) 2 + 2 + 2 Substituting into xyz = 16,000, we have
8m x y z (54)(31) 3
y = 16,000.
g(x, y) = xyz 822
k2 2 Thus y ≈ 40.1 ft, x ≈ 26.4 ft, and z ≈ 15.1
= −
8m x3
Ex ft.
(b) Fx =
2 x + 2 y, Fy =
2x − 2 y
dy F x+ y
Thus =
− x =
− also.
dx Fy x− y
2 y
57. F ( x, y=
) xe xy + + x ln( x + y )
x
dy
2 dy 2 xy 2
x dx − y ⋅ 1 1 dy
= x ⋅ 2 y + y ⋅ 1 + ( e )(1) +
(a) 0 ( x ) e xy + ( x ) x + y 1 + dx + ln( x + y ) ⋅ 1
dx x2
2 dy 2 2 1 dy y x x dy
=0 2 x 2 ye xy + xy 2 e xy + e xy + − + + + ln( x + y )
dx x dx x 2 x + y x + y dx
y x 2 xy 2 xy 2 2 xy 2 1 x dy
− − − − = + + +
x x + y dx
xy e e ln( x y ) 2 x ye
x 2 x+ y
2 2 y x
− xy 2 e xy − e xy + 2 − − ln( x + y ) xy 2 xy 2
e + e xy 2 y
− 2 + x +x y + ln( x + y )
dy x x+ y
= = − x
dx 2 xy 2 2
2 x ye + x + x+ y
1 x
2 x 2 ye xy + 1x + x +x y
2 2 y x
(b) =
Fx xy 2 e xy + e xy − + + ln( x + y )
x 2 x+ y
2 1 x
=
Fy 2 x 2 ye xy + +
x x+ y
2 2 y
dy Fx xy 2 e xy + e xy − 2 + x +x y + ln( x + y )
=
− =
− 2
x
dx Fy 2 x ye + 1x + x +x y
2 xy
y y 1
, y ) e x + y − x ln
58. f ( x= f x= e x + y − ln + x −
x x x
g(x, y) = x + y = 4 x
f y e x+ y −
=
y
804 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
g=
x g=
y 1 1 1
x( x + 1) + ( x + 1) = 5
y 2 2
Therefore=λ e x + y − ln + 1 and x( x + 1) + ( x + 1) =10
x ( x + 1)[ x + 1] =
10
x
λ e x+ y − .
= ( x + 1) 2 =
10
y
This gives x ≈ −4.1623, x ≈ 2.1623. This
y x leads to the points (−4.1623, −1.5811) and
e x + y − ln +=1 e x+ y −
x y (2.1623, 1.5811). We cannot use
x y (−4.1623, −1.5811) since this point leads
− ln + 1 = 0 f(x, y) to be undefined.
y x
Find
Since x + y = 4 or y = 4 − x, solve f(2.1623, 1.5811)
x 4− x = ln[2.1623 + 2(1.5811)]
− ln +1 =0
4− x x ≈ 1.6724.
Using a graphing utility, x ≈ 0.871 so
y ≈ 3.129. 1
3 1
60. f ( x, y ) = 2
+ 2+
f(0.871, 3.129) ≈ 53.484 x xy y
g(x, y) = x + 2y = 7
59. Minimize f(x, y) = ln(x + 2y) subject to 2 3
xy + y = 5. fx = − 3− 2
f(x, y) = ln(x + 2y); g(x, y) = xy + y − 5 = 0 x x y
1 2 3 2
fx = ; fy = fy = − 2− 3
x + 2y x + 2y xy y
g x = y; g y= x + 1 g x = 1 and g y = 2
The three Lagrange equations are: 2 3
We have λ = − −
and
1 3
x2 y
= λy x
x + 2y 3 2
2 2λ = − 2 − 3 .
= λ ( x + 1) xy y
x + 2y
Equating and substituting x = 7 − 2y
xy + y = 5
yields
1
From the first equation, λ = . 4 y 3 + 6(7 − 2 y ) y 2 − 3(7 − 2 y )2 − 2(7 − 2 y )3
y( x + 2 y) = 0.
From the second equation, Solving reveals the points (41.80,
λ=
2
. −17.40), (−2.77, 4.88) and (2.96, 2.02).
( x + 1)( x + 2 y ) f(2.96, 2.02) ≈ 0.86 is a maximum.
Equating these two gives f(−2.76, 4.88) ≈ −0.05 is a minimum.
( x + 1) (Note that f(41.80, −17.40) ≈ −0.00025.)
(x + 1)(x + 2y) = 2y(x + 2y) or y = .
2 2
−y
1 61. f ( x, y ) = xe x and
Substituting= y ( x + 1) into the third
2 g ( x, y ) = x + 2 y − 1= 0
2 2
equation, 2
−y 2
−y
=fx ex + ( x)(e x )(2 x)
2
−y 2
−y
f y =xe x (−1) =− xe x
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 805
f x (2 x 2 + 1)(e x − y )
2 To solve, press y = and input
=
gx = 2x gy = 4y 8x ^ 3 + 2 x 2 − 6 x − 1 for y1 = (remember
we are actually solving for y).
The three Lagrange equations are:
Use window dimensions [−4, 4]1 by
2
−y
(2 x 2 + 1)(e x )=
λ(2 x) [−4, 4]1.
2
−y Press Graph.
− xe x =
λ (4 y )
Use the zero function under the calc menu
x + 2y =
2
1 2
to find that y ≈ −0.9184, y ≈ −0.1636, and
From the first equation, y ≈ 0.832. We reject y ≈ −0.9184 and
2
−y y ≈ 0.832 since these would result in x
(2 x 2 + 1)(e x )
λ= . being undefined. If y = −0.1636, then
2x
x = ±0.9729.
− xe x − y
2
From the second equation, λ = . The two points for consideration are
4y (0.9729, −0.1636) and
Equating these and simplifying, (−0.9729, −0.1636).
8x2 y + 4 y =
−2 x 2 Press y =.
2 x 2 (1 + 4 y ) =−4 y Input xe ^ ( x 2 − L1 ) for y1 = .
2y From the home screen, input {−0.1636}
x2 = − sto→ 2nd L1.
4y +1
Substituting this into the third equation, Press Graph.
2y Use the value function under the calc
− + 2 y2 =1 menu to find f(0.9729, −0.1636) ≈ 2.952
4y +1
and f(−0.9729, −0.1636) ≈ −2.952
−2 y + 2 y 2 (4 y + 1) = 4 y + 1 The maximum point is (0.9729, −0.1636).
8 y2 + 2 y2 − 6 y −1 =0
ln 2 0 x =1
dx dy
ln 2 0 1
∫0 ∫−1 2 xe dx dy = ∫ ∫−1 2 xe I =x(e x − x) − ∫ (e x − x) dx
y y
3.
0 x =0 0
ln 2 2 y 0 x =1
= ∫ x e dy x2
0 −1 = e −1 − 0 − ex −
2
ln 2 x =0
= ∫0 [−e y ]dy
=
1
ln 2 2
= −e y
0
= −1
y dx dy = ∫ ∫ x 2 y dy dx
4 1 4 1
∫0 ∫−1 x
2
7.
0 −1
3 1 3 y =1
1
∫2 ∫−1 ∫ ( xy + y )
( x + 2 y ) dy dx = 2
4. dx 4 y2 2
2 y =−1 =∫ x dx
3 0 2
= ∫ 2 x dx −1
2
x =3 =0
= x2
x =2 1 5 1 x =5
∫0 ∫1 y 1 − y 2 dx dy
= ∫0 x x=1 y 1 − y
2
=5 8. dy
1
3 1 2 xy 3 1 2 xy = 4 ∫ y 1 − y 2 dy
5. ∫1 ∫0 x2 + 1 dx dy = ∫1 ∫0 x2 + 1 dx dy 0
y =1
(1 − y 2 )3/ 2
3 1 = −2
= ∫ y ln( x 2 + 1) dy 3
1 0 2 y =0
3 4
= ∫ y ln 2 dy =
1 3
3
1
= ln 2 y 2
2 1 3 2 x+ y 3 2 1 1
= 4ln 2
9. ∫2 ∫1 =
xy
dy dx ∫2 ∫1 y + x dy dx
2
3 y
6. I = ∫
1 1 2 xy
0 0 ∫
x e dy dx = ∫2 ln( y ) + x dx
1
1 xy y =1 3
= ∫ xe dx = ( x ln 2 + ln x ) 2
0 y =0
3
1 = ln 2 + ln
= ∫0 x(e − 1) dx
x
2
= ln 3
u=x = (e x − 1) dx
dv
du = dx =
v ex − x
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 807
2 3 y x 1 1− y
10.
∫1 ∫2 x + y dy dx 13. ∫0 ∫y −1 (2 x + y)dx dy
1 1− y
2 y2
y =3 = ∫0 ∫y −1 (2 x + y)dx dy
= ∫ + x ln y dx
1 2x 1 1− y
y =2 = ∫0 ( x + xy )
2
dy
y −1
2 5 3
= ∫1 2 x + x ln 2 dx =
1
∫0 [[(1 − y)
2
+ (1 − y ) y ]
x =2
5 x2 3 − [( y − 1) 2 + ( y − 1) y ]]dy
= ln x + ln 1
2 2 2 = ∫0 2 y − 2 y
2
dy
x =1
5 3 1
= ln 2 + (ln 3 − ln 2) 2 y3
2 2 = y − 2
( )
3
= ln 6 3 0
1
=
3
4 x 2 4 x
11. ∫0 ∫0 x y dy dx = ∫ ∫ x 2 y dy dx
0 0 1 x 1 y=x
x
14. ∫0 ∫x 2 2 xy dy dx = ∫ xy 2
0 y = x2
dx
4 x2 y2 dx
=∫ 1
= ∫0 x( x − x )dx
2 4
0 2
0
1 3
= ∫0 ( x − x ) dx
5
4 x3
=∫ dx 1
0 2 x 4 x6
4 4 = −
=
x 4 6
0
8 1 1
0 = − −0
= 32 4 6
1
1 5 =
12. ∫0 ∫1 xy 1 − y 2 dx dy 12
x =5
x2
xy dy dx = ∫ ∫ x1/2 y1/2 dy dx
1 1 4 1 4
= ∫ y 1− y ∫0 ∫0
2
dy 15.
0 2 0 0
x =1
1 1 1/2 3/2 4
∫0 y 1 − y 2 (25 − 1) dy
1 2x y
= =∫ dx
2
0 3
1 0
= 12 ∫ y 1 − y 2 dy
0 1 16 x1/2
1 1 =∫ dx
=12 − ∫ (−2 y ) 1 − y 2 dy 0 3
2 0 1
2 32 x3/2
=−6 (1 − y 2 )3/ 2
1
=
9
3 0 0
=−4(0 − 1) 32
=
=4 9
808 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
1 2 x y− x y =2 x
dy dx = ∫ e y − x
1 10− y 2
∫0 ∫x
3
16. e
0 y= x
dx 18. ∫0 ∫y 2
/4
xy dx dy
1
= ∫0 (e − 1) dx
x =x 10− y 2
3 x2
=∫ y dy
= [e x − x]10 0 2
x= y / 4
2
= (e − 1) − (1 − 0)
= e−2 1 3 y4
2 ∫0
= (10 − y 2
) − y dy
16
xy dy dx = ∫ ∫ xy dy dx
e ln x e ln x
17. ∫1 ∫0 1 3 3 y
5
2 ∫0
1 0 = 10 y − y − dy
2 ln x 16
xy
=∫ dx
e
3
1 2 1 2 y4 y6
0 = 5 y − −
2 4 96
e x (ln x ) 2 0
=∫ dx 1 81 729
1 = 45 − − −0
2 4 96
2
Using integration by parts with u = (ln x) 2
549
x =
and dV = dx 64
2
x2 ex
e
19. Solving x 2 = 3 x yields x = 0 and x = 3.
= (ln x) 2 − ∫ ln x dx Similarly, after solving each equation for
4 1 2
1 y
2 x, y = when y = 0 and y = 9. So, R
e x e 3
4 ∫1 2
= − ln x dx
can be described in terms of vertical cross
Using integration by parts again, with sections by 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 and x 2 ≤ y ≤ 3 x and
x in terms of horizontal cross sections by
u = ln x and dV = dx
2 y
0 ≤ y ≤ 9 and ≤ x ≤ y .
e 3
e2 x 2 ex
= − ln x − ∫ dx
4 4 1 4 20.
1
e
e 2 x 2 x2
= − ln x −
4 4 8
1
2 2
e e e 2
1
= − − − 0 −
4 4 8 8
e2 − 1
=
8
The graphs intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1).
Vertical cross sections:
The region is below y = x and above
y = x2 .
R: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x 2 ≤ y ≤ x
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 809
= ∫ ∫ 3 xy 2 dx dy
0 2
y = 0.
−1 −1
R: 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 − x
Horizontal cross sections: 2 22
0 3x y
The region extends from x = 1 on the left =∫ dy
−1 2
to x = 2 − y on the right. −1
R: 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 − y 0 9 y2
=∫ dy
23. Solving ln x = 0 yields x = 1, with the −1 2
0
second boundary given as x = e. Similarly, 3 y3
solving y = ln x for x yields x = e y , with =
2
the second boundary given as y = 0. So, R −1
3
can be described in terms of vertical cross =
sections by 1 ≤ x ≤ e and 0 ≤ y ≤ ln x and 2
in terms of horizontal cross sections by Note: problem can be equivalently
2 0
0 ≤ y ≤ 1 and e y ≤ x ≤ e. ∫−1 ∫−13xy
2
worked as dy dx.
810 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
26. 27. Since the line joining the points (0, 0) and
(1, 1) is y = x,
1 x
∫∫ xe dA = ∫ ∫
y
xe y dy dx
0 0
R
= ∫ ∫ xe y dy dx
1 x
0 0
1 y x
= ∫ xe dx
0 0
1
= ∫0 ( xe − x)dx
x
Use vertical cross sections, the region R
can be described as R: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 1 x 1
0 ≤ y ≤ 2 − 2x. = ∫0 xe dx − ∫0 x dx
1
x2
∫∫ ( x + 2 y) dA
1
= ∫ xe dx − x
0 2
R 0
1 2− 2 x
= ∫0 ∫0 ( x + 2 y ) dy dx = ∫ xe dx −
0
11 x
1 y = 2− 2 x 2
= ∫0 ( xy + y 2 )
y =0
dx Using integration by parts with u = x and
1 dV = e x dx
= ∫0 [ x(2 − 2 x) + (2 − 2 x) 2 − 0] dx 1
=xe x − ∫ e x dx −
1 1
1
∫0 (2 x − 6 x + 4) dx
0 2
= 2 0
1 1
1 = ( xe x − e x ) −
2 0 2
= x3 − 3 x 2 + 4 x 1
3 0 =
2
2
= − 3 + 4 − 0 Note: problem can be equivalently
3 1 y
∫0 ∫0 xe
y
5 worked as dx dy.
=
3
28.
x3 ≤ y ≤ x . 30.
1 x
∫∫ 48 xy dA = ∫0 ∫x 3 48 xy dy dx
R
1 y= x
= ∫ 24 xy 2 dx
0 y = x3
1
= ∫0 24 x( x − x ) dx
6
1
= ∫0 (24 x − 24 x ) dx
2 7
− [( y − 1) 2 + ( y − 1)]]dy
1
= ∫0 (2 − 2 y)dy
1
= (2 y − y 2 )
0
=1
812 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
16 2 3
= = (ln 5 − ln1)
− 2ln 2 − 2
3 3
3ln 5
14 =
= − 2ln 2 2
3
34.
2 4− x 2
37. The region for ∫0 ∫0 f ( x, y )dy dx is
40.
e2 2
41. The region for ∫1 ∫ln x f ( x, y)dy dx is
bounded above by y = 2 and below by
y = ln x. It is bounded on the left by x = 1
Using vertical cross sections, the region and on the right by x = e2 . So, the region
x
can be described as 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, ≤ y ≤ 1. is:
2
1 2y 2 x/2
∫0 ∫0 f ( x, y )dx dy = ∫ ∫
0 0
f ( x, y )dy dx
1 x
39. The region for ∫0 ∫x 3 f ( x, y )dy dx is
bounded above by y = x and below by
y = x3 . It is bounded on the left by x = 0
and on the right by x = 1. So, the region
is: Reversing the integration yields
2 ey
∫0 ∫1 f ( x, y )dx dy.
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 815
1 y +1
∫−1 ∫− y +1
f ( x, y ) dx dy
2 1
=∫
2 ∫x −1
f ( x, y ) dy dx
− 2
Using horizontal cross sections, the region 45. The line joining the points (−4, 0) and
can be described as 1 ≤ y ≤ 3, 0 ≤ x ≤ ln x. (2, 6) is y = x + 4, with the bottom
ln 3 3 boundary being y = 0. So, the area of R is
∫0 ∫e f ( x, y) dy dx 2 x+4 2 x+4
∫−4 ∫0 (1)dy dx = ∫−4 ∫0 1dy dx
x
3 ln x
=∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dx dy x+4
= ∫ y 0 dx
1 0 2
−4
1 2 2
43. The region for ∫−1 ∫x +1 f ( x, y)dy dx is
2 = ∫−4 ( x + 4)dx
bounded above by y = 2 and below by 2
x2
=y x 2 + 1. It is bounded on the left by = + 4x
2
x = −1 and on the right by x = 1. So, the −4
region is: = 18
46.
47. Solving
1 2
x = 2 x yields x = 0 and x = 4. 49. Solving x 2 − 4 x + 3 = 0 yields x = 1 and
2 x = 3. So, the area of R is
So, the area of R is 3 x 2 − 4 x +3
(1)dy dx = ∫ ∫ 2 1 dy dx
3 0
4 2x 4 2x ∫1 ∫0 1 x − 4 x +3
∫0 ∫x2 /2 (1)dy dx = ∫0 ∫x2 /21dy dx
= ∫ y x 2 −4 x +3 dx
3 0
= ∫ y x 2 /2 dx
4 2x 1
0 3
= ∫1 (− x + 4 x − 3)dx
2
4 x2
= ∫ 2 x − dx 3
0 2 x3
=− + 2 x 2 − 3x
4 3
x3 1
= x2 −
6 =
4
0 3
16
=
3 50.
48.
x2 ≤ y ≤ x . −1 y =0
=∫ y dx
−5 y =x + 6 x +5
2
1 x 1 y= x −1
∫0 ∫x dy dx = ∫ y = ∫−5 [0 − ( x + 6 x + 5)] dx
2
dx
2
0 y = x2
−1
∫0 ( ) 1
1
= x − x 2 dx =
− x3 + 3 x 2 + 5 x
1 3 −5
2 1
1
= x3/ 2 − x3 125
3 3 0 =− − + 3 − 5 − − + 75 − 25
3 3
2 1
= − =
32
3 3 3
1
=
3 51. Solving ln x = 0 yields x = 1, with the
other boundary given as x = e. So, the area
of R is
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 817
3 4− y
(1)dy dx = ∫ ∫ 1 dy dx
e ln x e ln x 4− y
∫1 ∫0
3
1 0 ∫0 ∫ y / 3 (1)dx dy = ∫ ∫
0 y /3
1 dy dx
e ln x
= ∫ y 0 dx 3 4− y
= ∫ x y / 3 dy
1 0
e
= ∫ ln x dx 3 y
1 = ∫ 4 − y − dy
Using integration by parts with u = ln x 0 3
and dV = dx 3 3y
= ∫ 4 − y dy − ∫ dy
e 0 0 3
= x ln x 1 − ∫ 1 dx
e
1 3
3 y2
=
e
( x ln x − x) 1 = ∫0 4 − y dy −
6
=1 0
3 3
= ∫ 4 − y dy −
52. 0 2
Using substitution with u = 4 − y,
1 3
= ∫ u1/2 − du −
4 2
1 1/2 3
= − ∫ u du −
4 2
4 1/2 3
= ∫ u du −
1 2
Using horizontal cross sections, the region 4
2 3/2 3
= u −
can be described as 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤ x ≤ e x . 3 1 2
1 ey 1 x =e y 19
∫0 ∫y dx dy = ∫ x x = y dy
0
=
6
1 y
= ∫0 (e − y ) dy 54.
1
1
= e y − y2
2 0
1
= e − − 1
2
3
= e−
2
= ∫ ∫ xe − y dy dx
1 2
2 1 0 0
∫−2 ∫−1(9 − x − y 2 ) dx dy
2
56. 1 2
x =1 = ∫ − xe − y dx
0 0
x3
2
= ∫ 9x − − y2 x dy
=∫ (− xe−2 + x)dx
1
−2 3
x =−1 0
2 52 1 −2
= ∫ − 2 y 2 dy
−2 3
= ∫0 (1 − e ) x dx
1
2 x2 −2
52 2 = (1 − e )
= y − y3 2
3 3 −2 0
176 e −1
2
= =
3 2e 2
1 1
= 1− 2
2 e
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 819
62.
820 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
15 ∫−2
= 2x − − − dx 2 ln x 3
3 2 3 =∫ ln dx
1 x 2
1 3
=
15 ∫−2
(1.5 x 2 − 6 x)dx
(ln x) 2 3
x =2
3 = ln
1 x3 2 2 x =1
= − 3x
2
15 2
(ln 2) 2 3
−2 = ln
1 2 2
= ≈ 0.1667
6
3
69. The area of the rectangular region is .
1 4 3 y x 2
=
66. AV ∫ ∫ + dy dx
(3)(2) 1 1 x y
The line joining the points (0, 0) and
x
y =3 (3, 1) is y = .
1 4 y2 3
= ∫
6 1 2 x
+ x ln y
dx
1 3 1
y =1 f av = 3 ∫ ∫ 6 xy dy dx
0 x/3
1 4 4 2
= ∫
6 x
+ x ln 3 dx
2 3 21
3 ∫0
1
= 3 xy dx
1 x =4 x / 3
= (4ln x + 0.5(ln 3) x 2 )
6 x =1 2 3 x3
3 ∫0
= 3 x − dx
=
2 5
ln 4 + ln 3 3
3 4 3
2 3x 2 x 4
67. The area of the rectangular region is 2. = −
3 2 12
1 2 1 2 0
f av = ∫ ∫ xye x y dx dy 9
2 0 0 =
2
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 821
70.
u = ln10 x 2 and dV = dx 1 1 3 x2 y 1 1 x2 y 2
2 V =x
75. ∫0 ∫0 x e dy dx = ∫
0 ∫0
xe x dy dx
du = dx Using substitution with u = x 2 y,
x
ln 2.5 3 2 1 x2
=∫ ∫
3
= x ln10 x 2 − ∫ x ⋅ dx 0 0
xeu du dx
2 1 1 x
ln 2.5 1 x2
= [ x ln10 x 2 − 2 x]13 = ∫ x eu dx
0
2 0
ln 2.5
= [(3ln 90 − 6) − (ln10 − 2)] 1 x2
2
= ∫0 ( xe − xe0 )dx
≈ 3.297 1 x 2 1
= ∫0 xe dx − ∫ x dx
0
2 1
74. I = ∫ ∫
xy
ye dx dy Using substitution with u = x , 2
1 −1
2 xy x =1 1 1 u 1
=∫
1
e
x =−1
dy = ∫
2 0
e du − ∫ x dx
0
1
(e − e − y ) dy
2 y
= ∫ =
1 u 1 x2
−
2 0 2
1 e
−y 2
= (e + e y
) 0
1 1 1 0 1
= (e − e ) − − 0
= e 2 + e −2 − (e + e −1 ) 2 2
1
= e −1
2
e−2
=
2
76.
1 x3 y = x
2 1
x3 1 x 2 x3 1 2 x3 1 x3 1
∫∫ e =
dA ∫∫
0 0
e dy=
dx ∫
0
e y
y =0
=
dx ∫
0
x e =dx
3
e = (e − 1)
0 3
R
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 823
1 7 5
77.=
Qav
35 ∫ 0 ∫0
(2 x 3 + 3x 2 y + y 3 )dx dy
1 7 5
= ∫
35 0
(0.5 x 4 + x 3 y + xy 3 ) dy
0
1 7 5
= ∫
35 0
x (0.5 x 3 + x 2 y + y 3 ) dy
0
=
1 7
7 ∫0
(
62.5 + 25 y + y 3 dy )
7
1 25 y3
= y 62.5 + y+
7 2 4
0
175 343
= 62.5 + + = 235.75
2 4
1 324 305
200 − 24 x + 4(0.1y + 3)3/2 dy dx
(35)(9) 289 ∫296
∫
=
78. AV
1 324 y = 305
= ∫ 200 y − 24 x y + 16(0.1 y + 3)5/2 dx
315 289 y =296
1 324
315 ∫289
≈ [8,640.215 − 216 x1/2 ]dx
324
1
= (8,640.215 x − 144 x )3/2
315 289
≈ 540
Approximately 540 bicycles will be sold.
89 125
=
79. P ( xy ) ∫70 ∫100 [( x − 30)(70 + 5 x − 4 y) + ( y − 40)(80 − 6 x + 7 y)]dx dy
89 125
= ∫70 ∫100 [5 x + 7 y 2 + 160 x − 10 xy − 80 y − 5,300]dx dy
2
89 125
= ∫70 [1.6667 x + 7 xy 2 + 80 x 2 − 5 x 2 y − 80 xy − 5,300 x]
3
dy
100
89
= [1,906,041.67 y + 58.33 y 3 − 15.062.5 y 2 ]
70
= 1.1826(107 )
The area is (125 − 100)(89 − 70) = 475.
1.1826(107 )
The average profit is = 24,896.8 or $2,489,800.
475
824 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
3 2 −0.01x −0.05 y
80.=
Value ∫1 ∫0 (250 + 17 x)e dy dx
3 2 −0.01x −0.05 y
= ∫1 ∫0 (250 + 17 x)e e dy dx
y =2
−20 ∫ (250 + 17 x)e −0.01x e −0.05 y
3
= dx
1 y =0
1 1 −0.01x
81.=
Value ∫−1 ∫−1(300 + x + y)e dx dy
−0.01x
+ xe −0.01x ]dx dy
1 1
= ∫−1 ∫−1[(300 + y)e
x =1
(300 + y ) −0.01x
− 100 xe −0.01x − 10,000e −0.01x
1
= ∫ e dy
−1 −0.01 x =−1
− 40,100e −0.01 + (100e0.01 − 100e −0.01 ) y ]dy
1
= ∫−1[39,900e
0.01
400 xe − y dy dx
1 x
82. Value = ∫ ∫
0 0
1 − y y=x
= ∫0 (−400 xe )
y =0
dx
= 400 ∫ ( x − xe− x ) dx
1
0
1
1
= 400 x 2 + xe − x + e − x
2 0
1
= 400 2e−1 −
2
≈ 94.3 thousand dollars or $94,300
83. p ( x, y ) = x ln y
Need to find
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 825
5 3
∫ ∫ x ln ydxdy
1 0
3
x2
5
= ∫ ln y dy
1
2 0
9
5
= ∫ 2 ln y − 0 dy
1
Using integration by parts,
9
u = ln y and dV = dy
2
1 9
du = dy V= y
y 2
So,
5 5 5
9 9 9
∫1=
2
ln ydy
2
y ln y
1
− ∫ dy
1
2
5 5 5
9 9 9
= y ln y − y = ( y ln y − y )
2 1 2 1 2 1
9 9
= ( 5ln 5 − 5) − ( 0 =
− 1) ( 5ln 5 − 4 )
2 2
≈ 18.212
So, approximately 18,212 people are positively influenced.
84.
Need to find
90
85. = (2 x + y 2 ) miles
E ( x, y )
5, 280
0.01705 3 4
12 ∫0 ∫0
=Eav (2 x + y 2 )dx dy
3
= 0.00142 ∫ (16 + 4 y 2 )dy
0
3
= 0.00142(16 y + 1.333 y 3 )
0
= 630 ft.
=
86. AV
1 1 3
∫
3 0 0∫ (
10 + xye1− x − y dy dx
2 2
)
( )
y =3
1 1
= ∫ 10 y − 0.5 xe1− x − y
2 2
dx
3 0 y =0
1 1
(
=∫ 30 − 0.5 xe−8− x + 0.5 xe1− x dx
3 0
2 2
)
( )
x =1
1
30 x + 0.25e−8− x − 0.25e1− x
2 2
=
3 x =0
1 −9 −8
= (119 + e − e + e)
12
≈ 10.14
0
2 (4 − x 2 )3
= ∫−2 − − − −
2 2 2
20(4 x ) x (4 x ) dx
3
2 4 64 − 48 x + 12 x − x
2 4 6
= ∫−2 − − + −
2 2
80 20 x 4 x x dx
3
2 176 4 x
6
= ∫−2 3 − 8 x − 3x + 3 dx
2
2
176 8 3 3 5 1 7
= 3 x − x − x + x
3 5 21 −2
352 64 96 128 352 64 96 128
= 3 − 3 − 5 + 21 − − 3 + 3 + 5 − 21
17, 408
= ≈ 165.79 m 3
105
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 827
30 20
= ∫−30 ∫−20 (12 − 0.003x − 0.005 y 2 ) dy dx
2
88. (a) Volume
y = 20
30 0.005 3
= ∫ 12 y − 0.003 x 2 y − y dx
−30 3 y =−20
30 1,360
= ∫−30 3
− 0.12 x 2 dx
30
1,360
= x − 0.04 x3
3 −30
= 25,040 m3
1 313
=
(b) AV =
(25,040) ≈ 10.43 m
60(40) 30
2 2 1
= ∫−2 ∫−2 1 − 9 ( x + y 2 ) dy dx
2
89. E
y =2
2 1 y3
=∫ y − x 2 y + dx
−2
9 3
y =−2
x =2
4 x3 16 x
= 4x − −
27 27
x =−2
64
= 28 −
27
304
=
27
3
90. z =6− x − 2y
2
3 3
The trace in the xy plane is the line 6 or y =
x + 2y = − x + 3.
2 4
828 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
4 − 34 x +3 3
=
Volume ∫0 ∫0 6 − x − 2 y dy dx
2
3
y=
− x +3
4 3 4
= ∫ 6 y − xy − y 2 dx
0 2 y =0
4
2
3 3 3 3
∫0 4 2 4 4 dx
=
6 − x + 3 − x − x + 3 − − x + 3
4 9
= ∫ ( x 2 − 8 x + 16) dx
0 16
4
9 1 3
= x − 4 x + 16 x
2
16 3 0
9 1 3
= (4 ) − 4(4) 2 + 16(4)
16 3
= 12
The volume is 12 cubic inches.
92. P = ∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) dA
R
2 4 2 −0.01x
=∫
−2 ∫ y
1,000 y
2 e dx dy
2 2 −0.01x x = 4
= ∫−2 (−100,000 y e )
x= y2
dy
2 2 −0.04 2 −0.01 y 2
∫ (−100,000 y e + 100,000 y e
=
−2
)dy
≈ 8, 293.3
The total population in the region is 8,293.
93. p ( x, y ) = xy
Need to find
∫ ∫ p ( x, y )dydx
R
To determine the limits of integration, find the x-value where the graphs intersect and solve the
graph equations for y. Then,
4 32 − x 2
=∫ ∫ xydydx
0 x
x 4 32 − x 2
= ∫ y 2 dx
2
0
x
4
x x3
= ∫ ( 32 − x 2 ) − dx
0
2 2
4
= ∫ (16 x − x ) dx
3
0
4
x4
= 8x − 2
4 0
( 4)
4
= 8 ( 4 ) − =
− 0 64
2
4
So, approximately 64,000 people are susceptible.
94.
Need to find
830 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
(a)
(b) No; it could only be interpreted as the person’s average surface area from birth until his/her
adult weight and height was first reached.
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 831
and f xx > 0 2 1 1 2 2 xy
∫0 ∫−1 x e dx dy = ∫
−1 ∫0
2 xy
(b) x e dy dx
So, (−1, −1) is a relative minimum.
1 2
= ∫ ∫ xe xy x dy dx
−1 0
4. (a) f ( x, y=) x2 + y 2
Using substitution with u = xy,
g ( x, y )= x + 2 y 1 2x u
=f x 2 x= ; f y 2 y=
; g x 1;=
gy 2 = ∫ x∫ e du dx
−1 0
1 u 2x
The three Lagrange equations are = ∫ xe dx
2x = λ; 2y = 2λ; x + 2y = 4 −1 0
Equating λ from the first two 1
= ∫−1 x(e − e )dx
2x 0
equations gives 2x = y.
Substituting in the third equation 1
= ∫−1( xe − x)dx
2x
4 8
gives x = . Then, y = and the 1 1
= ∫−1 xe dx − ∫−1 x dx
2x
5 5
minimum value of the function is
Using integration by parts with
4 8 16
f , = . u = x and dV = e 2 x dx
5 5 5
du = dx 1
V = e2 x
(b) f ( x, y ) = xy 2 2
1
x 1 1 2x 1
g ( x,=
y) 2 x2 + y 2 =e 2 x −∫ e dx − ∫ x dx
2 −1 2 −1
−1
=f x y=
2
=
; f y 2 xy ; g x 4=
x; g y 2 y 1
x 1 x2
The three Lagrange equations are = e2 x − e2 x −
2 4 2
y 2 = 4λx; 2xy = 2λy −1
2 x2 + y 2 = 1 1 1
6 = e2 − e2 −
Solving the first two equations for λ 2 4 2
1 1 1
and equating gives y 2 = 4 x 2 . − − e −2 − e −2 −
Substituting into the third equation 2 4 2
1 2 3 −2
gives x = −1, 1. When x = −1, y = −2 = e + e
or 2. When x = 1, y = −2, or 2. So, the 4 4
1 2
critical points are (−1, −2), (−1, 2), = (e + 3e −2 )
(1, −2), and (1, 2). 4
f(−1, −2) = f(−1, 2) = −4 and 1 2 3
= e + 2
f(1, −2) = f(1, 2) = 4 4 e
So, the maximum value of f is 4, and 1 e +3
4
the minimum value of f is −4. = 2
4 e
4 2 e4 + 3
x y =
=∫
3 2 3 3
5. (a) ∫ ∫
−1 0
x y dx dy
−1 4
dy 4e 2
0
3
= ∫ 4 y dy
−1
3
= (2 y 2 )
−1
= 16
834 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
1
2
= ∫ y ln x ( y
1 ) dy ( )
7. U ( x, y ) = ln x 2 y ; g(x, y) = 20x + 50y
2
= ∫ y ln y dy 1 2
1
Ux = ⋅ 2x y =
Using integration by parts with x2 y x
u = ln y and dV = y dy
1 1 1
y2 2y Uy = ⋅ x 2 y −1/2 =
ln y 1 − ∫ dy
2
= 2
x y 2 2y
2 1 2
2 = =
g x 20; g y 50
y2 y2
= ln y − The three Lagrange equations are
2 4
2 1
1
= 20λ; = 50λ; 20x + 50y = 500
1 x 2y
= (2ln 2 − 1) − 0 −
4 Solving the first two equations for λ and
3 equating gives x = 10y. Substituting in the
= 2ln 2 −
4 third equation gives y = 2, from which
follows that x = 20. So, Everett should
2 2− x buy 20 DVDs and 2 video games.
(d) ∫0 ∫0 xe − y dy dx
2 2− x 8. =
E 0.05( xy − 2 x 2 − y 2 + 95 x + 20 y )
= ∫0 ( − xe − y ) dx
0 E=x 0.05( y − 4 x + 95)
2 x −2
∫ xe
=−
0
+ x dx E x = 0 when 4x − y = 95
Using integration by parts with E=y 0.05( x − 2 y + 20)
u = −x and dV = e x −2 dx E y = 0 when −x + 2y = 20
2 2 2
− xe x − 2
= − ∫ − e x − 2 dx + ∫ x dx Solving the system of equations by
0 0 0 multiplying the first by two and adding to
x −2 2 2 x −2 2 the second gives x = 30 units of A, so
=
− xe +∫ e dx + x dx ∫ y = 25 units of B. Since the combined
0 0 0
2 dosage is less than 60 units, there will not
x −2 x −2 x
2
be a risk of side effects. Further, this is an
=
− xe +e +
2 equivalent dosage of
0 E(30, 25) = 83.75 units, it will be
( 2e0 + e0 + 2) − (0 + e −2 + 0)
=− effective.
1
= 1− 2 9. The area of the rectangular region is 2.
e
1 1 2
e2 − 1 TAV = ∫ ∫ 10 ye − xy dx dy
= 2 2 0 0
e Using substitution with u = −xy and
6. Q( K , L) = 120 K 3/4 L1/4
90 L1/4 30 K 3/4
=QK = ; QL
K 1/4 L3/4
When K = 1,296 thousand dollars and
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 835
−du = y dy,
1 1 −2 y
2 ∫0
= −10eu dx
0
1
−5∫ ( e −2 y − 1)dy
=
0
1
1
=−5 − e −2 y − y
2 0
1 1
=−5 − e −2 − 1 − − e0 − 0
2 2
1 1
=−5 − e −2 − 1 +
2 2
1 −2 1
=−5 − e −
2 2
5 −2
= ( e + 1)°C
2
10. Let x denote the year of operation and y the corresponding profit, in millions of dollars.
(a)
(b) x y xy x2
1 1.03 1.03 1
2 1.52 3.04 4
3 2.03 6.09 9
4 2.41 9.64 16
5 2.84 14.20 25
Review Exercises
y x y
1. f ( x, y ) = 2 x3 y + 3 xy 2 + 5. f ( x, =
y) +
x y x
y
f x = 6 x2 y + 3 y 2 − = x1/2 y −1/2 + x −1/2 y1/2
2
x 1 −1/2 −1/2 1 −3/2 1/2
1 = fx x y − x y
f y = 2 x3 + 6 xy + 2 2
x 1 y
= − 3/2
2. f ( x=
, y ) ( xy 2 + 1)5 2 xy 2 x
1 1
fx =5( xy 2 + 1) 4 ( y 2 ) =5 y 2 ( xy 2 + 1) 4 − x1/ 2 y −3/ 2 + x −1/ 2 y −1/ 2
fy =
2 2
fy =
5( xy 2 + 1) 4 (2 xy ) =
10 xy ( xy 2 + 1) 4 x 1
=
− 3/ 2 +
2y 2 xy
3. f ( x, y ) = x ( x − y 2 ) = x3/2 − x1/2 y 2
= fx
3 1/2 1 −1/2 2
x − x y 6. f ( x, =
y ) x ln( x 2 − y ) + y ln( y − 2 x)
2 2 2x −2
3 y2 f=
x ln( x − y ) + x 2
2
+ y
= x− x − y y − 2x
2 2 x
3x − y 2 2 x2 2y
= = ln( x 2 − y ) + 2 −
2 x x − y y − 2x
fy =
−2 x1/2 y =
−2 y x −1 1
=fy x 2 + ln( y − 2 x) + y
x − y
y − 2x
, y ) xe − y + ye − x
4. f ( x= x y
=− 2 + ln( y − 2 x) +
f x e − y − ye − x
= x −y y − 2x
− xe − y + e − x
fy =
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 837
x3 − xy xy
10. f ( x, y ) = ln = ln x + ln y − ln( x + 3 y )
7. f ( x, y ) =
x+ y x + 3y
1 1 3y
( x + y )(3 x 2 − y ) − ( x3 − xy )(1) fx = − =
fx = x x + 3 y x( x + 3 y )
( x + y )2
1 3 x
2 x3 + 3 x 2 y − y 2 fy = − =
= y x + 3 y y( x + 3 y)
( x + y )2
( x + y )(− x) − ( x3 − xy )(1) 11. f ( x, y ) = e x
2
+ y2
fy =
( x + y )2 2
+ y2
f x = 2 xe x
−x − x
3 2
= =f xx (2 x)(2 xe x
2
+ y2
) + (e x
2
+ y2
)(2)
( x + y) 2
2
+y 2
− x 2 ( x + 1) = 2e x (2 x 2 + 1)
=
( x + y)2
2
+ y2
f y = 2 ye x
2
+ y2 2
+ y2
8. f ( x, y ) = xye xy =f yy (2 y )(2 ye x ) + (e x )(2)
2
+y 2
=
f x ( xy )(e xy ⋅ y ) + (e xy )( y ) = 2e x (2 y 2 + 1)
= ye xy ( xy + 1)
2
+ y2
f=
xy f=
yx 4 xye
x
=
f y ( xy )(e xy ⋅ x) + (e xy )( x)
= xe xy ( xy + 1) 12. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 3 − 2 xy 2
f=
x 2x − 2 y
2
x2 − y 2 =
f y 3 y 2 − 4 xy
9. f ( x, y ) =
2x + y
f xx = 2
(2 x + y )(2 x) − ( x − y )(2)
2 2
f xy = −4 y
fx =
(2 x + y )2 = 6 y − 4x
f yy
2 x 2 + 2 xy + 2 y 2 f yx = −4 y
=
(2 x + y ) 2
2( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) 13. f(x, y) = x ln y
= x
(2 x + y )2 f x = ln y fy =
f xx = 0
y
(2 x + y )(−2 y ) − ( x 2 − y 2 )(1)
fy = f yy = −
x
(2 x + y ) 2 y2
− x − 4 xy − y
2 2
1
= f= f=
(2 x + y ) 2 xy yx
y
14. f ( x=
, y ) (5 x 2 − y )3
fx =
3(5 x 2 − y ) 2 (10 x) =
30 x(5 x 2 − y ) 2
fy =3(5 x 2 − y ) 2 (−1) =−3(5 x 2 − y ) 2
838 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
(b) f (=
x, y ) xe=
y
, f x e=
y
, f y xe y , and
dy f −e y 1
so = − x =y = − , which is
dx f y xe x
the slope of the tangent line at any
point on the level curve. When x = 2
(b) When f = 0, the level curve is dy 1
the slope is m = = − .
6x + 2y = 0, or y = −3x, which is a line dx 2
through the origin with slope −3.
When f = 1, the level curve is 17. f ( x, y ) = ( x + y )(2 x + y − 6)
6x + 2y = 1, or y =
1
−3x + , which is f x = ( x + y )(2) + (2 x + y − 6)(1)
2 = 4x + 3y − 6
1
the same line translated up a unit. f y = ( x + y )(1) + (2 x + y − 6)(1)
2 = 3x + 2 y − 6
When f = 2, the level curve is
To find the critical points, set f x = 0 and
6x + 2y = 2, or y = −3x + 1, which is
f y = 0 and solve the system of equations.
4x + 3y − 6 =0
3x + 2 y − 6 =0
Multiply the first equation by 2 and the
second equation by −3. Then, add the two
resulting equations
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 839
40 25 10
The critical points are (0, 0), , − , (2, −1) and , 0 .
9 3 3
= 4 x − 16
f xx = 6 y, f xy = 6 x + 4 y − 10, f yy
f xy −10 −2 − 50
3
10
f yy −16 −8 16
9
− 83
40 25 10
, − , , 0 , and (0, 0) are saddle points while (2, −1) is a relative maximum.
9 3 3
23. f ( x, y ) = xe 2 x
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2 5 4 5 2
When y = − , x = − − =
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2 6 5 6 3
=f x ( x)[e 2 x (4 x + 5 y )
2 5
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2 So, the critical points are − , and
+ (e 2 x )(1) 3 6
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2
= e2 x [ x(4 x + 5 y ) + 1] 2 5
+5 xy + 2 y , − .
3 6
2 2
= e2 x (4 x 2 + 5 xy + 1)
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2
f x = 0 when 4 x 2 + 5 xy + 1 =0 =f xx (e 2 x )(8 x + 5 y )
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2
+5 xy + 2 y 2 + (4 x 2 + 5 xy + 1)[e 2 x (4 x + 5 y )]
2
=f y x[e 2 x (5 x + 4 y )]
f yy = x[(e 2 x +5 xy + 2 y )(4)
2 2
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2
f y = 0 when x(5 x + 4 y )e 2 x =
0
+ (5 x + 4 y )e 2 x +5 xy + 2 y (5 x + 4 y )]
2 2
So, f y = 0 when x = 0 and when
2
+5 xy + 2 y 2
4
5x + 4y = 0, or x = − y f xy = (e 2 x )(5 x)
5 2
+5 xy + 2 y 2
When x = 0, substituting into f x = 0 + (4 x 2 + 5 xy + 1)e 2 x (5 x + 4 y )
yields no solution. 2 5
For the point − , ,
4 3 6
When x = − y, f x = 0 when
5 D ≈ (−0.7076)(−2.0218) − (−1.6174) 2 < 0
2
4 4 2 5
0 = 4 − y + 5 − y ( y ) + 1 or, So, − , is a saddle point.
5 5 3 6
y= ±
5 2 5
For the point , − ,
6 3 6
5 45 2
When y = , x = − = −
6 56 3
842 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
=
Thus y = 0 or =
y 161/8
21/2. v′ ( x=
) 4x + 6
When y = 0, x = 0. When y = 2 1/2
, 3
x=2 1/ 2
. The two critical points are (0, 0)
v′ ( x ) = 0 when x = −
2
and (2 , 21/ 2 ).
1/ 2
3 5
and y =− + 4 =
f xx =
−12 x , f yy =
2
−12 y , f xy =
2
8. 2 2
=D 144 x 2 y 2 − 64 3 5
So, the point − , must be
D(0, 0) = −64 < 0 so f has a saddle point 2 2
at (0, 0). considered along with the endpoints
D(21/ 2 , 21=
/2
) 512 > 0 and (−4, 0) and (0, 4). Using y = −4x +4,
w ( x )= f ( x, − 4 x + 4 )
f xx (21/ 2 , 21/ 2 ) = 24, 0 so f has a relative
= x 2 + 2 x + ( −4 x + 4 )
2
maximum at (21/ 2 , 21/ 2 ).
− 4 ( −4 x + 4 ) + 12
25. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 x + y 2 − 4 y + 12 ;
= 17 x 2 − 14 x + 12
(−4, 0), (1, 0), (0, 4)
Finding the critical points in R, w′ (=
x ) 34 x − 14
f x ( x, y ) =
2 x + 2 and f y ( x, y ) =
2y − 4 7
w′ ( x ) 0=
= when x
f x ( x, y ) = 0 when x = −1 17
f y ( x, y ) 0=
= when y 2 7
and y =−4 + 4 =
40
17 17
So, the only critical point in R is (−1, 2). 7 40
The boundary equations are y = 0, So, the point , must be
17 17
y = x + 4 and y = −4x +4. Using y = 0,
considered along with the endpoints (0, 4)
and (1, 0). Collecting all points to
consider,
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 843
26.
= x3 − 4 x + 4
u ′ (=
x ) 3x 2 − 4
4 2 3
u ′ ( x ) 0=
= when x , or
3 3
4
(rejecting x = − since not in R)
3
So, the smallest value is 11.8 and the 2 3
So, the point
largest value is 120. 3 , 2 must be
27. f ( x, y ) = x 3 − 4 xy + 4 x + y 2 ; (1, 2),
considered along with the endpoints (1, 2)
and (4, 2).
(4, 2), (1, 5), (4, 5) Using y = 5,
Finding the critical points in R,
f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − 4 y + 4 and
f y ( x, y ) =−4 x + 2 y
f x ( x, y ) = 0 when
0 = 3x 2 − 4 y + 4
4=
y 3x 2 + 4
3x 2 + 4 3 2 So, the point must be
=y = x +1
4 4
considered along with the endpoints (1, 5)
and (4, 5). Using x = 1,
Substituting,
3
0= −4 x + 2 x 2 + 1
4
3 So, the endpoint (1, 2) is considered along
0= −4 x + x 2 + 2 with the other endpoint (1, 5).
2 Using x = 4,
0 = 3x − 8 x + 4
2
0 =( 3 x − 2 )( x − 2 )
2 2
or, x = and x = 2. Reject x = , since
3 3
it is not in R. Then, the only critical point
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 845
r (=
y ) f ( 4,=
y) ( 4) − 4 ( 4) y
3
+ 4 ( 4) + y 2
=y 2 − 16 y + 80
r ′ ( y=
) 2 y − 16
r ′ ( y ) 0=
= when y 8
(reject since not in R)
Collecting all points to consider, So, the only critical point is (0, 1). The
f ( 2, 4 ) =
( 2 ) − 4 ( 2 )( 4 ) + 4 ( 2 )
3
boundary equations are
+ ( 4) =
2
0 We choose these boundary equations
3 because x appears in only as
2 3 2 3 2 3
f = , 2 − 4 ( 2 ) and this simplifies the testing.
3 3 3
2 3
+ 4 + ( 2 ) ≈ 0.92
2
3
when or . When
, x = ±1, and when
28.
30.
Finding the critical points in R,
( x, y ) e x
29. f= +4 x+ y2
; x 2 + 4=
x + y2 0
2
(
f x, − − x 2 − 4 x = e 0 = 1 ) all points (x, 1) along the top boundary
must be considered. Collecting all points
f ( x, )
− x 2 + 4 x = e0 = 1 to consider,
(
points are (2, 0), (−2, 0), 1, − 3 and ) The three Lagrange equations are
1 = 8xλ, 2 = 2yλ, 4 x 2 + y 2 = 68
(1, 3 ). Solving the first two equations for λ and
Testing all points in the original function equating gives y = 8x. Substituting in the
yields: third equation gives 68 x 2 = 68, or x = −1
f (2, 0) = 11 f (−2, 0) =3 and x = 1. It follows that y = −8 and y = 8.
(
f 1, − 3 =
12) ( )
f 1, 3 = 12 So, the critical points are (−1, −8) and
So, the maximum value is 12, and it (1, 8). Testing these points in the original
function gives f(−1, −8) = −17,
(
occurs at the points 1, − 3 and ) f(1, 8) = 17.
(1, 3 ). The minimum value is 3 and it So, the maximum value is 17 and it occurs
at (1, 0). The minimum value is −17 and it
occurs at (−2, 0). occurs at (−1, −8).
34. Optimize f ( x, y=
) x 2 + y 3 subject to
g ( x, y ) = x 2 + 3 y = 4.
848 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
=f x 2=
x, f y 3 y=
2
, g x 2=
x, g y 3 37. Q( x, y ) = 60 x1/3 y 2/3
From f x = λg x , 2x = 2xλ and either x = 0 For any value of x, the slope of the level
curve Q = k is an approximation of the
or λ = 1.
change in unskilled labor y that should be
From f y = λg y , 3 y 2 = 3λ so y 2 = λ. made to offset a one-unit increase in
4 skilled labor x so that the level of output
If x = 0, then y = . will remain constant. So,
3 ∆Q = change in unskilled labor
If λ = 1, then y = ±1; when y = 1, then dQ
x = ±1 and when y = −1, then x = ± 7. ≈
dx
4 Q
The points of interest are 0, , (1, 1), = − x
3 Qy
(−1, 1), ( ) ( )
7, − 1 , and − 7, − 1 .
= −
20 x −2/3 y 2/3
4 64 64 40 x1/3 y −1/3
f 0, =02 + = ≈ 2.37 is neither y
3 27 27 = −
a maximum nor a minimum. 2x
f (1, 1) = 1 + 1 = 2 is the minimum value. When x = 10 and y = 40,
f (−1, 1) = 1 + 1 = 2 is the minimum dQ 40
∆Q ≈ = − =−2
value. dx 2(10)
f ( )
7, − 1 = 7 − 1 = 6 is the maximum That is, the level of unskilled labor should
be decreased by approximately 2 workers.
value.
( )
f − 7, − 1 = 7 − 1 = 6 is the maximum 38. Let x be the length of the two equal sides
and 2y the length of the third side.
value.
1 0 y =1
44. ∫0 ∫−2 (2 x + 3 y) dy dx 48. ∫ ∫ 2
2 1 6 xy 2
dy dx = ∫ 2
2 xy 3
2
dx
y =0 0 −1 x + 1 0 x +1
1 3y2 y =−1
= ∫ 2 xy + dx 2 4x
2 =∫ 2
0
y =−2 dx
0 x +1
1
= ∫0 [0 − (−4 x + 6)] dx = 2ln( x 2 + 1)
2
1 0
= (2 x 2 − 6 x) = 2ln 5
0
= −4
49.
1 2 − x− y 1 2 −x − y
45. ∫∫
0 0
e dy dx =
0 0 ∫∫
e e dy dx
1 −x − y 2
= ∫0 (−e e ) dx
0
− x −2
+ e − x )dx
1
∫(e e
=−
0
= (1 − e −2 ) ∫ e − x dx
1
0
1
(1 e −2 )(−e − x )
=−
0 1 1− x
−2
=(1 − e )(−e −1
+ 1) 50. ∫0 ∫0 x( y − 1) 2 dy dx
= 0.5466 1 1 3 y = 1− x
3 ∫0
= x ( y − 1) dx
y =0
1 2
46. ∫0 ∫0 x 1 − y dx dy 1 1
= ∫ x[(− x)3 − (−1)3 ] dx
3 0
1 x2 x =2
= ∫0 2
1− y
x =0
dy 1 1
= ∫ ( x − x 4 ) dx
3 0
1
= 2 ∫ (1 − y )1/ 2 dy 1 1 1
1
0 = x 2 − x5
4 1 3 2 5 0
= − (1 − y )3/ 2
3 0 1 1 1
= − −0
3 2 5
4
=
3 1
=
1 10
1 1 1 1 2 y
∫0 ∫−1 xe dy dx = ∫0 2 xe dx
2y
47.
−1
1 xe 2
xe −2
= ∫ − dx
0 2 2
e2 − e −2 1
=
2 ∫0 x dx
e2 − e −2
= ≈ 1.8134
4
852 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
2 x y/ x 2 x 1y
51. ∫1 ∫0 e dy dx = ∫
1 ∫0
e x dy dx
2 x
= ∫ xe y / x dx
1 0
2
= ∫1 xe − x dx
2
= ∫1 (e − 1) x dx
2
x2
= (e − 1)
2
1
1
=(e − 1) 2 −
2
3
= (e − 1)
2
1 2
53. ∫∫ ( x + 2 y)dA = ∫0 ∫−2 ( x + 2 y)dy dx
R
1 2 2
= ∫0 ( xy + y ) dx
−2
1
= ∫ 4 x dx
0
1
= 2 x2
0
=2
2
2 3 2 y =3 2 x2
=
54. V ∫0 ∫0 2 xy=
dy dx ∫
0
xy 2=
y =0
dx ∫0
9= x dx 9 =
2
18
0
xe − y dy dx
2 3
55. V = ∫ ∫
1 2
2 −y 3
= ∫1 (− xe ) dx
2
2 −2 −3
= ∫1 ( x)(e − e )dx
3
= (e−2 − e−3 )
2
= 0.1283
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 853
2 5
5 2 5 x2 y 2 5 3y2 y3
∫3 ∫−1 xy dx dy = ∫3 dy = ∫3 dy = = 0.5(125 − 27) = 49
2
56.
2 2 2
−1 3
The area of the rectangle is (5 − 3)(2 − (−1)) = 6.
49
The average value is .
6
58. With z = 60 − 2x − 3y, the sum of the squares of the three numbers is
S = x 2 + y 2 + (60 − 2 x − 3 y ) 2 .
Thus
S x = 2 x + 2(60 − 2 x − 3 y )(−2) = 2(5 x + 6 y − 120)
S y = 2 y + 2(60 − 2 x − 36)(−3) = 4(3x + 5 y − 90)
Set S x = 0 and S y = 0 to get 5x + 6y = 120 and 3x + 5y = 90.
These equations lead to
15 x + 18 y − 15 x − 25 y = 360 − 450
7 y = 90
90
y=
7
Thus
450
3=
x 90 −
7
150 60
x =30 − =
7 7
120 270 30
z =60 − − =
7 7 7
854 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
=
With =
S xx 10, S yy 20, and S xy = 12, D = (10)(20) − (12) 2 = 200 − 144 > 0, which means that
60 90 30
P , , minimizes S, since S xx > 0.
7 7 7
59. Using the hint in the problem, let D denote the square of the distance from the origin to the surface.
Then, D = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
Since y 2 − z 2 =10, y 2 =10 + z 2 and D = x 2 + 10 + 2 z 2
Dx = 2 x, so Dx = 0 when x = 0
Dz = 4 z , so Dz = 0 when z = 0
When z = 0, y 2 = 10 or y = ± 10.
( ) (
So, the critical points are 0, − 10, 0 and 0, 10, 0 . )
=
Dxx 2,=
Dzz 4,=
Dxz 0
(
For the point 0, − 10, 0 , )
D = (2)(4) − 0 > 0 and Dxx > 0
( ) ( )
So, 0, − 10, 0 is a relative minimum. For the point 0, 10, 0 , D > 0 and Dxx > 0
So, it is also a relative minimum. The square of the distance, using either point, is D = 0 + 10 + 0 =
10.
So, the minimum distance = 10.
60. The sum S(m, b) of the squares of the vertical distances form the four given points is
S (m, b) = (m + b − 1) 2 + (m + b − 2) 2 + (3m + b − 2) 2 + (4m + b − 3) 2 .
To minimize S(m, b), set the partial derivatives equal to zero:
∂S
= 2(m + b − 1) + 2(m + b − 2) + 2(3m + b − 2)(3) + 2(4m + b − 3)(4)
∂m
= 2(27 m + 9b − 21)
=0
∂S
= 2(m + b − 1) + 2(m + b − 2) + 2(3m + b − 2) + 2(4m + b − 3)
∂b
= 18m + 8b − 16
=0
4
Solve the resulting simplified equations 9m + 3b = 7 and 9m + 4b = 8 to get m = and b = 1.
9
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 855
4x
Hence the equation of the least squares line is =
y + 1.
9
61. (a) Let x denote the monthly advertising expenditure and y the corresponding sales (both measured
in units of $1,000). Then
x 3 4 7 9 10
y 78 86 138 145 156
(b) x y xy x2
3 78 234 9
4 86 344 16
7 138 966 49
9 145 1,305 81
10 156 1,560 100
∂U ∂U kV 1/ 3
62. ∆U= ∆x + ∆y =
64. (a) With h = kV 1/ 3 D −2 / 3
∂x ∂y D 2/3
= 3 x 2 y 2 ∆x + 2 x3 y ∆y 1
hV = kV −2 / 3 D −2 / 3
With x = 5 and y = 4, 3
=∆U 3(25)(16)∆x + 2(125)(4)∆y 2
= 1200∆x + 1000∆y hD = − kV 1/ 3 D −5 / 3
3
When ∆U = 0, then 1000∆y =−1200∆x
or ∆y =−1.2∆x. 1 kV −2 / 3 D −2 / 3
hV D
Thus, increasing the second commodity (b) =
−3 1/ 3 −5 / 3
=
−
hD 2 kV D 2V
by 1 unit and decreasing the first 3
commodity by 1.2 units leaves ∆U
unchanged, or 1.2 units of the second 1 1/3 1/2
65. P ( x, y ) =x y
commodity could substitute for 1 unit of 4
the first commodity. =
x 129 − 8t
y = 15.60 + 0.2t
63. Q( x, y ) =200 + 10 x 2 − 20 y 4184
x(t) = 18 + 0.02t Q=
p
y (t=
) 21 + 0.4 t
dQ dQ dp
dQ ∂Q dx ∂Q dy = ⋅ where
= + ⋅ dt dp dt
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
dp ∂p dx ∂p dy
0.2 = ⋅ + ⋅
= (20 x)(0.02) + (−20) dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
t
dQ 4184 1 8
When t = 9, x(9) = 18.18 and − 2 x −2 / 3 y1/ 2 −
=
dQ 0.2 dt p 12 2 t
= 20(18.18)(0.02) + (−20)
dt 9 1
+ x1/ 3 y −1/ 2 (0.2)
≈ 5.94 8
So, demand is decreasing at a rate of
approximately 6 quarts per month. When t = 2, x = 125, y = 16 and
p(125, 16) = 5 so
dQ 4184 1 1 8
= − ⋅ ⋅ 4 −
dt (5)2 12 25 2 2
1 1
+ ⋅ 5 ⋅ (0.2)
8 4
≈ −3.00
or demand is decreasing at a rate of 3 pies
per week.
Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables 857
66. T ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 − xy + y 2 − 2 y + 1
The area is A = 4, thus the average temperature is
1 1 1
4 ∫−1 ∫−1
= Tav (2 x 2 − xy + y 2 − 2 y + 1) dy dx
y =1
1 1 2 xy 2 y 3
= ∫
4 −1
2 x y −
2
+
3
− y2 + y
dx
y =−1
1 2 2 1
4 ∫−1
= 4 x + + 2 dx
3
1 1
= (4 x + 8 x)
3
12 −1
=2
Since this average temperature is less than 5°C, Arnold will move.
2
11 3
= 4 y + y 3 − y 5
3 5 −2
544
=
15
544
The population is hundred people or about 3,627 people.
15
858 Chapter 7. Calculus of Several Variables
69. N (r , s ) = 40e − r /2 e− s /3
Pollution
3 2
=∫ ∫ 40e − r / 2 e − s / 3ds dr
2 1
3 −r / 2 −s / 3 2
= ∫2 40 e ⋅ −3e
1
dr
3
−120∫ [e − r / 2 ( e −2 / 3 − e −1/ 3 )]dr
=
2
3
−120( e −2 / 3 − e −1/ 3 ) ∫ e − r / 2 dr
=
2
3
= −120( e −2 / 3 − e1/ 3 ) −2e − r / 2
2
= 240( e2 / 3 − e −1/ 3 )( e −3/ 2 − e −1 )
≈ 7.056 units
W − B W (W − B ) − kgt / W
70. s (W , t ) =
t + (e − 1)
k k2g
∂s t 1 t (W − B ) − kgt / W
(a) = + 2 (2W − B )(e − kgt / W − 1) + e
∂W k k g kW
and represents the change in depth with respect to weight.
∂s W − B W − B − kgt / W
= − e and represents the change in depth with respect to time.
∂t k k
Intuitively an increase or decrease in the object’s weight would result in an increase or
decrease in its depth for a given time t. That is, all other factors being equal, a heavier object
∂s
will have sunk further that a lighter one in the same period of time. Thus ≠ 0. Similarly, it
∂W
is unlikely that an object would actually stop at some point while sinking before continuing to
∂s
sink. Hence ≠ 0.
∂t
∂s
(b) Using a graphing utility we find = 10 at t ≈ 5.7 sec. The container should be dropped at
∂t
appoint where it can sink no more than S(2417, 5.7) ≈ 28.46 meters.