Introduction to

Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Introduction to Structural Geology - for Joints

Opening-mode
ES109 Week 3 fractures: Joints

Dr. Christie Rowe
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

12-16 April 2010 Folds

Special types
 Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
200 g
Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
10 cm fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Mass = 0.2 kg Reverse and Thrust
Area = 10cm * 10 cm = .1 *.1 m = 0.01m2 Faults
Strike-slip faults
Stress exerted by apple sitting on table =
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
mass * gravitation / area
Fault Rocks
= (0.2 kg * 9.8m/s2) / 0.01m) = 196 Pa
Folds
Special types

Stress and Pressure mean the same thing

196 Pa = ~ 0.3 psi

 Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

200 g
Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

2 km rock
@ 3000kg/m3 Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
10 cm
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Calculate stress on 1 m2 of the roof of a mine tunnel in
Normal faults
the Witwatersrand gold fields Reverse and Thrust
Mass = 0.2 kg Faults
Area = 10cm * 10 cm = .1 *.1 m = 0.01m2 Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
Stress exerted by apple sitting on table = mass = 2000m * 3000 kg/m3 = 6 x 106 kg per m2 maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
mass * gravitation / area
Stress = mass * area * gravity = Folds
= (0.2 kg * 9.8m/s2) / 0.01m) = 196 Pa
6x106 kg/m2 * 1 m2 * 9.8 m/s2 = 58,800,000 kgm/s2 Special types

Stress and Pressure mean the same thing That’s a lot of zeros, let’s simplify

196 Pa = ~ 0.3 psi 58,800,000 Pa = 58,800 kPa = 58.8 MPa

MPa usually used for crustal stresses

In the mantle, stresses on order GPa

Can use simplification that pressure increases ~ 30MPa per km depth

 Introduction to
Rock Deformation Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
I Rocks experience STRESS (Pascals (Pa) = kgm−1 s−2 ) Joints

Opening-mode
I Deformation in response to this stress is called STRAIN fractures: Joints

I STRAIN is defined as change in size, position or shape Faults

General Theories of
Faulting
I STRAIN manifests on lots of scales - large and small Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
I Strain is accomplished on large scale by the formation Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
of STRUCTURES such as faults, joints, and folds maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
I Strain is accomplished on the small scale by the Folds
Special types
formation of FABRICS by aligning minerals
 Introduction to
Fractures Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints
I Planar or Curviplanar discontinuities cutting through Opening-mode
material volume fractures: Joints

Faults
I Once formed, can be closed or open depending on local General Theories of
Faulting
stress conditions Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
I Create fluid pathways - affect permeability Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
I OPENING MODE: JOINTS Fault Rocks

I SLIDING MODE: FAULTS Folds

Special types
 Introduction to
Joints = Tensile Fractures Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
I Planar or curvi-planar fracture surfaces Joints

I Offset during fracturing is perpendicular to fracture Opening-mode

fractures: Joints
surface - Opening Mode Faults
I Creates new permeability pathways through rock General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
I Offset distance is very small - sometimes difficult to Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
detect Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
I Common in nearly every rock outcrop - therefore, you Fault Rocks

Folds
must be able to differentiate Joints from other planes Special types

(e.g. Bedding or Faults)

 Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Causes of Joints Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Expansion
Stress and strain
I Can be caused by general constriction or shrinkage -
Fractures
form radially symmetric or polygonal sets Joints

I Cooling cracks (in lava for example) Opening-mode

fractures: Joints
I Drying (in mud for example)
Faults
I Flattening General Theories of
Faulting
I Burial of sediments causes lateral increase of pore Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
pressure Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
I Unloading - maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
I Erosional removal of overlying rock Folds
I excavation or mine shaft where void is created Special types

I Have characteristic surface marks in isotropic materials

(Plumose Structure) to distinguish them from other
fractures
 Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Figure: Cooling joints can be concentric (parallel to isotherms) in Folds
a ”spherical” magma body Special types
 Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types

Figure: Half Dome is an example of granite exfoliation creating a

rounded shape
 Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Veins = minerals growing in joints Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types

Figure: Minerals such as quartz and calcite are common

precipitates into joints
 Introduction to
Faults = Sliding Fractures Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

I Planar or curvi-planar fracture surfaces Opening-mode

fractures: Joints
I Offset during fracturing is parallel to fracture surface - Faults
General Theories of
Sliding Mode Faulting
Normal faults
I Fracture propagates parallel to sliding direction Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
I Creates or destroys permeability pathways through rock Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
I Offset can be microns to 100’s kilometers Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Take an inclined fault surface Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
The rock UNDER a dipping fault is the Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
Footwall, ABOVE is the Hanging Wall 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
If the Hanging wall moves down-dip relative to Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
the footwall, it’s a Normal fault 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
If the Hanging wall moves up-dip relative to the Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
footwall, it’s a Reverse or Thrust fault 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
If the fault motion is parallel to the strike of the Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
fault plane, it’s a Strike-slip fault 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
If the motion is not parallel to strike or dip, it’s Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
an Oblique fault 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Block Models for Fault Types Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Normal Faults Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Normal Faults form Horsts and Grabens Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Normal Faults form Horsts and Grabens Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Normal Faults form Horsts and Grabens Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Normal Faults form Horsts and Grabens Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Normal Fault Scarp Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Normal Fault Scarp Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Normal Fault Scarp Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Normal Fault Scarp Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
If the Hanging wall moves up-dip relative to the Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
footwall, it’s a Reverse or Thrust fault 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Thrust or Reverse faults cause effective Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
shortening 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Small Thrust Faults Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Drag folds can show the direction of slip Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Reverse Fault Scarp formed in earthquake Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Fault Scarp formed by Lone Pine Earthquake - Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3m slip on Normal Fault in 4,5 seconds 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Chi Chi Earthquake Taiwan 1999 Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Ramp-Flat geometry: slip along weak bedding Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
planes dominates 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Imbricated faults can result in A LOT OF Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
SHORTENING 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Outcrop-scale duplex Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Experiment with layers of dark and light coloured Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
sand 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Blind Thrust is one that has not yet broken the Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
surface - can be identified by the folds above it 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types

Figure: Loma Prieta Earthquake (Oct. 17 1989) was on a blind

thrust
 Introduction to
Strike slip faults - bends can be restraining or Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
releasing 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Bends create flower structures Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Restraining Bend experiment - looking down on Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
box of blue sand 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Strike-slip fault seen from the air Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
San Andreas Fault in central California Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Slow Creep on strike-slip San Andreas Fault Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
shears across a tar road 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Locating faults while mapping the geology Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Missing or Extra sections? Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Fault rocks at different depths in the crust Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Slickenlines on Fault Surface Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Slickenlines on Fault Surface Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Large grooves on Fault Surface - Salton Normal Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
Fault, SE California 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Fault Gouge and Breccia Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Cataclasite texture Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Cataclasite texture Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Breccia Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Mylonite from Monapo, Mozambique Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Mylonite from Monapo, Mozambique Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Brittle cracking at shallow depth, ductile flow at Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
deeper levels 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Criteria for describing folds Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

1. Tightness (angle between the two limbs) Opening-mode

fractures: Joints
2. Symmetry (or asymmetry) Faults
General Theories of
3. Orientation (strike/dip of axial plane and trend/plunge Faulting
Normal faults
of fold axis) Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
4. Size (wavelength/amplitude) Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
5. Special types
Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Two key “structures” to define the orientation of Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
a fold: 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types

TREND and PLUNGE of HINGE LINE

STRIKE and DIP of AXIAL PLANE
 Introduction to
Concentric: layer thickness stays constant. Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
Similar: layers nest like pint glasses (hinges are 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

thicker than limbs)
Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
HINGE LINE is the line of greatest curvature on Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
a folded layer 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

AXIAL PLANE contains the hinge lines
Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
As Axial Plane dip changes, describe the Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
orientation: 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Fold Orientation is related to the dip of the axial Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
plane and the lower limb 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Upright Folds have vertical axial planes Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Fold is OVERTURNED when younger beds are Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
below older beds on at least one limb 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Interlimb Angle describes the Tightness of the Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
folds 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Plunging folds form ”Fold Noses” on the map Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
view 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Folds and Faults can be related - Thrust-bend Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
fold 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Cape Fold Belt - upright, gently plunging folds Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Appalachians in western Pennsylvania Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
Fold is KINK FOLD if the limbs are straight and Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
hinge is pointy. These also happen to be 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

UPRIGHT KINK FOLDS
Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
PTYGMATIC FOLDS are irregular in wavelength Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
and amplitude 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types
 Introduction to
PTYGMATIC FOLDS are irregular in wavelength Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
and amplitude 3

Dr. Christie Rowe

Stress and strain

Fractures
Joints

Opening-mode
fractures: Joints

Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks

Folds
Special types