Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Introduction to Structural Geology - for Joints
Opening-mode
ES109 Week 3 fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Dr. Christie Rowe Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
10 cm fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Mass = 0.2 kg Reverse and Thrust
Area = 10cm * 10 cm = .1 *.1 m = 0.01m2 Faults
Strike-slip faults
Stress exerted by apple sitting on table =
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
mass * gravitation / area
Fault Rocks
= (0.2 kg * 9.8m/s2) / 0.01m) = 196 Pa
Folds
Special types
200 g
Dr. Christie Rowe
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
10 cm
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Calculate stress on 1 m2 of the roof of a mine tunnel in
Normal faults
the Witwatersrand gold fields Reverse and Thrust
Mass = 0.2 kg Faults
Area = 10cm * 10 cm = .1 *.1 m = 0.01m2 Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
Stress exerted by apple sitting on table = mass = 2000m * 3000 kg/m3 = 6 x 106 kg per m2 maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
mass * gravitation / area
Stress = mass * area * gravity = Folds
= (0.2 kg * 9.8m/s2) / 0.01m) = 196 Pa
6x106 kg/m2 * 1 m2 * 9.8 m/s2 = 58,800,000 kgm/s2 Special types
Stress and Pressure mean the same thing That’s a lot of zeros, let’s simplify
Fractures
I Rocks experience STRESS (Pascals (Pa) = kgm−1 s−2 ) Joints
Opening-mode
I Deformation in response to this stress is called STRAIN fractures: Joints
Fractures
Joints
I Planar or Curviplanar discontinuities cutting through Opening-mode
material volume fractures: Joints
Faults
I Once formed, can be closed or open depending on local General Theories of
Faulting
stress conditions Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
I Create fluid pathways - affect permeability Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
I OPENING MODE: JOINTS Fault Rocks
Fractures
I Planar or curvi-planar fracture surfaces Joints
Folds
must be able to differentiate Joints from other planes Special types
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Causes of Joints Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Figure: Cooling joints can be concentric (parallel to isotherms) in Folds
a ”spherical” magma body Special types
Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Veins = minerals growing in joints Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Fractures
Joints
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Take an inclined fault surface Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
The rock UNDER a dipping fault is the Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
Footwall, ABOVE is the Hanging Wall 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
If the Hanging wall moves down-dip relative to Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
the footwall, it’s a Normal fault 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
If the Hanging wall moves up-dip relative to the Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
footwall, it’s a Reverse or Thrust fault 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
If the fault motion is parallel to the strike of the Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
fault plane, it’s a Strike-slip fault 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
If the motion is not parallel to strike or dip, it’s Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
an Oblique fault 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Block Models for Fault Types Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Normal Faults Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Normal Faults form Horsts and Grabens Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Normal Faults form Horsts and Grabens Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Normal Faults form Horsts and Grabens Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Normal Faults form Horsts and Grabens Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Normal Fault Scarp Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Normal Fault Scarp Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Normal Fault Scarp Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Normal Fault Scarp Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
If the Hanging wall moves up-dip relative to the Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
footwall, it’s a Reverse or Thrust fault 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Thrust or Reverse faults cause effective Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
shortening 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Small Thrust Faults Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Drag folds can show the direction of slip Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Reverse Fault Scarp formed in earthquake Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Fault Scarp formed by Lone Pine Earthquake - Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3m slip on Normal Fault in 4,5 seconds 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Chi Chi Earthquake Taiwan 1999 Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Ramp-Flat geometry: slip along weak bedding Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
planes dominates 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Imbricated faults can result in A LOT OF Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
SHORTENING 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Outcrop-scale duplex Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Experiment with layers of dark and light coloured Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
sand 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Blind Thrust is one that has not yet broken the Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
surface - can be identified by the folds above it 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Bends create flower structures Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Restraining Bend experiment - looking down on Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
box of blue sand 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Strike-slip fault seen from the air Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
San Andreas Fault in central California Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Slow Creep on strike-slip San Andreas Fault Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
shears across a tar road 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Locating faults while mapping the geology Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Missing or Extra sections? Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Fault rocks at different depths in the crust Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Slickenlines on Fault Surface Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Slickenlines on Fault Surface Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Large grooves on Fault Surface - Salton Normal Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
Fault, SE California 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Fault Gouge and Breccia Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Cataclasite texture Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Cataclasite texture Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Breccia Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Mylonite from Monapo, Mozambique Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Mylonite from Monapo, Mozambique Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Brittle cracking at shallow depth, ductile flow at Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
deeper levels 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Criteria for describing folds Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
HINGE LINE is the line of greatest curvature on Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
a folded layer 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
As Axial Plane dip changes, describe the Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
orientation: 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Fold Orientation is related to the dip of the axial Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
plane and the lower limb 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Upright Folds have vertical axial planes Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Fold is OVERTURNED when younger beds are Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
below older beds on at least one limb 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Interlimb Angle describes the Tightness of the Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
folds 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Plunging folds form ”Fold Noses” on the map Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
view 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Folds and Faults can be related - Thrust-bend Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
fold 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Cape Fold Belt - upright, gently plunging folds Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Appalachians in western Pennsylvania Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
Fold is KINK FOLD if the limbs are straight and Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
hinge is pointy. These also happen to be 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
PTYGMATIC FOLDS are irregular in wavelength Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
and amplitude 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types
Introduction to
PTYGMATIC FOLDS are irregular in wavelength Structural Geology
- for ES109 Week
and amplitude 3
Fractures
Joints
Opening-mode
fractures: Joints
Faults
General Theories of
Faulting
Normal faults
Reverse and Thrust
Faults
Strike-slip faults
Identifying faults on
maps and in the field
Fault Rocks
Folds
Special types