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Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional
Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.
Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi
Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramco’s employees.
Any material contained in this document which is not already in the public
domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given, or disclosed to third
parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part, without the written permission
of the Vice President, Engineering Services, Saudi Aramco.
Section Page
INFORMATION ............................................................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 4
GAS TURBINE CYCLES AND THEIR EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE .......................... 5
REGENERATIVE CYCLE ..................................................................................... 13
COMBINED CYCLE.............................................................................................. 16
GAS TURBINE PERFORMANCE DETERMINANTS .................................................... 18
POWER ................................................................................................................ 18
THERMAL EFFICIENCY....................................................................................... 20
HEAT RATE .......................................................................................................... 21
FUEL HEATING VALUE ....................................................................................... 22
AMBIENT CONDITIONS....................................................................................... 23
ISO CONDITIONS ................................................................................................ 24
SITE RATING........................................................................................................ 25
METHODS FOR GAS TURBINE POWER OUTPUT AUGMENTATION....................... 27
EVAPORATIVE COOLING ................................................................................... 27
INLET COOLING BY REFRIGERATION .............................................................. 29
STEAM INJECTION.............................................................................................. 30
HELPER TURBINE ............................................................................................... 32
METHODS FOR GAS TURBINE EMISSIONS CONTROL ........................................... 33
STEAM OR WATER INJECTION.......................................................................... 34
SPECIALLY DESIGNED COMBUSTION SYSTEMS............................................ 35
SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION................................................................ 36
GAS TURBINE SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS........................................................ 37
POWER REQUIREMENTS................................................................................... 37
SITE CONDITIONS............................................................................................... 40
SERVICE CONDITIONS ....................................................................................... 42
ENVIRONMENTAL RESTRICTIONS.................................................................... 44
ISO SELECTION................................................................................................... 44
MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................... 46
DETERMINING SITE PERFORMANCE OF A GAS TURBINE ..................................... 47
DETERMINING ISO POWER AND HEAT RATE.................................................. 48
LIST OF FIGURES
INFORMATION
INTRODUCTION
Saudi Aramco uses gas turbines as drivers for electric
generators, compressors, and pumps. In order for the
Mechanical Engineer to properly select and specify gas turbine
drivers and to evaluate their performance, he must be familiar
with the basic gas turbine cycle and variations that might be
encountered, as well as the effects of turbine cycle parameters
on performance. This module will examine the following
information that is pertinent to the determination of gas turbine
performance characteristics:
• Gas Turbine Cycles and Their Effect on Performance
• Gas Turbine Performance Determinants
• Methods for Gas Turbine Power Output Augmentation
• Methods for Gas Turbine Emissions Control
• Gas Turbine Selection Considerations
• Determining Site Performance of a Gas Turbine
Where:
PB = Compressor discharge pressure, psia (kPa
abs)
PA = Compressor inlet pressure, psia (kPa abs)
k = The ratio of specific heat at constant pressure
to specific heat at constant volume; for air in
the ideal cycle, this ratio is assumed to be
constant at 1.4
The substitution of these variables in the efficiency equation
results in the following equation:
T − TA 1
η = 1− D
k −1 k −1
= 1− k −1
P k P k PB k
TD B − TA B
PA PA PA
Thus, for the ideal simple cycle, the efficiency is a function only
of the pressure ratio developed by the gas turbine compressor,
and the performance of the compressor is extremely important
in overall gas turbine performance. In the real simple cycle,
turbine efficiency is also dependent on the turbine inlet
temperature (Point C), and this efficiency increases as turbine
inlet temperature increases for a given pressure ratio.
The gas turbine specific power is a function of both pressure
ratio and turbine inlet temperature. For a given turbine inlet
temperature, the maximum net output is produced at a pressure
ratio so that the compressor discharge temperature and turbine
exhaust temperature are equal. Equal compressor discharge
and turbine exhaust temperature result in an optimum pressure
ratio that increases with an increase in turbine inlet temperature.
Using the formula presented above for the efficiency of an ideal
Brayton cycle, the calculated efficiency of a cycle with a
pressure ratio of 11.5:1 would be as shown in the following
formula:
1
η = 1− 1.4 −1
= 0.5 = 50%
11.5 1.4
Figure 3 shows a T-S diagram that compares the ideal and real
simple cycle.
Regenerative Cycle
As stated previously, for the ideal simple cycle, the optimum
pressure ratio to produce maximum net output is that for which
the compressor discharge and turbine exhaust temperatures are
the same. In the real cycle, the effect of compressor and turbine
inefficiencies and combustion section pressure drops is to lower
the pressure ratio at which maximum net work is produced. As a
result, the turbine exhaust temperature is considerably greater
than the compressor discharge temperature. For example, for
one typical heavy industry, single-shaft model, the design
turbine exhaust temperature is about 1000ºF (538ºC), where the
compressor discharge temperature is approximately 650ºF
(343ºC).
To increase the efficiency of the simple cycle, a regenerator can
be added to the cycle in order to recover some of the waste
heat in the exhaust gas. As shown in Figure 4, the regenerator
transfers energy from the exhaust to the air that leaves the
compressor. The regenerator is a gas-to-gas heat exchanger
that uses exhaust gas to preheat the compressor discharge air
before the compressor discharge air enters the combustor. The
use of a regenerator can reduce the fuel consumption of a gas
turbine by as much as 25 percent.
EXHAUST
0 PSIG REGENERATOR
720ºF
FUEL
0 PSIG
80ºf 2000ºF
0.3 PSIG
830ºF 1000º F
600ºf COMBUSTOR
WORK
COMPRESSOR POWER
TUBINE
where:
T1 = Compressor discharge temperature into the
regenerator
T2 = Compressor discharge temperature from the
regenerator
T3 = Exhaust temperature into the regenerator
For the gas turbine that is shown in Figure 4, the thermal
effectiveness of the regenerator is as follows:
930º F − 650º F
= 0.8 = 80%
1000º F − 650º F
Although the regenerative cycle exhibits improved efficiency
over the combine cycle, it is not widely used in industrial gas
turbine applications. The main reason for not using the
regenerative cycle is that the large flow of air through the
machine would require a very large and expensive heat
exchanger. The size of the heat exchanger required would
offset one of the main advantages of using a gas turbine, which
is the compact size of the unit for the power produced. Also, a
pressure drop would occur through the heat exchanger, which
reduces the theoretical improvement in efficiency that could be
obtained.
Combined Cycle
Another method of using the waste heat in the turbine exhaust
is by using a combined cycle. A combined cycle, as shown in
Figure 5, is a thermodynamic system that combines two or more
independent power cycles. Each power cycle uses a different
working fluid. Combination of the independent power cycles
results in higher efficiency than would be achieved by the
independent operation of the individual cycles. To achieve this
higher efficiency, the individual cycles must exchange energy so
that the ratio of the source to sink temperature of the combined
cycle is greater than the ratio of the source to sink temperature
of any of the individual cycles. The gas turbine cycle and the
steam power system cycle, which are shown in Figure 5, are
two independent cycles that can complement each other to form
an efficient combined cycle. The gas turbine cycle has a high
source temperature and exhausts at a temperature that can be
the energy source for the steam cycle.
250ºF
STEAM
SUPERHEATER
EVAPORATOR
ST WORK
ECONOMIZER
CW
HRSG
CONDENSER
WATER
900ºF
PUMP
GT
Power
The main measure of gas turbine performance in which the
Mechanical Engineer is interested is the power output of the
machine. If a turbine is selected to run a pump or compressor, it
must deliver enough power so that the pump or compressor can
deliver the required amount of fluid at the required pressure
under all conditions of operation. If the turbine is to drive a
generator, the generator must be able to meet the load demand
of the system.
In customary units of measurement, the power output of the
turbine is measured differently if the turbine is used as a
generator drive or as a mechanical drive for a pump or
compressor. For generator drive applications, the power output
is measured in kilowatts (kW). Because the same manufacturer
is generally responsible for supplying both the gas turbine and
the generator as a set, the power output is specified as the kW
output at the generator terminals for this application; therefore,
the performance measured also includes the efficiency of the
generator. Because large generators are generally very efficient
(~ 98%), the measured performance is still mainly that of the
gas turbine.
Thermal Efficiency
The thermal efficiency of a gas turbine is the ratio of the power
output to the heat input, which is expressed as a percentage.
The power output is determined as discussed above. The fuel
heat input is determined as the product of the fuel flow times the
heating value of the fuel, as shown in the following formulas:
Gas Turbine Heat Input (Btu/hr) = Fuel Flow Rate
(lb/hr) x Fuel Heating Value (Btu/lb)
Gas Turbine Heat Input (kJ/hr) = Fuel Flow Rate (kg/hr)
x Fuel Heating Value (kJ/kg)
Normally, the lower heating value is used, but sometimes the
higher heating value is used. Fuel heating value is discussed
below.
To calculate the efficiency, the output and the input must be
expressed in the same units of measurement, so some
conversion will generally be necessary. The following
conversion factors will be useful:
1 kW = 3412.14 Btu/hr
1 kW = 3600 kJ/hr
1 hp = 2544.43 Btu/hr
Heat Rate
Heat rate is a measure of gas turbine performance defined as
the ratio of fuel heat input to power output. Basically, it is the
reciprocal of efficiency, except that the actual units of input and
output measurement are used.
Heat Rate = Btu/kWh (Generator drive, customary
units)
= Btu/hph (Mechanical drive, customary
units)
= kJ/kWh (SI units)
The gas turbine efficiency can be determined from the heat rate
as follows:
3412.14
ThermalEfficiency =
HeatRate,Btu/kWh
2544.43
=
HeatRate,Btu/hph
3600
=
HeatRate,kJ/kWh
Where:
H = Percent hydrogen in the fuel, by weight.
For gas fuel, the HHV is measured in a constant pressure
calorimeter. The LHV at constant pressure is determined from
the following:
LHV (Btu/lb) = HHV-93.84H
LHV (kJ/kg) = HHV-99.01H
Ambient Conditions
Ambient conditions are the atmospheric conditions that
surround a gas turbine: the temperature, the barometric
pressure, and the humidity. These conditions can have a
significant effect on the performance of the gas turbine, primarily
due to their effect on the density of the turbine inlet air. The
power produced by the gas turbine is directly related to the
mass flow through the machine. Anything that reduces the
density of the inlet air will reduce the mass flow through the
machine and, as a result, the power output.
Inlet air temperature has the greatest impact on gas turbine
performance. Gas turbine power output will decrease
approximately 0.5 % for each 1ºF increase in inlet air
temperature (0.9% for each 1ºC). This decrease occurs because
as the air temperature rises, the density of the air will decrease,
which results in reduced mass flow through the turbine. Also, as
air temperature increases, the pressure ratio developed by the
compressor will decrease. This decrease results in a lower ratio
available across the turbine. The reduced ratio will result in a
reduction in turbine efficiency as well as reduced power output.
Barometric pressure also has an effect on power output of the
turbine. As barometric pressure decreases, the density of the air
decreases, which results in reduced mass flow through the
turbine and the consequent reduction in gas turbine power
output.
ISO Conditions
Because gas turbine performance is heavily dependent on
ambient conditions and because ambient conditions can vary
widely from site to site and with time of year, gas turbines for
industrial and power generation applications are rated at a
standard set of conditions established by the International
Standards Organization (ISO). This standard set of conditions
makes comparison of gas turbines from competing
manufacturers an easier task. ISO conditions are defined as
follows:
• Ambient air temperature – 59ºF (15ºC)
• Altitude – sea level
Site Rating
As stated earlier, gas turbine manufacturers rate their machines
at ISO conditions. The Saudi Aramco Engineer, however, is
concerned with how the gas turbine will perform when it is
installed at the Saudi Aramco site. Of course, site conditions will
also vary, so some set of conditions that may exist at the site
must be selected. In order to ensure that adequate power is
available from the turbine under all conditions, Saudi Aramco
uses a conservative approach that uses “worst case” conditions.
These are specified in SAES-K-502 as follows:
• Site temperature is the maximum recorded ambient
temperature at the proposed installation site, increased by
up to 5.5ºC (10ºF) due to the ambient air heating by site
equipment. A lower temperature may be specified if an
exceptionally high ambient temperature exists at the site
during short periods of time. In this case, the user may agree
to operate temporarily above the base load and accept the
resulting accelerated rate of turbine deterioration, the
frequency of maintenance, and the increased operating cost.
• Site ambient pressure is the barometric pressure determined
from the site elevation relative to sea level.
• Site humidity is the maximum site humidity. What is
important is the humidity ratio, which is the mass of water
vapor in the moist air per unit mass of dry air, i.e., pounds of
water vapor per pound dry air (kg of water vapor per kg of
dry air). Humidity ratio can be determined from site wet bulb
and dry bulb temperature data.
Evaporative Cooling
As the temperature of the air increases, its density decreases;
therefore, the mass flow through the compressor and, hence,
through the turbine decreases. Also, as the temperature at the
compressor inlet increases, the pressure ratio developed across
the compressor will decrease, which results in a lower ratio
across the turbine. As a result of the decreased mass flow and
pressure ratio, the power output of the turbine will decrease. As
noted in the previous section, the efficiency of the gas turbine
will also decrease with an increase in ambient temperature.
One way to increase the gas turbine power output and efficiency
is to cool the compressor inlet air. Such cooling increases its
density and increases the pressure ratio developed by the
compressor. A very cost-effective way of cooling the
compressor inlet air, especially in dry climates, is through the
use of evaporative coolers.
Where:
Tdbin = Dry bulb temperature of air entering cooler,
ºF (ºC)
Tdbout = Dry bulb temperature of air leaving cooler,
ºF (ºC)
Twb = Wet bulb temperature, ºF (ºC)
An evaporative cooler that was 100 percent effective would cool
the inlet air to the wet bulb temperature. Typical effectiveness of
a gas turbine inlet air evaporative cooler would be about 80
percent. It is important that a temperature difference of 3º to 4ºF
(1.6º to 2.2ºC) between the wet bulb temperature and the dry
bulb temperature is maintained to prevent condensation due to
the pressure drop at the gas turbine compressor inlet.
Steam Injection
The power output of the gas turbine can be increased
significantly through the use of steam injection. The basic
steam injected cycle is shown in Figure 6. Superheated steam
for injection is produced in a HRSG that uses the waste heat in
the turbine exhaust gases or from a site boiler source. The
steam is generally injected into the compressor discharge,
enough upstream of the combustion section to ensure proper
mixing with the air stream. In some cases, steam injection for
power augmentation is injected directly into the combustors.
The amount of steam injected for power augmentation ranges
up to about 5 percent of the compressor discharge mass airflow.
Helper Turbine
As discussed in MEX 214.02, the gas turbine requires a starting
device that can accelerate the turbine to a speed at which the
power output from the turbine is greater than the power required
to drive the gas turbine compressor. One type of driver that can
be used for this application is a steam turbine. If the steam
turbine is designed to remain coupled to the turbine during
operation and provide supplementary power to the gas turbine
train, it is designated a helper turbine. According to SAES-K-
502, steam turbine starters that can be used as helpers are
rated at approximately 4 percent of the ISO output of the gas
turbine.
If a steam turbine is selected as the gas turbine starting means,
it may be worthwhile to specify it as a helper for the additional
power available. However, the Mechanical Engineer must
recognize that the following several points that may affect this
decision:
• Steam to operate the turbine must be available at all times,
not just at startup.
• The steam turbine, the coupling, and the accessories must
be rated for continuous operation.
• API Standard 616, “Gas Turbines for Refinery Services,” and
SAES-K-502 specify that starter turbines shall be general
purpose turbines, while API Standard 616 requires that
helpers be special purpose turbines. This requirement may
result in more stringent requirements for turbines used as
helpers.
Power Requirements
The primary consideration in the selection of a gas turbine for a
particular application is that it be able to provide sufficient power
under all conditions of operation to support the driven load. The
determination of the size of the gas turbine should be based on
its base load rating. The base load, when corrected for site
conditions and other factors, must be sufficient to supply the
required power of the driven equipment under conditions of
normal deterioration.
Base load is defined by SAES-K-502 as the maximum allowable
output of the equipment (as specified by the vendor) under the
limitations of the following requirements that are specified in API
616 and SAES-K-502:
• Rotors, casings, bearing housings, supports, baseframe, and
the unit's structure must have a minimum expected life of
160,000 operating hours (over 20 years).
• Planned time between major overhauls (TBO) must be a
minimum of 48,000 operating hours (6 years) for industrial
heavy-duty combustion gas turbines, 25,000 hours for
aeroderivatives.
• The time between hot gas path inspections, if needed, must
be at least 24,000 hours (3 years). During this period, the
turbine is suitable for continuous operation, except for very
brief shutdowns for combustion inspections.
Figure 8. Torque Characteristics of Single Shaft and Multiple Shaft Gas Turbines
Site Conditions
The site’s rated temperature will be the maximum inlet air
temperature at which the turbine must be capable of developing
the specified site’s rated power. The site conditions that are
used to define the site’s rated power are the rated temperature,
the altitude, and the relative humidity of the installation site. To
determine the size of the gas turbine that is required for a
specific site, these site conditions must be determined. A gas
turbine user is mostly interested in the output power that the gas
turbine has the capability to deliver at the following site
conditions, as defined in SAES-K-502:
• The site's maximum temperature.
• The site's altitude (elevation above or below sea level).
• The site's maximum humidity.
Generally, the site’s rated temperature reflects the maximum
ambient temperature; however, if exceptionally high
temperatures can be expected for short periods of time, a lower
temperature may be specified as the sites rated temperature. If
such is the case, there will be times when the gas turbine must
be operated above base load to produce the required power,
which will result in increased maintenance requirements for the
equipment and shorter times between overhauls.
The altitude that is used to determine the size of the gas turbine
is the elevation of the installation site above or below sea level.
PVAP
HABS = 0.622
PBAR − PVAP
Where:
PVAP = Vapor pressure of water in air (psia or kPa
abs)
HRH = Relative humidity (%)
PSAT = Saturation pressure of water vapor at
ambient temperature (psia or kPa abs)
HABS = absolute humidity (lb water vapor/lb dry air,
= kg water vapor/kg dry air)
PBAR = barometric pressure (psia or kPa abs)
Water vapor saturation pressure can be obtained from steam
tables, or properties can be determined through use of
psychrometric charts.
The site’s ambient conditions to be used in calculating site
turbine performance can be found in SAES-A-112.
Service Conditions
In addition to the ambient conditions that exist at a site, the
service conditions that are associated with the gas turbine
installation must be considered in the determination of the size
and the type of gas turbine that is to be used. The locations in
which the gas turbine must operate (e.g., a refinery, a remote
area, or an offshore platform) must be considered in a
determination of the service requirements. When these
determinations are made, the following concerns must be
considered:
• The length of expected continuous service (without an
overhaul) at the location.
• The maintenance and maintenance requirements at the
location. (For example, heavy-duty turbines are normally
overhauled on site, which results in several logistic concerns,
such as the need for a large crane and the need for a supply
of spare parts.)
• The environmental conditions of the location. (For example,
operations in a desert atmosphere may be affected by the
sand and dust that are in the area. As another example,
offshore platforms operate in a humid environment and in
the presence of salt water mist or spray.) During bad
weather, special emphasis must be placed on reliability.
API 616 includes minimum requirements for gas turbines for
refinery services of mechanical drives, generator drives, or
process gas generation. API 616 requires that gas turbines be
capable of the following:
• A minimum of three years of continuous service, with a
minimum of 8000 hours of operation between hot section
inspections.
• Continuous service at the gas turbine's potential maximum
power.
• Idle periods of up to three weeks, under specified site
conditions, without requiring any special maintenance
procedures.
Environmental Restrictions
The determination of the size of the gas turbine must take into
consideration the effect of any extra equipment that must be
installed on the gas turbine to meet applicable environmental
regulations. Two of the environmental restrictions that must be
satisfied are emissions control and noise control. The major
sources of noise for a gas turbine are the inlet, exhaust, cooling
fans, pumps, and ventilation duct fans. Silencers will probably
be required to satisfy the regulatory noise requirements. The
installation of silencers will reduce the thermodynamic efficiency
of the gas turbine by increasing the inlet and outlet pressure
losses of the gas turbine.
Gas turbine selection considerations related to emissions
include both the allowable level and how that level will be
achieved. For example, will an adequate supply of
demineralized water be available for steam or water injection, or
will it be necessary to select a model equipped with dry low NOX
combustors?
ISO Selection
The power and the heat rate of a gas turbine are the major
factors in the determination of the size of the gas turbine.
Because both the power and the heat rate vary with the
environmental conditions, the environmental conditions must be
defined. Each gas turbine manufacturer could rate its respective
gas turbine at a set of conditions that are defined by the
manufacturer. The comparison between different gas turbines
would involve not only the conversion of the turbine's rated
power and the turbine’s heat rate to the site conditions, but the
comparison also would require the conversion of the individual
manufacturer's ratings to the ISO conditions.
Maintenance Considerations
The necessary maintenance associated with a gas turbine is
one of the considerations associated with the determination of
the size and type of gas turbine that is to be used at an
installation. Because plant maintenance personnel have
experience in the installation, the removal, and the overhaul of
gas turbines, they should be consulted concerning any
questions associated with maintenance on the type of gas
turbine. The following are some of the site maintenance
considerations that must be addressed:
• What maintenance can be performed at the site and what
maintenance requires removal of the turbine from the site?
• Can the unit be removed as a unit, or does it require
complete or partial disassembly?
• Are special equipment, fixtures, or tools (e.g., cranes, spare
parts requiring special handling, critical service parts)
required to perform normal maintenance?
• Are there any critical service spare parts that require a long
lead time for their procurement? Should the critical service
spare parts with a long lead time be purchased and stored?
• What type of storage requirements do the spare parts have?
Short-term storage packaging has generally not been
adequate in the prevention of corrosion damage. Corrosion
damage normally results in time delays to reprocure the
parts and/or expensive repairs to the damaged parts.
• Are there other units on site that have interchangeable parts
with the proposed unit? Significant reductions in the cost of
inventory for spare parts can be achieved if other units on
site have interchangeable parts with the proposed unit.
PVAP
HABS = 0.622HRH =
P −P
ATM VAP
0.767
0.622(0.36 ) = 0.013lb water/lbdryair
13.7 − 0.767
From Figure 12, the power correction factor is 0.9991 and the
heat rate correction factor is 1.0025.
WORK AIDS
Site’s Rated Heat Rate = ISO Rated Heat x Temperature Correction x Humidity
Correction x Inlet Losses Correction x Exhaust Losses
Correction x Transmission Loss Correction x Deterioration and
Contingency Correction
GLOSSARY
Brayton cycle The ideal cycle upon which the gas turbine operation is
based. It consists of an isentropic compression in the
compressor, constant pressure heat addition in the
combustion section, isentropic expansion in the turbine
section, and constant pressure exhaust. Also known as the
Joule cycle.
Combined cycle A combination of two thermodynamic cycles, namely the
Brayton cycle and the Rankine (steam turbine) cycle. The
waste heat in the gas turbine exhaust is used to generate
superheated steam in a heat recovery steam generator
(waste heat boiler), which in turn is used to power a steam
turbine. Use of waste heat to generate superheated steam
results in a greatly improved overall efficiency.
Evaporative cooling Cooling produced by evaporating water into the air. The
necessary latent heat of vaporization of the water is provided
by the air and remaining water, reducing their temperature.
Fuel higher heating Heat produced by combustion of a unit of fuel under
value conditions where all water vapor from the combustion
reaction is condensed, i.e., the latent heat is included in the
heating value.
Fuel lower heating Heat produced by combustion of a unit of fuel under
value conditions where all water vapor from the combustion
reaction remains as a vapor; i.e., the latent heat is not
included in the heating value.
Heat rate A measure of the fuel heat input per unit power output, it is
generally based on the lower heating value (LHV) of the fuel.
Typical units of measurement are Btu/kWhr, Btu/hphr, and
Kj/kWhr
helper turbine A steam turbine that is used as a gas turbine starting device
is designed to remain coupled to the turbine during operation
and to provide supplementary power to the gas turbine train.
Humidity ratio The mass ratio of water vapor to dry air, it is generally given
in lb water vapor/lb dry air, kg/kg, or g/kg. Also called
absolute humidity or specific humidity.
steam injected cycle A variation of the simple cycle, the cycle has steam injected
into the air stream at the compressor discharge, increasing
the mass flow through the turbine, and thereby increasing
turbine power output. If the steam is produced in a steam
generator using waste heat from the gas turbine exhaust,
cycle efficiency is also improved.
thermal efficiency Ratio of the net energy output of the gas turbine to the fuel
heat input, expressed as a percentage.