Introduction to Wireless Network

報告人：高凌志

中華電信研究所

Agenda
‰ Evolution of Wireless Network
‰ GSM/GPRS/3G
‰ WLAN/WiMAX
‰ NGN
‰ Comments

1
 Trend
‰ Service Rate
z Low→High
‰ Service Type
z Mobile Network
9 Voice→Data/Multimedia
z Wireline Network
9 Data→Voice/Multimedia
‰ Data Transportation
z Circuit switched→Packet switched FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
‰ Multiple Access Technology
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
z FDMA→TDMA→CDMA→OFDMA OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division
‰ Wireless Coverage Multiple Access
z Wireless access, wireline backbone → Wireless access/backbone ?
‰ Session control layer Convergence
z IMS (IP Multimedia System)
‰ Network Convergence
z NGN (Next Generation Network)

From Telecom. View

Legend:
First Second Third
AMPS: Advance Mobile Phone system
Generation Generation Generation
(America)
D-APMS: (America)
PDC/JDC cdmaOne: (America)
TACS cdmaOne
PACS: Personal Communication
(IS-95) System (America)
High-tier NMT NMT: Nordic Mobile Telephone
System D-AMPS (Europe)
AMPS GSM: Global System for Mobile
GSM/
Communication (Europe)
GPRS
IMT-2000 GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
(UMTS, (Europe)
cdma2000) TACS: Total Access Communication
System (England)
PHS PDC:
CT 0/1/2: Cordless Telephone
Low-tier PACS DECT: Digital European Cordless
System
Telephone, CT-3
CT0/1 DECT PHS: Personal Handyphone System
(Japan)
CT2
PDC: Personal Digital Cellular
(JDC: Japan Digital Cellular)
IMT-2000: International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000
UMTS: Universal Mobile
Telecommuncation System
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2
 Characteristics of Mobile Network

‰ First Generation (1G): starts from 1980

z AMPS、NMT、TACS ‧‧‧
z Analog
z Voice services
‰ Second Generation (2G): starts from 1992
z GSM、D-AMPS、cdmdOne、PDC(JDC)‧‧‧
z Digital
z Voice/Data services (low speed)
‰ Third Generation (3G): starts from 2001
z UMTS、cdma2000 ‧‧‧
z Digital
z Voice/Wideband multimedia services

From Data Com. View

3
Multiple Access Technology

FDMA

頻率

用戶6
用戶5
頻道 i+1 用戶4
頻道 i 用戶3
用戶2
用戶1
時間

4
 TDMA

頻率
TDMA TDMA
Frame j Frame j +1

頻道 i 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

時間
時槽 (Time Slot)

Hybrid TDMA/FDMA

頻率 TDMA TDMA
Frame j Frame j +1
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

頻道 i + 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
頻道 i 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
時間
時槽 (Time Slot)

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5
 CDMA

頻率 序碼 (Codes)

碼通道N

碼通道1

同頻

時間

11

Hybrid CDMA/FDMA

功率密度
碼通道N cdma2000 → 1.25 MHz
UMTS (WCDMA) → 5 MHz
碼通道2
碼通道1 展頻頻寬

CDMA 載波1 CDMA 載波2 CDMA 載波3 頻率

12

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 Other Advanced Multiple Access Technology

‰ SDMA : Space Division Multiple Access

z Typically , using beam-forming techniques
z It can be applied to all other Multiple Access techniques
‰ OFDM : Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
z A combination of modulation and multiplexing
z A special form of multi-carrier modulation
9 將一高速資料串列分割成數個低速資料串列，並且將這數個低速串列同
時調變在幾個載波上同時傳送
z Usually , OFDM is used with CDMA or TDMA
Modulation: a mapping of the information on changes in the carrier phase,
frequency, or amplitude or combination
Multiplexing: method of sharing a bandwidth with other independent data
channels
‰ OFDMA :
z A multiple access scheme for OFDM systems
z Assigning a subset of subcarriers to individual users.
13

Agenda
‰ Evolution of Wireless Network
‰ GSM/GPRS/3G
‰ WLAN/WiMAX
‰ NGN
‰ Comments

14

7
 GSM

15

GSM Architecture
Wireless Wireline

MS PSTN
BSS Core network

VLR
SIM
PLMN
ME BSC MSC GMSC

HLR
BTS

MSC : Mobile Switching Center VLR : Visitor Location Register

GMSC : Gateway MSC
BSS : Base Station System
BTS : Base Transceiver Station
ME : Mobile Equipment
PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network
HLR : Home Location Register
BSC : Base Station Controller
SIM : Subscriber Identity Module
MS : Mobile Station
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network

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8
 Characteristics of GSM
‰ 多樣化服務
z 語音、簡訊、低速數據、增添服務
‰ 數位式系統
z 空中介面: 數位化編碼的數位式語音
‰ SIM 卡
‰ 通信安全防護措施
z 通信認證、加密、及 SIM 卡密碼 (PIN)
‰ 工作於多個頻段
z 900、1800、1900、850 及 400 MHz
‰ 採用 TDMA 技術
z 8 時槽/無線電頻道
‰ 國際間漫遊通信
z 六百多個 GSM 行動網路
‰ 公開介面標準
z 不同廠商的系統設備可以互相銜接
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Frequency Band
‰ GSM900
z Uplink: 880～915 MHz
z Downlink: 925～960 MHz
‰ GSM1800
z Uplink: 1710～1785 MHz
z Downlink: 1805～1880 MHz
‰ GSM1900
z Uplink: 1850～1910 MHz
z Downlink: 1930～1990 MHz

P.S.
1. Taiwan has GSM900 and GSM1800
2. GSM1900: America, Canada

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9
 GSM 系統頻道配置

GSM
890 915 935 960

Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch Ch
1 2 3 4 122 123 124

100 KHz 200 KHz 100 KHz

Guard Band Ch Spacing Guard Band

應用 TDMA 技術(8用戶/RF CH)

19

TDMA 頻道運用觀念

BS
TDMA Frame 1 TDMA Frame 2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

MS 1
MS 3 MS 6

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10
 GPRS

21

GSM/GPRS Architecture
Wireless Wireline

MS PSTN
BSS Core network

Circuit switched data services VLR

SIM
MSC GMSC PLMN
ME
BSC HLR
PCU Internet
BTS SGSN GGSN

Packet switched data services

SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node

GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node
PCU : Packet Control Unit

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11
 GSM 數據通信的主要問題

‰ 數據傳輸速率極低，最高只達 9.6/14.4 kbps

‰ 電路交換模式，在傳輸前須先建立完整通信電路
z 需較長的通信路徑建立時間
‰ 通信路徑建立後，客戶全時間佔用一個完整的通道資源
‰ 依使用時間計費
‰ 較不適用於傳送叢發姓及雙向不對稱的數據資料

23

Characteristics of GPRS
‡ 利用GSM既有頻寬(200 KHz)
‡ 採用分封交換技術
‡ 適於傳送叢集性及雙向不對稱性的數據資料
‡ 可進接Internet/Intranet、X.25等分封數據網路
‡ 速率: 9.05kbps ～ 171 Kbps (實際傳輸速率約 20~40Kbps)
‡ 較便宜的費率(可根據傳送之資料量計費)
‡ 既有的網路元件(～BSS、MSC/VLR、HLR…)皆須昇級
‡ 須增添新的網路元件(SGSN、GGSN、...)
‡ 客戶須更換新的行動台設備
‡ 技術標準已通過(1998/8)，已於 2001Q1 商用化

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12
 3G

25

Significant Event in WCDMA Network

1970s CDMA used in several military communication and navigation systems

1980s Studies for narrowband CDMA for commercial mobile networks

1990s Studies for wideband (~5 MHz) CDMA for commercial mobile networks

1993 USA used CDMA standardized in 2nd Generation (2G)

1996 UMTS forum established
ITU requests proposals for candidate radio transmission technologies for IMT-
1997 2000 radio interfaces
ITU receives 10 proposals for terrestrial RTTs and 5 for satellite RTTs
including:
1998 -CDMA2000 (USA)
-ARIB W-CDMA (Japan)
-UTRA (Europe)
3GPP formed to develop of a joint 3G system based on GSM core and UTRA air
1998 interface
ETSI starts UMTS project
1999 4 UMTS licenses awarded in Finland
2001 4 UMTS/ 1 cdma2000 licenses awarded in Taiwan
2002 Commercial use of WCDMA network
2004 ~ Commercial use of WCDMA network
26 in Taiwan

13
 3GPP Specification Bodies

27

Taiwan 3G licenses

WCDMA

cdma2000

28

14
 UMTS Evolution by 3GPP

•CS and PS
3GPP domains using
packet transport in
R4 Core Network

3GPP 3GPP
GSM 3GPP
R5 R6
GPRS R99

•TDMA access
•WCDMA access •All- IP transport in •All- IP transport in
•Circuit-switched Core Network Radio Access
domain voice Network
•Provide IP
•Packet-switched Multimedia System •WLAN interworking
domain data (IMS)

29

UMTS R99 Architecture

Core Network Circuit-Switched
3G MSC/ SCF Domain
VLR
CAP
TDM E
ISUP/TDM
Radio Access Network
3G MSC/ ISUP/TDM ISUP/TDM PSTN
VLR GMSC
Iucs C
User Equipment
RNS D
Iub
Node B RNC 3G HLR AuC SMS
Cu Gs
USIM
Iups
ME Uu Iur Gr
Iub Gd Gc
SIM SIM-ME i/f
Node B RNC
MS Gn 3G GGSN
Gi
3G SGSN Internet
RNS
Ga
Gn Ga
Gp
UTRAN
CG
3G SGSN BG AuC : Authentication Centre
BG : Border Gateway
WCDMA CAP : CAMEL Application part
CG : Charging Gateway
GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node
Packet-Switched HLR : Home Location Register
MS : Mobile Station
Domain MSC : Mobile-services Switching Centre
RNC : Radio Network Controller
Signalling SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node
Bearer SIM : Subscriber Identity Module
Signalling & Bearer USIM : UMTS Subscriber Identity Module
VLR : Visitor Location Register
UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
30 Network

15
 UMTS R4 Architecture
Core Network Circuit-Switched
SCF CAP
Domain
CAP
BICC
MSS MSS
C/D C/D H.248/ ISUP
H.248/
(SIGTRAN) (SIGTRAN)
Radio Access Network Megaco Megaco

MGW PSTN
MGW
Iucs RTP/IP TDM
User Equipment
RNS
Iub
Node B RNC 3G HLR AuC SMS
USIM Cu
Iups
ME Uu Iur Gr
Iub (SIGTRAN) Gd
SIM SIM-ME i/f
Node B RNC
MS Gn 3G GGSN
Gi
3G SGSN Internet
RNS
Ga
Gn Ga
Gp
UTRAN
CG
3G SGSN BG
WCDMA

Packet-Switched
Domain
Signalling BICC : Bearer Independent Call Control
Bearer MSS : MSC Server
Signalling & Bearer MGW : Media Gateway

31

UMTS R5 Architecture
IP Multimedia Core Network
System
ISUP
Mj/SIP
BGCF MGCF
Mi/SIP
PSTN
Mi/SIP Mn/ IMS- TDM
Mg/SIP
Radio Access Network CSCF Mw/SIP Megaco
MGW
Dx/ Mr/SIP
User Equipment SLF DBP P-CSCF MRFC Mb/IP
RNS ISC/SIP Cx/SIP Mp/ IP Multimedia
Iub Megaco MRFP Networks
Node B RNC
AS Sh/ Go/SIP Mb/IP
DBP HSS
USIM Cu
Iups Mb/IP
ME Uu Iur Mb/IP
Gc
Gr
SIM-ME i/f
Iub
SIM Node B RNC
MS Gn 3G GGSN
Gi
3G SGSN Internet
RNS
Ga
Gn Ga
Gp
UTRAN
CG
3G SGSN BG
AS : Application Server
WCDMA BGCF : Breakout Gateway Control Function
CSCF : Call Session Control Function
DBP : Diameter Base Protocol
Packet-Switched HSS : Home Subscriber Server
Domain IMS-MGW : IMS Media Gateway
ISC: IMS Service Control
Signalling MGCF : Media Gateway Control Function
Bearer MRFC : Multimedia Resource Function Controller
Signalling & Bearer MRFP : Multimedia Resource Function Processor
SIP : Session Initial Protocol

32

16
Network Architecture – R4/R5/R6

33

3GPP IMS Architecture

互運
基本功能

加值服務

34

17
 IMS Introduction (1/2)

‰ 何謂 IMS ？
z 3G 行動網路中提供行動使用者 IP 多媒體服務的一個子系統 (IMS: IP
Multimedia Subsystem)
9 Voice, data, video, messaging, web-based technologies,...
‰ 發展緣由
z 為了達到 3G 行動網路 all IP 化的目標，3GPP 採用有線 IP 網路中
IETF 之 SIP (Session Initial Protocol) 標準，發展出 IMS

35

IMS Introduction (2/2)

‰ 如何達成 ？
z 行動用戶端
9 須有 SIP client application, ISIM (IMS SIM) (optional)
z IP-Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN)
9 GPRS core network with GERAN radio access network
9 GPRS core network with UTRAN radio access network
z IMS 子系統
9 IMS 基礎元件功能
¾ Registration, session control, HSS query, mobility management,…
9 QoS control
9 Security mechanism
9 Charging
9 Service Platform (Application Server) [可由 third-party 提供]

GERAN: GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network

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18
 3GPP 服務說明

R99/R4 R5 R6
CS
Video call, high speed CSD (64Kbps)
Domain
PS 3GPP GPRS 可提供之傳送速率: 64 Kbps ～ 2Mbps
Domain
可提供之 IP-based 加 除了 R5 提供服務外，新增
值服務 下列服務
1. Play Announcement 1. Messaging
IMS X 2. Voicemail 2. Group Management
3. Call Forwarding 3. Presence
4. Conferencing 4. PoC
5. ‧‧‧ 5. ‧‧‧

37

3G Data Rate Evolution

3G LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Uplink: 50 Mbps
Downlink: 100 Mbps

HSDPA (3.5G):
Uplink: 2 Mbps
Downlink: 14.4 Mbps

HSUPA (3.75G):
Uplink: 5.76 Mbps

(Max: 473Kbps)

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 Agenda
‰ Evolution of Wireless Network
‰ GSM/GPRS/3G
‰ WLAN/WiMAX
‰ NGN
‰ Comments

39

WLAN

40

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 WLAN Architecture

Use ISM (Industrial Scientific Medial) band

Access Point Mobile Unit

(w/WLAN PC Card)
Cell “A”
Mobile Unit
(w/WLAN PC Card) Cell “B”
Ethernet Segment
(10BaseT or 10/100 autosense)

Workstation
Hub/Switch

Access Point

Workstation
Mobile Unit (w/WLAN PCI Card) Network Server
(w/WLAN PC Card) Mobile Unit
(w/WLAN PC Card)

41

WLAN Specification

產品成熟
技術標準 使用頻段 傳送數率 調變方式
推出時間
1997 年標準制
IEEE 802.11 2.4 GHz 1～2 Mbps FH-SS/DS-SS 訂，速率過低
未見普及率
1999 年 9 定案
，相關產品最
IEEE 802.11b 2.4 GHz 11 Mbps DS-SS
多，已步入消
費者產品市場
已有設備產品
IEEE 802.11a 5.8 GHz 54 Mbps OFDM
供應
2003 年 6 定案
，相關產品已
IEEE 802.11g 2.4 GHz 54 Mbps OFDM
步入消費者產
品市場

有效傳輸距離
室內: 20～50m
室外 (LOS): 100m
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21
 WiMAX

43

WiMAX Architecture

44

22
 WiMAX Specification

802.16d 802.16e
標準時程 2004 Q4 2005 年底至 2006年初
應用 Last Mile 與 Backhaul 可移動裝置
頻譜規格 2～11 GHz 2～6 GHz
通道要求 NLOS NLOS
傳輸速率 75 Mbps (通道頻寬 20 MHz 下) 15 Mbps (通道頻寬 5 MHz 下)
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
調變技術
採 256 sub-carrier OFDM 採 256 sub-carrier OFDM
256(OFDM) 256(OFDM)
子載波數 2048(OFDMA) 128、512、1024、2048(OFDMA)
移動性 固定或便攜 中低車速 (<120km/hr)
Muitiple
OFDMA 結合 TDMA (uplink) OFDMA 結合 TDMA (uplink)
access OFDMA 結合 TDM (downlink) OFDMA 結合 TDM (downlink)
technology
通道頻寬 1.5～20 MHz 1.5～5 MHz
典型傳輸
4～6 miles (最遠 30 miles) 1～3 miles
距離

45

Agenda
‰ Evolution of Wireless Network
‰ GSM/GPRS/3G
‰ WLAN/WiMAX
‰ NGN
‰ Comments

46

23
 NGN Definition (ITU-T Y.2001)

‰ A packet-based network able to provide

telecommunication services
‰ Make use of multiple broadband, QoS-enabled
transport technologies in which service-related
functions are independent from underlying transport-
related technologies
‰ Enables unfettered access for users to networks and to
competing service providers and/or services of their
choice
‰ Supports generalized mobility which will allow
consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to
users

47

NGN Service Vision

‰ Customized and personalized services

z Innovative service
9 Customers is able to program their services
z Personalized Management
9 Web based service management
‰ Bundle services
z E.g., Triple play services
‰ Convergence services
z E.g., Video telephony & SMS across IP and mobile network
‰ Life style services

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 IP Centric Convergence Network

IMS Core

IP Vision: IP on everything, everything on IP

49

Agenda
‰ Evolution of Wireless Network
‰ GSM/GPRS/3G
‰ WLAN/WiMAX
‰ NGN
‰ Comments

50

25
 Comments
‰ Telecom. and data com. convergence
z 行動網路寬頻化
z 寬頻網路行動化
‰ IP-based transportation、網路整合是未來的趨勢
z IMS Core
z Access technology independent
z IP on everything, everything on IP
‰ WiMAX/3G 是敵是友仍待觀察
‰ 電信/網路業者更新設備朝向 NGN 發展是一長期且具挑戰性
的目標
z 使用手機講電話仍是目前大家的習性
z 如何吸引消費者用手機使用其它加值服務需有 killer application

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