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lungs.
he lungs.
paransal sinuses, inhaled air becomes turbulent. The gases in the air are
perature
matter
l communication
ssolve in the mucus in the nose, the molecules can bind to receptors in the olfactory epithelium.
s glands, lysozyme in the mucus all help defend the body against infection by airborne pathogens.
> primary bronchi ---> secondary bronchi ---> tertiary bronchi ---> bronchioles ---> terminal bronchioles ---> respiratory bronchioles --->
ovides an overview of the respiratory system, including its functions and organs.
ys that serve to warm, moisten, and filter the inhaled air: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
chi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles.
ers of branching in the lungs which significantly increases cross sectional area for flow
hioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and about 300 million alveoli
s’ volume
area for gas exchange
ut of the lungs.
costals muscles promote ventilation
ons.
ween the pressure and volume of gases is inversely proportional for a gas held at a constant temperature
cic Cavity
ose apposition – stretching the lungs to fill the large thoracic cavity
tion
Flow = ΔP /R
ase with which lungs can be expanded due to change in transpulmonary pressure
ors:
ung tissue and surrounding thoracic cage
he alveol
easily
more force
brotic lung diseases and inadequate surfactant production
ecules to one another at a liquid-gas interface, the thin fluid layer between alveolar cells and the air
ar surface is always acting to reduce the alveoli to the smallest possible size
complex secreted by Type II alveolar cells, reduces surface tension and helps keep the alveoli from collapsing
nto and out of the lungs with each breath (approximately 500 ml)
air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100–3200 ml)
air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration (1000–1200 ml)
e lungs after strenuous expiration (1200 ml)
ount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration (IRV + TV)
) – amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration
gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture
liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
re
s
ressure
ila cells that form a nearly continuous lining of the alveolar wall.
ype of cells.
as exchange.
lar wall
at remove fine dust particles and other debris in the alveolar spaces. engulf foreign particle
ws the structure of respiratory membranes. Review the first half of the animation.
– oxygen diffuses from the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli
ucting passages
at occurs with each breath
ure of alveolar oxygen is 100mmHG and partial pressure of alveolar CO2 is 40mmHg
between systemic capillaries and tissue cells are the same as those acting in the lungs
usion gradients are reversed
than in systemic arterial blood
tissues is 40 mm Hg and PCO2is 45 mm Hg
O2 / /g of Hb
s
2/g of Hb
r hemes of the molecule are bound to oxygen
n one to three hemes are bound to oxygen
ases oxygen is regulated by:
cal)
turated
erventilation has little effect on arterial O2 levels
pletely saturated at a PO2 of 70 mm Hg
ly small increases in oxygen binding
e is still adequate when PO2 is below normal levels
uration
three forms
0%
obin – 20% is carried in RBCs as carbaminohemoglobin
70% is transported as bicarbonate (HCO3–)
nd combines with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which quickly dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
bly catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid
stem resists blood pH changes
reversed
the RBCs and bind with hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid
carbonic anhydrase to release carbon dioxide and water
from the blood into the alveoli
ability of Hb to pick up CO2 and CO2 generated H+ is called the Haldane effect.
synchrony to facilitate O2 liberation and uptake of CO2 and H+
he blood:
m Hb (Bohr effect)
O2 to combine with Hb (Haldane effect), and more bicarbonate ions are formed
ry circulation
ry centerscontrol breathing. The centers located in the medulla oblongata set the rate and rhythm of
gulate the rate and depth of breathing.
s the regulator; it coordinates the transition between inhalation and exhalation; it also prevents
lways sending inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory center (DRG)
dinates the transition between inhalation and exhalation by fine-tuning the medullary respiratory centers;
ory impulses to the inspiratory center (DRG) which result in a slower, deeper inhalation; this is necessary
r breath p
s to allow expiration to occur normally
l pH
spiratory rate even if carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal
alling pH is mediated by peripheral chemoreceptors
This material is based upon work supported by the Nursing, Allied Health
and Other Health-related Educational Grant Program, a grant program
funded with proceeds of the State’s Tobacco Lawsuit Settlement and
administered by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board.