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Objective
List of Topics
• Definition of Matrix
• Basic Operations
Matrices
That is...
A matrix with one row (a 1 × n matrix) is called a row vector, and a matrix with one column (an
m × 1 matrix) is called a column vector. Any row or column of a matrix determines a row or
column vector, obtained by removing all other rows respectively columns from the matrix. For
example, the row vector for the third row of the above matrix A is
When a row or column of a matrix is interpreted as a value, this refers to the corresponding row
or column vector. For instance one may say that two different rows of a matrix are equal,
meaning they determine the same row vector. In some cases the value of a row or column should
be interpreted just as a sequence of values (an element of Rn if entries are real numbers) rather
than as a matrix, for instance when saying that the rows of a matrix are equal to the
corresponding columns of its transpose matrix.
Notation
The specifics of matrices notation varies widely, with some prevailing trends. Matrices are
usually denoted using upper-case letters while the corresponding lower-case letters, with two
subscript indices, represent the entries. In addition to using upper-case letters to symbolize
matrices, many authors use a special typographical style, commonly boldface upright (non-
italic), to further distinguish matrices from other variables. An alternative notation involves the
use of a double-underline with the variable name, with or without boldface style, (e.g. )
The entry that lies in the i-th row and the j-th column of a matrix is typically referred to as the i,j,
(i,j), or (i,j)th entry of the matrix. For example, the (2,3) entry of the above matrix A is 7. The (i,
j)th entry of a matrix A is most commonly written as ai,j. Alternative notations for that entry are
A[i,j] or Ai,j.
Sometimes a matrix is referred to by giving a formula for its (i,j)th entry, often with double
parenthesis around the formula for the entry, for example, if the (i,j)th entry of A were given by
aij, A would be denoted ((ai,j)).
An asterisk is commonly used to refer to whole rows or columns in a matrix. For example, ai,∗
refers to the ith row of A, and a∗,j refers to the jth column of A. The set of all m-by-n matrices is
denoted (m, n).
A common shorthand is
can alternatively be specified by A = [i − j]i=1,2,3; j=1,...,4, or simply A = ((i-j)), where the size
of the matrix is understood
Basic operations
There are a number of operations that can be applied to modify matrices called matrix addition,
scalar multiplication and transposition. These form the basic techniques to deal with matrices
The rules for addition, subtraction, multiplications and divisions between matrices are as follows.
Let first assume that matrix A and B are used to construct matrix Z. It must follow that for
The rules for multiplication and division of a matrix by a scalar (a real number) are simpler. If
matrix Z is constructed by multiplying all elements of matrix A by a scalar c, then its elements
are zij = c*aij. In an analogous manner, dividing matrix A by c gives zij = (1/c)*aij.
This lecture has given us the detailed concept of Matrix. We are also able to
write Matrix in different forms. At the last we have been introduced with operations also.
Lecture 5
Objective
This lecture explains various operations done with the matrices in detail which was introduced in
lecture 4.
List of Topics
To add or subtract matrices these must be of identical order. This just means that the matrices
involved must have the same number of rows and columns. If they don't have the same number
of rows and columns we cannot add or subtract these.
The expression
Means "to element in row i, column j of matrix A add element in row i, column j of matrix B". If
we do this with each element of A and B we end with matrix Z
Subtraction is performed in analogous manner. The expression
Means "to element in row i, column j of matrix A deduct element in row i, column j of matrix
B". If we do this with each element of A and B we end with matrix Z.
Multiplication of Matrices
Consider two matrices A and B with the following characteristics: the number of columns in A
equals the number of rows in B. These are conformable with respect to one another, and they can
be multiplied together to form a new matrix Z.
The expression
zij = ai1* b1j + ai2* b2j + ai3* b3j + ... aim* bnj
Means "add the products obtained by multiplying elements in each i row of matrix A by
elements in each j column of matrix B". Figure 4 illustrates what we mean by this statement
Matrix multiplication has a catch as we mentioned before. The order in which we multiply terms
does matter. The reason for this is that we need to multiply row elements by column elements
and one by one. Therefore A*B and B*A can produce different results
ie AB ≠ BA
TYPES OF MATRICES
Row Matrix:
Column Matrix:
Square Matrix:
Note:
The diagonal from left hand side upper corner to right hand side lower side lower corner is
known as leading diagonal or principal diagonal. In the above example square matrix containing
the elements 1, 3, 5 is called the leading or principal diagonal.
Diagonal Matrix:
A square matrix all of whose elements except those in the leading diagonal, are zero is called a
diagonal matrix. For a square matrix A = [aij]n×n to be a diagonal matrix, aij = 0, whenever i ≠ j.
A diagonal matrix whose all the leading diagonal elements are equal is called a scalar matrix.
is a scalar matrix.
A diagonal matrix of order n which has unity for all its diagonal elements, is called a unit matrix
of order n and is denoted by In
Triangular Matrix:
A square matrix in which all the elements below the diagonal elements are zero is called Upper
Triangular matrix and a square matrix in which all the elements above diagonal elements are
zero is called Lower Triangular matrix.
Notes:
A triangular matrix A = [aij]n×n is called strictly triangular if aii = 0 for 1 < i < n.
Null Matrix:
If all the elements of a matrix (square or rectangular) are zero, it is called a null or zero matrix.
is a zero matrix
Summary:
Now we have learnt the Operations on Matrices. At the end of the lecture we are able to identify
different type of matrices.
Lecture 6
Objective
List of Topics
• Concept of Determinants
Determinants
A determinant is a square array of numbers (written within a pair of vertical lines) which
represents a certain sum of products.
The result of multiplying out, then simplifying the elements of a determinant is a single number
(a scalar quantity).
Calculating a 2 × 2 Determinant
Example:
3 × 3 Determinants
A 3 × 3 determinant
Cofactors
The 2 × 2 determinant
The cofactor is formed from the elements that are not in the same row as a1 and not in the same
column as a1.
is called the cofactor of a2. It is formed from the elements not in the same row as a2 and not in
the same column as a2.
We evaluate our 3 × 3 determinant using expansion by minors. This involves multiplying the
elements in the first column of the determinant by the cofactors of those elements. We subtract
the middle product and add the final product.
Note that we are working down the first column and multiplying by the cofactor of each element
Example:
Evaluate
Solution:
= -2[(-1)(2) − (-8)(4)] − 5[(3)(2) − (-8)(-1)] + 4[(3)(4) − (-1)(-1)]
= -60 + 10 + 44
= -6
Here, we are expanding by the first column. We can do the expansion by using the first row and
we will get the same result
Cramer's Rule
by using:
Where
Example:
Solution:
Where
So
Checking solutions:
Example:
Solution:
where
Note: Once we have x and y, we can find z without using Cramer's Rule.
So
Summary:
Lecture of this session has explained about the Determinants and their expansion. We have also
learnt to find the solution of linear equations by Determinant Method.
Lecture 7
Objective
List of Topics
• Concept of Inverse
• Properties of Inverse
Inverse of Matrix
Writing the transpose of the matrix of cofactor, known as an adjugate matrix, can also be an
efficient way to calculate the inverse of small matrices, but this recursive method is inefficient
for large matrices. To determine the inverse, we calculate a matrix of cofactors:
Where |A| is the determinant of A, Cij is the matrix of cofactors, and CT represents the matrix
transpose.
Inversion of 2×2 matrices
The cofactor equation listed above yields the following result for 2×2 matrices. Inversion of
these matrices can be done easily as follows:
This is possible because 1/(ad-bc) is the reciprocal of the determinant of the matrix in question,
and the same strategy could be used for other matrix sizes
Where
which is the determinant of the matrix. If Z is non-zero, the matrix is invertible, with the
elements of the above matrix on the right side given by
The general 3×3 inverse can be expressed concisely in terms of the cross product and triple
product,:
The correctness of the formula can be checked by using cross- and triple-product properties and
by noting that for groups, left and right inverses always coincide. Intuitively, because of the cross
products, each row of is orthogonal to the non-corresponding two columns of (causing
the off-diagonal terms of be zero). Dividing by
causes the diagonal elements of to be unity. For example, the first diagonal is:
is defined as the transpose of the matrix [Aij] where Aij are the cofactors of the elements aij.
Let A be a square matrix of order n. If there exists a matrix B of order n such that AB = BA = I,
where I is the identity matrix of order n, then the matrix A is said to be invertible and B is called
the inverse (or reciprocal) of A.
Note:
• From the definition, it is clear that if B is the inverse of A, then A is the inverse of B.
Theorem
If A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then (AB)-1 = B-1A-1.
Proof:
(AB)(AB)-1 = I
or I B (AB)-1 = A-1
or B (AB)-1 = A-1
or (B-1B)(AB)-1 =B-1A-1
or I(AB)-1= B-1A-1
or (AB)-1 = B-1A-1
Theorem
Non-singular Matrix
i.e.,
Singular Matrix
(d) If A and B are two non-singular square matrices of the same order, then
Example
Find inverse of
3 −1 1
A = 2 1 0
1 2 −1
Solution
−1 2 3
C= 1 −4 −7
−1 2 5
so,
−1 1 −1
= C= 2 −4 2
adjA T
3 −7 5
and
Summary:
Objective of the lecture was to find the Inverse of Matrix and to study the properties of inverse.
At the last we have done the things.
Lecture 8
Objective
Objective of this lecture is to learn to find the solution of Linear Equations using Matrix Inverse
List of Topics
A system of linear equations is said to be consistent if it has a solution. This means that the
solution satisfies all the equations in the system simultaneously.
One of the most important applications of matrices is to the solution of linear simultaneous
equations. We will see an example....
Step 1
x + 2y = 4
3x − 5y = 1
Provided we understand how matrices are multiplied together, we will realize that these can be
written in matrix form as
1 2 x 4
3 − 5 y = 1
1 2 x 4
=
writing A = , X = ,B
3 − 5 y 1
We have AX = B
This is the matrix form of the simultaneous equations. Here the unknown is the matrix X, since
A and B are already known. A is called the matrix of coefficients.
Step 2
Given AX = B
We can multiply both sides by the inverse of A, provided this exists, to give
A−1 AX = A−1 B
1 2
3 − 5
1 −5 − 2
A−1 =
(1)(−5) − (2)(3) −3 1
−1 −5 − 2
A−1 =
11 −3 1
−1 −5 − 2 4
Then X is given by X = A B = 11 −3 1 1
−1
−1 −22
= 11 −11
2
1
=
Questions
1. (a) If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, write down P(A) by listing its elements. What is
2. Prove the following identities, stating carefully which of the set laws
(a) B ∪ (ø ∩ A) = B
(b) (A ′ ∩ U) ′ = A
(c) (C ∪ A) ∩ (B ∪ A) = A ∪ (B ∩ C)
(d) (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ B ' ) = A
(e) (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∪ B ' ) ′ = B
(f) A ∩ (A ∪ B) = A
2 5 1 2
3 and B = 4 7
3. If A = 4
Then Find the Value of X Such that - A2 + 5 A + BX = [0] . Also Compute the
Value of 3A + 5 B – I
3 − 5
−4 2
4. . If A =
2 0 − 1
5 1 0
0 1 3
5. Find the Inverse of
x + 2 y + z = 7 , x + 3 z = 11 And 2x – 3y =1
x+y = 5,
y+z = 3’
x+z = 4
11P1 − P2 − P3 =
31
− P1 + 6 P2 − 2 P3 =26
− P1 + 2 P2 + 7 P3 =24
9.An automobile company uses three types of steel S1, S2 and S3 for producing three types of
cars c1, c2, c3. Steel Requirements (in tons) for each type of car are given below:
Types of car
C1 C2 C3
Types S1 2 3 4
of S2 1 1 2
Steel
S3 3 2 1
Determine the number of cars of each type which an be produced using 29, 13 and 16 tons of
steel of three types respectively
5x − 6 y + 4 z =15
7 x + 4 y − 3z =19
2x + y + 6z = 46