ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY

Senior High School

STEM- Pre-Science- Biology
E. Jacinto Street, Davao City, Philippines

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

1st Grading
Session 5: Plant and Animal Tissues

TISSUE B. Dermal Tissues

• A level of organization in multicellular • Protective tissue of the plant
organisms that consists of structurally • Covers the surface of leaves and the
and functionally similar cells living cells of roots and stems

PLANT TISSUES ❖ EPIDERMIS

A. Meristematic tissues - Outermost surface of young plants and
• Region of active cell division non-woody plant parts
- Cells are generally tightly-packed and
• Gives rise to the various tissue types
flattened and may have one or more of
that make up a plant
the following modifications:
• Cells are small, thin-walled, with no
central vacuole

a. Cuticle – protective film covering

composed of cutin (lipid material);
minimizes evaporative water loss
❖ APICAL MERISTEM by acting as a waterproof barrier;
- Located at the tips of all roots and protects the plant against
stems pathogens
- Causes primary growth (increase in b. Trichomes – hair-like outgrowths
length of the plant) that are often glandular; protect
plant from excess transpiration and
❖ LATERAL MERISTEM attack by herbivores and insects
- Located at the lateral position (sides) of c. Root hairs – long, slender
the stem projections of root epidermal cells;
- Causes secondary growth (increase in increase surface area for
diameter or thickness) in plants absorption of water and minerals
- Vascular cambium d. Stomata – pores/openings
Gives rise to secondary phloem and scattered through the leaf
secondary xylem epidermis; site of gas exchange
- Cork cambium e. Guard Cells – sausage-shaped
Gives rise to cork cells that occur on either side of the
stoma; regulates the opening and
❖ INTERCALARY MERISTEM closing of the stoma
- Located at the base of nodes and
internodes ❖ PERIDERM
- Contributes to primary growth and - Replaces the epidermis as the
gives rise to plant organs outermost layer in mature or woody
plants
 ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY
Senior High School
STEM- Pre-Science- Biology
E. Jacinto Street, Davao City, Philippines

- Produced by the cork cambium

- Cells are deposited with suberin,
making them waterproof and
chemically inert
- Protect the plant and make it resistant
to attack by fungi, bacteria, and animals

C. Permanent Tissues: Ground
(Simple)
• Make up the internal bulk of non-woody
plant parts
• Cells are differentiated
❖ COLLENCHYMA
- Cells are irregularly-shaped and
elongated with thick cell walls
- Found in stem, leaves (petiole), and
petals
- Provide flexible support to the plant

❖ PARENCHYMA
- Cells are large, thin-walled, and usually
have a large central vacuole; with
intracellular spaces
- Least specialized ground tissue
- Found in all organs of the plant
- May perform a variety of functions that
include:
a. Photosynthesis (for cells
containing chloroplasts)
b. Storage of photosynthetic
products (for cells containing
colorless plastids)
c. Cell division (when stimulated for
wound repair)

❖ SCLERENCHYMA
- Cells have secondary walls containing
lignin; dead at maturity
- Provide mechanical support to the plant

body
- Cell types:
a. Fibers (thick, elongated, spindle-
shaped cells)
b. Sclereids (small cells with highly
thickened lignified walls)
E. Permanent Tissues: Vascular
(Complex)
• Conducting tissues in plants
• Extends from the root through the stem
to the leaves and vice versa
• Form a continuum throughout the plant,
allowing unrestricted movement of
materials
❖ XYLEM
- Cells are hollow and non-living at
maturity
- Conducts water and minerals from the
roots upward
- unidirectional flow of materials
ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY
Senior High School
STEM- Pre-Science- Biology
E. Jacinto Street, Davao City, Philippines
- Cell types:
a. Vessel elements (larger thick-
walled cells with perforated end
walls; arranged to form a
continuous pipeline for water and
mineral transport)
b. Tracheids (smaller in diameter;
cells with pits that allow movement
of water from one cell to another)
❖ PHLOEM
- Living cells
- Transports sugar (in the form of
sucrose) and other organic compounds
- Bidirectional flow of materials (from
source to sink)
- Cell types:
a. Sieve-tube members (arranged to
form a tube; cluster of pores in the
end walls)
b. Companion cell (contains a
nucleus; helps in the movement of
materials)

ANIMAL TISSUES
A. Epithelial Tissue
• Cells are tightly packed
• Lines the body surfaces and cavities for
protection, absorption, and secretion
• May form glands
• Avascular and innervated
• Has two distinct surfaces:
a. Apical surface (exposed to the
body cavity or exterior)
b. Basal surface (adjacent
underlying tissues)
• Classified according to:
a. Number of cell layers (simple,
stratified)
b. Shape of cells on apical surfaces
(squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
c. Surface specialization (cilia,
keratin, etc.)
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM (1 layer of
cells)
❖ SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
- Made up of thin, flattened cells.
- Form lining of mouth, lungs, and blood
vessels
- Suitable for exchanging materials by
diffusion
❖ SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
- Made up of cube-shaped cells
- Present in kidney tubules & some
glands
- Secretory and absorptive in function
❖ SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
- Made up of long column-like cells with
nuclei at the base
- Present in the lining of the stomach,
intestines, and salivary glands
- The primary function is absorption of
nutrients
ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY
Senior High School
STEM- Pre-Science- Biology
E. Jacinto Street, Davao City, Philippines
to STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM (multiple
layer of cells)
❖ STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM
- It consists of multiple layers, with
squamous cells at the apical surface
- Primary function is for protection
- Found in areas subject to abrasion
such as mouth and esophagus
❖ KERATINIZED SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM
- Epidermis of the skin
- Cells contain large quantities of keratin
B. Connective Tissue
• Binds and supports other tissues
• Vary widely in their form and function
• Extracellular matrix (ECM) is
composed of:
a. Ground substance
b. Protein fibers (collagen, elastin, or
reticular fibers)
❖ LOOSE CONNECTIVE
- Has a matrix of a loose weave of fibers
- Serves as the binding and packing
material of tissues and other structures
- Types:
a. Areolar - contain fibroblasts and
other types of cells; bind tissues
together
b. Adipose - consists of adipocytes
or fat storage cells; energy storage,
 ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY
Senior High School
STEM- Pre-Science- Biology
E. Jacinto Street, Davao City, Philippines

insulation, and cushioning - types:

c. Reticular – contain reticular cells; 1. Hyaline cartilage
found in lymph glands, spleen, liver, 2. Fibrocartilage
bone marrow, etc. 3. Elastic cartilage
b. Bone
- Has a matrix of collagen fibers
embedded in a hard mineral
substance made of Ca, Mg, P
- cells are called osteocytes

c. Blood
- composed of plasma and formed
elements
- Elements:
1. Erythrocytes (RBC) – carry
oxygen; contain hemoglobin
2. Leukocytes (WBC) – function in
immunity
❖ DENSE CONNECTIVE
3. Thrombocytes (Platelets) – cell
- Has a matrix of densely packed
collagen fibers fragments involved in blood clotting
- Form the following:
a. Tendons – attach muscles to
bone
b. Ligaments – join bones together

C. MUSCULAR TISSUE
• Made up of muscle fibers that contract
• Contain contractile proteins actin and
myosin

❖ SKELETAL MUSCLE
❖ SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE - Fibers are long, thin, cylindrical, and
a. Cartilage multinucleated
- forms a strong, flexible skeletal - Striated muscle fibers
material - Muscles attached to bone
- provides a smooth surface for the
- Voluntary contraction
movement of bones at joints
- cells are called chondrocytes
- commonly surrounds the end of
bones
 ATENEO de DAVAO UNIVERSITY
Senior High School
STEM- Pre-Science- Biology
E. Jacinto Street, Davao City, Philippines

D. NERVOUS TISSUE
- Communication or transmission of
information via electrical signals
(neural impulses)
- Composes the brain, spinal cord, and
peripheral nerves

❖ NEURONS
- Have the following parts:
a. Cell body (soma) – contains
nucleus and other cell organelles
❖ CARDIAC MUSCLE
- Cells are shorter, generally b. Dendrites – extend from the cell
uninucleate, extensively branched and body and receive nerve impulses
connected at their ends by intercalated from other neurons
disks c. Axon – long extension of the cell
- Found only in the walls of the heart body that transmits nerve impulses
- Less striated to other cells
- Involuntary contraction
❖ NEUROGLIAL CELLS
- Supporting cells that provide
nutritional support, protection, and
insulation to neurons

❖ SMOOTH MUSCLE
- Cells are spindle-shaped and show no
branching and cross-striations
- Present in the walls of hollow organs
such as the stomach and intestine
- Involuntary contraction