Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
com
6
Characteristics and Performance of
Transmission Lines
6.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the characteristics and performance of transmission lines. It is convenient
to represent a transmission line by the two-port network, wherein the sending-end voltage VS
and current IS are related to the receiving-end voltage VR and current IR through A, B, C and
D parameters as
VS = A VR + B IR Volts ...(6.1)
IS = CVR + DIR Amp ...(6.2)
or, in matrix form,
1
mywbut.com
|VRNL|-|VRFL|
Percent voltage regulation = ´ 100 ...(6.7)
|VRFL|
VS
VRNL = ...(6.8)
A
Using eqns. (6.7) and (6.8), we get,
|VS| -|A||VRFL|
Percentage Voltage regulation = ´ 100 ...(6.9)
|A||VRFL|
|VS|-|VR|
\ Percent voltage regulation = ´ 100 ...(6.10)
|VR|
Using eqns. (6.10) and (6.6), we get,
2
mywbut.com
|I |( R cos d R + X sin d R )
Percent voltage regulation = ´ 100 ...(6.11)
|V R|
In the above derivation, dR has been considered positive for a lagging load. dR will be
negative, for leading load. Therefore, for leading power factor load,
|I|( R cos d R - X sin d R )
Percent voltage regulation = ...(6.12)
|VR|
From the above equations, it is clear that the voltage regulation is a measure of line voltage
drop and depends on the load power factor.
FG IJ
H K
ZY
VS = 1 + V R + ZIR ...(6.15)
2
The sending end current is,
Y
IS = IL + VS ...(6.16)
2
From eqns. (6.16), (6.15) and (6.13), we get,
FG IJ FG IJ
H K H K
ZY ZY
IS = Y 1 + VR + 1 + IR ...(6.17)
4 2
3
mywbut.com
LMFG1 + ZY IJ Z OP LV O
LMVI OP = MMH 2ZYK ZY PP MM PP R
MN 4 2 PQ
S
R
Therefore, the ABCD constants for the nominal p model are given by
FG IJ
H K
ZY
A= 1+ , B = Z,
2
FG IJ FG IJ
H K
ZY
H K
ZY
C=Y 1+ , D= 1+
4 2
4
mywbut.com
d 2 V ( x) dI ( x)
2
= z× = z. yV(x)
dx dx
d 2 V ( x)
\ zy V(x) = 0 ...(6.23)
dx 2
Let g2 = zy ...(6.24)
d 2 V ( x)
Therefore, g2V(x) = 0 ...(6.25)
dx 2
The solution of the above equation is
V(x) = C1 eg x + C2 eg x ...(6.26)
where, g, known as the propagation constant and is given by,
g = a + jb = zy ...(6.27)
The real part a is known as the attenuation constant, and the imaginary part b is known as
the phase constant. b is measured in radian per unit length.
From eqn. (6.20), the current is,
1 dV ( x)
I(x) = ×
Z dx
g
\ I(x) = (C1 egx C2 egx)
z
y
\ I(x) = (C1 egx C2 egx)
z
1
\ I(x) = (C egx C2 egx) ...(6.28)
ZC 1
where, ZC is known as the characteristic impedance, given by
z
ZC = ...(6.29)
y
5
mywbut.com
Now note that, when x = 0, V(x) = VR and from eqn. (6.26), we get
VR = C1 + C2 ...(6.30)
also when x = 0, I(x) = IR and from eqn. (6.28), we get,
1
IR = (C1 C2) ...(6.31)
ZC
Solving eqns. (6.31) and (6.32), we obtain,
VR + ZC IR
C1 = ...(6.32)
2
(VR - ZC IR )
C2 = ...(6.33)
2
Substituting the values of C1 and C2 from eqns. (6.32) and (6.33) into eqns. (6.26) and (6.28),
we get
(VR + Z C I R ) gx (V R - Z C I R ) - gx
V(x) = e + e ...(6.34)
2 2
(VR + Z C I R ) g x (V R - ZC I R ) - g x
I(x) = e - e ...(6.35)
2 ZC 2 ZC
( e gx + e - gx ) (e gx - e - gx )
V(x) = V R + Z C IR ...(6.36)
2 2
( e gx - e - gx ) (e gx + e - g x )
I(x) = VR + IR ...(6.37)
2 ZC 2
6
mywbut.com
Similar to the expressions of eqns. (6.15) and (6.17) obtained for the nominal p, for equivalent
p model we have,
FG IJ
H K
Z¢Y ¢
VS = 1 + VR + Z ¢ I R ...(6.44)
2
FG IJ FG IJ
H K H K
Z¢Y ¢ Z ¢Y ¢
IS = Y ¢ 1 + VR + 1 + IR ...(6.45)
4 2
Now comparing eqns. (6.44) and (6.45) with eqns. (6.40) and (6.41), respectively and making
use of the identity
FG gl IJ = cosh(g l) - 1
tanh
H 2 K sinh (gl) ...(6.46)
Example 6.1: A single phase 60 Hz generator supplies an inductive load of 4500 kW at a power
factor of 0.80 lagging by means of an 20 km long overhead transmission line. The line resistance
and inductance are 0.0195 W and 0.60 mH per km. The voltage at the receiving end is required
to be kept constant at 10.2 kV.
Find (a) the sending end voltage and voltage regulation of the line; (b) the value of the
capacitors to be placed in parallel with the load such that the regulation is reduced to 60% of that
obtained in part (a); and (c) compare the transmission efficiencies in parts (a) and (b).
Solution: The line constants are:
R = 0.0195 × 20 = 0.39 W
X = 0.60 × 103 × 2p × 60 × 20 = 4.52 W
(a) This is a short line with I = IR = IS given by
4500
|I| = Amp = 551.47 Amp.
10.2 ´ 0.80
7
mywbut.com
1 V 10.2 ´ 1000
Now XC = = R =
2p ´ 60 ´ C IC 148.13
8
mywbut.com
\ C = 38.5 mF Ans.
(c) Efficiency of transmission
Output 4500
Case (a) h= =
. )2 ´ 0.39 ´ 10 -3
Output + losses 4500 + (55147
= 97.43%
4500
Case (b) h= = 98.06%
4500 + (477.56) 2 ´ 0.39 ´ 10 -3
It is to be noted that by placing a capacitor in parallel with the load, the receiving end power
factor improves from 0.80 to 0.9238.
Example 6.2: A 220 kV, three phase transmission line is 60 km long. The resistance is 0.15 W/
Km and the inductance 1.4 mH/Km. Use the short line model to find the voltage and power at
the sending end and the voltage regulation and efficiency when the line is supplying a three
phase load of
(a) 300 MVA at 0.8 pf lagging at 220 kV
(b) 300 MVA at 0.8 pf leading at 220 kV
Solution:
R = 0.15 × 60 = 9 W
Assuming f = 50 Hz.
\ X = 2p × 50 × 1.4 × 103 × 60 = 26.39 W.
(a) Receiving end voltage per phase is
220 0°
VR = = 127 0° kV
3
The three phase apparent power is 300 MVA at 0.8 pf lagging
\ f = 36.87°
\ S = 300 36.87° = (240 + j180) MVA
The current per phase is given by
S* 300 -36.87°
IR = = ´ 10 3 Amp
3 VR* 3 ´ 127 0°
9
mywbut.com
PR 80
h= = = 93.47%.
PS 85.58
10
mywbut.com
Example 6.3: Determine the efficiency and regulation of a 3-phase, 150 km long, 50 Hz
transmission line delivering 20 MW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging and 66 kV to a balanced
load. Resistance of the line is 0.075 W/km, 1.5 cm outside dia, spaced equilaterally 2 meters
between centres. Use nominal p method.
Solution: R = 0.075 × 150 = 11.25 W
diameter of the conductor = 1.5 cm
1.5
\ radius r = = 0.75 cm
2
d = 2 mt = 200 cm
0.75
\ Y = jwC = j 2p × 50 × 1.49 × 106 mho
\ Y = j 468.1 × 106 mho
Y
\ = j 234 × 106 mho
2
Now
66
|VR| = = 38.104 kV
3
From eqn. (6.15), we have
FGH IJK
VS = 1 + ZY VR + Z IR
2
IR = 218.7 -36.87°
VR = 38.104 0°
ZY
= 53.809 × 234 × 106 77.9° + 90°
2
11
mywbut.com
\ . °
VS = (0.9877 + j0.00264) × 38.104 0° + 11.76 4103
|VS|
-|VR|
81.66 FGH
- 66
IJK
0.9877
Voltage regulation VR = |A| = = 25.26%
|VR| 66
12
mywbut.com
100 ´ 10 6
IR = Amp = 437.38 Amp
3 ´ 132 ´ 10 3
Load has lagging power factor of 0.80, i.e., dR = 36.87°.
\ IR = 437.38 -36.87° Amp
ZY
= 65.51 67° ´ 4.12 ´ 10 -4 90°
2
= (0.0124 + j0.0053)
65.51 67° ´ 437.38 -36.87°
\ VS = (1 0.0124 + j0.0053) × 76.21 0° +
1000
\ VS = 101.07 8.18° kV
Sending end line to line voltage
= 175.05 8.18° kV
From eqn. (6.17)
FG IJ FG IJ
H K H K
ZY ZY
IS = Y 1 + VR + 1 + IR
4 2
ZY
= 0.00675 157°
4
ZY
1+ = 0.9938 0.15°
4
FG IJ
H K
ZY
Y 1+ = 4.12 × 104 × 0.9938 90.15°
4
13
mywbut.com
(a) gl = zy l = zl . yl = ZY
= (0.0327 + j0.174)
\ A = D = cosh (g l) = cosh e ZY j
= cosh (0.03217 + j 0.174)
= 0.986 0.32°
FG Z IJ sinh e ZY j
B = ZC sinh (g l) =
H YK
Z
= (393 j72.3)
Y
\ B = 70.3 69.2°
1 FG Y IJ sinh e ZY j
C=
ZC
sinh (g l) =
H ZK
= 4.44 × 104 90° = j4.44 × 104
(b) Load at 60 MVA at 124 kV (line-to-line)
\ Load current,
60 ´ 1000
IR = Amp = 279.36 Amp
3 ´ 124
Power factor is 0.80 (lagging)
\ IR = 279.36 -36.87° Amp
124
VR = = 71.6 kV (phase voltage)
3
Now
VS = AVR + BIR
14
mywbut.com
VS
- VR
A
(d) Voltage regulation = ´ 100
VR
FG 152.14 - 124IJ
=
H 0.986 K ´ 100
124
= 24.43%
Example 6.6: A 60 Hz, 250 km long transmission line has an impedance of (33 + j104) ohm and
a total shunt admittance of 10 3 mho. The receiving end load is 50 MW at 208 kV with 0.80 power
factor lagging. Find the sending-end voltage, current, power and power factor using
(a) short line approximation (b) nominal P method (c) exact transmission line equations.
Solution:
Z = (33 + j104) = 109.11 72.4° ohm
Y = j103 mho
Receiving end load is 50 MW at 208 kV, 0.80 lagging power factor.
15
mywbut.com
50
\ IR = -36.87° = 0.173 -36.87° kA
3 ´ 208 ´ 0.80
208
VR = 0° = 120.08 0° kV
3
(a) Short line approximation
VS = VR + IZ
\ VS = 120.08 0° + 0.173 -36.87° ´ 109.11 72.4°
\ VS = 135.87 4.62° k V
FG IJ = j ´ 10
H K
YZ -3
C=Y 1+
4
\ VS = AVR + BIR
= 0.9481 1° ´ 120.08 0° + 109.11 72.4° ´ 0.173 -36.87°
\ VS = 129.817 5.72° kV
\ VS (L-L) = 3 ´ 129.817 5.72° k V = 224.85 5.72° k V
IS = CVR + DIR
-3
= j ´ 10 ´ 120.08 0° + 0.9481 1° ´ 0.173 -36.87°
= 0.135 10.23° k A
Sending end power factor = cos (10.23° 5.72°)
= 0.997 (leading)
PS = 3 ´ 224.85 ´ 0.135 ´ 0.997 MW
= 52.4 MW
(c) Exact transmission line equation
gl = e zy j l = ZY
\ gl = j ´ 10 -3 ´ 109.11 72.4°
16
mywbut.com
\ g l = 0.33 81.2°
Z 109.11 72.4°
ZC = = = 330.31 -8.8°
Y j ´ 10 -3
FG IJ = 0.9481 1°
H K
YZ
A = D = cosh (g l) = 1 +
2
FG IJ = 0.33 81.2°
H K
YZ
sinh (g l) » YZ 1 +
6
B = ZC sinh (g l) = 330.31 -8.8° ´ 0.33 812
. °
= 109 72.4°
sinh ( g l) 0.33 81.2°
C= = » j ´ 10 -3
ZC 330.31 -8.8°
VS = AVR + BIR
= 0.9481 1° ´ 120.08 0° + 109 72.4° ´ 0.173 -36.87°
= 224.83 5.72° k V
IS = CVR + DIR
\ IS = j ´ 10 -3 ´ 120.08 0° + 0.948 1° ´ 0.173 -36.87°
From the above table, we can see that the results obtained by the nominal-p and exact
methods are practically the same. On the other hand, the results obtained by the short line
approximation are in considerable error.
Therefore, for a long line, it is sufficiently accurate to use the nominal-p method.
17
mywbut.com
V(t, x) = 2 Real {C1eaxe j(wt + bx)} + 2 Real {C2.e ax.e j(wt bx)} ...(6.50)
Note that V(x) in eqn. (6.49) is the rms phasor value of voltage at any point along the line.
As x increases (moving from receiving end to sending end), the first term becomes larger
because of eax and is called the incident wave. The second term e ax becomes smaller and is
called the reflected wave. At any point along the line, voltage is the sum of two components.
V(t, x) = V1(t, x) + V2(t, x) ...(6.51)
where
w 2k p
\ x= t- t ...(6.54)
b b
The speed can be given as
dx w
\ = ...(6.55)
dt b
w 2p f
Thus, the velocity of propagation is given by v = = ...(6.56)
b b
A complete voltage cycle along the line corresponds to a change of 2p radian in the angular
argument bx. The corresponding line length is defined as the wavelength. If b is expressed in
rad/mt.
B l = 2p
2p
\ l= ...(6.57)
b
When line losses are neglected, i.e., when g = 0 and g = 0, then the real part of the
propagation constant a = 0. From eqn. (6.27)
g = a + jb = zy = (r + jwL ) ( g + jwc)
\ b = w LC ...(6.58)
18
mywbut.com
z L
Zc = = ...(6.59)
y C
Which is commonly referred to as the surge impedance. Its value varies between 250 ohm
and 400 ohm in case of overhead transmission lines and between 40 ohm and 60 ohm in case of
underground cables.
From eqns. (6.56) and (6.57), we get,
1
v= ...(6.60)
LC
and
1
l= ...(6.61)
f LC
Now for a single phase line
FG IJ2 p Î0
H K
m0
FG IJ
D
L= ln ; C=
H K
2p r¢ D
ln
r
FG D IJ
\ LC = m0Î0 ln
H r¢ K ln ( D /r )
FG D IJ » ln (D /r)
Approximating ln
H r¢ K
\ LC » m0Î0 ...(6.62)
Substituting the expression LC into eqn. (6.60) and (6.61), we get
1
v» ...(6.63)
m 0 Î0
1
l» ...(6.64)
f m 0 Î0
19
mywbut.com
For a loss less line ZC is purely resistive. Surge impedance loading (SIL) of a transmission
line is defined as the power delivered by a line to purely resistive load equal in value to the
surge impedance of the line. SIL is given by
3|V R|2
SIL = ...(6.66)
ZC
|V L (rated)|2
SIL = ...(6.67)
ZC
Example 6.7: A three phase, 50 Hz, 400 kV transmission line is 300 km long. The line inductance
is 0.97 mH/km per phase and capacitance is 0.0115 mF/km per phase. Assume a loss less line.
Determine the line phase constant b, ZC, v and l.
Solution:
b = w L C = 2 p ´ 50 0.97 ´ 0.0115 ´ 10 -9
\ b = 0.00105 rad/km
Surge impedance
L 0.97 ´ 10 -3
ZC = = = 290.43 ohm
C 0.0115 ´ 10 -6
Velocity of propagation is
1 1
v= =
LC 0.97 ´ 0.0115 ´ 10 -9
\ v = 2.994 × 105 km/sec.
Line wavelength is
v 1
l= = ´ 2.994 ´ 105
f 50
\ l = 4990 km.
20
mywbut.com
Let
A = |A| d A , B =|B| d B , VS =|VS| d S , V R =|VR| 0° , D = A =|A| d A
From eqn. (6.1), we obtain
|VS| |A||V R|
\ IR = d S - dB - d S - dB ...(6.68)
|B| |B|
The receiving end complex power
SR(3 f) = PR(3 f) + jQR(3 f) = 3VR IR* ...(6.69)
Using eqns. (6.69) and (6.68), we get
PR(3 f) =
|VS(L-L)||V R(L-L)|
|B|
b
cos d B - d S - g | A||VR(L-L)|2
|B|
b
cos d B - d A g ...(6.71)
QR(3 f) =
|VS(L-L)||V R(L-L)|
|B|
b
sin d B - d S - g | A||V R(L-L)|2
|B|
b
sin d B - d A g ...(6.72)
PS(3 f) =
|A||VS(L-L)|2
|B|
b
cos d B - d A - g |VS(L-L)||VR(L-L)|
|B|
b
cos d B + d S g ...(6.73)
QS(3 f) =
|A||VS(L-L)|2
|B|
b
sin d B - d A - g |VS(L-L)||VR(L-L)|
|B|
b
sin d B + d S g ...(6.74)
21
mywbut.com
VS
\ VR = ...(6.77)
cosh ( g l)
EXERCISE
6.1. Find the characteristics of the load at the sending end and the efficiency of a three phase transmission
line 160 km long delivering 15 MVA load at 110 kv, 50 Hz and 0.9 power factor (lagging) having
inductance 1.356 mH/km per phase, capacitance 0.0085 mF/km per phase and resistance 40 ohms.
Use nominal P method
6.3. A 50 Hz, three phase, 275 kV, 400 km long transmission line has resistance 0.035 W/km, inductance
1 mH/km and capacitance 0.01 mF/km. If the line is supplied at 275 kV, find out the MVA rating of
a shunt reactor that would be required to maintain 275 kV at the receiving end, when the line is
delivering no load. Use nominal P method.
Ans. 47.56 MVAr (lagging)
6.4. The line constants of a transmission line are A 0.9301 0.98° and B 14124 . 8187. ° ohm. The load
at the receiving end is 60 MVA, 50 Hz, 0.8 pf lagging. The supply voltage is 220 kV. Calculate the
load voltage.
Ans. 202.2 kV
6.5. A three phase 50 Hz transmission line has impedance of (25.3 + j66.5) ohms and a shunt admittance
of 4.42 × 104 mho per phase. If it delivers a load of 50 MW at 220 kV at 0.8 power factor lagging,
determine the sending end voltage (a) by short line approximation (b) nominal P method (c) exact
transmission line equations.
Ans. (a) 233.8 2.2° kV, (b) 232.2 2.33° , (c) 230.52 2.50° kV,
6.6. The line constants of a transmission line are A 0.986 0.320° and B 70.3 69.2° ohms. Determine
the capacity of a reactor to be installed at the receiving end so that when a load of 50 MVA is
delivered at 132 kV and power factor 0.707 lagging the sending end voltage can also be 132 kV.
Ans. 48.47 MV Ar.
22
mywbut.com
6.7. A three phase transmission line has A D 0.98 15 . ° , B 75.5 80° and C 4 × 104 91° . If an
impedance (2.64 + j42.3) ohms is connected in series with the line at the sending end, determine
the new values of ABCD constants.
Ans. Ao . ° ; Bo
0.963 153 116.8 82.8° ohms
4
Co 4 ´ 10 90° ; Do 0.98 15
. °
6.8. A three phase, 50 Hz, 100 km transmission line has resistance 0.1 ohms/km, inductance
111.7 mH/km and capacitance 0.9954 × 102 mF/ph per km. The line is delivering 20 MW at a 0.8
power factor lagging and 66 kV to a balanced load. Determine the efficiency and regulation. Use
nominal p method.
Ans. h 93.5%, VR 17.47%
6.9. A 132 kV, 50 Hz transmission line has the following generalised constants, A D 0.9696 0.49° ,
-4
B 52.88 74.79° ohms and C 11.77 ´ 10 90.15° mho. It is supplying a load of 125 MVA, 0.9
power factor lagging at 132 kV. Calculate the sending end voltage and current.
Ans. VS 166.1 kV, IS 554 Amp
6.10. A three phase transmission line delivers a load of 5 MW at 0.8 power factor lagging. Resistance of
each conductor is 0.5 W/km. Receiving end voltage is 33 kV. If the line loss is not to exceed 10%,
determine the length of the line
Ans. 27.9 km.
6.11. The ABCD parameters of two transmission lines are A1, B1, C1, D1 and A2, B2, C2, D2. Find the
overall ABCD parameters when (i) the two networks are connected in series (ii) in parallel.
6.12. Two overhead lines are connected in parallel to supply a load of 10 MW at 0.8 power factor lagging
at 30 kV. The resistance and reactance of one line (A) are 5.5 W and 13.5 W respectively and for line
(B) are 6 ohm and 11 ohm respectively, calculate (a) the KVA supplied by each line and (b) power
supplied by each line
Ans. (a) 5790, 6730 (b) 4415 kW, 5585 kW.
6.13. A long transmission line has the following generalised constants: A D 0.92 5.3° ; B 65.3 81°
ohm. Two identical transformers, each of series impedance 100 70° ohms and admittance
-4
2 ´ 10 -75° mho are connected at the two ends of the line. Determine new values of generalised
constants.
Ans. Ao Do 0.843 26.38° , Bo 249.3 76.85° ohm
4
Co 34.38 ´ 10 50.9 ° mho
23