Figure 7: Production drawing (L) and Section view (R) of a diffusograph

Table 4: Installation of a diffusograph

Calibration of a diffusograph
 Perform field calibration during several days; 2 to 3 days and if possible under cloudless
conditions.
 To take a reference of the same brand and type as the field diffusograph of a higher class
 To connect both to the same electronics, so that electronics errors (also offsets) are eliminated.
 To mount all instruments on the same platform, so that they have the same body temperature, to
analyse downward irradiance values at nighttime only to determine S.
 To analyse the daytime data, independently, and look at the residuals between the calibration
reference and calibrated instrument as a function of solar irradiance. The solar offset can serve as
a quality indicator of the diffusograph filter condition.

Table 5: Typical measurement results of a diffusograph

Graph 4: Spectral irradiance variation with wavelength using a diffusograph

 Graph 5: Seasonal variation of the daily extraterrestrial solar radiation

Daily extraterrestrial
irradiation (MJ/m2)

1.5 Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder

Principles and Structure
A Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder concentrates sunlight through a glass sphere onto a
recording card placed at its focal point. The length of the burn trace left on the card represents the
sunshine duration.

Figure 8: Typical diagram of Campbell stokes sunshine recorder

Data measurement procedure using a Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder

 Three different recording cards are used depending on the season. The focus shifts as the sun
moves, and a burn trace is left on the recording card at the focal point.
 A burn trace at a particular point indicates the presence of sunshine at that time, and the recording
card is scaled with hour marks so that the exact time of sunshine occurrence can be ascertained.
 Measuring the overall length of burn traces reveals the sunshine duration for that day.
 Campbell-Stokes and Jordan sunshine recorders mark the occurrence of sunshine on recording
paper at a position corresponding to the azimuth of the sun at the site, and the time of sunshine
occurrence is expressed in local apparent time.
Exchange and reading of the recording paper are performed after sunset.

CHAPTER TWO: TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY

Temperature is the condition which determines the flow of heat from one substance to the other
hence it’s the degree of hotness as measured by thermometer. Various scales are used in the
measurement of temperature i.e. Fahrenheit, centigrade and kelvin.
1
The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction of the thermodynamic
273.16

temperature of the triple point of water.

Temperature and temperature difference can be expressed in both Kelvin and Celsius. Relation of
temperature in degree Celsius (unit: °C) and thermodynamic temperature in Kelvin (unit: K) is
shown; T (°C) = T (K) - 273.15

2.1 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS.

2.2 Electrical thermometers
Electrical thermometers employ platinum characteristics which changes resistance according to
the temperature. It allows us to obtain temperature by measuring electrical resistance. High purity
platinum is used since contaminants greatly affect resistance.
Resistance change of platinum according to temperature is converted to electrical signals (current
or voltage signal) by converter. Then the signal is sent to indicator or recorder and displayed or
processed as atmospheric temperature.
 Figure 9: Diagram of an electrical thermometer

Installation of Electrical thermometers