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Cuerda tensa con extremos fijos (0, L). Como transmitir estado?
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
PRODUCTO INTERNO
N
X
< fN |gN >= fN (xi )gN (xi ); fN ⊥ gN ↔ < fn |gN >= 0
i=1
N
X N
X
< fN |fN >= |fN (xi )|2 , ∀i, |fN (xi )|2 ≥ 0; lı́m →∞
N→∞
i=1 i=1
Z
× ∆= L
N+1
< f |g >= lı́m < fN |gN >= f ∗ (x)g(x)dx
N→∞
?
Si x 6= x 0 < x|x 0 >= 0; |x 0 >< x 0 |dx 0
P R
1= i |xi >< xi | ↔
Z
< x|x 0 >< x 0 |f > dx 0 = < x|f >= f (x); < x|x 0 >= δ(x, x 0 )
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
(
6 x 0,
0 if x =
δ(x, x 0 )f (x 0 )dx 0 = f (x) → δ(x, x 0 ) =
R
? if x = x 0 .
Z x+ Z x+
lı́m δ(x, x 0 )f (x 0 )dx 0 = f (x) lı́m δ(x, x 0 )dx 0 = 1
→0 x− →0 x−
R x+
δ(x, x 0 ) no puede ser finita, porque lı́m→0 x− δ(x, x 0 )dx 0 = 0
1
Área bajo curva=1; Base 2 → δ(...) = 2
→ δ(...) = δ(x − x 0 )
Delta de Dirac
0
if x 6= x 0 ,
< x|x 0 >= δ(x − x 0 ) 3
R b
δ(x − x 0 )f (x 0 )dx 0
a if x ∈ (a, b)
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
Delta Dirac: Definida bajo integral. Igualdad × función suave.
Función par, real. δ(x − y) =< x|y >=< y|x >∗ = (δ(y − x))∗ = δ(y − x)
dδ(x−y)
d
Derivada respecto al primer argumento dx
→ δ(x − y) dy
Rb 0 d
Rb df (x)
a δ (x − y)f (y)dy = dx a δ(x − y)f (y)dy = dx ; x ∈ (a, b)
R∞ R∞
f (k) = √1 e−ikx f (x)dx; f (y) = √1 eiky f (k)dk
2π −∞ 2π −∞
1
R∞
δ(x − y) = 2π −∞ dkeik (x−y)
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
Operadores N → ∞
d
f (x) → lı́m |fN > → |f >; Ω|f >= |f̃ >; D= dx
; < x|D|y >=?
N→∞
df df (x) R
< x|D|f >=< x| dx >= dx
= < x|D|y >< y|f > dy =
d df (y)
∴ < x|D|y >= Dx,y = δ 0 (x − y) = δ(x − y) dy
R
→ δ(x − y) dy
dy
df
Si < x|f >= f (x) → < x|D|f >= dx
∗ = (δ 0 (y − x))∗ = δ 0 (y − x) = −δ 0 (x − y)
Dy,x → D 6= D †
K ≡ −iD; K = K † . AUTOADJUNTO?
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
< g|K |f >=< g|Kf >=< Kf |g >∗ =< f |K † |g >∗ =< f |K |g >∗
RR RR
<g|x><x|K |y><y|f> dxdy = < f |x><x|K |y><y |g>dxdy
Rb R bd Rb
a
df
g(x)∗ (−i dx )dx = −i a dx (g
∗ f )dx + a (−i dg
dx
)∗ fdx
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
d
Eigenkets de K : K |k>= k|k>; (−i dx )
d
<x|k> ∴ <x|k>= Aeikx
R
<x|K |k>= k <x|k>= dy <x|K |y><y|k>= −i dx
dψk (x)
= kψk (x) → ψk (x) = Aeikx
R R
|k>= dy|y><y|k>= dyψk (y)|y>; −i dx
R R R R
|f>= dy |y><y|f>= dyf (y)|y>= dk|k><k|f>= dkf (k)|k>
1 0
<k|k 0>= dx <k|x><x|k 0>= dxe−i(k −k )x = δ(k − k 0 )
R R
2π
√1 dxe−ikx f (x)
R R
f (k ) =<k|f>= dx <k|x><x|f>=
2π
T. Fourier:
√1 dkeikx f (k)
R R
f (x) =<x|f>= dk <x|k><k|f>=
2π
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
T. Fourier: Relación entre las componentes en la base x̂ y p̂
1 0 1 0 d
dx dye−ikx yδ(x − y)eik y dxe−ikx xeik x δ(k − k 0 )
R R
= 2π
= 2π
= i dk
d dg(k) d
= i dk 0 δ(k − k 0 ) dk g(k 0 ) = i dk
R
X̂ → i dk
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
Operador Base : |x> Base : |k>
d
X̂ x i dk
d
K̂ −i dx k
d d
K̂ |f> → −i dx f (x) <x|K̂ |f> = <x|K̂ f>= −i dx f (x)
R R df (y) df (x)
<x|X̂ K̂ |f>= dy <x|X̂ |y><y|K̂ |f>= −i dyδ(x − y)y dx = −ix dx
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
R∞
Estado |α> . En la base de coordenadas |α> = −∞ dx 0 |x 0><x 0 |α>
∆x
R x+ ∆x
Detector localizado en x ± . Estado → |α> = 2
dx 0 |x 0><x 0 |α>
2 x− ∆x
2
τ
Translaciones: τ (d x~0 )|x~0> = |x~0 + d x~0>; |α> → τ (d x~0 )|α> =
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
02
1√ k ·x~0 − x 2
i~
Paquete Gaussiano: <x 0 |α> = e 2d
π 1/4 d
d2 d2
Por simetrı́a <α|x|α>= 0; → <α|x 2 |α> = 2
→ <(∆x)2>= 2
1
H= 2m
(p̂2 + m2 ω 2 x̂ 2 )
p̂
[x̂, p̂] = i [x̂, Ĥ] = i m [p̂, Ĥ] = −imω 2 x̂
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
N= √1 a = N(mω x̂ + i p̂) a† = N(mω x̂ − i p̂)
2mω
Ĥ|n >= En |n >, < x|Ĥ|n >= En < x|n >= En ψn (x)
R R
< x|Ĥ dxo |xo >< xo |n >= dxo < x|Ĥ|xo > ψn (xo )
R
= dxo δ(x − xo )Ĥψn (xo ) = Ĥψn (x) = En ψn (x) ←− Verificar !
a|0 >= 0 → < x|â|0 >= N < x|mω x̂|0 > +iN < x|p̂|0 >=
d d
= Nmωxψ0 (x) + iN(−i) dx ψ0 (x) → ψ (x)
dx 0
+ mωxψ0 (x) = 0
mω x 2 1 2 √
ψ0 (x) = e− 2 , ψ0 (y) = e− 2 y y= mωx
1 d 1
Φ1 (x) =<x|1>=<x|↠|0>= √ (y − )ψ0 (y) = √ h (y)ψ0 (y )
2 dy 2 1
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
h2 (y)
Φ2 (x) =<x|2>= √1 <x|↠|1>= √1 d
(y− dy )ψ1 (y) = √ ψ (y)
2 ( 2)2 ( 2)2 0
hn (y )
Φn (x) = √1n <x|↠|n −1>= √1 (y − dy
d
)ψn−1 (y)= √ ψ (y)
2n 2n 0
d
(y − dy
)hn−1 (y)ψ0 (y) = hn (y)ψ0 (y)
d
yhn−1 (y)ψ0 (y) − dy
(hn−1 (y)ψ0 (y)) = hn (y)ψ0 (y)
d dψ0 (y)
= yhn−1 (y)ψ0 (y) − ( dy hn−1 (y))ψ0 (y)) − hn−1 (y) dy
d
= 2yhn−1 (y)ψ0 (y) − ( dy hn−1 (y))ψ0 (y))
d
hn (y) = 2yhn−1 (y) − h
dy n−1
(y)
2
Hermite: Φn (x) = C Hn (y)e−y /2
√ √
y= mωx |C |2 = 2n n! π
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
WKB- Wentzel, Kramers, and Brillouin → aprox. solución de la Ec. de Sch.
Energı́a estados ligados, barreras de V(x).
R
ψ(x) = √C e±i p(x)dx
p(x)
|C|2
|ψ(x)|2 ∼ p(x)
en clásica: mas probable encontrarla donde es lenta.
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
R
C
E > V; ψ(x) = √ e± p(x)dx Potenciales suaves, tunelamiento.
|p(x)|
2 3/2
Ai(z)
if E > V , z 0, sen(−z 3/2 ) z 0 e− 3 z
ψ(x) ∼
2 3/2
if E > 0 , z 0, sen(−z 3/2 ) z 0 e 3 z
Bi(z) .
z→∞
E < V : 2 soluciones: WKB y V ∼ x. Ai(z), Bi(z) −→ .
z→∞
E > V : 2 soluciones: WKB y V ∼ x. Ai(z), Bi(z) −→ .
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
Conservación de probabilidad e interpretación:
∂ψ(x,t)
ψ(x, t)∗ i = − 1 ∇2 ψ(x, t) + V (x)ψ(x, t)
∂t 2m
∂ψ ∗ (x,t)
−i = − 1 ∇2 ψ ∗ (x, t) + V ∗ (x)ψ ∗ (x, t) ψ(x, t)
∂t 2m
∂|ψ(x,t)|2 i ∂|ρ|2
= ∇ · (ψ ∗ (x, t)∇ψ(x, t) − ψ(x, t)∇ψ ∗ (x, t)); +∇·J = 0
∂t 2m ∂t
ρ = |ψ(x, t)|2 J = −i (ψ ∗ (x, t)∇ψ(x, t) − ψ(x, t)∇ψ ∗ (x, t)) = 1 Im(ψ ∗ (x, t)∇ψ(x, t))
2m m
↓
ρ(x, t)eiS(x,t) ψ ∗ (x, t)∇ψ(x, t) =
p p p
ψ(x, t) = → ρ(x, t)∇ ρ(x, t) + iρ∇S
PROPAGADOR
ψ(x, t) = <x|ψ(t)> = <x|U(t, t 0 )|ψ> = dx 0 <x|U(t, t 0 )|x 0><x 0 |ψ> = dx 0 K (x, t; x 0 , t 0 )ψ(t 0 )
R R
U(tf , ti ) = U(tf , tm )U(tm , ti ) → K (x, t; x 0 , t 0 ) = dx1 dx2 · dxn K (x, t; x1 , t1 )K (x1 , t1 ; x2 , t2 ) · K (xn , tn ; x 0 , t 0 )
R
i S[x(t)]
K (x, t; x 0 , t 0 ) = D[x(t)]e ~
R
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
Formas de calcular el propagador: Algebraico, Integral de camino · · · antes definición formal.
x(t) = eiHt xe−iHt ; → x(t)|x, t>= x|x, t> → |x, t>= eiHt |x> → i ∂ <xf , τ |xi , 0>=<xf , τ |H|xi , 0>
∂τ
Método algebraico: Ordenar en el tiempo los operadores y calcular los elementos de matrı́z.
dp
Resolver la Ec. de Heisemberg para los operadores x y p : → i dx = [x, H]; i = [p, H] Solución en términos de
dt dt
x(t), x(0) y p(0).
(x(t) ←), (x(0) →), y p(0) = f (x(t), x(0)); → [x(t), x(0)] =? → H = Hord (x(t), x(0))
R
<xf , τ |xi , 0> = N(xf , xi )ei dτ H(xf ,xi ,τ ) . N constante de integración arbitraria.
<xf , τ |p(τ )|xi , 0>= −i ∂ <xf , τ ||xi , 0>; <xf , τ |p(τ )|xi , 0>= i ∂ <xf , τ ||xi , 0>
∂xf ∂xi
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
p(0)2 mω 2
H = + 1 mω 2 x(0)2 = [x 2 (t) + x 2 (0)cos2 (ωτ ) − (x(0)x(τ ) + x(τ )x(0))cos(ωτ )] + 1 mω 2 x 2 (0)
2m 2 2sen2 (ωτ ) 2
p(0)
[x(0), x(τ )] = [x(0), x(0)cos(ωτ ) + sen(ωτ )] = i sen(ωτ ) → x(0)x(τ ) = x(τ )x(0) + i sen(ωτ )
mω mω mω
C(x ,x )
<xf , τ |xi , 0>= p f i [(x 2 + x 2 )cos(ωτ ) − 2xf xi ]
sen(ωτ ) f i
∂C(xf ,xi )
<xf , τ |p(τ )|xi , 0>= −i ∂ <xf , τ ||xi , 0>; Derivada en términos de
∂xf ∂xf
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
Integrales de camino, una aplicación. Determinación del espectro.
1 d2x d2x d x 2
R R
S[x(t)] = dtL = dt{ 2m dt 2
− V (x)} t → iT dt 2
→ − dT 2
d2x
R
1
<x, t|x 0 , t 0> = D[x(T )]e− dT H[x(T )]
R R
S[x(t)] = i dt{ 2m dT 2
+ V (x)};
0
<x, t|x 0 , t 0> → <x, T |x 0 , 0> = <x|e−H(t−t ) |x 0> = e−En T <x|n> <n|x 0>
P
n
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
δSE [xcl ] P
Para aproximar, xmin = xcl ; δx
= 0; Otros caminos; x(t) = xcl + n cn xn (t)
R
xn (t) : C.C. → dtxn (t)xm (t) = δnm (0, T ) → (−T /2, T /2) → xn (±T /2) = 0;
R δSE [xcl ] 1
R δ 2 SE [xcl ]
SE [xcl + x] = SE [xcl ] + dt1 δx[t1 ]
∆x[t1 ] + 2
dt1 dt2 δx[t ∆x[t1 ]∆x[t2 ] +
1 ]δx[t2 ]
∂
L (x + v η, ẋ + v η̇, t)dt
R
∂v
S[x + v η] = 0; S[x + v η] =
δ 2 SE [xcl ] 2 2 2
dt{η 2 ddxL ∂ L 2∂ L }
δSE [xcl ]
dt{η dL + η̇ ∂L
R R
δx[t1 ]
= dx ∂ ẋ
}; δx[t1 ]δx[t2 ]
= 2 +2η̇η ∂x∂ ẋ + η̇ ∂ 2 ẋ
2
S
dt2 { δx[tδ ]δx[t
R
Como seleccionar las xn ? ]
}xn [t2 ] = λn xn [t1 ]
1 2
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS
λn cn2 ; λn cn2
R P P P P
dt1 n cn xn [t1 ] m cm xm [t1 ] = n S = S[xcl ] + n
2
<x, t|x 0 , t 0> = D[x(t)]e−SE [x(t)] = N dcn
e−cn λn /~ = Ne−S[xcl ]/~ Det(−∂t2 + v 00 [xcl ])
R R Q
n 1
(π~) 2
Camino clásico, debe tener traslape con el estado de mı́nima energı́a (<0|x>)
EXAMEN: 9 DE OCTUBRE
J. L. Lucio MATEMATICAS