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METHODS FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF XANTHATE
The Lead‐acetate titration method for determination of xanthate purity
Reference
The standard follows “General Regulation And Rules For Chemical Analysis Method Standard of Metallurgical
Product” GB1467‐78 China.
SCOPE
This method is applicable for the determination of sodium or potassium xanthates purity ,including Ethyl,
Isopropyl, Butyl, Isobutyl, Amyl, Isoamyl and other low carbon alkyl xanthates
(一)PRINCIPLE
Potassium nitroprusside as indicator, use potassium ferricynide oxide the impurity such as base metal sulphide
into monomer sulphur in order to eliminate its disturbance, and then use Sodium Rhodizohic as indicator,
titrate xanthate with lead‐acetate standard solution, the chemical formula is as follows:
S²־ +2[Fe(CN)6] ³→־S↓ + 2[Fe(CN)6] 4־
2ROCSS¯ + Pb²+→(ROCSS)2Pb↓
(二)REAGENTS
2.1 Hydrochloric Acid(Specific Gravity 1.19)
2.2 Hydrochloric Acid(6N)
2.3Acetic Acid
2.4 Aqueous Ammonia Solution (10%)
2.5 Ammonia‐Ammonium Chloride Buffer Solution
2.6 Hexamethylene Tetramine (hereafter called: HMTA)Hydrochloric Acid Buffer Solution.
Add 300 gram HMTA into 500ml water, add 30ml Hydrochoric Acid(2.1), dilute to 1000ml
with water
2.7Potassium Ferricynide Solution (1%)
2.8 Acid Chrome Black T and indicator solution (0.5%):weigh 0.5 gram Acid Chrome Black T and 2 gram
Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride, dissolve in 100ml ethyl alcohol.
2.9 Potassium Nitroprusside indicator solution (2%)
2.10 Xylenol orange indicator solution (0.2%)
2.11 Sodium Rhodizonic indicator solution (0.1%)
2.12 Ammonium Chloride
2.13 Zinc Oxide: basic reagent
2.14 Lead‐acetate
2.15 Ethylene Diamine Tetracetate Disodium Salt (hereafter called:EDTA)standard solution (0.0125M)
2.15.1 Prepare: weigh 5 gram Dehydrated EDTA, solve in 1000ml water and heat, after cooling, shake up.
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2.15.2 Titrate: Weigh 1.0000 gram Zinc Oxide which burnt to constant gravity at 800C(2.13), wet little water,
add 5ml Hydrochloric Acid(2.2) till Zinc Oxide is dissolved.Transfer to 500ml Volumetric Flask, dilute to
volume and shake up. Take 30.00 – 35.00ml of the solution, add 20ml water, neutralize to PH value 7‐8
with Aqueous ammonia solution (2.4), add 10ml Ammonia‐Ammonium Chloride Buffer solution (2.5),
add 5 drops of Acid Chrome Black T indicator solution (2.8) and then titrate with EDTA standard
solution (2.15) till the solution color change from purple to pure blue, meanwhile make blank test.
2.15.3 Calculation: EDTA molar solution
G
M = ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
(V1‐V2) x 0.08138
Where:
G : is the weightof Zinc Oxide in gram
V1 : is the used volume of EDTA standard solution in ml
V2: is the EDTA standard solution used in blank test in ml
0.08138 ‐‐‐‐Zinc Oxide grams per ml molar
2.16: Lead‐acetate standard solution (0.025N)
2.16.1 Prepare: put 4.75 gram Lead‐acetate [Pb(C2H2O2)2. 3H2O] into 500ml water, add 6ml Acetic Acid (2.3),
dilute to 1000ml with water and shake up.
2.16.2 Titrate: take accurately 30.00‐35.00ml Lead‐Acetate standard solution (2.16) and put into flask, add
30ml water and 10ml HMTA buffer solution (2.6) , furthermore add 5 drops Xylenol orange indicator
solution (2.10), titrate with the concentration known EDTA standard solution (2.15) till color change
into bright yellow.
2.16.3 Calculation:
2. V1. M
N = ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
V2
Where:
V1: is the EDTA standard solution used during titration in ml
M: is molar concentration of EDTA
V2: Lead‐Acetate standard solution take out in ml
2: 1 molar EDTA equals to the Lead‐Acetate equivalent
It will be titrated for three times, the result between each other should not more than 0.00005N
(三) PROCEDURE
3.1 The distilled water (DW) for analysis should be adjusted to PH volume 6‐7 with sodium hydroxide
3.2 Xanthate sample should be stored away form wet and head, shorten the opening time as possible as you
can during analysis
3.3 Weighing 10.000 grams sample with the lidded weighing bottle, transfer to 500ml volumetric flask with
water and dilute to volume. After shaking, take accurately 5.00ml solution to 250ml flask, and two
drops of potassium Nitroprusside indicator solution (2.9) .If there is base metal sulphide impurity in
sample, the solution appears blue purple. Input Potassium Ferricynide(2.7) drop by drop till blue purple
color disappear while shaking the flask continuously, add another drop to ensure entirely oxidation. If
the add of another drop to ensure entirely oxidation. If the add of Potassium ferricynide (2.7) over 1ml,
you should take another 5.00ml sample solution to 250ml flask, add about 0.2 gram Ammonium
Chloride and then eliminate sulphide impurity as above mentioned procedure.
Add 100ml water to flask, while mixed continuously, titrated Lead‐acetate standard solution (2.16) .Just
close to the termination point, add 1‐2ml sodium Rhodizonic indicator solution (2.11), keep titrating till
the fresh red color appears suddenly as termination point.
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(四) CALCULATION
N.W. M/1000
% xanthate purity = ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ * 100
5W/500
Where:
N: is Gram Equivalent concentration of Lead‐acetate standard solution.
V: is Lead‐acetate used during titration in ml
M: is molecular weight of xanthate
W: is sample weight in gram
APPENDIX A
PRODEDURE FOR ANALYSIS OF XANTHATES –ACETATE METHOD
The procedure to determine the percentage of active xanthate shall be as follow:
DETERMINATION
1. Xanthate and Acetate Insolubles
2. Volatiles
1. XANTHATE & ACETATE INSOLUBLES
1.1 REAGENTS
N Hydrochloric acid solution
N Sodium hydroxide solution
Acetate to B.S. 509:1950 with particular emphasis on water limit test .
Methyl red/bromocresol green indicator solution:
Dissolve 50 mg methyl red, 75 mg bromocresol green and 3.0 ml
0.1N NaOH in 100ml 1:1 ethyl alcohol/water
Acid______ Alkaline = Red ________ Grey (pH =5.1) _________ Green
1.2 PROCEDURE
a) Weigh accurately the recommended quantity of sample into a dry stoppered sintered glass crucible
(Note 1)
b) Assemble the apparatus , add 20ml acetate to the crucible, washing the side of the crucible with the
acetone . Stir briefly with a 6mm glass rod, washing the rod on removal with a stream of acetone.
Stopper the crucible and allow to stand for 15 minutes(Note 2)
c) Stir the contents again with the glass rod to complete the disposal of any remaining lumps. Filter
under a regulated vacuum of 25‐40mm of mercury(Note 3).Wash the sides of crucible with a few ml
acetone from a wash bottle.
d) Wash the residue in the filter crucible with 40 ml acetone then dry the crucible and contents for one
hour in the oven at 100‐110C. Cool over silica gel in a desiocator and weigh.
Weight of residue X 100
Acetone insolubles, S w/w = ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Weight of samples
e) Wash down the filter adaptor and sides of the flask with distilled water, add 150ml water followed by
a pipetted volume of N hydrochloric acid (Note 1)
f) Heat on a steam bath for the appropriate period (Note 1) and titrate hot (Note 4) with N sodium
hydroxide solution, using four drops methyl red/bromocresol green indicator , the end point being at
the first appearance of a green tint. __________ t ml.
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g) Carry out duplicate blank determinations on 60ml acetone treated as in e) and f). Duplicates should
not differ by more than 0.02 ml. B ml is the mean of the two blanks.
N(B‐t)
Xanthate content, Z w/w = ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
10 x sample wt. in g
Where: N= 144.20 for sodium ethyl xanthate
= 172.25 for sodium butyl xanthate
= 202.39 for potassium amyl xanthate
Note 1:
SAMPLE WEIGHT N HCL STEAM BATH
TYPE OF XANTHATE
(G) (ml) BEATING PERIOD
SODIUM ETHYL 4.0 ‐ 4.5 50.0 10 MINUTES
SODIUM BUTYL 3.0 – 3.3 25.0 30 MINUTES
POTASSIUM AMYL 5.7 – 6.3 50.0 30 MINUTES
The steam bath heating represent minimum values ; increases 01 100% may be employed without adverse
effect.
NOTE 2
The 15 minute soaking period serves to soften hard lumps in the sample.
NOTE 3
Slight vacuum favors complete extraction due to slow filtration and also permits the use of a thin walled
receiving flask
NOTE 4
The solution may be titrated cold, but acetone vapors from the hot solution influence the formation of
smaller drops at the burette tip.
2 VOLATILES
Weigh accurately a dry aluminum “boat”(approximately 75 x 18 mm) together with a glass protective weighing
vessel (horizontal stoppered test tube 150 x 26 mm). Place about 1 g sample in the boat and reweigh . Place
the boat in the vacuum drier and heat at 100C and 3‐20 mm of mercury pressure for 30 minutes. Carefully
release the vacuum , remove the boat to a desicoator, cool and weigh.
100 x (w2‐w3)
Volatiles, Z w/w = ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
(w2‐w1)
Where w1 = first weight in g
W2 = second weight in g
W3 = third weight in g
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