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PLASTIC MATERIALS /PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS 59
about 160°F at 264 psi. Alloying with ABS and Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVdC). Copoly-
other polymers can improve PVC’s perfor- mers of vinylidene chloride with vinyl chloride
mance at higher temperatures. or other monomers, these materials exhibit ex-
Almost three-quarters of the rigid PVC pro- ceptional barrier resistance to oxygen, carbon
duced goes into building and construction ap- dioxide, water, and many organic solvents.
plications (see Fig. 3-7). Most is processed via Care in processing PVdC includes keeping melt
extrusion into products such as pipe, siding, temperatures below 400°F and using CORY)-
and window profiles. Packaging is another ma- sion-resistant metals wherever hot resin con-
jor market for PVC. Rigid grades are blown tacts the equipment surface. PVdC is made into
into bottles and made into sheet for thermo- monolayer films (Saran) for food wrap and
forming boxes and blister packs. Flexible com- medical packaging, and it also is used in coex-
pounds are made into food wrap. Other mar- truded film and sheet structures as a bamer
kets for PVC include wire and cable coating, layer. PVdC coatings are applied to containers
flooring, garden hose, and toys. to prevent gas transmission but have to be re-
PVC dispersion resins in the form of plasti- moved before the packages are recycled.
sols and organosols are processed by spray and
dip coating, casting, and slush molding. The Other Thermoplastics
resin is fused by heat, and the solvents are re-
moved. Applications include toys, wall cover- Acrylics.
Acrylics have outstanding resis-
ings, and footwear. tance to long-term exposure to sunlight
and weathering. Polymethyl methacrylate
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC). (PMMA), a hard, rigid, and transparent mate-
Based on PVC, the chlorinated resin has a rial, is the most widely used member of the
higher distortion temperature under load (200- acrylic family. Cast PMMA sheet has excellent
plastic230°F
moulding,plastic moulds.plastic molds,plastic injection moulding
at 265 psi) and more combustion resis- optical properties (it transmits about 92 % total
tance than PVC. CPVC is used to make pipe light) and is more resistant to impact than glass.
and fittings for potable water and industrial It is not so resistant to surface scratching as
chemicals, dark-color window frames, and glass, but surface coatings can partially over-
housings for appliances and business equip- come this limitation.
ment. In addition to excellent optical properties,
Fig. 3-7. Vinyl R&D laboratoly building with

PLASTIC (Courtesy ofllorderz Chemicals and Plastics)
PVC siding. MOULDS
INJECTION
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60 SPI PLASTICS ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
plastic moulding,plastic moulds.plastic molds,plastic injection moulding

Fig. 3-8. Acrylic automotive lenses. ( Courtesy of CYRO Industries )
acrylics have low water absorption, good elec- Acrylonitrile-Based Resins. Sometimes
trical resistivity, and fair tensile strength. The called barrier resins, this family of plastics is
heat resistance of acrylics is on the order of intended primarily for use in packaging. Major
200°F. characteristics of the materials are barrier prop-
Recently, modified acrylics and acrylic mul- erties relating to the transmission of gas, aroma,
tipolymers that offer high impact strength and or flavor of the package's contents. The resins
toughness in addition to the standard acrylic are similar in melt processibility to rigid PVC
properties have been made available. These and some grades of ABS; they can be extruded,
grades incorporate elastomeric or alloying con- blow-molded, and thermoformed.
stituents that impart added strength (up to 10 to
20 times as much as that of general-purpose Cellulosics. The family of cellulosics in-
acrylic crystal). Acrylics are available as com- cludes cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate bu-
pounds for extrusion, injection molding, blow tyrate, cellulose propionate, and ethyl cellu-
molding, and casting. Extruded or cast sheet lose. There are other cellulosics as well, but
and film also are marketed. these are the most widely used. Cellulosics are
Typical applications include outdoor signs, characterized by good strength, toughness, and
glazing, aircraft canopies, skylights, auto tail- transparency and a high surface gloss. In ad-
lights, dials, buttons, lighting applications, dition, they have good chemical resistance.
knobs, and machine covers (see Fig. 3-8). Generally, these thermoplastics should not be
Some of the transparent acrylic multipolymers used at temperatures much above 170 to 220°F .
have found applications in the drug and food Cellulose acetate, which is the lowest-cost
packaging industry . cellulosic material, has good toughness and
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PLASTIC MATERIALS /PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS 61
rigidity. This easily molded material is avail-

able in a variety of grades ranging from “soft”
to “hard.”
Cellulose acetate butyrate, although a little
more expensive than the straight acetate, is
somewhat tougher, with a hornlike quality, and
has lower moisture absorption. It has relatively
good weatherability and excellent transpar-
ency.
Cellulose propionate is similar to cellulose
acetate butyrate in both cost and properties, but
it has somewhat higher tensile strength, mod-
ulus, and impact strength than the latter mate-
rial.
Ethyl cellulose is what might be called the
impact grade of the cellulosics. The excellent
toughness of this material (Izod impact
strengths range from 1.7 to 8.5 ft-lb/in. of
notch, depending on the specific resin) is main- Fig. 3-9. Dental flossing instrument molded from
tained over a wide temperature range. Ethyl cellulose propionate. ( Courresy ofEastman Chemical Co. )
cellulose also has moderately low moisture ab-
sorption. In addition, this cellulosic is available
in self-lubricating grades. rotational molding. Cellulosics also are widely
Nearly all cellulosics are noted for their used in the form of film and sheet.
plastic moulding,plastic moulds.plastic
toughness, but none of these materials is gen-
molds,plastic
Typical applications ofinjection moulding
the materials in-
erally recommended for applications involving clude: cellulose acetate-knobs, tool handles,
anything more than relatively low loads. The and face shields; cellulose acetate butyrate-
main feature of cellulosics is their excellent tool handles, knobs, tubular packaging, toys,
moldability, which results in a brilliant, high- and signs; cellulose propionate-automobile
gloss finish. steering wheels, pen and pencil barrels, pack-
Cellulose acetate is subject to dimensional aging sheet, and toys; ethyl cellulose-flash-
changes due to cold flow, extreme heat, and light housings, tool handles, and roller wheels.
moisture absorption. Cellulose acetate butyrate
is a slightly more stable material, but still not Engineering Thermoplastics
outstanding in comparison to some other ther-
moplastics. This material, however, is one of Acetals. Polymers of formaldehyde, cor-
the few thermoplastics that resist weathering. rectly called polyoxymethylenes (POM), ace-
This property, combined with its good optical tals are among the Strongest (tensile strength:
properties, makes cellulose acetate butyrate an 10,000 psi) and stiffest (modulus in flexure:
excellent material for outdoor signs. Cellulose 410,000 psi) thermoplastics; acetals also are
propionate is similar in properties to the buty- characterized by excellent fatigue life and di-
rate but has higher hardness and stiffness (see mensional stability. Other outstanding proper-
Fig. 3-9). Ethyl cellulose has several outstand- ties include low friction coefficients, excep-
ing properties. It withstands heavy abuse and tional solvent resistance, and high heat
has good environmental resistance, and it re- resistance for extended use up to 220°F.
tains its toughness at low temperatures. Like At present there are two basic types of ace-
other cellulosics, however, it is not primarily a tal: homopolymer and copolymer. The homo-
load-bearing material. polymers are somewhat tougher and harder than
Cellulosic compounds are available for ex- the copolymers but suffer from instability in
trusion, injection molding, blow molding, and processing. Recent stabilization improvements
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have reduced odor and mold deposit problems Fluoroplastics. Outstanding properties of
and widened the processing temperature range. fluorocarbon polymers (or fluoroplastics, as
The fact that acetals are highly crystalline they also are called) include inertness to most
thermoplastics accounts for their excellent chemicals and resistance to high temperatures.
properties and predictable long-range perfor- Fluoroplastics have a rather waxy feel, ex-
mance under load. In creep resistance, acetal is tremely low coefficients of friction, and excel-
one of the best thermoplastics; however, the lent dielectric properties that are relatively in-
apparent modulus falls off consistently with sensitive to temperature and power frequency.
long-term loading. Their mechanical properties normally are low,
Acetals have an excellent fatigue endurance but change dramatically when the fluorocar-
limit; at 100% RH it is 5000 psi at 77"F, and bons are reinforced with glass fibers or molyb-
it is still 3000 psi at 150°F. Furthermore, lu- denum disulfide fillers.
bricants and water have little effect on the fa- Numerous fluoroplastics are available, in-
tigue life. cluding polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly-
The impact strength of acetals does not fall chlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), fluorinated
off abruptly at subzero temperature like that of ethylene propylene (FEP), ethylene chlortri-
many other thermoplastics, and their hardness fluoroethylene (ECTFE), ethylene tetrafluoro-
is only slightly reduced by moisture absorption ethylene (ETFE), polyvinylidene fluoride
or temperature below 215°F. Although less (PVDF), polyvinylfluoride (PVF), and pertho-
good than that of nylons, the abrasion resis- roalkoxy (PFA) resin.
tance of acetals is better than that of many other PTFE is extremely heat-resistant (up to
thermoplastics. Like nylons, acetals have a 500°F) and has outstanding chemical resis-
slippery feel. tance, being inert to most chemicals. Its coef-
Acetals are especially notable among ther- ficient of friction is lower than that of any other
moplastics because of their resistance to or- plastic, and it can be used unlubricated. TFE
ganic solvents. However, when in contact with has a tensile strength on the order of 1500 to
strong acids, acetals will craze. 5000 psi and an impact strength of 2.5 to 3.0
In addition to good mechanical properties, ft-lb/in. of notch. TFE also has outstanding
acetals have good electrical properties. The low-temperature characteristics and remains
dielectric constant and the dissipation factor are usable even at cryogenic temperatures.
uniform over a wide frequency range and up to PTFE is extremely difficult to process via
temperatures of 250°F. Aging has little effect melt extrusion and molding. The material usu-
on an acetal's electrical properties. ally is supplied in powder form for compres-
Acetals are available as compounds for in- sion and sintering or in water-based dispersions
jection molding, blow molding, and extrusion. for coating and impregnating.
Filled, toughened, lubricated, and UV-stabi- CTFE has a heat resistance of up to 390"F,
lized versions currently are offered. Grades and is chemically resistant to all inorganic cor-
reinforced with glass fibers (higher stiffness, rosive liquids, including oxidizing acids. It also
lower creep, improved dimensional stability), is resistant to most organic solvents except cer-
fluoropolymer, and aramid fibers (improved tain halogenated materials and oxygen-contain-
frictional and wear properties) also are on the ing compounds (which cause a slight swelling).
market. In terms of processibility, CTFE can be
Many applications involve replacement of molded and extruded by conventional thermo-
metals where the higher strength of metals is plastic processing techniques. It can be made
not required and costly finishing and assembly into transparent film and sheet with extremely
operations can be eliminated (see Fig. 3-10). low water vapor transmission.
Typical parts include gears, rollers, and bear- FEP, a copolymer of TFE and hexafluoro-
ings, conveyor chains, auto window lift mech- propylene, shows some of the same properties
anisms and cranks, door handles, plumbing as TFE (i.e., toughness, excellent dimensional
components, and pump parts. stability, and outstanding electrical insulating
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Fig, 3-10, "Credit card" spare car keys molded from acetal homopolymer resin. ( Courtesy of Du Pont Company)
characteristics over a wide range of tempera- consisting of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene.

tures and humidities), but it exhibits a melt vis- Although its continuous-use temperature is
cosity low enough to permit it to be molded by somewhat higher (355°F) than that of ECTFE,
conventional thermoplastic processing tech- it melts and decomposes when exposed to a
niques. FEP is used as a pipe lining for chem- flame. (See Fig. 3-11.)
ical process equipment, in wire and cable ap- PVDF also is a tough fluoroplastic with high
plications, and for glazing in solar collectors. chemical resistance and weatherability. It is
ECTFE, an alternating copolymer of ethyl- self-extinguishing and has a high dielectric loss
ene with chlorotrifluoroethylene, is signifi- factor. A melt-processible material, it is used
cantly stronger and more wear-resistant than in seals and gaskets for chemical process
PTFE and FEP. Its ignition and flame resis- equipment and in electrical insulation.
tance makes it suitable for wire and cable ap- PVF, available only in film form, is used as
plications, including plenum cable jacketing. a protective lamination on plywood, hard-
Other uses include tank linings, tower pack- board, and other panel constructions, as well
ings, and pump and valve components for the as for interior truck linings.
chemical process industry and corrosion-resis- Lastly, PFA is a newer family of melt-pro-
tant film and coatings. cessible fluoropolymers, similar to FEP but
ETFE is a related copolymer to ECTFE, with higher temperature resistance.
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particular attention needs to be paid to moisture

control.
Several different types of nylon are on the
market, the two most widely used being nylon
6/6 (hexamethylene diamine adipic acid) and
nylon 6 (polycaprolactam).
Nylon 6 / 6 is the most common polyamide
molding material. Its special grades include: (1)
heat-stabilized grades, for molding electrical
parts; (2) hydrolysis-stabilized grades, for parts
to be used in contact with water; (3) light-sta-
bilized grades, for weather-resistant moldings;
and (4) higher-melt-viscosity grades, for mold-
ing of heavy sections and for better extrudabil-
ity.
Special grades of nylon 6 include: (1) grades
with higher flexibility and impact strength; (2)
heat- and light-stabilized grades, for resistance
to outdoor weathering; (3) grades for incorpo-
Fig. 3-11. Ball valve lined with glass fiber reinforced rating nucleating agents to promote consistent
ETFE. (Courtesy of ICI Advanced Materials) crystallinity throughout sections, thereby pro-
viding better load-bearing characteristics; and
When reinforced with such materials as mo- (4) higher viscosity grades, for extrusion of rod,
lybdenum
plastic disulfide, graphite,
moulding,plastic asbestos, or film,molds,plastic
moulds.plastic pipe, large shapes, and blow-molded
injection moulding
glass, the fluorocarbons show increased stiff- products.
ness, hardness, and compressive strength, and Other types of nylon include: 6/9, 6/10,
reduced elongation and deformation under load. 6/12, 11, 12,4/6, and 12/12. A transparent,
Stress-strain data on fluorocarbons show amorphous nylon has been commercialized.
these materials to be much better in compres- Although type 6 absorbs moisture more rapidly
sion than in tension. For example, depending than type 6/6, both eventually reach equilib-
on crystallinity, TFE has a tensile yield strength rium at about 2.7% moisture content in 50%
at 73°F of about 1800 psi (30% strain); in RH air, and about 9 to 10% in water.
compression, however, this value can be as Creep rates for nylons at various stress levels
high as 3700 psi (25 % strain). under both tension and compression show only
a small deformation within the initial 24-hour
Polyamides (Nylons). The nylon family period and increase from this point in a linear
members are identified by the number of car- manner. This means that long-term deforma-
bon atoms in the monomers. Where two mono- tion usually can be predicted accurately on the
mers are involved, the polymer will carry two basis of short-term tests.
numbers (e.g., nylon 6/6). Crystalline nylons General-purpose nylon molding materials are
have high tensile strength, flex modulus, im- available for extrusion, injection molding, blow
pact strength, and abrasion resistance. Nylons molding, rotational molding, and (for the nylon
resist nonpolar solvents, including aromatic 6 materials) casting or anionic polymerization.
hydrocarbons, esters, and essential oils. They Nylon sheet and film also are marketed.
are softened by and absorb polar materials such The properties of nylon resins can be im-
as alcohols, glycols, and water. Moisture proved by filling and reinforcing. Mineral-filled
pickup is a major limitation for nylons because and glass-fiber-reinforced compounds are
it results in dimensional changes and reduced widely available. (See Fig. 3-12.) Several
mechanical properties. However, overly dry manufacturers offer specially toughened grades
material can cause processing problems, and where extra impact strength is required.
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--- 'T
Fig. 3-12. Housing for power blower is molded from reinforced nylon 6 resin. (Courtesy ofAkzo Etigiricering Plastics)
For specific engineering applications, a imides, but their mechanical properties are dis-
number of specialty nylons have been devel- tinctly better than those of the polyimides.
plastic moulding,plastic moulds.plasticPA1
oped, including; molybdenum disulfide-filled
molds,plastic injection moulding
is inherently flame-retardant, with UL94
nylons (to improve wear and abrasion resis- V - 0 ratings down to less than 0.010 inch thick-
tance, frictional characteristics, flexural ness. The material bums with very low smoke
strength, stiffness, and heat resistance); glass- and passes FAA standards for aircraft interior
fiber-filled nylons (to improve tensile strength, use.
heat distortion temperatures, and, in some The chemical resistance of PA1 is excellent;
cases, impact strength); and sintered nylons. it generally is unaffected by aliphatic and aro-
Sintered nylons are fabricated by processes matic hydrocarbons, acids, bases, and halogen-
similar to powder metallurgy (the same as those ated solvents. At high temperatures, however,
used for TFE fluorocarbons). The resulting ma- it is attacked by steam and strong acids and
terials have improved frictional and wear char- bases.
acteristics, as well as higher compressive Polyamide-imide can be injection-molded,
strength. but some special modifications are needed be-
Nylons have also found increasing use in al- cause the material is reactive at processing tem-
loys, notably with ABS and with PPE. The ma- peratures. Special screws and accumulators are
terials' aroma bamer properties have led to ap- recommended. To develop the full physical
plications in multilayer packaging film properties of PAI, molded parts have to be post-
constructions. In many electrical applications, conditioned by gradually raising their temper-
the mechanical strength and resistance to oils ature.
and greases also are important properties. Applications for polyamide-imide include
engine and generator components, hydraulic
Polyamide-imide (PAI). Among the highest- bushings and seals, and mechanical parts for
temperature amorphous thermoplastics, poly- electronics and business machines.
amide-imide resins have a useful service tem-
perature range from cryogenic to almost 500°F. Polyarylates. These relatively new materials
Their heat resistance approaches that of poly- are amorphous, aromatic polyesters. They fall
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between polycarbonate and polysulfone in ever, the materials are adversely affected by
terms of temperature resistance, with a deflec- weathering (slight color change and slight em-
tion temperature under load (DTUI) of 300 to brittlement can occur on exposure to ultraviolet
350°F at 264 psi. Other features are toughness, rays).
dimensional stability, UV resistance, flame re- Polycarbonate molding compounds are
tardancy, and good electrical properties. available for extrusion, injection molding, blow
Polyarylate polymers are transparent but tend molding, and rotational molding. Film and
toward yellowness. One producer has an al- sheeting with excellent optical and electrical
most water-white material. properties also are available. Among the spe-
Markets for polyarylate are in automotive cialty grades, glass-reinforced polycarbonates
parts such as headlamp and mirror housings, have proved especially popular by virtue of
brackets, and door handles, and in electrical/ their improved ultimate tensile strength, flex-
electronics components such as connectors, ural modulus, tensile modulus, and chemical
fuses, and covers. The material's temperature resistance.
resistance allows it to withstand the soldering Typical applications include the following:
temperatures encountered in making circuit safety shields, lenses, glazing, electrical relay
boards. covers, helmets, pump impellers, sight gauges,
cams and gears, interior aircraft components,
Polycarbonates. Polycarbonates are among automotive instrument panels, headlights,
the strongest, toughest, and most rigid ther- lenses, bezels, telephone switchgear, snow-
moplastics. In addition, they have a ductility mobile components, boat propellers, water bot-
normally associated with the softer, lower- tles, housings for hand-held power tools and
modulus thermoplastics. small appliances, and optical storage disks.
plastic These properties, together with excellent (See Fig. 3-13.)
moulding,plastic moulds.plastic molds,plastic injection moulding
electrical insulating characteristics, are main-
tained over a wide range of temperatures (-60 Polyesters, Thermoplastic. The two domi-
to 270°F) and loading rates. Although there nant materials in this family are polyethylene
may be a loss of toughness with heat aging, the terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene tere-
material still remains stronger than many ther- phthalate (PBT). The thermoplastic polyesters
moplastics. are similar in properties to types 6 and 6 / 6 ny-
Polycarbonates are transparent materials and lons but have lower water absorption and higher
resistant to a variety of chemicals, but they are dimensional stability than the nylons.
attacked by a number of organic solvents in- To develop the maximum properties of PET,
cluding carbon tetrachloride solvents. the resin has to be processed to raise its level
The creep resistance of these materials is of crystallinity and/or to orient the molecules.
among the best for thermoplastics. With poly- Orientation increases the tensile strength by 300
carbonates, as with other thermoplastics, creep to 500% and reduces permeability. PET is a
at a given stress level increases with increasing water-white polymer and is made into fibers,
temperature; yet even at temperatures as high films and sheets, and blow-molded and ther-
as 250"F, their creep resistance is good. moformed containers for soft drinks and foods.
The characteristic ductility of polycarbonate Glass-reinforced PET compounds can be injec-
provides it with very high impact strength. tion-molded into parts for automotive, electri-
Typical values are about 14 ft-lb/in. of notch cal/electronic, and other industrial and con-
on a 1/8-inch-thick specimen, although grades sumer products.
are available as high as 18 ft-lb. Unnotched PBT, on the other hand, crystallizes readily,
specimens show impact resistance greater than even in chilled molds. Most PBT is sold in the
60 ft-lb. Their fatigue resistance also is very form of filled and reinforced compounds for
good, engineering applications. Its uses include ap-
The moisture absorption for polycarbonates pliances, automotive, electrical/electronic, ma-
is low, with equilibrium reachedPLASTIC
rapidly. How- terials handling, and consumer products.
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Fig. 3-13. Transparent polycarbonate protective eyewear. (Courtesy of GE Plastics)
Some newer members of the polyester fam- porating mineral fillers and glass fiber rein-
ily are starting to find application in specific forcements. LCPs are resistant to most organic
niche markets. PCT (poly- 1-4-cyclohexylene- solvents and acids. They are inherently flame-
dimethylene terephthalate) has higher heat re- resistant (UL94 V-0) and meet federal stan-
sistance than either PET or PBT, and is used dards for aircraft interior use. Some LCPs
mainly as a component of blends. PEN (poly- withstand temperatures over 1000°F before de-
ethylene naphthalate) has a combination of composing.
higher heat resistance, mechanical strength, LCPs have found application in aviation,
chemical resistance, and dimensional stability, electronics (connectors, sockets, chip carriers),
and can be processed into films, fibers, and automotive underhood parts, and chemical pro-
containers. PEN has up to five times the oxy- cessing, and are used to mold household cook-
gen barrier of PET. ware for conventional and microwave ovens.
Thermoplastic polyesters can be used as a (See Fig. 3-14.)
component in alloys and blends. Widely used
combinations include those with polycarbon- Polyetherimide (PEI). An amorphous, trans-
ate, polysulfone, and elastomers. parent amber polymer, polyetherimide com-
Also in the family of thermoplastic polyes- bines high temperature resistance, rigidity, im-
ters is the class of materials known as liquid pact strength, and creep resistance. PEI has a
crystal polymers (LCPs), aromatic copolyes- glass transition temperature of 420°F and a
ters with a tightly ordered structure that is self- DTUL of 390°F at 264 psi. Thorough drying
reinforcing. LCPs generally flow very well in is required before processing, and typical melt
processing, but they have to be thoroughly temperatures for injection molding run from
dried and molded at high temperatures. They 650 to 800°F. PEI resins qualify for UL94
also exhibit very high mechanical properties al- V-0ratings at thicknesses as low as 0.010 inch
though molded structures tend to be quite an- and meet FAA standards for aircraft interiors.
isotropic. The anisotropy can be reduced by Polyetherimide is soluble in partially halo-
proper gating and mold design PLASTIC
and by incor- genated solvents but resistant to alcohols, acids,
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Fig. 3-14. Chip carrier test socket molded from aromatic polyester liquid crystal polymer. ( Courtesy of Amoco
Performance Products)
and hydrocarbon solvents. It perfonns well un-

der humid conditions and withstands UV and
gamma radiation.
Glass-fiber-reinforced PEl grades are avail-
able for general-purpose molding and extru-
sion; carbon-fiber-reinforced and other spe-
cialty grades also are produced for high-
strength applications; and PET itself can be
made into a high-perfonnance thennoplastic fi-
ber.
PEl has found use in medical applications
because of its heat and radiation resistance, hy-
drolytic stability, and transparency; in the elec-
tronics field, it is used to make burn-in sockets,
Fig. 3-15. Aircraft cargo vent formed from poly-
bobbins, and printed circuit substrates; auto- etherimide sheets. ( Caurtesy af Transparent Praducts
motive uses include lamp sockets and under- Carp. )
hood temperature sensors; PEl sheeting is used
in aircraft interiors; and extruded PET has been Polyimide, Thermoplastic. These linear, ar.
used as a metal replacement for furnace vent omatic polymers are prized for their high-tem.
pipe. (See Fig. 3-15). perature performance. While nominally ther.
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MOULDING
moplastic, polyimides will degrade at tem- Polyketones can be processed by conven-

peratures below their softening point and thus tional methods, with predrying a requirement.
have to be processed in precursor form. Mate- Injection-molding melt temperatures range
rial is supplied in powder form for compression from 710 to 770"F, and mold temperatures
molding and cold forming, and some injection have to be over 300°F. The materials also can
molding grades are being offered. be extruded for wire coating and for slot cast
The outstanding physical properties of the films. Powdered resin is supplied for rotational
polyimides make them valuable in applications molding and for coating.
involving severe environments such as high Glass- and carbon-fiber-reinforced polyke-
temperature and radiation, heavy load, and high tone compounds are standard, and PEEK also
rubbing velocities. In terms of heat resistance, is combined with continuous carbon fiber to
the continuous service of polyimide in air is on produce a thermoplastic prepreg for compres-
the order of 500°F. At elevated temperatures, sion molding.
polyimide parts retain an uniisually high degree Because of their high price, uses for poly-
of strength and stiffness, but prolonged expo- ketones generally are in the highest-perfor-
sure at high temperatures can cause a gradual mance applications such as metal replacement
reduction in tensile strength. parts for aircraft and aerospace structures, elec-
Polyimides are resistant to most dilute or trical power plants, printed circuits, oven parts,
weak acids and organic solvents; they are not and industrial filters.
attacked by aliphatic or aromatic solvents,
ethers, esters, alcohols, and most hydraulic Polyphenylene Ether (PPE). Also referred
fluids. However, they are attacked by bases to as polyphenylene oxide (PPO), these resins
such as strong alkali and aqueous ammonia so- are combined with other polymers to make use-
lutions; and the resin is not suitable for pro- ful alloys. PPE is compatible with polystyrene
longed exposure to hydrazine, nitrogen diox- and is blended with (usually high-impact) PS
ide, or primary or secondary amine compo- over a wide range of ratios, yielding products
nents. Parts fabricated from unfilled polyimide with DTUL ratings from 175 to 350°F.
resin have unusual resistance to ionizing radia- Because both PPE and PS are hydrophobic,
tion and good electrical properties. the alloys have very low water absorption rates
Polyimides are used to mold high-perfor- and high dimensional stability. They exhibit
mance bearings for jet aircraft, compressors, excellent dielectric properties over a wide range
and appliances. In film form, the material is of frequencies and temperatures.
used for electric motor insulation and in flexi- The resin will soften or dissolve in many hal-
ble wiring. Polyimides also are used in making ogenated or aromatic hydrocarbons. If an ap-
printed circuit boards. plication requires exposure to or immersion in
a given environment, stressed samples should
be tested under operating conditions.
Polyketones. These materials are crystalline PPE/PS alloys are supplied in flame-retar-
polymers of aromatic ketones that exhibit ex- dant, filled and reinforced, and structural foam
ceptional high-temperature performance. molding grades. They are used to mold hous-
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is tough and ings for appliances and business machines (see
rigid, with a continuous-use temperature rating Fig. 3-16), automotive instrument panels and
of 475°F. The polymer is self-extinguishing seat backs, and fluid handling equipment. Blow
(UL94 V - 0 rated) and exhibits very low smoke molding sometimes is used to make large struc-
emission on burning. Its crystallinity gives it tural parts.
resistance to most solvents and hydrolytic sta- PPE can also be alloyed with nylon to pro-
bility. PEEK also is resistant to radiation. vide increased resistance to organic chemicals
Polyetherketone (PEK) polymers are similar and better high-temperature performance. PPE/
to PEEK but have slightly higher (about 10°F) nylon blends have been used to injection-mold
heat resistance. automobile fenders.
BLOW MOULDING

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BLOW MOULDS

PLASTIC INJECTION MOULDING

ANY KIND OF PLASTIC REQUIREMENTS.

For consultancy services contact .

PLASTIC INJECTION MOULDS

Fig. 3-7. Vinyl R&D laboratoly building with

ANY KIND OF PLASTIC REQUIREMENTS.

For consultancy services contact .

PLASTIC INJECTION MOULDS

plastic moulding,plastic moulds.plastic molds,plastic injection moulding

ANY KIND OF PLASTIC REQUIREMENTS.

For consultancy services contact .

PLASTIC INJECTION MOULDS

rigidity. This easily molded material is avail-

ANY KIND OF PLASTIC REQUIREMENTS.

For consultancy services contact .

PLASTIC INJECTION MOULDS

plastic moulding,plastic moulds.plastic molds,plastic injection moulding

characteristics over a wide range of tempera- consisting of ethylene and tetrafluoroethylene.

ANY KIND OF PLASTIC REQUIREMENTS.

For consultancy services contact .

PLASTIC INJECTION MOULDS

particular attention needs to be paid to moisture

Fig. 3-13. Transparent polycarbonate protective eyewear. (Courtesy of GE Plastics)

plastic moulding,plastic moulds.plastic molds,plastic injection moulding

plastic moulding,plastic moulds.plastic molds,plastic injection moulding

and hydrocarbon solvents. It perfonns well un-

moplastic, polyimides will degrade at tem- Polyketones can be processed by conven-

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