Silver oxide cells

Silver-oxide battery
Specific energy 130 Wh/kg[1]
Energy density 500 Wh/L[1]
Specific power High
Charge/discharge efficiency N/A
Energy/consumer-price Low
Time durability High
Cycle durability N/A
A silver-oxide battery (IEC code: S) is a primary cell with a very high energy-to-weight ratio. Available
either in small sizes as button cells, where the amount of silver used is minimal and not a significant
contributor to the product cost, or in large custom-designed batteries, where the superior performance
of the silver-oxide chemistry outweighs cost considerations. These larger cells are mostly found in
applications for the military, for example in Mark 37 torpedoes or on Alfa-class submarines. In recent
years they have become important as reserve batteries for manned and unmanned spacecraft. Spent
batteries can be processed to recover their silver content.

Silver-oxide primary batteries account for over 20% of all primary battery sales in Japan (67,000 out of
232,000 in September 2012).[2]

A related rechargeable secondary battery usually called a silver–zinc battery uses a variation of silver-
oxide chemistry. It shares most of the characteristics of the silver-oxide battery, and in addition, is able
to deliver one of the highest specific energies of all presently known electrochemical power sources.
Long used in specialized applications, it is now being developed for more mainstream markets, for
example, batteries in laptops and hearing aids.[3][4]

Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver-oxide_battery
Silver Zinc Battery

https://electronicspani.com/silver-zinc-battery/

Silver Zinc battery is a type of rechargeable battery with silver oxide , zinc oxide as electrodes
and alkaline electrolyte. Silver Zinc batteries have been mainly used in military equipment and
various space ships and submarines because of their low self discharge rate, high energy
density and reliability.

The active materials of a Silver Zinc Battery are:

a. Positive electrode is made up of reduced silver oxide. The reduced silver oxide is pressed
into a plate and heat processed to use as the positive plate or electrode.

b. Negative electrode is made up of a mixture of zinc oxide and zinc powder. The negative plate
is also pressed into a plate and heat processed before using as the negative electrode.

c. The electrolyte is made up of alkaline solution which is usually Sodium Hydroxide or

Potassium hydroxide. The electrolyte does not actively takes part in the chemical reaction in the
battery, but it helps in the chemical reaction taking place between the active materials or
Electrodes.
Working principle of Silver Zinc Battery:

The charging and discharging of a Silver Zinc Battery or cell may be represented by a single
reversible equation given below:

When the cell is fully charged the positive plate is Monovalent Silver Oxide (Ag2O) and
negative plate is Zinc(Zn), During discharging; the Positive Silver Oxide plate is reduced to
Silver (Ag) and the Negative Zinc plate is oxidized to Zinc Oxide (Zn). The chemical process is
reversed when charging after the cell is discharged.

...Read more https://electronicspani.com/silver-zinc-battery/Working principle of

Silver Zinc Battery:
The charging and discharging of a Silver Zinc Battery or cell may be represented by a
single reversible equation given below:

When the cell is fully charged the

positive plate is Monovalent Silver Oxide (Ag2O) and negative plate is Zinc(Zn), During
discharging; the Positive Silver Oxide plate is reduced to Silver (Ag) and the Negative
Zinc plate is oxidized to Zinc Oxide (Zn). The chemical process is reversed when
charging after the cell is discharged.
Electrical Characteristics of Silver Zinc Battery:

Silver Zinc batteries have the potential EMF of about 1.5 V per cell.
Although the efficiency varies according to the construction; they offer very good
ampere-hour and watt-hour efficiency as compared to other types of rechargeable cells
and batteries. They also offer very good capacity per weight as compared to other
batteries. Their self discharge rate is very low ( About 5% per year) and their energy
density can go as high as up to 150 watt/ Kilo Gram weight of cell. They can also
withstand high current discharge and can also be operated in a diverse range of
temperature.

The lifetime of a Silver zinc battery under wet condition is about 1-2 years and under dry
storage is about 5 years. The silver zinc batteries make use of silver which is a high
priced metal so , the cost of a Zinc Silver battery is very high as compared to other
batteries.

...Read more https://electronicspani.com/silver-zinc-battery/

Zinc/Silver Oxide Batteries

Also called Silver Zinc Batteries
Characteristics
Common low capacity primary button cell versions are typically called Silver
Oxide batteries. Higher capacity versions available as secondary cells are more often
referred to as Silver Zinc batteries. They have an open circuit voltage of 1.6 Volts. Two
types of Silver Oxide batteries are available, one type with a sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
electrolyte and the other with a potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte.
Because of the high cost of sliver they are available in either very small sizes as button
cells where the amount of silver used is small and not a significant contributor to the
overall product costs or they are available in very large sizes for critical applications
where the superior performance characteristics of the silver oxide chemistry outweigh
any cost considerations.

Advantages
High capacity per unit weight.
Long operating life. A tiny button cell will keep a watch running 24 hours per day for 3 to
5 years!!
Low self discharge and hence long shelf life (better than zinc air)
Better low temperature performance than zinc air
Flat discharge characteristics - flatter than the Alkaline Manganese Dioxide battery.
Higher voltage than zinc mercury cells.

Shortcomings
Uses expensive materials.
Lower energy density than zinc air.
Poor low temperature performance.
Limited cycle life.
Suffers from dissolving of the Zinc and the formation of Zinc dendrites which pierce the
separator.

Applications
A major contribution to miniature power sources.
As a button cell it is well suited for hearing aids, instruments, photographic applications,
electronic watches and other low power devices.
Larger size Silver Zinc batteries are used in submarines, missiles, underwater and
aerospace applications.
Silver Zinc secondary cells being promoted as a safer alternative to Lithium cells. Plans
to mitigate the higher costs by implementing a recycling programme.

Costs
More expensive than zinc air
Very expensive for high power applications

https://www.mpoweruk.com/silver_oxide.htm