Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
METALURGI LAS
1706990445
Tugas - 03
1. In one welding experiment,50-mm-thick steel plates were joined using electro slag
welding. The current and voltage were 480A and 34V, respectively. The heat losses
to the water-cooled copper shoes and by radiation from the surface of the slag pool
were 1275 and 375cal/s, respectively. Calculate the heat source efficiency.
Jawab :
Diketahui: Welding method Electro slag
Base metal = 50 mm-thick steel plate
Current = 480 A
Voltage = 34 V
Heat losses = 1275 cal/s to the water cooled copper shoes
= 375 cal/s radiation from the surface of the slag pool
𝑄 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙.𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑
Heat source efficiency = 𝑄𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙.𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑑
(480 . 34)−((1275+375) . 4.184)
= = 0.577 = 57.7%
480 . 34
2. It has been reported that the heat source efficiency in electro-slag welding
increases with increasing thickness of the work-piece. Explain why.
Jawab :
Dengan adanya peningkatan ketebalan benda kerja yang akan dilas maka akan
meningkatkan ukuran weld pool, maka juga akan meningkatkan logam weld. Ketika
volume meningkat, maka laju pendinginan akan menurun. Laju pendinginan menurun
maka akan membuat distribusi panas menjadi terbatas pada area pengelasan dan
membuat heat inpur menjadi focus hanya pada satu tempat saja.
4. Large aluminum sheets 1.6 mm thick are butt welded using GTAW with
alternating current. The current, voltage, and welding speed are 100A, 10V, and
2mm/s, respectively. Calculate the peak temperatures at distance of 1.0 and 2.0
mm from the fusion boundary. Assume 50% arc efficiency
Jawab :
Current = 100 A
Voltage = 10 V
Kec. Las = 2 mm/s
Ketebalan = 1.6 mm
Jarak = 1.0 mm dan 2.0 mm
Effisiensi = 50%
Peak Temperature?
1 4.13 𝑉 𝑌𝑔 𝜌𝐶 1 1
= + → 𝑇𝑝 = + 𝑇𝑜
𝑇𝑝 − 𝑇0 𝑄𝑥ℎ 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇0 4.13𝑉𝑌𝑔𝜌𝐶 1
( 𝑄𝑥ℎ + 𝑇𝑚 − 𝑇𝑜)
1
𝑇𝑝, 1𝑚𝑚 = − 298 = 905.47 𝐾
4.13 𝑥 0.002 𝑥 0.001 𝑥 2.7. 106 1
( + )
100 𝑥 10 𝑥 50% 933 − 298
1
𝑇𝑝, 2𝑚𝑚 = − 298 = 880.23 𝐾
4.13 𝑥 0.002 𝑥 0.002 𝑥 2.7. 106 1
( + )
100 𝑥 10 𝑥 50% 933 − 298
5. Bead-on-plate welding of a thick-section carbon steel is carried out using 200A,
20V, and 2mm/s. The preheat temperature and arc efficiency are 100°C and 60%,
respectively. Calculate the cross sectional area of the weld bead.
Jawab :
Current = 200 A
Voltage = 20 V
Welding speed = 2 mm/s
Preheat temperature = 1000C
Arc effisiensi = 60%
Rosenthal equation for two dimension:
6. a. Do you expect to have difficulty in achieving steady-state heat flow during girth
(or circumferential) welding of tubes by keeping constant heat input and welding
speed? Explain why. What is the consequence of the difficulty? (b)
b. Suggest two methods that help achieve steady-state heat flow during girth
welding.
Jawab :
a. Zona fusi meningkat secara signifikan dalam ukuran sebagai pengelasan diproses.
Hal ini karena panas terus menumpuk selama pengelasan dan daerah yang belum
dilas dipanaskan, meskipun baik masukan panas dan kecepatan putaran tetap
konstan selama seluruh proses pengelasan. Pada awal pengelasan, tidak ada
pemanasan awal dan manik las terlalu kecil untuk penetrasi penuh.
b. Dalam kasus pengelasan ketebalan otomatis, arus pengelasan dan karenanya input
panas dapat diprogram melalui penggunaan sumber daya yang dapat diprogram.
Pengelasan gerigi terutama aliran panas kondisi-tunak. Masukan panas per satuan
panjang lasan harus tinggi pada awal dan dikurangi secara kontinyu sebagai
pengelasan yang diproses.
7. A cold-rolled AISI 1010 low-carbon steel sheet 0.6 mm thick was tested for surface
reflectivity in CO2 laser beam welding under the following different surface
conditions: (a) as received; (b) oxidized in air furnace at 1000°C for 20 s; (c)
oxidized in air furnace at 1000°C for 40 s; (d) covered with steel powder. In which
order does the reflectivity rank in these surface conditions and why?
Jawab :
Reflectivity yang tertinggi dari as received dengan range 65-80%, adapun perbedaan
reflectivity ini karena tingginya elektrik DC current resistivity pada permukaan lapisan
oksida. Sedangkan reflectivity terendah range 20-35% karena reflection laser beam
yang irregular oleh steel powder.
Sumber dari journal J.xie
8. It was observed in YAG laser beam welding of AISI 409 stainless steel that under
the same power the beam size affected the depth–width ratio of the resultant welds
significantly. Describe and explain the effect.
Jawab :
Efek ini terjadi karena efek melting ratio yang bertambah sehingga thermal conduction
pada material dari weld zone bertambah pada nilai overlapping yang tertinggi. Dan akan
mengurangi keefektifan sumber panas.
Adanya input energy yang bertambah tidak digunakan untuk melelehkan material
karena energi ini hilang melalui konduksi ke material tersebut.
9. Calculate the thermal cycle at the top surface of a very thick carbon steel plate at
5 mm away from the centerline of the weld surface. Power of the arc is 2kW, the
arc efficiency 0.7, the travel speed 2mm/s, and the preheat temperature 100°C.
Jawab :
Thickness = 5mm
Power = 2000 W
Arc Efficiency = 0.7
Speed = 2 mm/s
Preheat = 373 K
Rosenthal’s equation for three dimension
550
500
450
400
350
300
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TIME (SECOND)
10. Is the transverse cross section of the weld pool at a fixed value of x perfectly round
according to Rosenthal’s three-dimensional heat flow equation? Explain why or
why not based on the equation. What does your answer tell you about the shape
of the transverse cross section of a weld based on Rosenthal’s three-dimensional
equation?
Jawab :
Tidak, karena sesuai dengan persamaan; pada arah potongan melintang pada arah
transversal pada kondisi dimana proses pengelasan terjadi secara isothermal, yang
meliputi proses fusion boundary dan boundary luar dari daerah HAZ yang
mengakibatkan bentuknya semicircular