Ix 1 DV 3 Manual

IX1D v3 Instruction Manual
Version 1.11
Copyright © 2007 Interpex Limited
All Rights Reserved
22 March 2008
Interpex Limited
P.O. Box 839
Golden, CO 80401
USA
www.interpex.com
Tel: 303 278 9124

Fax: 303 278 4007
IX1D v 3 Manual Page 2 of 133
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
This manual and the software that it describes are the property of Interpex Limited. The
purchaser is licensed to use this copy of IX1D v 3 on one computer only. One working
copy of the software may be made by the purchaser for his own use. One hard copy of
the manual may also be made for the purchaser's own use.
The purchaser is hereby granted permission to excerpt text from this manual for the
purposes of inclusion in reports to the purchaser's clients, when results from this
software package are included in said report and this manual is referenced as the source.
No part of this document may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or reproduced

in any way, including but not limited to photocopy, photograph, magnetic or other
mechanical or electrical means, for any purpose, in whole or in part, without the express
written permission of Interpex Limited.
DISCLAIMER
It is the user's responsibility to be sure that the interpretations derived from the use of
this software are accurate and correct. Although Interpex Limited has done its best to
make sure that this manual and the software package which it describes are free from
errors, Interpex does not assume any responsibility for results obtained using this
software.
Copyright © 2007 Interpex Ltd.,

PO Box 839, Golden, Colorado, 80402.
All rights reserved. World rights reserved.
All tables and screen reproductions are from IX1D V 3 by Interpex Limited.
AutoCAD is a trademark of Autodesk, Inc.

IX1D v 3 is a trademark of Interpex Limited.
31 October 2007
Interpex Limited
P.O. Box 839 - Golden, Colorado 80402
Tel: (303) 278-9124
Fax: (303) 278-4007
ABOUT THIS MANUAL

This manual is a PDF version of the Windows Help file that comes with IX1D v 3. It was
created by importing the Windows Help pages into Microsoft Word and importing the
pictures separately, with some additional formatting.
Text which is shown in red (such as “Creation of data by spreadsheet entry”) indicates an
item which is a link in the corresponding Windows Help file. Using the Windows Help
file, either alone or from the IX1D v 3 menu, will allow you to click on this link and go to
the section of the help file to which it points.
The purpose of this manual is to offer an alternative medium to the Windows Help, and
especially one that can be easily printed in its entirety so that it can be read in
circumstances where a computer is not relatively available or being used for some other
task.
Please contact Interpex Limited by e-mail at info@interpex.com if you have any concerns
about possible errors or omissions in this manual.
OVERVIEW
IX1D is a 1-D Direct Current (DC) resistivity, Induced Polarization (IP), Magnetotelluric (MT) and
electromagnetic sounding inversion program with the following features:
• Supports Most DC Resistivity arrays, including Wenner, Schlumberger, Dipole-dipole, Pole-

dipole and Pole-pole arrays.
• Supports Resistivity only or Resistivity with IP measurements in terms of PFE, Chargeability in
msec or Phase in mrad.
• Supports Magnetotelluric (MT) sounding inversion with Apparent Resistivity and Impedance
Phase..
• Supports Horizontal Coplanar, Vertical Coplanar and Vertical Coaxial Electromagnetic in-
phase and quadrature measurements made versus frequency, coil spacing or instrument height.
• Supports EM Conductivity data taken at low induction number with Geonics EM-31, -34 or -38
or similar instruments.
• Supports TEM data taken with coincident, central or fixed loop configurations (only with
additional license fee).
• Creation of data by spreadsheet entry.
• Import of data or models from flat ASCII files.
• Import of Borehole Resistivity Data from flat ASCII files.
• Import and Export of data from/to Universal Sounding Format (USF) files.
• Numeric editing of data and models using spreadsheets.
• Graphical editing of the model as described below.
• Forward modeling and comparison of synthetic curves to your data.
• Inverse modeling to improve the fit to the layered model and your data.
• Automatic estimation of a layered model for DC resistivity data.
• Automatic estimation of a smooth model.
• Equivalence analysis for the layered model.
• Printing of graphic and tabulated numeric results.
• Export of data, models and smooth models to ASCII files with optional addition of random
errors.
If you have upgraded from version 2, note that version 3 contains new features which support
profiles as described in IX1D Version 3 Profile Capability
The main window contains the Map display, showing locations of all soundings. Soundings which
take place over a distance are displayed showing that distance. The specified azimuth is taken
into account for this display. TEM soundings show the finite size of the source and the receiver is
shown as a small box:
A single sounding display is used to show the active sounding:

The active sounding can be selected by point and click on the map, by scrolling and selecting
from the drop-down box or by using the up/down arrow and page keys to scroll through the
sounding list. The active sounding can also be selected by point and click on the profile, if one is
displayed:
The standard Sounding display shows the data on the left and the model on the right. Vertical
axis is either the TEM voltage, Apparent Resistivity, Apparent Conductivity, Phase, IP value or In-
Phase and Quadrature data. This depends on the type of data selected. The horizontal axis is
normally the parameter used to create the sounding. This is Electrode Spacing for DC Resistivity
and IP, frequency, spacing or height for Frequency EM data, frequency for MT data (reversed
axis), time for TEM data and Effective Penetration Depth for EM Conductivity data.
The Effective Penetration Depth is calculated from the geometry of the EM Conductivity system
and assumes that the frequency is low enough that it does not unduly influence the penetration
depth. This is calculated following McNeill (1980, eq 11-14, fig 6) so that approximately 2/3 of the
response comes from above this depth and 1/3 comes from below, similar to the so-called "skin
depth". Note that for HMD measurements made with varying height, the Effective Penetration
Depth increases with height which at first seems counterintuitive. For VMD measurements, it first
increases and then decreases with height.
The model is shown on the right side of the display in a sort of Well-Log display. Depth increases
downwards and the horizontal axis is the intrinsic resistivity of the layer in Ohm-m (except for EM
Conductivity data, which is represented as intrinsic conductivity in mS/m). If DC Resistivity/IP
data are used, the second model display is the IP parameter, which could be PFE, Chargeability
or phase in mRad. For Resistivity, Resistivity/IP and EM Conductivity data, the model can be
displayed on the same axes as the data. In this case, the horizontal axis (Electrode Spacing or
Effective Penetration Depth) doubles as model depth.
The status bar shows the number of data points (for Frequency EM, IP and MT data, pairs of
points), number of layers in the layered model, the RMS fitting error for the layered model,
number of layers in the smooth model, the RMS fitting error for the smooth model:
The mouse can be used in two modes, zoom and normal mode. In zoom mode (when
View/Zoom is checked and the selection toolbar button is depressed), dragging the mouse with
the left button depressed creates a rubber band box which, when the left button is released,
zooms the graph containing the zoom box by autoscaling to the box limits. Note that the smallest
a log scale can be zoomed to is a single decade. The rescale will normally be somewhat larger
than the exact box you zoom to because of rounding of the scales:
The model can be edited by pointing at a layer or layer boundary, depressing the left mouse
button and dragging the layer to a new resistivity value or the layer boundary to a new depth. You
can tell if you are pointing at a layer resistivity, IP value or layer boundary because the mouse
cursor will change as described below.
When the mouse cursor is positioned correctly to edit a resistivity or IP value, the cursor will
change from the normal pointer to a horizontal double arrow (vertical double arrow for model
plotted on the same display with data). When the mouse cursor is positioned correctly to edit a
depth value, the cursor will change from the normal pointer to a vertical double arrow (horizontal
double arrow for model plotted on the same display with data). Note that for IP data, the depths
can only be edited on the resistivity display. Only the IP value of the layer can be edited on the IP
display.
Here are two examples of cursor appearance:
When the left button is released, a new synthetic is calculated and the inversion and
equivalence analysis results (if any) are nullified. For Resistivity/IP data, the layer boundaries can
only be edited on the resistivity section, not on the IP section display.
This shows the first layer being edited by dragging with the mouse:
You must be inside the graphic display for the resistivity or IP model in order to attach the model
for dragging. If the cursor does not change to the double arrow, the values cannot be edited.
Right-clicking while the cursor is shown as a double arrow has the following behavior:
If a layer resistivity is selected, the option to Delete or Split the layer, Fix or Free the layer is
offered in a pop-up menu:
If a layer thickness (depth) is selected, the option to Fix or Free the thickness/depth is offered in a
pop-up menu:
In either case, Cancel is also offered.
For EM Conductivity, the conductivity of the layer is used instead of the resistivity.
Equivalent models can be shown along with their synthetic by pointing the mouse at the
equivalent model in the model display. This highlights the equivalent model graph, displays the
corresponding synthetic(s) on the data graph, and shows the percent error in the status bar:
Clicking the mouse while pointing at a data point will display the data for that point in a pop-
up box. When you are near enough to a data point for this to happen, the cursor changes to
crosshairs. If the cursor does not change to crosshairs, clicking will not show the data for any
point:
Right clicking will display the View/Properties dialog box:
For further clarification of menu options and capabilities, please see Map Window Menu,
Sounding Window, Well Log Window Menu and Profile Display Overview.
IX1D does not have full capabilities unless it is registered to a particular

computer, fitted with a hardware key or used with keyed demo data files.
IX1D licensing options are with or without TEM data capabilities.
Hardware key is fitted to the parallel or USB port.

Installing and Updating IX1D

IX1Dv3 is installed by running the setup file found on the distribution CD or downloaded from the
Internet. Usually it is installed into C:\Program files\IX1Dv3. The executable file is called
IX1D.exe.
After installing, use Windows Explorer to open the C:\Program files\IX1Dv3 directory and drag the
IX1D.exe from there to the desktop using the RIGHT mouse button. When released, select
"Create shortcut here". Position the shortcut according to your preferences and rename it to IX1D
or IX1Dv3.
If you have selected "Hide extensions for known file types" in Tools/folder options/view in the
Windows Explorer, the EXE extension will not be shown. It will be the file with the InterpeX "IX"
logo and the trace with break on top of it.
Right-click on the shortcut and select properties. Change the "Start in:" field to the location where
you will be storing your trace data files. IX1D remembers which directory you last used and takes
you back there, but if it forgets now you will at least start in a reasonable place.
To update IX1D to a new version, download the zip file containing the updates from
www.interpex.com and unzip that file into the C:\Program files\IX1Dv3 directory. you need WinZip
to do this. You can find WinZip at www.winzip.com. If you want to save your present version (just
to be safe), rename it to include the version, for instance IX1D311 for version 3.11.
The Help file for IX1D is in the C:\Program files\IX1Dv3 directory. You can access it through
Help/Contents in IX1D or you can drag it onto the desktop using the RIGHT mouse button and
create a shortcut just as you did for the executable.
Originally, the Help file and this manual are installed as dummy versions to save space in the
download files. The full manual and the full help file can be downloaded separately. Then, these
need to be unzipped and copies into the program directory, normally C:\Program Files\IX1Dv3.
Check the Interpex web site periodically for updates, particularly if you are having problems.
Always run the most recent before reporting any problems with the software.
The RMS Fitting Error

The RMS (Root Mean Square) fitting error is used as an indication of the fit between the synthetic
data generated from the model and the actual data themselves. The method for calculating this
error depends on the type of data being used.
For Frequency EM data, the RMS error is the square root of the sum of the squares of the
differences divided by the number of data points. The data are already expressed in percent of
the primary field and this unit is used also for the RMS error. For data expressed in ppm, this is
converted to a percent by dividing by 10000.
For DC resistivity data, the RMS error is calculated by summing the squares of the difference in
the log of the apparent resistivities. This result is divided by the number of data points and the
square root is taken. The antilog of this result is taken and 1.0 is subtracted from it. Then it is
multiplied by 100 to convert to percent. This method of calculating the error is used because of
the large dynamic range that can be present in these data; this ensures that high apparent
resistivity values do not dominate the calculated error, leaving large errors in the low apparent
resistivity values.
Aborting Calculations
Calculations, including Batch, Quick Batch and those performed in the sounding window can be
aborted most of the time. What state the data set and data base are left in depends on the
operation aborted.
Calculations performed in the sounding window do not show a progress dialog unless they are
slow enough to warrant it. Calculations which do not show a progress dialog cannot be aborted.
All Batch and Quick Batch calculations show a progress dialog. Smooth model estimation dialogs
show two progress bars, one for the current sounding being processed and another to show
progress across the list of data sets to be processed.
Pressing the Cancel button in the sounding window stops the operation and leaves Forward
calculations in their initial state. Inverse calculations leave the model as of the last iteration, with
no valid Forward or Inverse result. Smooth model calculations are aborted and no smooth model
exist.
Pressing the Cancel button in the Profile window stops the current operation and aborts the Quick
Batch process. At this point, nothing has been saved to disk, as all modifications carried out in the
Profile window are temporary until the Profile is saved. All data sets processed so far retain their
valid results. The data set being processed when the Cancel button was pressed and all those
following it remain unprocessed, except in the case of multiple iteration inverse calculations
where the current model in the data set being processed is from the last iteration.
Batch operations save the results to disk after each sounding is processed. Pressing the Cancel
button during a Batch operation will result in the results of all those already processed to be
permanently saved in the database on disk. The remainder of the soundings remain unprocessed
and unsaved. If the operation was a multiple inversion calculation, the sounding in memory
contains the layered model from the last iteration but the one on disk retains the initial model.
During Batch operations, more than one process can be carried out. The data set is saved to disk
after all processes have been completed, so Cancelling the Batch operation leaves the current
data set on disk as it was when the Batch operation was started.
REFERENCES
Anderson, W. L., 1989, A hybrid fast Hankel transform algorithm for electromagnetic
modeling : Geophysics, Soc. of Expl. Geophys., 54, 263-266.
Bostick, Jr. F. X., 1977, A simple almost exact method of magnetotelluric analysis: Proc.
Workshop on electrical methods in geothermal exploration, U.S. Geological Survey, 174-
183.
Constable, S.C., R.L. Parker, and C.G. Constable, 1987: Occam's Inversion: a practical
algorithm for generating smooth models from EM sounding data, Geophysics, 52, pp.
289-300.
Davis, P.A., S.A. Greenhalgh, N.P. Merrick, 1980, Resistivity sounding computations
with any array using a single digital filter: Bull. Aust. Soc. Explor. Geophys., 11, pp.
54-62.
deGroot-Hedlin, C. and Constable, S., 1990, Occam's inversion to generate smooth two-
dimensional models from magnetotelluric data: Geophysics 55, 1613-1624.
Inman, J. R., 1975, Resistivity inversion with ridge regression: Geophysics, 40, pp. 798-
817.
Koefoed, O., 1976, Progress in the direct interpretation of resistivity soundings: an

algorithm: Geophys. Prospect., 24, pp. 233-240.
McNeill, J. D., 1980, Electromagnetic terrain conductivity measurement at low induction

numbers: Geonics Technical Note TN-6, 15 p.
Niblett, E. R., and C. Sayn-Wittgenstein, 1960, Variation of electrical conductivity with

depth by the magneto-telluric method: Geophysics, 25 , no.5, 998-1008.
Spies, B. R. and Raiche, A. P., 1980, Calculation of apparent conductivity for the
transient electromagnetic (coincident loop) method using an Hp-67 calculator:
Geophysics, Soc. of Expl. Geophys., 45, 1197-1204.
Map Window Menu

The menu commands in the Main Map Window allow for manipulation of the database and
display of the map. In addition, right clicking on the map display will either bring up the View
Properties dialog or a pop-up menu, depending on whether or not you are pointing at a sounding
or a profile.
If you are pointing at a profile, the profile line will change color but the mouse cursor will remain
the normal arrow cursor. Right clicking will bring up a menu with Delete Profile, Delete Profile and
Soundings, Select Profile, Properties, and Cancel:
Under File, the New menu item allows for clearing data, creation of a New Sounding using the
spreadsheet editor or creation of a new model to be applied to every sounding in the database.
Open, Save and save As allow for opening and saving of databases.
Load IXR Files allows one or more single sounding IXR files to be imported into the data base.
These are files created from versions 1.x and 2.x of IX1D or exported as IXR files in the sounding
menu from current versions of IX1D.
The Import menu allows for the import of Flat ASCII data files, a Flat ASCII model file, XYZ format
files, USF format files or Well Log files. See the UniversalSoundingFormat.doc file in the IX1D
directory for a description of the USF format:
The Flat ASCII Model file would be applied to every sounding in the database.
Importing Well Log files describes how to reduce a well log file after importing it.
The Export menu on the map window allows for Exporting the entire database to USF format, for
exporting models and for exporting the graphics to DXF, CGM or WMF formats:
The Print menu command prints the map graphic only.
Exit first checks to see if changes have been saved, then closes all windows and exits the
program. If not all changes have been saved, you are given the opportunity to save changes
before exiting or canceling the exit command. Closing the window using the "X" in the upper right
corner of the window has the same effect as the Exit menu command.
The Edit menu allows to edit all stations locations simultaneously in a spreadsheet using Edit
Station Locations. Station locations for an individual sounding can also be edited by opening that
sounding in the sounding window and using the Edit/Data command. It also allows you to edit the
fonts used in the graphics:
If a model is in the clipboard, it can be pasted to all soundings in the database.
The View menu allows you to toggle the zoom flag, so that the cursor is in the zoom mode or not.
It also allows you to autoscale the graph using Unzoom and to control the display of the Grid on
the Map display and to edit the Map display Properties:
The Profile menu allows you to select profile creation by polygon selection or line projection. If
profile selection is enabled, the zoom is disabled and enabling the zoom disables polygon
creation:
The Batch menu addresses the batch operation. Edit Batch Flags allows you to edit the batch
flags for forward, inverse, equivalence analysis and smooth model estimation. It also allows
soundings to be masked so they will not be used in the generation of map or profile output and it
allows each sounding to be assigned to a group number. Start Batch Process initiates the batch
calculations. Batch Print initiates printing of the results in batch mode.
This menu also allows for freeing of all model resistivities or all model thicknesses and for
comparing files:
The Help menu allows you to view this file using Help/Contents, to find out information about
IX1D or to register IX1D. You can also display the License Agreement in the Help menu.
New Things in Version 3

IX1D version 3 includes profile capability is addition to the basic features in version 2 as follows:
Profiles of soundings can be created in several ways:
•By importing from USF or XYZ data files

•By drawing a line on the Map display and projecting nearby soundings onto the line
•By drawing a polygon on the Map display and creating a profile from all soundings inside the
polygon. This can be done by draw and drag or point and click.
Once profiles are created, the map can be used to select profiles for viewing and processing in
the Profile window. The Profile display shows one or more stacked displays, all having a common
horizontal axis, the profile (distance) axis.
The lower display(s) are used for the model. This is a single display of resistivity (or conductivity)
except in the case of DC Resistivity with IP. The vertical axes are depth or elevation, according to
your choice.
The upper display(s) are used for the data. Most data displays will consist of a single display
unless displayed in Pseudosection form and there are two variables (in-phase/quadrature,
HMD/VMD, Resistivity/IP, Resistivity/Phase).
The Premium Level 1 Menu allows for the following additional features:
The File menu allows for import of an ASCII Model file, which is applied to all soundings in the
database. Also profiles of soundings can be imported from XYZ format files.
The Edit menu allows you to Paste Model to All soundings in the database. First, a model must
be copied or edited into the clipboard.
There are two additional menus, the Profile and Batch menus.
The Profile menu allows for selection of soundings to form a profile by Line Projection or Polygon
Selection. A sounding can be part of more than one profile.
The Batch menu allows for Batch calculation and printing operations. See Batch Menu
Operations for further information.
Profile Window Menu

The Profile window shows the display of the profile data and the models resulting from layered
and smooth modeling.
The menu commands in the Profile Window allow for manipulation and display of the profile and
the soundings it contains. The profile window contains copies of the soundings and all operations
carried out are temporary until the changes are saved.
The mouse can be used to zoom the display when using the left mouse button. When using the
right mouse button, a similar rubber-band box appears, but this selects soundings along the
profile. Upon release of the right button a menu appears, allowing you to remove soundings,
delete soundings, remove models, remove smooth models, paste model to selection or estimate
smooth models for the selection:
Under File, the New Model menu item allows you to create a new model using the spreadsheet
editor. This new model is applied to all of the soundings on the profile.
Delete Profile deletes this profile and closes the profile window but does not delete the
soundings on the profile from the database. You are asked first to confirm the delete.
Delete Profile AND Soundings deletes this profile and all soundings associated with the
profile from the database. It then closes the profile window . You are asked first to confirm the
delete.
Import allows an ASCII model file to be imported. The imported model is applied to all of the
soundings on the profile. You are asked first to confirm the application of the new model.
The Export menu allows for the export of all soundings in the profile to a USF format file, for
export of layered or smooth models to XYZ format files, for export of the RMS error values and
Data pseudosection or model section grids.
The Export menu also allows for exporting the graphics to DXF, CGM or WMF formats.
The Print menu command prints the profile graphic only.
Exit first checks to see if changes have been saved, then closes the profile window. If not all
changes have been saved, you are given the opportunity to save changes before exiting or
canceling the exit command. Closing the window using the "X" in the upper right corner of the
window has the same effect as the Exit menu command.
The Exit command does not close IX1D, just the profile. Use Exit from the main menu to close
IX1D.
The Edit menu allows you to paste the model in the clipboard to all soundings in the profile. If
there is no model in the clipboard, the Paste Model to All menu option is disabled. The graphic
font can also be edited.
The View menu allows you to toggle the zoom flag, to autoscale the graph using Unzoom and to
control the display of layered, smooth and equivalent models. The data display can be of
displaced soundings ("Zaborovsky" plot), a profile plot or a pseudosection. The model display can
be displaced "well-log" style displays ("Zaborovsky" plot), depth section or elevation section.
Either the data or model display can be disabled. See Profile Display:
The Equivalent models are only displayed if the model display is of the "Zaborovsky" plot type. If
the Data display is of the "Zaborovsky" plot type, then layered and smooth model responses are
displayed according to their flags. Otherwise, only the data are displayed.
Data are normally displayed as boxes unless “Data as Line” is checked. Profile line colors can be
edited
If the Model display is a section, then the smooth model section is displayed if the Smooth menu
option is selected (checked). Otherwise, the Layered model section is displayed.
The View menu also allows you to control the Grid on the Profile display and to edit the Profile
display Properties. Depth can be displayed in feet instead of meters; this allows TEM data taken
as metric to be displayed in feet if desired.
The Calculate menu allows for calculations in a quick batch mode where all soundings on the
profile are processed in order:
Forward modeling utilizes the existing model for each sounding and performs the forward
calculation. Inverse modeling uses the existing model for each sounding as a starting model and
performs a multi-iteration inversion on each sounding in turn. Equivalence analysis determines
the approximate range of equivalent models on all soundings on the profile which have a valid
inverse solution. Estimation of smooth models is performed by first prompting the user for a
starting model, including number of layers, starting resistivity and min and max depths. Then this
model is applied to each sounding in turn as a starting model and the inversions are carried out.
The depths are fixed for smooth models and only the resistivities (and IP values) are parameters.
Occam's inversion or Ridge Regression can be selected. Occam's inversion attempts to maintain
a smooth model, whereas Ridge Regression does not.
The Batch menu allows you to free all resistivities or free all thicknesses for soundings in this
profile.
The Help menu allows you to view this file using Help/Contents; the help file is opened with the
Profile Window description as the starting window.
Sounding Window Menu

Using the menu or toolbar you can do the following to the active sounding in the sounding
window:
• Graphical editing of the model as described below.

• Forward modeling and comparison of synthetic curves to your data.
• Inverse modeling to improve the fit to the layered model and your data.
• Automatic estimation of a layered model for DC resistivity data.
• Automatic estimation of a smooth model.
• Equivalence analysis for the layered model.
The standard Sounding display shows the data on the left and the model on the right. Vertical
axis is either the TEM voltage, Apparent Resistivity, Apparent Conductivity, Phase, IP value or In-
Phase and Quadrature data. This depends on the type of data selected. The horizontal axis is
normally the parameter used to create the sounding. This is Electrode Spacing for DC Resistivity
and IP, frequency, spacing or height for Frequency EM data, frequency for MT data (reversed
axis) and Effective Penetration Depth for EM Conductivity data.
The Effective Penetration Depth is calculated from the geometry of the EM Conductivity system
depth". Note that for HMD measurements made with varying height, the Effective Penetration
Depth increases with height which at first seems counterintuitive. For VMD measurements, it first
increases and then decreases with height.
The model is shown on the right side of the display in a sort of Well-Log display. Depth increases
downwards and the horizontal axis is the intrinsic resistivity of the layer in Ohm-m (except for EM
Conductivity data, which is represented as intrinsic conductivity in mS/m). If DC Resistivity/IP

data are used, the second model display is the IP parameter, which could be PFE, Chargeability
or phase in mRad. For Resistivity, Resistivity/IP and EM Conductivity data, the model can be
displayed on the same axes as the data. In this case, the horizontal axis (Electrode Spacing or
Effective Penetration Depth) doubles as model depth.
The status bar shows the number of data points (for Frequency EM, IP and MT data, pairs of
points), number of layers in the layered model, the RMS fitting error for the layered model,
number of layers in the smooth model, the RMS fitting error for the smooth model:
The mouse can be used in two modes, zoom and normal mode. In zoom mode (when View/Zoom
is checked and the selection toolbar button is depressed), dragging the mouse with the left button
depressed creates a rubber band box which, when the left button is released, zooms the graph
containing the zoom box by autoscaling to the box limits. Note that the smallest a log scale can
be zoomed to is a single decade. The rescale will normally be somewhat larger than the exact
box you zoom to because of rounding of the scales.
When not in zoom mode, The model can be edited by pointing at a layer or layer boundary,
depressing the left mouse button and dragging the layer to a new resistivity value or the layer
boundary to a new depth. You can tell if you are pointing at a layer resistivity, IP value or layer
boundary because the mouse cursor will change as described below.
When the mouse cursor is positioned correctly to edit a resistivity or IP value, the cursor will
change from the normal pointer to a horizontal double arrow (vertical double arrow for model
plotted on the same display with data). When the mouse cursor is positioned correctly to edit a
depth value, the cursor will change from the normal pointer to a vertical double arrow (horizontal
double arrow for model plotted on the same display with data). Note that for IP data, the depths
can only be edited on the resistivity display. Only the IP value of the layer can be edited on the IP
display.
Here are two examples of cursor appearance:
When the left button is released, a new synthetic is calculated and the inversion and
equivalence analysis results (if any) are nullified. For Resistivity/IP data, the layer boundaries can
only be edited on the resistivity section, not on the IP section display.
This shows the first layer being edited by dragging with the mouse:
You must be inside the graphic display for the resistivity or IP model in order to attach the model
for dragging. If the cursor does not change to the double arrow, the values cannot be edited.
Right-clicking while the cursor is shown as a double arrow has the following behavior:
If a layer resistivity is selected, the option to Delete or Split the layer, Fix or Free the layer is
offered in a pop-up menu:
If a layer thickness (depth) is selected, the option to Fix or Free the thickness/depth is offered in a
pop-up menu:
In either case, Cancel is also offered.
For EM Conductivity, the conductivity of the layer is used instead of the resistivity.
Clicking the mouse while pointing at a data point will display the data for that point in a pop-up
box. When you are near enough to a data point for this to happen, the cursor changes to
crosshairs. If the cursor does not change to crosshairs, clicking will not show the data for any
point:
Right clicking will display the View/Properties dialog box:

Well Log Window Menu

The Menu in the Well Log Processing window allows for several options.
Under the file menu:
Set Layered Model puts the current reduced model from the well log into the model for the
currently displayed sounding.
Import/Well Log file imports a new well log and discards the old one.
Export ASCII model file exports the reduced well log as a model file.
The Export menu on the Well Log window allows for exporting the graphics to DXF, CGM or
WMF formats.
Print prints the current graphic display.
Close closes the Well Log interpretation window.
Under the Edit menu, Clear Segments removes all interpreted segments and reverts the reduced
log to a single layer.
Under the View Menu, Zoom, Unzoom, and Properties control the graphic display. Horizontal
Log, Horizontal Layered, Conductance and Conductance Segments turn on and off the four
displays. The displays are in pairs. If neither of the pair is selected, the entire display disappears.
The Grid gives control over the grid lines on the displays:
Be sure to see Importing Well Log Files for more details on importing and processing well logs.
Clear Data
The File/New/Clear Data menu option first checks to see if any unsaved changes have been
made. If so, you are given an opportunity to save your changes, discard the changes or cancel
the clear data operation.
Once the clear operation is accepted, the database is cleared and given the name "new *". The
database is now ready to accept new soundings.
Entering a New Sounding

To create data by entering it into the IX1D spreadsheet, select New from the file menu and select
New Sounding. Or use the toolbar button .
Next select one of the sounding types:
For DC resistivity, select the appropriate array type from the list and select whether you will be
entering apparent resistivity or voltage and current data.
If you have IP data, select Resistivity/IP and then also select the type of IP data.
For Frequency EM Data, select the appropriate array type and sounding type. Sounding
parameters are frequency, coil spacing and height. Most data will be frequency sounding data.
Enter the other two (constant) parameters in the dialog box before proceeding (for instance, for
frequency sounding, coil spacing and height are constant):
For MT or CSMT data, select File/New/MT Sounding and select MT or CSMT. For CSMT, enter
the positions of the Tx electrodes:
For EM Conductivity soundings, there is no array choice.
For TEM soundings (requires extra license fee) select the array type, voltage units and the
number of sweeps. The times you enter will be in milliseconds. If your times are different, enter
times as listed and then use the Multiply by button to convert to milliseconds:
Most of these also allow for selection of meters or feet as the measurement units.
Press OK to continue, or Cancel to cancel the creation of the new sounding.
Now you will be in the data entry spreadsheet, which will be blank.
Enter a name for the sounding, 24 characters or less. Enter the easting, northing and elevation
coordinates and the azimuth of the sounding. Remember 0 degrees is North, 90 degrees is East,
and so on. Enter the data values in the spreadsheet and press OK when you are finished entering
all the values.
See Edit Data for more explicit instructions on how to use this spreadsheet.
Creating a New Model

Selecting File New>New Model brings up the layered model editor with a blank model. The
surface elevation and current fitting error (if any) are shown at the top. There is a check box for
using depths instead of thicknesses as parameters.
The model spreadsheet is blank, except for a single entry of first layer resistivity. Enter the
resistivities and thicknesses (or depths or elevations) for the model you wish to create.
Remember to leave the thickness column one element shorter than the resistivity column.
For EM Conductivity data, the conductivity in mS/m (milliSiemens/meter) replaces resistivity.

Convert between the two by dividing into 1000: Rho=1000/S; S=1000/Rho.
See Edit Model for more information on how to use all the features of this tool.
Selecting a Profile for Display

One of the options available when you right click on a profile is to select that profile for display in
the profile window. If there is already a profile displayed in the profile window, this profile will be
closed before opening the new one for display. If any changes have been made to that profile,
you will be asked if you want to save the changes before closing the active profile.
The same effect can be obtained by pointing at a profile and left clicking on it.
This feature can be disabled by unchecking View/Select Profile in the main map window.
Deleting a Profile
Selecting Delete Profile from a main menu or pop-up menu will result in a prompt asking you if
you are sure you want to delete the profile. If you confirm, the profile in question is deleted from
the database, but all soundings on the profile are retained.
If you select this from the menu in the Profile window, the displayed profile is deleted and the
window is closed.
If you point at a profile in the main Map window and right click on the profile, then select Delete
Profile from the pop-up window, the profile you were pointing at will be deleted.
See also Delete Profile AND Soundings.
Deleting a Profile and Soundings

Selecting Delete Profile AND Soundings from a main menu or pop-up menu will result in a prompt
asking you if you are sure you want to delete the profile and all soundings. If you confirm, the
profile in question is deleted from the database, and all soundings on the profile are deleted from
the database as well.
If you select this from the menu in the Profile window, the displayed profile is deleted and the
window is closed.
If you point at a profile in the main Map window and right click on the profile, then select Delete
Profile AND Soundings from the pop-up window, the profile you were pointing at will be deleted,
along with all soundings on the profile.
See also Delete Profile.
Open a File for Display

Selecting File Open will allow you to open a database containing multiple soundings as previously
saved from IX1D using the Save or Save As command.
This file is a binary file which contains multiple soundings with the data, the layered and smooth
models, the equivalence analysis results and most other information (except program settings)
which accompanies each sounding.
The first display is a dialog to select the name of the file to open. Files have the extension IXP.
Select a file name from the list and press OK. Use the tools to change directories if the file you
wish to open is not in the present directory. Press Cancel if you decide not to open a file.
File/Save
Using File Save will save the current suite of soundings back into the IXP database file so it can
be retrieved later. If the current database name is blank or contains an asterisk, this will perform
the same operations as a Save As. Otherwise, the database name will be appended with the
extension .IXP and this will be used as the file name for the saved database.
File/Save As
Save As performs the same operations as Save, except you must enter the file name as it does
not default to the current database name. After performing this operation, the database name is
changed to the new name entered and future Saves will use the new file name.
File/Save As
Selecting menu command Load IXR files allows you to load files previously saved by versions 1.x
and 2.x of IX1D, or exported as single soundings from version 3.x. These files contain a single
sounding in each file, along with the interpretation and all results.
After pressing OK, you will be shown the file selection dialog. Select the appropriate directory and
file names to continue importing the data. Note that more than one file can be selected at a time,
and that files will be imported in the reverse order of selection.
After selecting the file names, IX1D will open each file and import it into the database in turn.
Import Data
Selecting Import then Import Data and finally DC Resistivity Data, DC Resistivity/IP Data,
Frequency EM Data or Magnetotelluric Data from the file menu will allow you to read data from an
ASCII file. Imported data will be added to the current database:
For DC Resistivity data or DC Resistivity/IP Data, first you will need to select the array type and
the type of data to be imported:
For Frequency EM data, you will need to select the array and sounding type, and will need to edit
the constant parameters for the sounding (for instance, if the sounding is a frequency sounding,
the coil spacing and height are constant):
For TEM data, select the appropriate array type from the list, select the voltage units and the time
units. Select meters or feet for length units. Imported times will be converted to milliseconds;
voltage units will be retained.
For MT you will need to select far field MT or CSMT. For CSMT you will need to enter the
coordinates of the TX electrodes:
For EM Conductivity data, there are no additional selections to be made.
This is done using the same dialogs as New Sounding.
For DC resistivity or DC Resistivity/IP Data, select the appropriate array type from the list and
select whether you will be entering apparent resistivity or voltage and current data.
For Frequency EM Data, select the appropriate array type and sounding type. Sounding
parameters are frequency, coil spacing and height. Most data will be frequency sounding data..
After pressing OK, you will be shown the file selection dialog. Select the appropriate directory and
file name to continue importing the data:
If the file names you want are not shown because the extension is different from DAT, search for
those files by entering a * followed by the extension. For instance, if your files have the extension
TXT, enter *.TXT and press enter to display your files.
After selecting the file name, IX1D will open the file and allow you to edit the column numbers
from which the data will be read. The file will be displayed for your perusal.
If you are reading Schlumberger data, you will select the columns for apparent resistivity, AB/2
and MN:
For other DC Resistivity data, the columns for apparent resistivity and spacing will be entered:
If you are reading voltage and current data, you you will select the columns for voltage and for
current. For resistivity data, only one column is used to read the apparent resistivities:
For DC Resistivity/IP Data, there is an additional column for the IP data:

For Dipole-dipole or Pole-dipole data, you will enter the dipole spacing:
For Frequency EM data, you will select the columns for the sounding parameter (for instance,
frequency) and for the in-phase and quadrature components of the fields:
For MT data, you will select the columns for the frequency, Apparent Resistivity, Phase and for
the uncertainties in these data.
For TEM data, you will select columns for time and voltage. If the time value decreases while
reading, a new sweep will be automatically generated:
There is a check box for linearly sampled data to allow conversion to log sampling and an entry
for points per decade.
A scrolling box shows the contents of the file you have selected for your convenience.
Optionally, you can specify the first row and the last row to read from. Normally, IX1D reads past
non-numeric fields and finds the data you are trying to read. However, if your files contain
numbers which may be confused with sounding data or if it contains many sets of sounding data,
you may want to specify the rows from which IX1D should be reading.
There are 20 lines shown in the file display box. If you click inside this box you can then use the
page keys to scroll. Using page keys to scroll the box results in a scroll of 19 lines each time you
depress the page key, unless the bottom (or top) of the file has been reached. This can be used
to count positions for entering first and last row to read.
Lines which do not contain all columns specified will be skipped. For instance, if you are reading
AB/2 from column 2, Resistivity from column 3 and MN from column 4, lines which contain fewer
than 4 columns will be skipped. The exception to this is MT data, when there are enough columns
to specify the data but insufficient to specify the uncertainties. The uncertainties will be assumed
to be zero in this case.
NOTE: If you switch between EM Conductivity data and a resistivity-based data, the model will be
converted from conductivity in mS/m to ohm-m and vice versa.
Import Model
Selecting Import and then Import Model from the file menu will allow you to read a layered model
from an ASCII file.
You will be shown the file selection dialog. Select the appropriate directory and file name to
continue importing the model.
from which the model parameters will be read. You will need to select the column for resistivity
and the column for distance. Distance can be selected to be thickness or depth using the radio
buttons:
If you have Resistivity/IP data loaded, there will be a selection for the column for the layer IP
value. This is in the same units as the apparent ip value.
If you have EM Conductivity data loaded, IX1D will expect Conductivities in mS/m instead of
Resistivities in ohm-m.
non-numeric fields and finds the model parameters you are trying to read. However, if your files
contain numbers which may be confused with model parameters or if it contains many sets of
model parameters, you may want to specify which rows IX1D should be reading from.
XYZ File Import

Selecting Import then XYZ Data file and finally DC Resistivity Data, DC Resistivity/IP Data,
MaxMin Data or Magnetotelluric Data from the file menu will allow you to read multiple profiles of
data from an XYZ file. Each profile contains multiple soundings. Imported data will be added to
the current database.
For most data types, first you will need to select the array type for the soundings to be imported.
Then you will be shown the file selection dialog. Select the appropriate directory and file name to
continue importing the data.
from which the data will be read. For Frequency EM you also need to select the data format,
either % of primary field or ppm (parts per million) of the primary field.
For DC resistivity data, only apparent resistivity is available:
For Frequency EM, only Frequency soundings are available:

For EM Conductivity, you must choose HMD, VMD or both and which is first in the data:
At this writing, only DC resistivity, Frequency EM and EM Conductivity data can be imported in
this format (and the format was derived from the MaxMin XYZ format).
You will need select the columns for the Easting, Northing, Elevation and Profile coordinates. In
addition there is the column for data and columns to skip between data values:
If a coordinate is not present, you can select 0 for the column; the coordinate will be set to zero
and no data will be read. This can certainly be used for elevations if elevations are not present or
you wish to ignore them. This should not be used for the Easting or Northing coordinate. If it is
used for the profile coordinate, the profile coordinate will be calculated by summing the distances
from one sounding to the next.
If the lines run east-west or north-south, then the profile coordinate can be read from the easting
or northing coordinate column, respectively. In other words, a column number can be specified for
more than one coordinate.
The column for data is the location of the first data value. The columns to skip refers to data
between successive data values.
For Frequency EM data, the in-phase precedes the quadrature value for each frequency. The
data column is the location of the first in-phase value. If there are no other data besides pairs of
in-phase and quadrature, the columns to skip is zero. If there are other data, for instance a value
of apparent conductivity, following each pair of in-phase and quadrature values, then the value in
"columns to skip" is the number of columns of other data.
For Frequency EM data, the array type is determined from the line containing /MODE:"; this offers
the opportunity for more than one array to be read from a single file. The data are assumed to be
frequency soundings; the coil separation is read from the line containing "/COIL SEPARATION:",
the instrument height is read from the line containing “HEIGHT:” and the frequencies are read
from the line containing "/FREQUENCIES". If the /COIL SEPARATION or HEIGHT line is
missing, then the spacing or height entered in the dialog above is used.
For EM Conductivity data, the data are assumed to have both VMD and/or HMD according to
your choice in the dialog preceding this one. The coil separation is read from the line containing
"/COIL SEPARATION:” and the frequencies are read from the line containing "/FREQUENCIES",
but there are two keywords for the height: / HEIGHTS, VMD: and / HEIGHTS, HMD: since it is
common for these to be different:
Each profile begins with the "LINE" keyword and the word following the Line keyword is used as
the name of the line.
numbers which may be confused with sounding data or if it contains many sets of sounding data,
you may want to specify the rows from which IX1D should be reading.
Missing data values must be represented by a string of asterisks ("*****"). You cannot specify
missing data values simply by leaving the place between commas or tabs blank.
Lines which do not contain all columns specified will be skipped. For instance, if you are reading
AB/2 from column 2, Resistivity from column 3 and MN from column 4, lines which contain fewer
than 4 columns will be skipped. The exception to this is MT data, when there are enough columns
to specify the data but insufficient to specify the uncertainties. The uncertainties will be assumed
to be zero in this case.
USF File Import

Using the menu command Import USF Data File allows for importation of sounding data written
using the Universal Sounding Format as described in UniversalSoundingFormat.DOC. This file is
an ASCII file which can contain one or more soundings. The soundings do not have to be of the
same data type. All soundings in the file are imported and added to the current database.
Station Locations Import

The menu option Import/Station Locations allows station locations to be assigned from an
external flat ASCII file. This file must contain the Sounding or Data Set name, and optionally the
Easting, Northing and/or Elevation coordinates.
When you select this option, you are asked for a file name. Once the file name is entered and the
file is found, you will be asked to assign columns to the data to be read. You must specify at least
a column for the data set name:
If a column is specified as zero, it is "unspecified", data will not be read, and no changes to that
coordinate will be made.
Press Cancel to abort the Station Location Import.
If you press OK, the file is searched for data. For each line read, the Data Set name is matched
up with one in the Database. If found, Easting, Northing and/or Elevation coordinates are
modified according to whether or not the column was specified as nonzero. Thus not all
coordinates need to be specified and modified.
After completion, a message window appears indicating the number of stations assigned, not
assigned, with duplicate assignments and number of lines in the import file which did not match
any of the names in the database:
Borehole Resistivity Import

Data from a well log (borehole resistivity log) can be imported, processed, printed and the
reduced layered model can be copied to the current layered model in the currently loaded data
set.
After selecting File/Import/Well Log File, you will be shown the file selection dialog. Select the
appropriate directory and file name to continue importing the data. Well logs have the extension
LOG, but you can type in any name you like or enter *.EXT to list files with the extension EXT, for
instance. Or rename your files so they have the extension LOG.
from which the data will be read. Select the column for depth and resistivity. Depths can be
multiplied by 1000 if appropriate:
A scrolling box shows the contents of the file you have selected for your convenience. If the file is
more than 32 kb, only the first 32 kb of data are displayed in the box.
numbers which may be confused with well log data or if it contains many sets of well log data, you
may want to specify the rows from which IX1D should be reading.
IX1D also reads past negative or zero resistivity readings. A blank field is not counted as a
column and the next column would be read in this case.
After import, the well log is shown on the left side of a new window with the cumulative
conductance shown on the other side. The cumulative conductance is calculated by summing the
conductance of each layer in the log, starting at the first available point. The (longitudinal)
conductance is the thickness divided by the resistivity:
To reduce the log to a reasonable number of layers, you will need to fit the cumulative resistivity
curve to a number of straight line segments, with each segment representing a layer. To do this,
point and click at the desired depth. The next picture shows the window after clicking at the three
indicated points:
The reduction starts with a single layer for the entire log and the first and last points cannot be
removed. To split a segment into two segments, point and click on the depth where you want to
split the segment. You can click either in the well log graph or in the cumulative conductance
graph. You want to split the segments at every place where the cumulative conductance has a
corner or a change in slope. Shallow slopes represent conductive layers and steep slopes
represent resistive ones. Clicking at two more points shows a better picture:
To remove a point, point the mouse cursor at the position on the cumulative conductance curve
where the point lies and right click the mouse. Remember the first and last points cannot be
removed.
As you point and click, the resulting reduced layered model is displayed on top of the well log
graph. It is best to use as few layers as possible, while still representing the cumulative
conductance curve reasonably well.
While in this window, you can use File/Set Layered Model to copy the resulting layered model to
the layered model for the data set which is currently loaded. You can use Print to print the graphic
showing the well log, layered model and the cumulative conductance curve with fits. You can
export the layered model to an ASCII file or export the graphic to DXF, CGM or WMF file formats:
You can clear the segments you have entered, zoom and unzoom (auto rescale) and select
which displays to show.
You can choose whether or not to display the
•Well log itself

•Reduced well log
•Cumulative conductance
•Cumulative conductance segments
Major and minor grid lines can also be selected:
EM methods respond only to the conductive part of the model, so reducing a well log in this
fashion gives exactly the model which an EM method will see. Galvanic resistivity methods
respond mostly to the conductive part but also to the resistive part, so if there is a high degree of
anisotropy, the model will not truly represent the section when modeled with DC resistivity
methods.
Editing Station Locations

Selecting Edit Station Locations from the main map window shows a spreadsheet with index,
data set name, northing, easting locations, elevation and azimuth in degrees. You cannot insert
or delete columns or rows. You can edit the values and press OK or press CANCEL to retain the
pre-edited values:
Values can be copy/pasted from a spreadsheet such as Excel.
The map will be rescaled and refreshed after exiting with OK.
Pasting Models
A layered model can be put in the clipboard using Copy Model from the Sounding window menu,
or by selecting Copy Model from a pop-up menu after right-clicking on a sounding in the Profile or
the main Map window.
Once a layered model is copied to the clipboard, it can be pasted to a single sounding by
selecting the Paste Model option from the Sounding window menu, or from the pop-up menu after
right-clicking on a sounding in the Profile or the main Map window.
In the Map and Profile windows, the menu option Paste Model to All, pastes the layered model in
the clipboard to all soundings.
If there is no model in the clipboard, the Paste Mode (to All) is not available and is greyed.
This model clipboard is particular to IX1D and is not available to other software packages, for
instance, Excel or Word.
Single Sounding IXR File Export

Selecting menu command Export in the sounding window and then selecting IXR Binary
Sounding File allows the single sounding displayed in the sounding window to be exported to a
single sounding file in binary IX1D format.
Exporting several soundings in turn, clearing the database by selecting New/Clear data, and then
using Load IXR Files in the File menu to load all exported IXR files will create a new database
containing a subset of the data in the previous database. By doing this, all of the interpretations
saved with the data in the IXR file format will be preserved.
Universal Sounding Format (USF) File Export

Selecting Export/USF Format ASCII File from the File/Export menu in the Sounding window will
export the single sounding displayed in the sounding window to a USF format file containing only
that sounding.
Selecting Export/Profile to USF Format from the File/Export menu in the Profile window will export
all soundings on the profile to a single USF format file containing those soundings.
Selecting Export/Database to USF Format from the File/Export menu in the main Map window will
export all soundings in the database to a single USF format file containing those soundings.
See UniversalSoundingFormat.doc for a description of the USF format.
Database to USF File Export

Selecting Export/USF Format ASCII File from the File/Export menu in the Sounding window will
export the single sounding displayed in the sounding window to a USF format file containing only
that sounding.
Selecting Export/Profile to USF Format from the File/Export menu in the Profile window will export
all soundings on the profile to a single USF format file containing those soundings.
Selecting Export/Database to USF Format from the File/Export menu in the main Map window will
export all soundings in the database to a single USF format file containing those soundings.
See UniversalSoundingFormat.doc for a description of the USF format.Selecting File/Export and

then Export Database to USF format from the map display window will export all soundings in the
database to a single USF file containing all soundings.
Only sounding data will be exported; interpretations will not be exported to the USF file.
XYZ File Export

Models can be exported to XYZ files using File/Export/Model File or File/Export/Smooth Model
File.
There are two formats: The original Interpex format and the Geosoft format, and several other
options to be selected:
For the Interpex format:
If this menu option is invoked from the main map window, all soundings in the database which
have valid synthetics or smooth models, respectively, and which are not masked, are exported. A
profile coordinate is not exported.
If this menu option is invoked from the profile window, all soundings in the currently displayed
profile which have valid synthetics or smooth models, respectively, and which are not masked,
are exported. The profile coordinate is exported.
If selected, the surface elevation is exported. Layer interfaces can be exported as Thickness,
Depth from surface or Elevation above sea level.
First, the maximum number of layers in the group of soundings is found. Every model output will
then utilize this max number of layers.
Output sequence is shown below, items in (parentheses) are optional:
(PROFILE COORD), EASTING COORD, NORTHING COORD, (ELEVATION), RESISTIVITY 1,

RESISTIVITY 2, ... RESISTIVITY NLAY, INTERFACE1, INTERFACE2, ... INTERFACE NLAY-1
The first line labels each column in the file. The second gives the Line keyword and the Line
name for profile lines, the database name for a map output. Subsequent lines show the data. If a
model contains fewer layers than the maximum, resistivity and then interface values are shown
as a series of asterisks (*******).
For the Geosoft format, the Easting, Northing or Profile coordinate is exported as the line, as
selected by the user.
The user also specified the maximum depth (in this example it is 30).
Then each layer is exported as two values, one at the top of the layer, one at the bottom:
/XYZ
Line 100
100 0 23
100 -7.3 23
100 -7.4 1631
100 -15.3 1631
100 -15.4 8698
100 -30 8698
Line 200
200 0 38
200 -13.5 38
200 -13.6 381
200 -20.5 381
200 -20.6 7703
200 -30 7703
Line 300
300 0 22
... ... ...
Flat ASCII Data Export

Export Data commands allow the current data set, synthetics or models to be exported to a
simple ASCII file. Invoking one of these commands brings up the file selection dialog so that you
can select the directory and enter the file name to be used for export.
The options to export are
•Data
•Synthetics
•Smooth Synthetics
•Model
•Smooth Model
•Equivalent Models
The file has a default extension of DAT.
If you export synthetic data, you are given an opportunity to add random noise to the data:
The file consists of a header line containing the data set name and the Northing, Easting and
Elevation coordinates. The second line contains a header for the data columns and the data
follow. Exactly which data are contained depends on the type of data, the sounding array and (for
DC Resistivity) the presence of voltage and current data.
For Schlumberger data, the spacings AB/2 and MN and the apparent resistivity values are
written. For other DC resistivity data, the spacing and apparent resistivity are written.
For DC resistivity data including voltage and current data, the voltage and current are appended
to the other data. Voltage and current data are not available for synthetics.
If IP data are included with DC resistivity data, these are appended to the end of each line.
For Frequency EM Data, the frequency, coil spacing, instrument height, in-phase and quadrature
are written. The fields are expressed as secondary fields in percent or ppm of the primary field.
For EM Conductivity Data, the frequency, coil spacing, instrument height, HMD and VMD
apparent conductivities are written.
For MT data, the frequency, apparent resistivity, phase and the error bars for these two data are
written.
Export (smooth) synthetics works the same as Export Data except that the (smooth) synthetics
are exported and that voltage and current data are not exported. This export is preceded by a
dialog which allows you to enter a percentage value for noise. If zero, no noise is added.
Otherwise, random noise is added to the data before export.
Flat ASCII Model Export

Export Model allows the current model to be exported to a simple ASCII file. Invoking this
command brings up the file selection dialog so that you can select the directory and enter the file
name to be used for export.
The file has a default extension of MDL.
The file consists of a header line containing the data set name and the Northing, Easting and
Elevation coordinates. The second line contains a header for the columns and the data follow.
Data written are layer number, resistivity, thickness, depth and elevation. Only layer number and
resistivity are written for the last layer which is semi-infinite.
For EM Conductivity measurements, the conductivity in mS/m is written instead of the resistivity
in Ohm-m.
Flat ASCII Smooth Mode lExport
Export Smooth Model allows the smooth model to be exported to a simple ASCII file. Invoking
this command brings up the file selection dialog so that you can select the directory and enter the
file name to be used for export.
The file has a default extension of MDL.
The file consists of a header line containing the data set name and the Norting, Easting and
Elevation coordinates. The second line contains a header for the columns and the data follow.
Data written are layer number, resistivity, thickness, depth and elevation. Only layer number and
resistivity are written for the last layer which is semi-infinite.
If no smooth model is available, a warning is issued.
Graphics Export
Graphics can be exported in AutoCAD DXF, CGM and WMF formats. Each window has an export
option for each of these three kinds of graphics in the File/Export menu.
DXF Graphics Export

Export DXF graphics file allows you to enter a file name for an Autocad DXF interchange file.
Then a DXF file is created with the same graphics as is presented in the graphics window on the
screen. This menu option is available from all windows and the exported graphic depends on the
window from which the option was selected.
CGM Graphics Export

Export CGM graphics file allows you to enter a file name for a CGM interchange file. Then a CGM
file is created with the same graphics as is presented in the graphics window on the screen. This
menu option is available from all windows and the exported graphic depends on the window from
which the option was selected.
WMF Graphics Export

Export WMF graphics file allows you to enter a file name for a WMF interchange file. Then a
WMF file is created with the same graphics as is presented in the graphics window on the screen.
This menu option is available from all windows and the exported graphic depends on the window
from which the option was selected.
Printing
The File Print command allows you to generate printed output of the displayed graphic for the
main map display, the profile display and the well log display. The output type depends on from
which window the Print Command is executed.
For the sounding display, the File Print command allows you to generate printed output of the
data and results for the displayed sounding. When you issue this command you are presented
with a dialog of items to be printed. These are in the form of check boxes:
Print Graphic: if checked, the graphic, just as it appears on the screen in the sounding window, is
printed. It is automatically sized to fit the paper on which it is printed.
After printing the graphic, a header is printed consisting of the data set name, the array type and
the Northing, Easting and Elevation coordinates. This header is not printed if no listings are
selected.
Print Data and Synthetics: Prints a listing of the data. for DC Resistivity data, this includes
spacings and apparent resistivities, along with the synthetics and differences for both layered and
smooth models. Also prints the RMS error in percent. For Frequency EM data, this includes the
sounding parameter (normally frequency) and the in-phase and quadrature values for data,
layered synthetic and smooth synthetic, as available. For IP data the IP values are shown as well
and for MT data, the phase values are shown.
Print Layered Model: Prints a listing of the layered model parameters, including resistivity,
thickness, depth, elevation, longitudinal conductance and transverse resistance for each layer.
For the last layer, only the resistivity is listed. Intrinsic IP is shown for IP data. Conductivity is
shown instead of Resistivity for EM Conductivity data.
Longitudinal Conductance is the thickness divided by the resistivity (thickness times

conductivity/1000).
Transverse Resistance is the thickness multiplied by the resistivity (thickness times 1000 divided
by conductivity).
Print Layered Equivalence Information: This prints a summary of the results of Equivalence
Analysis of the layered model. It consists of the minimum, best fit and maximum values for the
layer resistivitites (or conductivities), thicknesses and depths.
Print Layered Resolution Matrix. This prints the Resolution Matrix which results from the inversion
on the layered model. If this is not available, a note saying current resolution matrix is not
available is printed.
Print Smooth Model: This lists the smooth model (if available) in the same way as the layered
model is listed.
Editing Data
The Edit Data spreadsheet allows you to edit the data which you have previously entered, which
has been imported into IX1D or which read by Opening a previously Saved sounding.
The top section of the dialog shows name for the sounding, 24 characters or less, the easting,
northing and elevation coordinates and the azimuth of the sounding. Remember 0 degrees is
North, 90 degrees is East, and so on.
It also shows the type of array, which cannot be edited at this point.
There is a checkbox for "Use Masked Points?". If this is checked, the points which are masked
(as described later) will be used in spite of the fact that they are masked.
The actual data which appear in the spreadsheet will depend on the type of array used and (for
DC Resistivity data) on whether voltage and current or resistivity data only were selected when
the data set was created.
For instance, the Wenner spreadsheet is one of the simplest:
If a Dipole-Dipole or Pole-Dipole sounding is selected, an additional header item, "Dipole Length"

will appear. This is the length of the dipole used.
For Frequency EM soundings, the constant parameters will appear in the upper right corner. For
instance, if it is a frequency sounding, the coil spacing and height will be displayed for edit:
For EM Conductivity soundings, there is an option in the upper right corner to select HMD and
VMD, HMD only or VMD only:
For MT data, character fields are available for Rotation and Reference:
For TEM data, there are Tx loop parameters and a separate spreadsheet for sweep parameters.
Please see TEM Data Spreadsheet.
Schlumberger Resistivity Spreadsheet

Schlumberger Voltage/Current Spreadsheet
Resistivity Spreadsheet
Voltage/Current Spreadsheet
Frequency EM Data Spreadsheet
EM Conductivity Data Spreadsheet
MT Data Spreadsheet
TEM Data Spreadsheet
All spreadsheets have similar functions for saving or retrieving geometry, inserting or deleting
rows or cells and addition or multiplication column math. The Tab key moves to the next cell to
the right. The shift-tab combination moves to the next cell to the left. Using the enter key, with or
without shift, moves one cell down. Up/Down arrow keys move one cell up or down, right/left
arrow keys move through the characters in the field and ultimately to the next cell, left or right.
The spacing geometry (Frequency (or spacing or height) for Frequency EM data, AB/2 and MN
for Schlumberger, Spacings only for all other arrays) can be written to an ASCII file using Save
Geometry. Those data can be reread using Open Geometry. Edited versions can be saved under
a new name using Save Geometry As.
For EM Conductivity data, the Frequency, Spacing and Height are written to the file and read
from it.
For MT data the Frequency data are written to the file and read from it.
For TEM data, the Time data written to the file and read from it, but only for the sweep containing
the focus.
Entire rows can be inserted or deleted using Insert Row or Delete Row. The row containing the
cursor is the row to be deleted. The current row moves downwards after an insert operation and it
is also duplicated at its present position. For TEM data, inserting and deleting rows is applied only
to the sweep containing the focus.
Single cells can be inserted or deleted using Insert Cell or Delete Cell. This is especially useful if
you have entered data manually and skipped a row somewhere in one of the columns. The
insertion or deletion is done at the cell containing the cursor.
Column math can also be carried out using the Add To or Multiply By buttons. Add to adds
whatever constant you specify to the contents of the column containing the cursor from the cell
containing the cursor downwards. Multiply By multiplies whatever constant you specify times the
contents of the column containing the cursor from the cell containing the cursor downwards.
Press OK to save the entered or edited contents and proceed. Press Cancel to abort the entry or
editing you have done.
Using Copy/Paste
Data can be copied from other Windows software, for instance Excel, and pasted into fields or
spreadsheets in Intepex Software. They can also be copied from Interpex software and pasted
into other Windows software. These data go through the Windows clipboard.
To copy a field in Interpex Software, the data in the field must be selected. To select the data in a
field, move into the field using the keyboard (tab, shift-tab, or arrow keys) or double click in the
field with the mouse. For instance, a selected field will look like this:
To copy a section of a spreadsheet in Interpex Software, highlight the area by depressing the left
mouse button and dragging the mouse, or by depressing the shift key in the first field and moving
arrow keys to move into the last field. For example:
A selected field can be pasted into a word document or another field in another Windows
software package and a selected section of a spreadsheet can be pasted into another Windows
spreadsheet, like Excel:
Conversely, the fields or selected section of a spreadsheet can be copied from other Windows
software and pasted into Interpex software.
After selecting the field or cells, you can copy by right-clicking and selecting Copy:
Alternatively, you can just pres Ctrl-C to copy.
To paste, select the field or first cell (upper left corner) to paste to, right-click and select Paste:
Alternatively, you can select the field or first cell and just press Ctrl-V to paste.
Editing Schlumberger Resistivity (IP) Data

The dialog for editing Schlumberger resistivity data contains an entry for the data set name, the
Easting, Northing and Elevation coordinates and the azimuth along which the array is laid out (0
is North-South).
The spreadsheet for Schlumberger resistivity only data contains 5 columns (7 columns if IP data)
in the data grid. The first is the data index which cannot be edited:
The second is the AB/2 value, which is half the total distance between the (outside) current
electrodes.
The third is the MN value, which is the distance between the (inside) potential electrodes.
The fourth is the Apparent Resistivity value.
The fifth is the mask flag. If the mask flag is set, this data point will not be used in error
calculations, in model estimation or inversions unless the checkbox "Use Masked Points?" is set.
If IP data are present, the sixth column is the IP value, expressed in the appropriate units and the
seventh is the IP mask flag. Units are PFE for frequency domain data, msec for time-domain data
and mrad for phase data.
There is an arbitrary limit of 1000 data points.
Data columns 2 through 4 (and column 6 if IP data) must be of equal length and all data values
must be filled in. All values must be positive.
Several buttons on the right side if the dialog allow additional functionality. The Open Geometry
button will ask for a file name and then read the AB/2 and MN values from a previously stored
geometry. Save Geometry will save the existing geometry and Save Geometry As will save the
existing geometry under a new name. Files are named with extensions .GEO.
Insert Cell inserts a cell at the current location and shifts other cells down. Delete Cell deletes
the cell which has the focus and shifts cells up. Insert Row inserts a row of cells and Delete Cell
deletes a row of cells, at the current row that contains the cell which has focus.
Column Math allows for addition (subtraction) or multiplication from the cell containing the focus
downwards. Add To adds a number to this cell and all others downwards (use a negative number
to subtract). Multiply By multiplies by a value from the current cell downwards.
Data can be copy/pasted from elsewhere using the Windows clipboard, either to individual cells,
dialog entries or spreadsheet columns or sections. Please see Using Copy/Paste for more
details.
Editing Schlumberger Voltage/Current (IP) Data

The spreadsheet for Schlumberger voltage and current data contains 8 columns (10 if IP data are
present) in the data grid. The first is the data index which cannot be edited:
The second is the AB/2 value, which is half the total distance between the (outside) current
electrodes.
The third is the MN value, which is the distance between the (inside) potential electrodes.
The fourth and fifth are the voltage and current values, in mV and mA, respectively.
The sixth is the resistance value, the voltage divided by the current. This is supplied for cases
where an instrument gives the resistance (V/I) instead of the voltage and current values,
individually. If you are entering resistance values, you must enter the AB/2 and MN values and a
current value before entering resistance. When you enter the resistance, the voltage and
apparent resistivity will then be calculated. If you do not know the current, enter a reasonable
value as it really makes no difference.
In the case where an instrument gives, for example, two-Pi V/I, then this number can be entered
into the V/I column, and the Multiply By button can be used to multiply the column by 0.15915
(the same as dividing by two Pi).
The seventh is the Apparent Resistivity value, which cannot be edited and is calculated from the
voltage and current (or resistance) values.
The eighth is the mask flag. If the mask flag is set, this data point will not be used in error
If IP data are present, the ninth column is the IP value, expressed in the appropriate units and the
tenth is the IP mask flag. Units are PFE for frequency domain data, msec for time-domain data
and mrad for phase data.

Data columns 2 through 6 (and 9 if IP data are present) must be of equal length and all data
values must be filled in. All values must be positive.
If you paste data from another spreadsheet, you may have to use the down arrow to step through
all rows to force the apparent resistivity calculation.
button will ask for a file name and then read the AB/2 and MN values from a previously stored
details.
Editing Voltage/Current (IP) Data

The spreadsheet for voltage and current data contains 7 columns (9 if IP data are present) in the
data grid. The first is the data index which cannot be edited:
The second is the Spacing value, which is dependent on the array type. For Wenner, it is the "a"
spacing. For Dipole-dipole or Pole-dipole, it is the "n" spacing. This is the distance between the
near current and near potential electrodes, divided by the Dipole Length. This does not have to
be an integer. For Pole-pole data it is the distance between the poles.
The third and fourth are the voltage and current values, in mV and mA, respectively.
The fifth is the resistance value, the voltage divided by the current. This is supplied for cases
where an instrument gives the resistance (V/I) instead of the voltage and current values,
individually. If you are entering resistance values, you must enter the AB/2 and MN values and a
current value before entering resistance. When you enter the resistance, the voltage and
apparent resistivity will then be calculated. If you do not know the current, enter a reasonable
value as it really makes no difference.
In the case where an instrument gives, for example, two-Pi V/I, then this number can be entered
into the V/I column, and the Multiply By button can be used to multiply the column by 0.15915
(the same as dividing by two Pi).
The sixth is the Apparent Resistivity value, which cannot be edited and is calculated from the
voltage and current (or resistance) values.
The seventh is the mask flag. If the mask flag is set, this data point will not be used in error
If IP data are present, the eighth column is the IP value, expressed in the appropriate units and
the ninth is the IP mask flag. Units are PFE for frequency domain data, msec for time-domain
data and mrad for phase data.

Data columns 2 through 5 must be of equal length and all data values must be filled in. All values
must be positive.
If you paste data from another spreadsheet, you may have to use the down arrow to step through
all rows to force the apparent resistivity calculation.
button will ask for a file name and then read the spacing values from a previously stored
details.
Editing Resistivity (IP) Data

The spreadsheet for Apparent Resistivity only data contains 4 columns (6 if IP data are present)
in the data grid. The first is the data index which cannot be edited:
The second is the Spacing value, which is dependent on the array type. For Wenner, it is the "a"
spacing. For Dipole-dipole or Pole-dipole, it is the "n" spacing. This is the distance between the
near current and near potential electrodes, divided by the Dipole Length. This does not have to
be an integer. For Pole-pole data it is the distance between the poles.
The third is the Apparent Resistivity value.
The fourth is the mask flag. If the mask flag is set, this data point will not be used in error
If IP data are present, the fifth column is the IP value, expressed in the appropriate units and the
sixth is the IP mask flag.
Data columns 2 and 3 must be of equal length and all data values must be filled in. All values
must be positive.
button will ask for a file name and then read the spacing values from a previously stored
details.
Editing FEM (MaxMin) Data

The spreadsheet for Frequency EM data contains 6 columns in the data grid. The first is the data
index which cannot be edited:
The second is the Sounding Parameter value, which is dependent on the sounding type.
Normally this would be Frequency, but it could also be coil spacing or height.
The third is the in-phase value, expressed as a percent (or ppm) of the primary field. This is the
secondary field only; the primary field is expected to have been removed by the instrument.
The fourth is the mask flag for in-phase data. If the mask flag is set, this data point will not be
used in error calculations, in model estimation or inversions unless the checkbox "Use Masked
Points?" is set.
The fifth is the quadrature value, expressed as a percent (or ppm) of the primary field. This is a
secondary field only as the primary field is always in-phase.
The sixth is the mask flag for quadrature data. If the mask flag is set, this data point will not be
Points?" is set.
Soundings are usually parametric (vs. frequency) and in this case there is a single spacing and
coil height specified for the entire sounding. In case of a geometric sounding, the second column
would be coil spacing and a single frequency and height would be specified for the entire
sounding.
Data columns 2, 3 and 5 must be of equal length and all data values must be filled in.
button will ask for a file name and then read the frequency values from a previously stored
details.
Editing EM Conductivity Data

The spreadsheet for EM Conductivity data contains 8 columns in the data grid. The first is the
data index which cannot be edited:
The second is the Frequency in Hz, the third is the coil spacing and the fourth is the height of the
instrument. Note that both coils are assumed to be at the same height above the ground.
The fifth is the value for the HMD (Horizontal Magnetic Dipole or vertical coplanar coils),
expressed as an apparent conductivity in mS/m.
The sixth is the mask flag for HMD data. If the mask flag is set, this data point will not be used in
error calculations, in model estimation or inversions unless the checkbox "Use Masked Points?"
is set.
The seventh is the value for the VMD (Vertical Magnetic Dipole or horizontal coplanar coils),
expressed as an apparent conductivity in mS/m.
The eight is the mask flag for VMD data. If the mask flag is set, this data point will not be used in
is set.
Data columns 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 must be of equal length and all data values must be filled in.
button will ask for a file name and then read the frequency, spacing and height values from a
previously stored geometry. Save Geometry will save the existing geometry and Save Geometry
As will save the existing geometry under a new name. Files are named with extensions .GEO.
dialog entries or spreadsheet columns or sections. Please see Using Copy/PasteI for more
details.
Editing Magnetotelluric Data

Before creating new MT data, there is a dialog which allows you to choose between far field MT
and controlled source (CSMT or CSAMT) data:
For CSMT data, the positions of the transmitter electrodes must be specified.
The spreadsheet for Magnetotelluric data contains 8 columns in the data grid. The first is the
data index which cannot be edited:
The second is Frequency.

The third is the Apparent Resistivity.
The fourth is the uncertainty in Apparent Resistivity, expressed as a percent of the data value
The fifth is the mask flag for Apparent Resistivity. If the mask flag is set, this data point will not be
Points?" is set.
The sixth is the Impedance Phase value, in degrees.
The seventh is the uncertainty in Impedance Phase, in degrees.
The eighth is the mask flag for Phase data. If the mask flag is set, this data point will not be used
in error calculations, in model estimation or inversions unless the checkbox "Use Masked
Points?" is set.
Additional fields allow for the statics, mode, azimuth, rotation and reference. These are notational
only and do not have any effect on the calculations.
details.
Editing Circular Loop Hz Data

The spreadsheet for circular loop frequency EM data contains 8 columns in the data grid. The first
is the data index which cannot be edited:
The second is Frequency.
The third is the Amplitude.
The fourth is the uncertainty in Amplitude, expressed as a percent of the data value
The fifth is the mask flag for Amplitude. If the mask flag is set, the amplitude for this data point will
not be used in error calculations, in model estimation or inversions unless the checkbox "Use
Masked Points?" is set.
The sixth is the Phase value, in degrees.
The seventh is the uncertainty in Phase, in degrees.
The eighth is the mask flag for Phase data. If the mask flag is set, the phase data for this data
point will not be used in error calculations, in model estimation or inversions unless the checkbox
"Use Masked Points?" is set.
Additional fields allow for the diameter of the Tx loop and the offset of the receiver from the loop
center.
Several buttons on the right side if the dialog allow additional functionality. The Open Freq Base
geometry. Save Freq Basewill save the existing geometry and Save Freq BaseAs will save the
The Normalize button normalizes voltages for offset and Tx area. In the case where the loop
diameter is small compared to the offset, the low frequency asymptote would be 1. The
UnNormalize button removes this normalization and shows the actual field values, assuming a
current of 1 ampere and receiver coil area of 1.
details.
Editing TEM Data

The data edtor for TEM data is more complex than the other data editors. In addition to the Data
Set Name, E, N and Z coordinates and Azimuth, there is a Loop Size and a Receiver Coil
Position and an additional spreadsheet for sweep parameters:
The loop size is the size of the TX loop in the selected units (m or ft). For Fixed Loop data, there
is also a receiver coil position which is relative to the loop center. Entering 0. for both receiver coil
positions in Fixed Loop is the same as selecting Central Loop data.
If the Tx loop contains more than one turn, enter the physical loop size of the Tx loop and multiply
the actual current by the number of turns to get the effective current.
The Sweep Parameter Spreadsheet contains 5 columns. The first is the sweep number and
cannot be edited.
The second column is the Tx frequency in Hz, the third is the ramp turn-off time in microseconds.
The fourth is the effective area of the receiver coil and the fifth is the Tx current in Amps. For a
multi-turn receiver coil the effective area is the actual area times the number of turns. This
information is normally supplied by the equipment manufacturer.
The data spreadsheet for TEM data contains 4 columns in the data grid for the first sweep and
two additional columns for each additional sweep. The first is the data index which cannot be
edited.
The second is Time for the first sweep.
The third is the Voltage for the first sweep.
The fourth is the mask flag for Voltage. If the mask flag is set, this data point will not be used in
is set.
The fifth, sixth and seventh columns are the Time, Voltage and Mask Flag for the second sweep,
and so on..
Data columns for each sweep must be of equal length and all data values must be filled in. That
is to say that columns 2 and 3 must be the same length, columns 5 and 6 must be the same
length, and so on.
Sweep times are saved and retrieved using the Open Timebase, Save Timebase and Save
Timebase As buttons. Times are loaded for the sweep which contains the focus. A position in
one of the time columns must have focus in order to use this feature. Times are loaded always
beginning with the first time position in the sweep.
Insert Row and Delete Row are performed only on the sweep containing the focus.
details.
Editing the Model

The Edit Model spreadsheet is designed to be used as an interactive way of fitting the data to a
model. The top section allows for the editing of the surface elevation and the selection of use of
Depth, rather than Thickness, as a model parameter:
Selecting the cell to be edited can be done with the mouse or the keyboard. Clicking in the cell
positions the cursor inside the numeric string. Double clicking selects the number for replacement
with the newly entered number. The Tab key moves to the next cell to the right. The shift-tab
combination moves to the next cell to the left. Up/Down arrow keys move one cell up or down,
right/left arrow keys move through the characters in the field and ultimately to the next cell, left or
right.
Using the enter key executes the Forward function.
Use of depth as a model parameter instead of thickness allow you to fix the depth to the bottom
of a layer to match a known depth from a drill hole or other data, without having to fix the
thicknesses above it.
The spreadsheet shows seven columns (eight for IP models). The first is the layer number and is
not editable.
The second is the layer resistivity. This column should be one element longer than the thickness,
depth and elevation columns described below.
The third column is the Fix flag for the resistivity. If a box in this column is checked, the resistivity
of the corresponding row will not be changed by the inversion.
If IP data are present, the third is the intrinsic layer IP value and the fourth is the fix flag for IP. If a
box in this column is checked, the IP value of the corresponding row will not be changed by the
inversion.
The fourth through sixth columns (sixth through eighth if Resistivity/IP data are loaded) show the
layer thickness and the depth and elevation to the bottom of the layers. These three columns
show the same information in three different forms. Editing one of these values will result in a
correction of the other two.
The seventh column (ninth if Resistivity/IP data are loaded) is the Fix flag for the thickness or
depth (depending upon the state of the check box at the top). If thickness is selected as the layer
parameter, then the thickness of the layer will be held constant, although its depth can change. If
depth is selected as the layer parameter, then the depth of the layer will be held constant,
although its thickness can change.
Columns four through six (four and six through eight if Resistivity/IP data are loaded) should all
be of the same length and one entry shorter than that of the resistivity. This is because the last
layer is semi-infinite and has no bottom.
There is an arbitrary limit of 1000 layers in the model.
Entire rows can be inserted or deleted using Insert Row or Delete Row. The row containing the
cursor is the row to be deleted. The current row moves downwards after an insert operation and it
is also duplicated at its present position.
Single cells can be inserted or deleted using Insert Cell or Delete Cell. this is especially useful if
you have entered data manually and skipped a row somewhere in one of the columns. The
insertion or deletion is done at the cell containing the cursor.
Column math can also be carried out using the Add To or Multiply By buttons. Add To adds
whatever constant you specify to the contents of the column containing the cursor from the cell
containing the cursor downwards. Multiply By multiplies whatever constant you specify times
the contents of the column containing the cursor from the cell containing the cursor downwards.
details.
Calculations can also be carried out from within the Edit Model spreadsheet. Buttons are provided
for Forward Calculation and for Inversion, using either a single iteration or iteration until
convergence.
Graphical Model Editing

The mouse can be used to drag the model in the Sounding window. Position the cursor on a layer
resistivity or on a layer boundary, verify that the cursor has changed to a double arrow:
Depress the left button and drag the layer resistivity or layer boundary to a new location:
Doing this will cancel any inversion or equivalence analysis results. When the button is released,
the synthetic curve will be automatically updated with a new forward calculation.
This works regardless of the state of the View/Zoom menu item. To zoom the model, depress the
mouse button while the cursor is in the normal arrow mode.
For DC data, the model can be displayed on the same axes with the data. In this case the cursor
behavior depends on whether the mouse is pointed at a data point or a model value:
In the Sounding display, when the mouse cursor is positioned correctly to edit a resistivity or IP
value, the cursor will change from the normal pointer to a horizontal double arrow (vertical double
arrow for model plotted on the same display with data). When the mouse cursor is positioned
correctly to edit a depth value, the cursor will change from the normal pointer to a vertical double
arrow (horizontal double arrow for model plotted on the same display with data). Note that for IP
data, the depths can only be edited on the resistivity display. Only the IP value of the layer can be
edited on the IP display.
The mouse can also be used to split layers or delete layers from the model. Position the mouse
on the layer resistivity, verify that the cursor has changed to double arrow and click the right
button. This brings up a menu offering you the chance to split or delete the selected layer, or to
Fix or Free the layer resistivity or thickness at which you are pointing:
Splitting the layer makes what used to be a single layer into a double layer of nearly the same
resistivity. Deleting the layer removes the layer and collapses the model if thicknesses are being
used. If depths are being used (See Edit Model), the layer boundary is removed but the other
boundaries are not adjusted.
Equivalent models can be shown along with their synthetic by pointing the mouse at the
equivalent model in the model display. This highlights the equivalent model graph, displays the
corresponding synthetic(s) on the data graph, and shows the percent error in the status bar:
Shifting Data Segments

Shifting of data segments is only available for Schlumberger data.
Schlumberger data are almost always taken with overlapping segments. At the shortest spacings,
a value of MN is selected and AB is increased until the signal becomes weak. Then MN must be
increased in order to continue expanding AB.
Even in a layered earth, there will be some difference in the apparent resistivity derived from two
different MN spacings for a single AB spacing. In practice, however, the difference is much
greater due to the fact that the near surface, particularly, is not laterally homogeneous.
In IX1D, shifting Schlumberger data is not necessary. IX1D detects the shifts in the overlapping
segments and introduces this shift into the calculations. This has almost exactly the same effect
as shifting the data but preserves the shifts and the original data:
However, if data and model fits are to be shown to persons who are not trained geophysicists, it
may be desirable to shift the data to remove the offsets due to changing MN spacings:
Selecting the menu item Edit Shift Data Segments uses the shifts which have already been
determined to shift the data. Overlapping points are combined into a single data point:
Normally it is better to shift the data to match the longer spacings, as they average over more
geology than the other spacings, so this is the default. To shift the data, select "Shift Data and
reduce number of points".
To ignore the shifts, select "Do not shift data" in the upper group and "Shift Synthetics to match
original data" in the lower group. Now the shifts will be ignored:
Zooming Displays
Selecting the Zoom menu item toggles its checked state. This sets the zoom state for all displays.
If the Zoom menu item is checked, then the graphical displays can be adjusted using a rubber
band box to zoom in or out. Point the mouse cursor at one corner (for example, the upper left) of
the desired display area. Press the left button, hold it and drag the mouse to the opposite corner
(for example, the lower right) of the desired display area:
Release the button to display.
For the Map window, there is only one graph to zoom. The graph is always scaled so there is no
exaggeration of either axis, that is, the scale of both the x- and y-axes (in window units) is the
same.
For the Profile window, the horizontal scale is shared by all graphs. The graph in which the
mouse button is first depressed is the zoomed display. If the mouse button is depressed outside
the graphs, the zoom is applied to the graph which contains the center of the zoom box.
For the Sounding window, this works for either the data or model area(s). In the case of two data
or two model graphs, the common axes are scaled together.
For the Well Log window, this works for either the well log or the cumulative conductance graph.
Both vertical scales are adjusted together.
For logarithmic graphs, the selected area will be auto-scaled upwards so that all decades which
appear in the selected area will be included in the display. The smallest area that can be
displayed is a single decade by a single decade. For linear graphs, the axes are scaled upwards
to create reasonable axis increments.
Using the View Zoom menu command (or the tool bar button ) toggles the state of the zoom.
When the Zoom menu item is not checked, dragging the mouse with the left button depressed
can be used to create profiles in the Map window or to edit the model graphically in the Sounding
window.
Auto-Scaling Displays
Unzoom auto-rescales the graphical displays. If selected from the map window, the map is
rescaled and the scales are chosen so there is no exaggeration of one axis over the other.
If selected from the Profile window, all graphical displays are auto-rescaled. Note that the
horizontal axis is shared among all displays.
If selected from the well log window, both well log and cumulative conductance are rescaled.
In the case of the sounding window, both data and model displays are rescaled.
For the case of models and data displayed separately, All available data and synthetics are
examined and the data plot scales are selected so that all data and synthetics will be displayed.
Synthetics which are available but not plotted because of their flags being turned off (unchecked)
are not used.
For the case of models and data displayed separately, All available models are examined and the
model plot scales are selected so that all models will be displayed. Models which are available
but not plotted because of their flags being turned off (unchecked) are not used. For instance, if
data have been inverted and equivalence has been analyzed, but the Equivalence menu item is
not checked, the equivalent models will not be used to scale the model display.
For the case of models and data being plotted on the same display (Model On Data), All available
data and models which are currently selected for display are used to determine the axis range for
the combined axis.
Unzoom is automatically applied when data are imported, entered manually, edited, when the
Model On Data flag changes status, and when the smooth model is estimated.
Note that for MT, CSMT and Circular Loop Hz data, the phase display in the sounding window is
always auto-scaled to be from 0 to 90 degrees.
Creating Profiles
Profiles can be created from soundings displayed on the map by selecting either Line Projection
or one of the Polygon Selections from the Profile menu in the Map window. Profiles can also be
imported from XYZ files as described in Import Profile from an XYZ file.
Selecting Zoom in the View menu from any window will disable profile creation. Disabling Zoom in
the View menu from any window will enable profile creation as last specified.
See Line Projection, Polygon Drag and Draw or Polygon Point and Click for further information.
Creating Profiles by Line Projection

Profiles can be created graphically from soundings shown on the Map window display. One
method is by Line Projection.
Using the menu option Create Profile/Line Projection in the map window, clicking on this item will
render it checked. This will turn off the checked state of the View/Zoom and the Create
Profile/Polygon Drag and Draw.
When menu option Create Profile/Line Projection in the map window is checked, depressing the
left mouse button and moving the mouse creates a straight line. When the mouse button is
released, all soundings which are within the extent of the line and within 10% of the line width are
used to form a profile. Note that soundings which would project beyond the ends of the line you
have drawn will not be included in the profile:
The profile line is automatically determined by the best fit to the locations of the stations used to
make the profile. The profile begins at the first station near where you began drawing the line.
After drawing the line, the profile and projection is drawn, and a dialog is displayed asking you to
enter the name of the Profile Line. Enter a unique name and press OK to keep the profile you just
created. At this point, pressing Cancel will abort the creation of the profile.
See also Creating Profiles by Polygon Point and Click and by Polygon Drag and Draw.
Creating Profiles by Polygon Drag and Draw

method is by Polygon Drag and Draw.
Using the menu option Create Profile/Polygon Drag and Draw in the map window, clicking on this
item will render it checked. This will turn off the checked state of the View/Zoom and the Create
Profile/Line Projection.
When menu option Create Profile/Polygon Drag and Draw in the map window is checked,
depressing the left mouse button and moving the mouse creates a polygon as you move:
When the mouse button is released, all soundings which are within the polygon you have drawn
are used to form a profile. Note that the last point you draw (where the left button is released) is
combined with the first point you draw (where the left button was pressed) are used to close the
polygon:
make the profile. The profile begins at the bottom and leftmost station.
See also Creating Profiles by Line Projection and by Polygon Point and Click.
Creating Profiles by Polygon Point and Click

method is by Polygon Selection by Point and Click.
Using the menu option Create Profile/Polygon Point and Click in the map window, clicking on this
item will render it checked. This will turn off the checked state of the View/Zoom and the Create
Profile/Line Projection or Create Profile/Polygon Drag and Draw.
When menu option Create Profile/Polygon Point and Click in the map window is checked,
depressing the left mouse button will create the first point of the polygon.Moving the mouse draws
a line from this point as you move. When the left button is clicked again, a second point is
created:
Continuing this process creates several points on a polygon which defines the soundings to be
used to create the profile:
When the mouse is double-clicked, all soundings which are within the polygon you have drawn
are used to form a profile. Note that the last point you draw (just before the mouse is double-
clicked) is combined with the first point you draw (where the mouse was first clicked) are used to
close the polygon.
make the profile. The profile begins at the bottom and leftmost station.
Lastly, the polygon creation by Point and Click is disabled. You must select menu option Create
Profile/Polygon Point and Click in the map window to create another profile using this method.
See also Creating Profiles by Line Projection and by Polygon Drag and Draw.
Selecting Soundings and/or Profiles

View/Select Profiles and View/Select Soundings can be checked or unchecked in the main map
window.
Regardless of the state of these menu items, soundings or profiles can be selected by a drop-
down menu box in the main map window. Note that soundings cannot be selected from the map
while a profile window is open - in this case they are selected from the profile window.
In the main map window, there are two drop-down menu controls, one for soundings and one for
profiles. Clicking on the profile menu control allows for the selection of one of the available
profiles and "no profile selected":
Selecting "no profile selected" closes the profile window if it is open. Selecting another profile is
the same as pointing at a profile and clicking as described below.
Clicking on the sounding menu control allows for selection of one of the available soundings and
"no sounding selected":
Selecting "no sounding selected" closes the sounding window if it is open. Selecting another
sounding is the same as pointing at a sounding and clicking as described below.
If a sounding window is open and the sounding drop down box has the focus, the cursor pad can
be used to move around in the drop down menu box. If the profile window is open and the profile
drop down box has the focus, the cursor pad can be used to move around in the profile drop
down menu. This allows the user to scroll quickly through available soundings and profiles.
Backing up will go all the way to no sounding or no profile selected, thereby ending this
functionality until a sounding or profile is opened again.
If View/Select Profiles and/or View/Select Soundings are checked, then soundings and/or profiles
can be selected by mouse point and click. If they are unchecked, this feature is disabled. If both
are checked, selection of soundings takes precedence.
If they are unchecked, right clicking is disabled as well.
If enabled, pointing at a profile changes the color of the profile line and lines connecting to
soundings. Pointing at a sounding changes the cursor to a crosshair:
Clicking the mouse will select the sounding or profile. If the sounding or profile window is open,
the current sounding or profile will be replaced with the new one. If changes have been made to
the current one, you will be asked if you wish to save it.
If the window is not open, a window is created. Soundings cannot be selected from the map if a
profile window is open. In this case, they must be selected from the profile window.
Right clicking on a sounding or profile in the map window will bring up a menu offering several
options. For profiles, the menu allows for deleting the profile, deleting the profile and soundings,
selecting the profile or properties:
Deleting the profile simply deletes the profile "gather" of those soundings and leaves the
soundings intact.
Deleting Profile AND Soundings deltetes the profile and all soundings attached to it. First, you
must confirm the delete:
Press OK to continue with the delete and Cancel to abort the delete. Selecting the profile is the
same as (left) clicking on it as described above. Properties brings up the properties dialog for the
map as described in View Properties.
Cancel aborts the left click.
Right-clicking on a sounding in the map window brings up a menu offering several options:
Select is the same as (left) clicking on the sounding as described above.
Copy Model copies the model into the model clipboard. Paste model pastes the clipboard model
into the sounding on which you clicked. This is only available if there is a model in the clipboard.
Note that the model clipboard is completely different from the Windows clipboard so the model in
it cannot be pasted into other software, such as Word or Excel.
Export data will export the data in this sounding. See Export Data for more details. Export Model
will export the model in this sounding. See Export Model for more details.
Delete sounding will delete the sounding from the database. First you must confirm the delete:
Cancel will cancel the operation.

Sounding Display Flags

There are three flags which control the data which are displayed on the graphic display.
If Layered is checked, the layered model will be displayed on the model display and the
synthetic, if available, will be displayed on the data display:
If Smooth is checked, the Smooth model will be displayed on the model display and the
synthetic, if available, will be displayed on the data display.
If Equivalence is checked, the Equivalent models will be displayed on the model display,
provided that Layered is checked:
Checking more than one flag will display more than one type of model and synthetic.
Also if these flags are checked and Unzoom is used, the models and available synthetics may
affect the axis scaling.
If Model on Data is checked, the model will be displayed on the same axis as the data:
In this case, the Spacing axis is used for depth and Apparent Resistivity doubles as intrinsic
resistivity. For Dipole-Dipole arrays where the "n" spacing is used, the depth axis for the model is
"n" times the dipole spacing. For EM Conductivity data, the Effective Penetration Depth axis
doubles as a true depth axis and the Apparent Conductivity axis doubles as an intrinsic resistivity
axis.
This is not available except for DC Resistivity (with IP) and EM Conductivity data.
If Linear Model is checked, the model will be displayed in the sounding window with a linear
depth axis, instead of the normal logarithmic depth axis. Toggling the state of Linear Model will
autoscale the model display.
If Data as Line is checked, the data will be displayed as a line instead of boxes:
Additional View options for Magnetotelluric data are the Bostick (Bostick, 1977) and Niblett
(Niblett and Wittgenstein, 1960) models and the Redline 1 Ohm-m, 10 Hz, which are derived
directly from the data:
These models do not have a corresponding synthetic curve and can be useful as a guide to
editing or creating the layered model.
Additional View options for TEM data are Voltage and Linear Time Scale. Voltage displays
voltage, rather than late time apparent resistivity for TEM Data. The voltage can be viewed on a
log or linear time scale. Linear time scales are useful to check for exponential decays. Selecting
Linear Time Scale automatically turns on Voltage. Deselecting Voltage automatically deselects
Linear Time Scale.
If different sweeps have different coil areas or currents, they will not merge together. Here is a log
time scale plot followed by a linear time scale plot:
The status of these flags is stored in the IX1D.INI file in the program directory.
These flags exist also for profiles and they are independent of the flags for soundings. They affect
the "Zaborovsky" type sounding and model displays in the same way as for individual soundings.
For depth and elevation displays, the Equivalence flag is not used. If the Smooth flag is checked,
the smooth models will be displayed, otherwise the layered models are displayed.
Data Pseudosection displays show only the data and these flags have no affect on
Pseudosection displays.
Profile Display Overview

The Profile Display shows two displays, one for data on top and a second for the model on the
bottom. Either of these displays can be deselected, but not both.
The File menu allows you to create a new model, save (changes to) the profile, save as a new
profile, import a model, export data or results or print the graphic:
The Edit menu allows you to paste the model in the clipboard to all soundings on the profile.
The View menu allows you to control the display of data and models:
The data display can be of displaced soundings ("Zaborovsky" plot), a profile plot or a
pseudosection. The model display can be displaced "well-log" style displays ("Zaborovsky" plot),
depth section or elevation section. Either the data or model display can be disabled:
If the model and data are both disabled, the last display type used for the disabled display is
restored as the second display is disabled. When one display is disabled, the enabled display is
auto-scaled to occupy the entire window height.
The Equivalent models are only displayed if the model display is of the "Zaborovsky" plot type. If
the Data display is of the "Zaborovsky" plot type, then layered and smooth model responses are
displayed according to their flags. Otherwise, only the data are displayed.
If the Model display is a section, then the smooth model section is displayed if the Smooth menu
option is selected (checked). Otherwise, the Layered model section is displayed.
The Calculate menu has several options that operate in a quick-batch mode on all soundings
along the profile:
The Batch menu allows you to free all resistivities or all thicknesses.
Help/Contents opens the help file and brings you to this page.
A sounding can be selected for display by point and click (when cursor changes to crosshairs) or
by using left/right arrow, home and end keys. When in Zaborovsky plot mode, the sounding
changes color as the cursor changes to a crosshair to indicate which sounding is being selected:
Soundings can also be selected using the cursor pad. If no sounding is open, pressing any cursor
pad key while the profile window has the focus will display the first sounding. Pressing right-arrow
moves the cursor and displays the next sounding to the right. The left arrow does the opposite.
The currently selected sounding is indicated by a vertical grey line.
Right Clicking on a sounding allows you to remove the sounding, delete the sounding or select
the sounding. Removing it leaves the sounding in the database but removes it from the profile.
Deleting it deletes it from both the profile and the database. Selecting it is the same as (left)
clicking on it.
View/Properties allows you to control the three axes (vertical axes for data and model as well as
the shared horizontal axis), the color fill displays and the Zaborovsky plot parameters. The
Zaborovsky curves can be labeled and the curves themselves can be stretched.
Profile Data Display Types

The Data display on the Profile plot can be selected and controlled by using menu option
View/Data and selecting one of the pop-up menu options as follows:
•No Data Display turns off the display of the data so that the top half of the window can be used
entirely for model display.
•Zaborovsky Plot displays the data as a series of displaced soundings. The vertical axis is the
same as that used for the data graph in the Sounding window and the horizontal axis, which is
hidden, is the same as that used in the Sounding window as well. This is the only display
available for profiles of mixed data type. The stretch factor and labeling of soundings on the
Zaborovsky plot is controlled by the Zaborovsky tab on the View/Properties dialog.
•Profile Plot displays the data as profiles. That is, for each spacing, frequency, time or effective
depth, a series of data points are displayed and the synthetic data are displayed as lines. This is
only available for data which are consistent; that is to say that all soundings are of the same type
and each and every sounding has exactly the same abscissa values (spacing, frequency, time or
effective depth).
•Pseudosection Plot displays the data as one or two pseudosections and can only be used for
profiles of a single data type. Two pseudosections are available for Frequency domain data, MT,
Resistivity with IP and EM Conductivity data. For these data types you have the choice of
displaying one or both components. The vertical axis is the same as the horizontal axis used for
the data graph in the Sounding window. The axis is oriented so penetration depth increases
downwards.
Pseudosection plots can be displayed in several ways:

•Contours Only produces a contour plot:
•Contour Fill Only produces a plot with the area between contours filled but contours are not
actually drawn:
•Contour Fill with Contours combines the first two types:
•Color Fill only creates a grid of cells, each cell colored to match the data:
•Color Fill with contours draws contours on top of the color fill:
Reverse Color Sequence changes the normal range of red to blue to blue to red if checked.
Profile Model Display Types

The Model display on the Profile plot can be selected and controlled by using menu option
View/Model and selecting one of the pop-up menu options as follows:
•No Model Display turns off the display of the data so that the bottom half of the window can be
used entirely for data display.
•Zaborovsky Plot displays the models as a series of displaced well logs. The vertical axis is the
same as that used for the model graph in the Sounding window but it is always linear and the
horizontal axis, which is hidden, is the same as that used in the Sounding window as well. This is
the only display that can show the equivalent models.
•Depth Section Plot displays the model as one or two sections. Two sections are available only
for Resistivity with IP data. For this data type you have the choice of displaying one or both model
parameters. The vertical axis is the same as the horizontal axis used for the model graph in the
Sounding window. The axis is always linear and oriented so depth increases downwards.
•Elevation Section Plot displays the model as one or two sections. Two sections are available
only for Resistivity with IP data. For this data type you have the choice of displaying one or both
model parameters. The vertical axis is the elevation above sea level and positions are determined
by the elevation of the sounding data and the depths derived from the models. Elevation
increases upwards.
The surface elevation is displayed by drawing a line between soundings using the elevation of the
sounding data.
Section plots can be displayed in several ways:

•Contours Only produces a contour plot:
•Contour Fill Only produces a plot with the area between contours filled but contours are not
actually drawn.
•Contour Fill with Contours combines the first two types.
•Color Fill only creates a grid of cells, each cell colored to match the data
•Color Fill with contours draws contours on top of the color fill.
Reverse Color Sequence changes the normal range of red to blue to blue to red if checked.
Grid Lines on Graphs

Major or Minor Grid lines can be drawn on the Map graph in the main window, on the Data or
Model displays in the Profile Window, on the data and/or model graphs in the Sounding window
or on the Well Log graph or the cumulative conductance graph in the well log window. These are
designed as an aid to determining where data points lie.
Clicking on View -> Grid -> Major on (Map, Log, Conductance, Data or Model) will toggle the
state of the major grid line display on the selected plot. In case of displays with log axes, major
grid lines are drawn for the full decades of resistivity (or conductivity) and spacing and minor grid
lines are drawn on the minor log-spaced ticks:
If Major and Minor grid lines are selected on data and Major on Data is de-selected, the minor
grid lines will also be de-selected. If Minor grid lines are selected and Major is de-selected, Major
grid lines will also be selected.
If there is more than one data or model display (for instance, with MT resistivity and phase or DC
resistivity and IP), the grid lines selected will be drawn on all displays for either the model or data.
You can use View/Properties to change the number of minor tick marks. Remember, the major
grid line is also one of the minor ones, so that the smallest number of minor tick marks available
is 1. If you select 5 minor divisions per major division on a linear plot, you will get 4 minor grid
lines drawn and one covered by the major one.
An example of major and minor gridlines for log and linear graphs:
Line Colors for Graphs

Invoking View/Colors from any of the windows brings up a dialog allowing the colors to be edited:
Colors can be edited for the graph axes, smooth and layered models, equivalent models
displayed on the profile or sounding displays as well as soundings and profile lines displayed on
the map.
Data and synthetics are displayed with up to six different colors. For most data, only the first color
is used. For data where there are two curves displayed on the same graph, for instance EM
conductivity or FEM data, the first two colors are used. For TEM data with multiple sweeps, as
many colors as needed are used and the colors are recycled if there are more than 6 sweeps.
View Properties for Graphs

Selecting View -> Properties will bring up the View Properties dialog box for the appropriate
display with one tab for each available axis.
Alternative Selection Means:

In the main Map window, right clicking while not pointing at a sounding or a profile will bring up
the View Properties dialog box for the Map display.
In the Profile window, right clicking while not pointing at a sounding will bring up the View
Properties dialog box for the Profile display.
In the Sounding window, right clicking in the Data display or in the Model display while not
pointing at a layer will bring up the View Properties dialog box for the Sounding display.
In addition, all right click pop-up menus have a Properties option, which will bring up the View
Properties dialog box for the appropriate display.
Tabs:
For the Map, there are two tabs, northing and easting and both are linear:
For Sounding data, the vertical axis as well as the horizontal axis depend on the data type. Model
tabs are Depth and Resistivity (and IP if appropriate). Depth can be linear or logarithmic; IP is
linear, Resistivity is logarithmic:
For well logs, the resistivity axis on the well log is logarithmic and the other axes are linear:
For the Profile window, the horizontal display is the profile axis and it is linear. Vertical displays
depend on the type of display chosen:
For "Zaborovsky" and Profile type data displays, the vertical axis is the same as that for the
soundings. MT impedance phase is not displayed on the profile displays.
For "Zaborovsky" and depth section model displays, the vertical model display is the same as for
soundings (depth) but it is always linear.
There is an additional tab for the Zaborovsky stretch factor. This tab also allows for labeling
the individual data curves:
For Pseudosection displays, the vertical axis for data increases downwards and is the same as
the horizontal axis for soundings.
The Elevation display has a linear vertical axis in which elevation increases upwards.
Axis Specifications:
For linear axes, the specification is number of major divisions, starting value and value increment.
Autoscaling always gives round numbers for these but you may enter any reasonable values. The
number of minor divisions (between major divisions) only affects the number of minor tick marks.
Autoscaling always gives 5 minor divisions, which show 4 tick marks between major divisions.
For logarithmic axes, the specification is number of decades (major division) and starting decade.
The starting decade is the (integer) log of the power of 10 for the minimum value on the axis. For
instance, starting an axis at 100 means the starting decade is 2. Starting it at 0.01 means the
starting decade is -2. Minor divisions are logarithmic and ticks are placed at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and
9 for each decade.
Additionally for each axis is the label, its height and offset towards graph. The offset can be
negative to move the label away from the graph. The starting offset does depend on the label
height.
The axis specifications are stored in the data file with each individual sounding, profile or map.
The label, its height and offset towards graph are stored in the IX1D.INI file and apply globally.
Zaborovsky Tab:
The Zaborovsky tab allows for the stretch factors for Zaborovsky plots to be changed. The default
value is one, but this might not always create the most pleasing plot. There is a separate stretch
factor for model and data curves.
Data curves on the Zaborovsky plot can be labeled with the Data Set Name by checking the
"Label Data Curves" box. The size of the data labels can be controlled by editing the Label Height
Factor.
Other Editing Pointers:

In the lower right corner of the dialog box is a radio button selection for inches or cm. If inches is
selected, then only fields in inches can be entered and this will update the cm fields. If cm is
selected, then only fields in cm can be entered and this will update the inches fields.
Editing a field in inches or cm and moving the focus to a different field will update the
corresponding (cm or inches) field.
The size of the data set name label is shown under the tabbed dialog in both inches and cm. Next
to it is the line width. 1 is the thinnest line possible.
Three buttons are available: OK, Cancel and Apply.
Pressing OK takes the data as displayed and makes it permanent, redrawing the display with the
current parameters and closes the dialog. Data are drawn from the fields according to the
inches/cm radio button selection.
Pressing Cancel leaves the display as is, without changing the parameters to the currently
displayed values. However, if Apply has been used, then the present values will be the ones
existing at the last use of Apply.
Pressing Apply takes the data as displayed and makes it permanent, redrawing the display with
the current parameters, but does not close the dialog. Data are drawn from the fields according to
the inches/cm radio button selection.
Data Properties for Graphs

The data axes are used as vertical axes for the Data graph in the Sounding display and for the
Data graph on the Profile display when the "Zaborovsky" type displaced sounding plots is
selected.
The tabs shown on View Properties depend on the data type as follows:
For DC Resistivity and other Apparent Resistivity type data, there is one tab for the Apparent
Resistivity axis (vertical axis on the data plot), which is logarithmic.
For Frequency EM data, there is one tab for the In-Phase and Quadrature (vertical axis on the
data plot), which is linear.
For EM Conductivity data, there is one tab for Apparent Conductivity (vertical axis), which is
linear.
TEM data are normally displayed as Apparent Resistivity, but in the Sounding window could be
displayed as Voltage instead.
If IP data are present with DC Resistivity or in the case of MT data, there is an additional tab is
the for the second data axis (IP value or phase, respectively). IP values can be displayed as PFE,
Chargeability in ms or phase in milliradians.
Data Abscissa Properties for Graphs

The Abscissa (horizontal axis) for Sounding displays and the Ordinate (vertical axis) for
Pseudosection displays depends on the type of sounding.
For DC Resistivity data, with or without IP the horizontal axis for Soundings is the Spacing axis,
which is logarithmic.
For Frequency domain data or for MT data, the horizontal axis for Soundings is Frequency, which
is logarithmic.
For EM Conductivity data, the horizontal axis for Soundings is the Effective Penetration Depth
(horizontal axis). The Effective Penetration Depth is calculated from the geometry of the system
depth".
For TEM data, the horizontal axis for Soundings is time in msec.
For MT data, the Frequency axis is plotted backwards, so that penetration depth increases
towards the right of the graph as in all other displays.
All axes are logarithmic.

Forward Modeling
Forward modeling is initiated by invoking the Calculate/Forward menu command, by pressing
the forward toolbar button or by pressing the Forward button in the Edit Model dialog. It is also
used in combination with the inversion and the estimate commands. The synthetic data are
displayed on the graph as lines.
Forward modeling for DC and IP arrays is carried out using linear filters in a manner similar to
that described by Davis, et al (1980) except that we are using a 283 point adaptive linear filter
from Anderson (1979). This takes the spacings which describe the data set and the model
specified and generates a synthetic response. IP response is calculated by perturbing the model
resistivities according to the intrinsic IP of the layers and then finding the IP response from that
and the original resistivity only response.
For Schlumberger data, the offsets between different segments is not removed from the data, but
is instead introduced into the synthetics. These offsets occur for overlapping segments where
several data points are taken with the same AB/2 values but different MN values. The offsets can
be partially due to phenomena related to layered media responses but are in many cases more
likely caused by variations in the electrical properties of the ground in the near surface where the
potential electrodes are planted.
For EM Conductivity data, IX1D does not make a low induction number assumption. The
calculations use the full Fourier-Hankel transform of Anderson (1979) to calculate the quadrature
component of the field from the specified layered model and this is then converted to apparent
conductivity as you would normally convert the measurement. Thus, as the conductivity of the
earth increases, the apparent conductivity follows the true conductivity less and less and
eventually becomes negative. So as long as the earth can be accurately represented by a 1-D
model, the calculations in IX1D are correct and truly represent the physics and not the low
induction number approximation. The low induction number approximation is used solely to
calculate the apparent conductivity used to display the results and compare to the
measurements.
For EM Conductivity data, there is an entry for the height of the coil above the ground. This
is taken into account using what Walter Anderson called the "airborne case". It was suggested at
some point that a sounding could be done with the EM-31 by taking measurements at various
heights. For the HMD (Vertical Coplanar) mode, the depth of investigation increases as you lift
the instrument, which at first seems counterintuitive. For the VMD (Horizontal Coplanar) mode,
the depth of investigation first decreases and then increases. If you look at the curves of
response vs. depth, it becomes clear why this is the case:
For HMD, the response decreases with depth in the earth. So if the instrument is lifted, the
most sensitive part of the response is in the air and there is no contribution. The portion of the
response curve which is inside the earth is now flatter than it was before and, although the
response from the earth is diminished, what is left comes from deeper portions of the earth.
For VMD, the response increases with depth at first, and then decreases. So, raising the
instrument at first causes the response to come from shallower depths. After the peak is out of
the earth and inside the air, the response follows the same pattern as the HMD response and
raising the instrument further causes the diminished response to come from increasingly deeper
depths.
Thus for EM Conductivity data, the effects of deviation from the ideal low induction number
assumption and the height of the instrument above ground are taken into account by the forward
calculations and the model resistivity is the true resistivity of the ground (assuming it is 1-D). So
there is no reason to further "correct" the data for instrument height or violation of the low
induction number assumption - simply look at the model.
For situations where lateral conductivity variations exist, Research by Geonics shows that the
HMD is far less distorted by these variations than the VMD (even though it has about half the
penetration) and in this case the use of both components will not work because they give
conflicting information.
For FEM "Slingram" and large loop data (MaxMin, GEM-2 and similar instruments), The
calculations use the Fourier-Hankel transform of Anderson (1979) to calculate the in-phase and
quadrature component of the field from the specified layered model. The in-phase is the
secondary field only - the primary field (response of the system in the presence of free space
only) is removed.
For MT data, the standard method of propagating the impedance from the lower half space to
the surface is used and no Fourier-Hankel transform is required.
For TEM calculations, the Fourier-Hankel transform of Anderson (1979) is used inside of a
similar Fourier transform to calculate the secondary response from the specified layered model
This secondary response is the full response minus the response of a half-space having the
resistivity of the first layer. The primary response of the surface layer is then calculated using an
analytical formula and added to the secondary response. This is necessary because the integral
with both source and receiver on the surface of the earth does not converge.
The RMS fitting error shows the degree to which the model fits the data. The error is calculated
by first summing the squares of the log errors and dividing by the number of points to get the
RMS logarithmic error. This is created to a percent error by taking the antilog, subtracting 1 and
multiplying by 100. This manner of calculating the RMS error weights low resistivity values
equally as much as it weights high resistivity values, which is important.
Masked points are not used in the calculation of the fitting error. The fitting error is displayed on
the window status bar as a percent error.
Quick Batch Forward Calculation

When used in the Profile window, the Calculation/Forward menu option performs a quick batch
operation. Unlike the use of the Calculate/Forward menu option in the sounding window, each
and every sounding along the profile is processed in turn, with a forward calculation being used to
generate a synthetic data curve from the layered model.
Inversion Calculations
Inversion is carried out using the Calculate Inverse commands, single iteration or multiple
iterations. Inversion is also carried out as part of the smooth model estimation.
Inversion is a least squares fitting of nonlinear parameters. This is done by assuming that the
forward problem is locally linear. Thus, the forward problem is replaced by a matrix operation
o = c + A dp
where c is the result of forward calculation using the current model, o is the set of observed data,
A is the Jacobian matrix of partial derivatives and dp is the desired model improvement which
would make the data fit the observations in the ideal case.
A is calculated by perturbing each of the layer parameters in turn and carrying out a forward
calculation. Each calculation gives a row of the matrix. Parameters which are fixed are not
perturbed and those columns are set to zero.
The inversion is carried out using Ridge Regression in a manner similar to that described by
Inman (1975). For each iteration, a model correction is calculated using the best damping factor
available for that iteration.
For single iteration commands the process is repeated only once. For multiple iterations, the
process is repeated and continued until the reduction in fitting error from the previous step is too
small to be of further use.
For Resistivity/IP data, there are two additional options each for single and multiple iterations:
Resistivity Only and IP only. The former temporarily fixes all IP model parameters while inverting
for resisitivity only and the latter fixes all model resistivity values while inverting for IP only. The
original fix/free states of these parametes are restored upon completion.
For smooth modeling, all layer thicknesses are fixed and only the resistivities are adjusted to fit
the data. In this case, if the Occam flag is set, Occam's inversion, which minimizes the roughness
of the model, is used instead of Ridge Regression.
In the case of Resistivity/IP data, the IP estimates are taken as the average of the data IP values,
and these are fixed until three iterations of resistivity inversion have been carried out. Then the IP
values are allowed to be adjusted by the inversion.
Quick Batch Inversion Calculations

When used in the Profile window, the Calculation/Inverse category of menu options performs a
quick batch operation. Unlike the use of the Calculation/Inverse menu option in the sounding
window, each and every sounding along the profile is processed in turn, with inverse modeling
being used to generate a best fit the layered model using the existing model as a starting model.
The inverse operations available are the same as those in the Sounding window. For single
iteration commands the process is repeated only once. For multiple iterations, the process is
repeated and continued until the reduction in fitting error from the previous step is too small to be
of further use.
For Resistivity/IP data, there are two additional options each for single and multiple iterations:
Resistivity Only and IP only. The former temporarily fixes all IP model parameters while inverting
for resistivity only and the latter fixes all model resistivity values while inverting for IP only. The
original fix/free states of these parameters are restored upon completion.
Automatic Model Estimation

Automatic estimation of a layered model is only available for Resistivity and Resistivity/IP data.
Automatic estimation of a layered model is carried out in a manner similar to that described by
Koefoed (1976). In this manner the original data are taken and (in the case of Schlumberger) they
are shifted to make one continuous curve. This curve is then extended on both ends and Hankel
transformed to the Hankel wavenumber domain where the shape of the curve is more directly
related to the layered model.
The curve is then analyzed to determine the number of layers present and the resistivities and
thicknesses in the model. Then forward modeling is used to calculate the synthetic curve from the
estimated model for comparison with the original data.
This process is also known as Direct Inversion.
Equivalence Analysis
The principle of equivalence states that a model which fits the data is not the only possible model
which will fit the data. In a perfect world, where a resistivity curve is sampled continuously over
spacings from zero to infinity with no measurement errors, the layered model which perfectly fits
these data would be unique. However, resistivity soundings are not sampled continuously, they
are sampled over a limited range, and they are subject to both measurement errors and geologic
noise.
Other types of data suffer the same undersampling as well, in particular EM Conductivity
soundings are notorious for being undersampled.
Equivalence analysis attempts to illustrate the degree to which the model can vary from the best
fit model and still provide almost the same fit to the data. It assumes linearity and does not show
the complete range of possible models; it is intended only to illustrate the constraints on
parameter resolution.
The Resolution Matrix is a by product of the inversion process. This matrix shows the linear
combinations of the parameters which are resolved. This matrix is used as a guide in the
equivalence analysis process in order to dictate which directions the model can (should be able
to) be adjusted without affecting the fitting error. The adjustments are performed incrementally
until the fitting error reaches 1.2 times the best fit error. This determines the range for this
equivalent parameter. The test is carried out by both increasing and decreasing the parameter, so
that for m parameters, 2m equivalent models are generated.
Parameters which are varied by a factor of 100 from their initial values are considered widely
variable (not at all constrained) and the process is stopped at this point.
Fixed parameters are not used in the equivalence analysis.
The synthetic curves for the various equivalent models can be shown by pointing the mouse at
one of the equivalent models in the sounding display. Please see Overview or Graphical Model
Editing for further information.
Quick Batch Equivalence Analysis

When used in the Profile window, the Calculation/Analyze Equivalence menu option performs a
quick batch operation. Unlike the use of the Calculation/Analyze Equivalence menu option in the
sounding window, each and every sounding along the profile is processed in turn, with an
equivalence analysis being carried out for the layered model inversion results.
Smooth Model Estimation

There are two ways to carry out the smooth model estimation. In the Calculate menu in the
Sounding window, there is an item Calculate/Estimate Starting Smooth Model:
If Estimate Starting Smooth Model is checked, the smooth model inversion is carried out
automatically by creating a model with the same number of layers, as there are data points with
thicknesses related to the electrode spacings. Initially, all layers are given the same resistivity and
this is the average value for all points in the data. All layer thicknesses are fixed.
For MT data, one layer is created for each pair of Apparent Resistivity and Phase pair. For
Frequency EM or EM Conductivity data, two layers are created for each pair of In-
Phase/Quadrature or HMD/VMD data.
For TEM data and Frequency EM data, several homogeneous earth models are tried as starting
models and the best fit homogeneous half-space resistivity is used as a starting point. When
executed from the profile window in quick batch mode, the user specifies the starting model,
including number of layers, min and max depth and starting value for resistivity/conductivity.
Then, either Ridge Regression or Occam's inversion (Constable, et al, 1987; deGroot-Hedlin and
Constable, 1990) is uses to repeatedly improve the model until 9 iterations are used up or until
the improvement in fitting error is negligible from one iteration to the next. Occam's inversion is
used if Occam's Inversion is checked in the calculate menu.
Ridge regression inversion trades off the size of the model improvement and the least squares
error predicted from the linearized forward problem. Occam's inversion trades off the roughness
of the model improvement and the least squares error predicted from the linearized forward
problem. There is also a term which is derived from the roughness of the present model.
Masked values are not used either to estimate the initial resistivity nor in the inversion.
If Estimate Starting Smooth Model is not checked, you are presented with a dialog:
This allows you to select the number of layers, min and max depth, and the starting resistivity.
There is also a check box for Occam's Inversion which performs the same function as the menu
item discussed above. Smooth models estimated in this way should be much more consistent
across soundings than ones estimated from the data directly.
Quick Batch Smooth Model Estimation

If Estimate Smooth Model is used from the profile window and smooth models are already
present for one or more soundings in the profile, you are first presented with a dialog:
Click OK if you want to proceed and regenerate smooth models for all curves on the profile.
Then, regardless of the state of Estimate Starting Smooth Model, you are presented with the
dialog asking you to enter the starting model as described above. Then, a dialog appears
showing the progress of the calculations:
The top progress bar shows progress as far as the quick batch series, the bottom one shows
progress for the operation being shown for the sounding being processed. The number and name
of the sounding being processed is shown with the total number of soundings. Pressing the
Cancel button will stop the calculations; some of the soundings may have smooth model
estimates completed and some will not.
When the estimations are completed, the results are displayed.
Occam's Inversion
The Occam's inversion flag allows you to switch the smooth model inversion between Ridge
Regression and Occam's inversion.
Ridge regression attempts to best fit the data while minimizing the change in the model it must
make to do so.
Occam's inversion attempts to best fit the data while minimizing the change in the roughness of
the model.
Typically, Occam's inversion produces smoother results in the smooth modeling; however, the
Ridge Regression option is offered for comparison or for cases in which the true earth model is
not so smooth.
Using this menu command toggles the checked state of this menu item. If it is checked, Occam's
inversion is being used, otherwise Ridge Regression is being used. Changing the state of this
menu item discards any smooth model which may be present.
The Resolution Matrix

The Resolution Matrix is a by product of the inversion process. This matrix is essentially the
inverse of A times A. Since A is normally not square (there are generally more data than
parameters) and is ill-conditioned, it does not have a true inverse, but a pseudo inverse. The
better the conditioning of A, the closer the Resolution Matrix will be to the Identity matrix, I.
The Resolution matrix shows the linear combinations of the parameters which are resolved. If the
matrix is the Identity matrix, I, then all parameters are resolved. If the diagonal element of the
matrix corresponding to a particular parameter is 1 and all other elements on that row (or column
- the matrix is symmetric) are zero, then that parameter is resolved.
If the diagonal element of the matrix corresponding to a particular parameter is 0.5 and another
element on the row or column is 0.5 or -0.5, then these two parameters are interdependent. This
occurs most often with thin layers where only the resistance or conductance of the layer is
resolved, or where the spacing range used to acquire the data is insufficient to resolve a surface
or deep layer.
In the case where a resistivity parameter has a diagonal of 0.5 and the corresponding thickness
on that same row shows a value of 0.5, then the product of these two parameters is known, but
the resistivity and thickness themselves are not known. This is known as resistance equivalence
since the product of the resistivity and thickness is the Transverse Resistance of the layer.
In the case where a resistivity parameter has a diagonal of 0.5 and the corresponding thickness
on that same row shows a value of -0.5, then the quotient of these two parameters is known, but
the resistivity and thickness themselves are not known. This is known as conductance
equivalence since the quotient of the resistivity and thickness is the Longitudinal Conductance of
the layer.
Sometimes layers are thin but not thin enough to be exactly equivalent in the manner just
described above. In this case, equivalent models may require some adjustment of the overlying
and/or underlying layers in order to preserve the goodness of fit.
The surface layer or half-space may not be resolved if the shallow (short spacing, early time, high
frequency) or deep (long spacing, late time, low frequency) asymptote is not reached by the data.
The Resolution Matrix is available in the Sounding Window printout.

The Batch Menu

The Batch menu allows for performing calculations and printing output in an unattended batch
operation:
Edit Batch Flags allows for editing of the batch submit flags, the mask flag and the group number
for all soundings in the database.
Start Batch Process begins the batch process by presenting a Batch Run Options dialog which
controls the batch calculation process in conjunction with the Batch Flags and then cycling
through the soundings, performing the requested calculations and saving the changes back to the
file on disk.
Batch Print begins the Batch Printing process. First you are asked what to print, just as with the
Print command in the Sounding window. Then you can refine the graphic printing by specifying
what exactly to put in the graphic. You also select which group to print or to print all groups.
Soundings which have never been assigned a positive group number will never be printed.
Free All Resistivities or Free All Thicknesses allows for all resistivities or all thicknesses to be
freed so the inversion is allowed to change them.
Compare Files This option compares two databases with identical number and names of
soundings but different models. It creates a third database with the same number and names of
soundings selecting the layered and smooth models with the better fit from the two input
databases. It is expected that the second database is a copy of the first, which has subsequently
been reworked so that the layered and/or the smooth models are different.
The Batch Flags

Edit Batch Flags is used prior to batch calculations in cases where selections need to be made as
to what soundings should be processed. Invoking this command displays a dialog with a grid of
values:
The columns No., Name, North and East cannot be edited and contain the index, sounding name
and northing and easting coordinates of the sounding. Following this are pairs of checkboxes and
"done" flags. The flag indicates that the sounding is submitted for the operation and the "done"
flags indicate whether or not this operation has been carried out. The order of the pairs is
Forward, Inverse, Equivalence and Smooth model estimation.
The last checkbox is a mask flag. Soundings which are masked will not be used to form profile
displays.
Finally is the group index. The group index is used for printing output in groups. All soundings
with the same group number will be printed during Batch Print if the group is selected for printing.
Soundings which do not have a positive group number will not be printed.
Pressing the Toggle Column button will invert the flags from the currently selected checkbox
downwards.
Pressing the Column On button will turn on the flags from the currently selected checkbox
downwards.
Pressing the Column Off button will turn off the flags from the currently selected checkbox
downwards.
Pressing Cancel will exit the dialog leaving the flags in the database unchanged.
Pressing OK will retrieve the contents of the dialog and save the entire database to the file.
Start Batch Process

Using the menu option Batch/Start Batch Process will first present a dialog which allows you to
choose what batch operations to carry out on the basis of submit and done flags. There is one
entry for each of the following: Forward, Inverse, Equivalence and Smooth Model Estimation:
The five options in the drop-down menu are the same for each of the four calculations:
No Soundings: Do not process any soundings at all for this calculation.

All Soundings: Process all soundings regardless of flag or completion.
All Soundings not Calculated: Process all soundings for which this operation has not been
completed.
All Flagged Soundings: Process all soundings for which the flag is set, regardless of
completion.
Flagged Sndgs not calculated: Process all soundings for which the flag is set and the operation
has not been completed.
Leaving all of these set to "No Soundings" is the same as pressing Cancel.
Pressing Cancel aborts the operation.
Pressing OK starts the batch operation.
If there are any smooth models to be estimated during the Batch operation, you will be asked for
a starting model to be applied to all soundings before the smooth model is estimated. This allows
you to specify a starting resistivity (and IP value), min and max depth for the starting model.
Help Contents
The Help Contents command displays this help file and allows the user to read it using the
Microsoft Help System.
If Help is requested from the main map window, the Help Contents is shown, positioned at the
very beginning.
If Help is requested from another window, the Help Topic for the section pertaining to that window
is shown. However, the entire help file contents is still available by pressing the Help Topics
button.
Help About
Help About displays the version and the date of the IX1D software packge, gives some brief
description of what it does, displays the copyright notice and gives the phone number, fax number
and e-mail address for Interpex:
Help Register
Help Register allows the package to be registered by entering an access key provided by
Interpex. Using the command Help Register shows the program code and allows the access key
and user name to be entered.:
The access key is obtained by furnishing the program code and payment in full of the license fee
to Interpex, who will then send an Access Key.
Normally this is used for free additional licenses to universities who have bought a full license.
The program code is computer specific, so the program code must be obtained from the
computer(s) on which you wish to install and license the software. This method of registration is
most useful for installations where a single computer (or multiple stations) may be accessed by
more than one user and where there is danger of users' making illegal copies of the registered
program.
The Access Code must be entered exactly as specified.
Your name can be blank and is not tied to the access key. Help CPU Register can be used again
to change the name of the user, for instance in a student lab setting where multiple users will
access the same software on a single machine and want their printed outputs to bear their own
name. In this case, each student should register the program, leaving the access key field
untouched and entering his or her own name, whenever they use the software on a particular
station.
Entry of a valid access key unlocks the package so it runs at full capability. Unregistered versions
will only work with keyed data or with the demo data supplied for evaluation.
Note that TEM data require a USB key for full capability.
Using Help/Register with a USB hardware key or running IX1D with a fresh install with a
hardware key will bring up the following dialog:
Press OK to continue and see the following dialog:
When a key is detected, the registration code is always 1000000. Enter any user name you wish
or leave it blank. The name you enter (if any) will appear on all windows and printouts.
License Agreement
Selecting Help/License Agreement shows the license agreement for IX1D in a scrollable window.
By using this software, whether registered or not registered, whether with a dongle or with
software key, licensed to a user or to a specific CPU, you are agreeing to and bound by the
licence agreement:
Scroll down to read the entire licence agreement:

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IX1D v3 Instruction Manual

Copyright © 2007 Interpex Limited

All Rights Reserved

P.O. Box 839

Tel: 303 278 9124

No part of this document may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or reproduced

Copyright © 2007 Interpex Ltd.,

AutoCAD is a trademark of Autodesk, Inc.

ABOUT THIS MANUAL

• Supports Most DC Resistivity arrays, including Wenner, Schlumberger, Dipole-dipole, Pole-

A single sounding display is used to show the active sounding:

Here are two examples of cursor appearance:

In either case, Cancel is also offered.

Right clicking will display the View/Properties dialog box:

IX1D does not have full capabilities unless it is registered to a particular

IX1D licensing options are with or without TEM data capabilities.

Hardware key is fitted to the parallel or USB port.

Installing and Updating IX1D

The RMS Fitting Error

Koefoed, O., 1976, Progress in the direct interpretation of resistivity soundings: an

McNeill, J. D., 1980, Electromagnetic terrain conductivity measurement at low induction

Niblett, E. R., and C. Sayn-Wittgenstein, 1960, Variation of electrical conductivity with

Map Window Menu

The Print menu command prints the map graphic only.

If a model is in the clipboard, it can be pasted to all soundings in the database.

New Things in Version 3

Profiles of soundings can be created in several ways:

•By importing from USF or XYZ data files

Profile Window Menu

The Print menu command prints the profile graphic only.

Sounding Window Menu

• Graphical editing of the model as described below.

Conductivity data, which is represented as intrinsic conductivity in mS/m). If DC Resistivity/IP

Here are two examples of cursor appearance:

In either case, Cancel is also offered.

Right clicking will display the View/Properties dialog box:

Well Log Window Menu

Under the file menu:

Print prints the current graphic display.

Close closes the Well Log interpretation window.

Entering a New Sounding

Next select one of the sounding types:

For EM Conductivity soundings, there is no array choice.

Press OK to continue, or Cancel to cancel the creation of the new sounding.

Creating a New Model

For EM Conductivity data, the conductivity in mS/m (milliSiemens/meter) replaces resistivity.

Selecting a Profile for Display

See also Delete Profile AND Soundings.

Deleting a Profile and Soundings

See also Delete Profile.

Open a File for Display

For EM Conductivity data, there are no additional selections to be made.

This is done using the same dialogs as New Sounding.

For DC Resistivity/IP Data, there is an additional column for the IP data:

XYZ File Import

For DC resistivity data, only apparent resistivity is available:

For Frequency EM, only Frequency soundings are available:

USF File Import

Station Locations Import

Press Cancel to abort the Station Location Import.

Borehole Resistivity Import

You can choose whether or not to display the

•Well log itself