Cap 6 PDF

Chapter 6
Applications of the Integral
6.1 Rectilinear Motion Revisited

Z
1. s(t) = 6 dt = 6t + c; 5 = s(2) = 6(2) + c; c = −7; s(t) = 6t − 7
Z
2. s(t) = (2t + 1) dt = t2 + t + c; 0 = s(1) = 12 + 1 + c = 2 + c; c = −2;
s(t) = t2 + t − 2
Z
1 3 1 3
3. s(t) = (t2 − 4t) dt = t − 2t2 + c; 6 = s(3) = −9 + c; c = 15; s(t) = t − 2t2 + 15
3 3
Z
√ 1 9 5
4. s(t) = 4t + 5 dt =
(4t + 5)3/2 + c; 2 = s(1) = + c; c = − ;
6 2 2
1 5
s(t) = (4t + 5)2/3 −
6 2
Z
π 5 π 5 5 1 5
5. s(t) = −10 cos 4t + dt = sin 4t + + c; = s(0) = − + c = − + c;
6 2 6 4 2 2 4
5 5 π 5
c = ; s(t) = − sin 4t + +
2 2 6 2
Z
2 2 2 2 2
6. s(t) = 2 sin 3t dt = − cos 3t + c; 0 = s(π) = + c; c = − ; s(t) = − cos 3t −
3 3 3 3 3
Z
7. v(t) = −5 dt = −5t + c; 4 = v(1) = −5 + c; c = 9; v(t) = −5t + 9;
Z
5 13 9
s(t) = (−5t + 9) dt = − t2 + 9t + c; 2 = s(1) = + c; c=− ;
2 2 2
5 2 9
s(t) = − t + 9t −
2 2
335
336 CHAPTER 6. APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL
Z
8. v(t) = 6t dt = 3t2 + c; 0 = v(2) = 12 + c; c = −12; v(t) = 3t2 − 12;
Z
s(t) = (3t2 − 12) dt = t3 − 12t + c; −5 = s(2) = −16 + c; c = 11;
s(t) = t3 − 12t + 11
Z
9. v(t) = (3t2 − 4t + 5) dt = t3 − 2t2 + 5t + c; −3 = v(0) = c; v(t) = t3 − 2t2 + 5t − 3;
Z
1 3 2 3 5 2
s(t) = (t3 − 2t2 + 5t − 3) dt = t − t + t − 3t + c; 10 = s(0) = c;
4 3 2
1 4 2 3 5 2
s(t) = t − t + t − 3t + 10
4 3 2
Z
1 1
10. v(t) = (t − 1)2 dt = (t − 1)3 + c; 4 = v(1) = c; c = 4; v(t) = (t − 1)3 + 4;
3 3
Z
1 1
s(t) = (t − 3)3 + 4 dt = (t − 1)4 + 4t + c; 6 = s(1) = 4 + c; c = 2;
3 12
1
s(t) = (t − 1)4 + 4t + 2
12
Z
21 4/3
11. v(t) = (7t1/3 − 1) dt = t − t + c; 50 = v(8) = 76 + c; c = −26;
4
21 4/3
v(t) = t − t + 26;
Z4
21 4/3 9 1
s(t) = t − t − 26 dt = t7/3 − t2 − 26t + c; 0 = s(8) = 48 + c; c = −48;
4 4 2
9 7/3 1 2
s(t) = t − t − 26t − 48
4 2
Z
12. v(t) = 100 cos 5t dt = 20 sin 5t + c; −20 = v(π/2) = 20 + c; c = −40;
v(t) = 20 sin 5t − 40;

Z
s(t) = (20 sin 5t − 40) dt = −4 cos 5t − 40t + c; 15 = s(π/2) = −20π + c; c = 15 + 20π;
s(t) = −4 cos 5t − 40t + 15 + 20π
13. v(t) = 2t − 2 = 2(t − 1)

Z 5 Z 1 Z 5
dist. = |2(t − 1)| dt = 2 −(t − 1) dt + 2 (t − 1) dt
0 0 1
1 5
1 2 1 2 1 15 1
= 2 − t +t +2 t −t =2 −0 +2 − − = 17 cm
2 0 2 1 2 2 2
6.1. RECTILINEAR MOTION REVISITED 337
14. v(t) = −2t + 4 = −2(t − 2)

Z 6 Z 2 Z 6
dist. = | − 2(t − 2)| dt = 2 −(t − 2) dt + 2 (t − 2) dt
0 0 2
2 6
1 2 1 2
= 2 − t + 2t +2 t − 2t = 2(2 − 0) + 2[6 − (−2)] = 20 cm
2 0 2 2
15. v(t) = 3t2 − 6t − 9 = 3(t + 1)(t − 3)

Z 4 Z 3 Z 4
dist. = |13t − 6t − 9| dt = 3
2
−(t − 2t − 3) dt + 3
2
(t2 − 2t − 3) dt
0 0 3
3 4
1 1 3 20
= 3 − t3 + t2 + 3t +3 t − t2 − 3t = 3(9 − 0) + 3 − − (−9) = 34 cm
3 0 3 3 3
16. v(t) = 4t − 64t = 4t(t + 4)(t − 4)

3
Z 5 Z 4 Z 5
dist. = |4t3 − 64t| dt = 4 −(t3 − 16t) dt + 4 (t3 − 16t) dt
1 1 4
4 5
1 1 4 31 175
= 4 − t4 + 8t2 +4 t − 8t2 = 4 64 − +4 − − (−64) = 306 cm
4 1 4 4 4 4
17. v(t) = 6π cos πt

Z 3 Z 3/2 Z 5/2 Z 3
dist. = |6π cos πt| dt = 6 −π cos πt dt + 6 π cos πt dt + 6 −π cos πt dt
1 1 3/2 5/2
3/2 5/2 3
= 6(− sin πt)]1 + 6(sin πt)]3/2 + 6(− sin πt)]5/2
= 6[−(−1) − 0] + 6[1 − (−1)] + 6[0 − (−1)] = 24 cm
18. v(t) = 2(t − 3)

Z 7 Z 3 Z 7
dist. = |2(t − 3)| dt = 2 −(t − 3) dt + 2 (t − 3) dt
2 2 3
3 7
1 1 2 9 7 9
= 2 − t2 + 3t +2 t − 3t =2 −4 +2 − − = 17 cm
2 2 2 3 2 2 2
19. We first convert mi/h to mi/s: 60 mi/h = 60/3600 mi/s. Then the distance traveled is
Z 2
2
60 60 60 1
dt = t = mi = mi × 5280 ft/mi = 176 ft.
0 3600 3600 0 1800 30
Z
20. a(t) = −32; v(0) = 0; s(0) = 144; v(t) = −32 dt = −32t + c; 0 = v(0) = c; v(t) = −32t;
Z
s(t) = −32t dt = −16t2 + c; 144 = s(0) = c; s(t) = −16t2 + 144
To find when the ball hits the ground, we solve s(t) = −16t2 + 144 = 0. This gives t = ±3.
The ball hits the ground in 3 seconds. Its speed at this time is |v(t)| = | − 96| = 96 ft/s.
Z
21. a(t) = −32; v(0) = 0; s(4) = 0; v(t) = −32 dt = −32t + c; 0 = v(0) = c; v(t) = −32t;
Z
s(t) = −32t dt = −16t2 + c; 0 = s(4) = −256 + c; c = 256; s(t) = −16t2 + 256
The height of the building is s(0) = 256 ft.

22. Let the depth of the well be h.
Z
a(t) = −32; v(0) = 0; s(0) = h; v(t) = −32 dt = −32t + c; 0 = v(0) = c; v(t) = −32t;
Z
s(t) = −32t dt = −16t2 + c; h = s(0) = c; s(t) = −16t2 + h
If tr is the time for the rock to hit the water, then 0 = s(tr ) = −16t2r + h, and h = 16t2r .
Since the speed of sound is 1080 ft/s and the sound is heard after 2 seconds, h = 1080(2 − tr ).
Then 16t2r = 1080(2 − tr ) or 2t2r + 135tr − 270 = 0. Using the quadratic formula to find the
positive root, we obtain
√ √
−135 + 18, 225 + 2, 160 −135 20, 385
tr = = ≈ 1.9440 s.
4 4
Then the depth of the well is h = 1080(2 − tr ) ≈ 60.4669 ft.
Z
23. a(t) = −9.8; v(0) = 24.5; s(0) = 0; v(t) = −9.8 dt = −9.8t + c; 24.5 = v(0) = c;
Z
v(t) = −9.8t + 24.5; s(t) = (−9.8t + 24.5) dt = −4.9t2 + 24.5t + c; 0 = s(0) = c;
s(t) = −4.9t2 + 24.5t

Solving v(t) = −9.8t + 24.5 = 0, we see that the maximum height is attained when t = 2.5
seconds. The maximum height is s(2.5) = 30.625 m.
Z
24. a(t) = −3.7; v(0) = 24.5; s(0) = 0; v(t) = −3.7 dt = −3.7t + c; 24.5 = v(0) = c;
Z
v(t) = −3.7t + 24.5; s(t) = (−3.7t + 24.5) dt = −1.85t2 + 24.5t + c; 0 = s(0) = c;
s(t) = −1.85t2 + 24.5t

Solving v(t) = −3.7t + 24.5 = 0 we see that the maximum height is attained when t ≈ 6.6216
seconds. The maximum height is s(6.6216) ≈ 81.1149 m.
Z
25. a(t) = −32; v(0) = 32; s(0) = 384; v(t) = −32 dt = −32t + c; 32 = v(0) = c;
Z
v(t) = −32t + 32; s(t) = (−32t + 32) dt = −16t2 + 32t + c; 384 = s(0) = c;
s(t) = −16t2 + 32t + 384

Solving v(t) = −32t + 32 = 0 we see that the maximum height is attained when t = 1
second. The maximum height is s(1) = 400 ft. Setting s(t) = −16t2 + 32t + 384 = 0, we have
t2 − 2t − 24 = (t − 6)(t + 4) = 0. Thus, the ball hits the ground at 6 seconds.
6.1. RECTILINEAR MOTION REVISITED 339
26. Setting s(t) = −16t2 + 32t + 384 = 256, we have t2 − 2t − 8 = (t − 4)(t + 2) = 0. Thus, the
ball passes the observer at 4 seconds. At this time v(4) = −96 ft/s.
Z
27. a(t) = −32; v(0) = −16; s(0) = 102; v(t) = −32 dt = −32t + c; −16 = v(0) = c;
Z
v(t) = −32t − 16; s(t) = (−32t − 16) dt = −16t2 − 16t + c; 102 = s(0) = c;
s(t) = −16t2 − 16t + 102

Solving s(t) = −16t2 − 16t + 102 = 6, we see that the marshmallow hits the person at t = 2
seconds. The impact velocity is v(2) = −80 ft/s.
Z
28. a(t) = −32; v(0) = 96; s(0) = 22; v(t) = −32 dt = −32t + c; 96 = v(0) = c;
Z
v(t) = −32t + 96; s(t) = (−32t + 96) dt = −16t2 + 96t + c; 22 = s(0) = c;
s(t) = −16t2 + 96t + 22

Solving s(t) = −16t2 + 96t + 22 = 102, we see that the stone hits the culprit at t = 1 second
(or t = 5 seconds if it misses on the way up and hits on its way back down). The impact
velocity is v(1) = 64 ft/s.
29. We measure upward from the top of the volcano, so that s(0) = 0. From a(t) = g = −1.8 we
obtain v(t) = −1.8t + v0 and s(t) = −0.9t2 + v0 t. If the rock attains its maximum height at
time t1 , then v(t1 ) = 0 = −1.8t + v0 and t1 = v0 /1.8. Solving
v 2 v v 2 v02
0 0 0
200, 000 = −0.9t21 + v0 t1 = −0.9 + v0 = 0.9 =
1.8 1.8 1.8 3.6
p
gives v0 3.6(200, 000) ≈ 848.5 m/s.
30. (a) Taking a(t) = −32, v(0) = −2, and s(0) = 25, we have v(t) = −32t−2
25
and s(t) = −16t2 − 2t + 25. Using similar triangles, we obtain =
s s
x 750
, 25(x − 30) = sx and x = . Then 30 x – 30
x − 30 25 − s x
dx 750 ds 750 750
= = v(t) = (−32t − 2)
dt (25 − s)2 dt (25 − s)2 (25 − s)2
1500(16t + 1) 1500(16t + 1) 375(16t + 1)
=− =− =− 2 .
(25 − s)2 (16t2 + 2t)2 t (8t + 1)2
dx 375(8 + 1)
(b) When t = 1/2, =− 1 = −540 ft/s.
4 (4 + 1)
dt 2
Z Z
dv dv dv
31. From the hint, a = = v, and integrating with respect to s gives a ds = v ds.
dt ds ds
1
Then as = v 2 + c, and solving for v we have v 2 = 2as − 2c. Since v = v0 when s = 0,
2
v02 = −2c and v 2 = 2as + v02 .
32. Let a be the acceleration due to gravity, v(0) = v0 , and s(0) = 0.

Z
v(t) = a dt = at + c; v0 = v(0) = c; v(t) = at + v0 ;
Z
1 1
s(t) = (at + v0 ) dt = at2 + v0 t + c; 0 = s(0) = c; s(t) = at2 + v0 t
2 2
1 2v0
Solving s(t) = at2 + v0 t = 0, we obtain t = 0 and t = − . Then v(−2v0 /a) = −v0 , and
2 a
the speed at impact with the ground is the initial velocity v0 .
33. Let a be the acceleration of gravity on the earth, v(0) = v0 , and s(0) = 0.
Z
v(t) = a dt = at + c; v0 = v(0) = c; v(t) = at + v0 ;
Z
1 1
s(t) = (at + v0 ) dt = at2 + v0 t + c 0 = s(0) = c; s(t) = at2 + v0 t
2 2
To find the maximum height reached on earth, we solve v(t) = at + v0 = 0. The maximum
height is reached when t = −v0 /a and is s(−v0 /a) = v02 /2a − v02 /a = −v02 /2a. On the
planet, the acceleration of gravity is a/2. Proceeding as on the earth, we obtain v(t) =
1 1
at + v0 , and s(t) = at2 + v0 t. To find the maximum height reached on the planet, we
2 4
1
solve v(t) = at + v0 = 0. The maximum height is reached when t = −2v0 /a and is
2
s(−2v0 /a) = v02 /a − 2v02 /a = −v02 /a. Thus, the maximum height reached on the planet is
twice that reached on earth.
34. Let a be the acceleration due to gravity on earth. Then, with initial velocity 2v0 , we have
1
ve (t) = at + 2v0 and se (t) = at2 + 2v0 t. On the planet, with acceleration due to gravity
2
1 1
a/2 and initial velocity v0 , we have vp (t) = at + v0 and sp (t) = at2 + v0 t. To find the
2 4
2v0
maximum height reached on earth, we solve ve (t) = at + 2v0 = 0 and obtain t = − . The
a
2v 2
4v 2
2v 2
maximum height is se (−2v0 /a) = 0 − 0 = − 0 . To find the maximum height reached
a a a
1 2v0
on the planet, we solve vp (t) = at + v0 = 0 and obtain t = − . The maximum height
2 a
v 2
2v 2
v 2
is sp (−2v0 /a) = 0 − 0 = − 0 . Thus, the maximum height reached on earth is twice
a a a
that reached on the planet. We want to find the initial velocity ϑ0 on the earth so that the
v2
maximum height reached on earth is − 0 , the maximum height reached on the planet. With
a
1
initial velocity ϑ0 , we have ve (t) = at + ϑ0 and se (t) = at2 + ϑ0 t. Solving ve (t) = at + ϑ0 = 0
2
ϑ0 ϑ2 ϑ2 ϑ2 v2
we obtain t = − . Then, we want s(−ϑ0 /a) = 0 − 0 = − 0 to be equal to − 0 . Solving
a 2a a√ 2a a
for ϑ0 we see that the initial velocity on earth must be 2v0 .
6.2 Area Revisited

6.2. AREA REVISITED 341
Z 1
1
1 3 2 2 4 2
1. A = −(x − 1) dx = − x + x
2
= − − = 1
−1 3 −1 3 3 3
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
Z Z 2 1 2
1
1 1 3 3
2. A = −(x2 − 1) dx + (x2 − 1) dx = − x3 + x + x −x 2
0 1 3 0 3 1
1
2 2 2
= −0 + − − =2 -1 1 2 3
3 3 3 -1
Z 0
0
1 81 81 10
3. A = −x3 dx = − x4 =0− − =
−3 4 −3 4 4 -3 -2 -1 1 2
-10
-20
-30
Z Z 1 2
1 2
1 1
4. A = (1 − x3 ) dx + −(1 − x3 ) dx = x − x4 + −x + x4 -1 1 2
0 1 4 0 4 1

3 3 7 -5
= −0 + 2− − =
4 4 2
Z 3
3
1 3 9 9 3
5. A = −(x2 − 3x) dx = − x3 − x2 = −0=

0 3 2 0 2 2
3
-3
Z 0
0
1 1 1
6. A = (x + 1)2 dx = (x + 1)3 = −0=
-2 -1 1
−1 3 −1 3 3
-3
Z 0 Z 1 6
7. A = (x − 6x) dx +
3
−(x − 6x) dx
3
3
−1 0
0 1 -2 -1 1 2
1 4 1
= x − 3x2 + − x4 − 3x2
-3
4 −1 4 0 -6

11 11 11
= 0− − + −0 =
4 4 2
Z 1 Z 2
8. A = (x3 − 3x2 + 2) dx + −(x3 − 3x2 + 2) dx -1 1 2
0 1
1 2
1 4 1 -5
= x − x3 + 2x + − x4 + x3 − 2x
4 4
0 1
5 5 5
= −0 + 0− − =
4 4 2
Z 1 Z 2
9. A = −(x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6) dx + (x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6) dx
2 4
-2
0 1
Z 3 -4
+ −(x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6) dx -6
2
1 2
1 11 1 4 11
= − x4 + 2x3 − x2 + 6x + x − 2x3 + x2 − 6x
4 2 0 4 2 1
3
1 4 11
+ − x + 2x3 − x2 + 6x
4 2 2

9 9 9 11
= − 0 + (−2) − − + −2 =
4 4 4 4
Z 0 Z 1 1
10. A = (x − x) dx +
3
−(x3 − x) dx
−1 0
0 1 -1 1
1 4 1 2 1 1
= x − x + − x4 + x2
4 2 4 2
-1
−1 0

1 1 1
= 0− − + −0 =
4 4 2
Z 1 Z 3 1 3
1 1
11. A = −(1 − x−2 ) dx + (1 − x−2 ) dx = −x − + x+ 2
1/2 1 x 1/2 x 1

5 10 11 -2
= −2 − − + −2 =
2 3 6
Z 2
2
1 5 1
12. A = (1 − x −2
) dx = x + = −2=
1 x 1 2 2 2
-2
Z 1 Z 4 2
13. A = −(x 1/2

− 1) dx + (x1/2 − 1) dx
0 1
1 4 2 4
2 2 3/2 1 4 1
= − x3/2 + x + x −x = −0 + − − =2
3 0 3 1 3 3 3 -2
Z 4 Z 9 2
14. A = (2 − x 1/2
) dx + −(2 − x1/2 ) dx
0 4
4 9 4 8
2 2 8 8 16
= 2x − x3/2 + −2x + x3/2 = −0 + 0− − =
3 0 3 4 3 3 3 -2
Z Z 0 3
0
3 4/3 3
3 4/3 2
15. A = −x dx + 1/3
x dx = − x + x
1/3
−2 0 4 −2 4 0
3
3 4/3 3 4/3 3 4/3
= 0 + (2 ) + (3 ) − 0 = (2 + 34/3 ) -2
4 4 4
Z 8
8
3 11 27
16. A = (2 − x1/3 ) dx = 2x − x4/3 =4− − = 3
−1 4 −1 4 4
4 8
Z 0 Z π
0 π
17. A = − sin x dx + sin x dx = cos x]−π − cos x]0
1
−π 0
-π π
= [1 − (−1)] − (−1 − 1) = 4
-1
Z 3π 3
3π
18. A = (1 + cos x) dx = (x + sin x)]0 = 3π − 0 = 3π 2
0 1
π 2π 3π
-1
Z
π/2
π/2 π 3π
19. A = −(−1 + sin x) dx = (x + cos x)]−3π/2 = − − = 2π
−3π/2 2 2 2
-2
Z π/3 √ √
π/3
20. A = sec2 x dx = tan x]0 = 3−0= 3 4
0 2
-π π
Z Z 0 1
0 1
1 1 3 1 7 2
21. A = −x dx + x2 dx = − x2 + x = −(0 − 2) + −0 =
−2 0 2 −2 3 0 3 3
-2 2
-2
Z Z Z √ Z
−2 0 2 2 2
22. A = −(x + 2) dx + (x + 2) dx + (2 − x2 ) dx + √ −(2 − x2 ) dx

−3 −2 0 2
√ -2 2
−2 0 2
1 2 1 2 1
=− x + 2x + x + 2x + 2x − x3 -2
2 −3 2 −2 3 0
2
1 3
− 2x − x
3 √
2

3 4√ 4 4√ 7 8√
= − −2 + + (0 + 2) + 2−0 − − 2 = + 2
2 3 3 3 6 3
Z Z 3
3 3
3 27 3
23. A = [x − (−2x)] dx = 3x dx = x2 =
0 0 2 0 2 -4 4
-3
-6
Z Z 2 9
2 2
3 2
24. A = (4x − x) dx = 3x dx = x =6
2
6
0 0 0
3
-4 4
Z 2
2
1 16 16 32 6
25. A = (4 − x ) dx =
2
4x − x2 = − − =
−2 3 −2 3 3 3 3
-4 4
Z 1
1
1 2 1 3 1 2
26. A = (x − x2 ) dx = x − x =
0 2 3 0 6 1
-1 1
Z 2
2
1 33 81
27. A = (8 − x3 ) dx = 8x − x4 = 12 − − =
4 4 4
5
−1 −1
-2 2
Z 1
1
3 4/3 1 4 1 1
28. A = (x 1/3
− x ) dx =
3
x − x =
0 4 4 0 2
-1 1
-1
Z 1 Z 1 1 4
29. A = [4(1 − x2 ) − (1 − x2 )] dx = (3 − 3x2 ) dx = (3x − x3 ) −1

−1 −1 2
= 2 − (−2) = 4
-2 2
Z 1 Z 1 1 3
30. A = [2(1 − x2 ) − (x2 − 1)] dx = (3 − 3x2 ) dx = (3x − x3 ) −1

−1 −1
= 2 − (−2) = 4 -2 2
Z 3
3
1 2 1 29 3 10 3
31. A = (x − x−2 ) dx = x + = − =
1 2 x 1 6 2 3
3
Z Z 9 9
9
√ 1 2 3/2 9
32. A = y− √ dy = (y 1/2
−y −1/2
) dy = x − 2y 1/2
1 y 1 3 1
6

4 40 3
= 12 − − =
3 3 2 4
Z 1 Z 1
33. A = [(−x + 6) − (x + 4x)] dx =
2 2
(6 − 4x − 2x2 ) dx 4
−3 −3
1
2 10 64 -3 3
= 6x − 2x2 − x3 = − (−18) =
3 −3 3 3 -4
Z 3/2 Z 3/2 2
34. A = [(−x2 + 3x) − x2 ] dx = (3x − 2x2 ) dx 1

0 0
3/2
3 2 2 3 9 -1 1 2
= x − x = -1
2 3 0 8
Z 8
8
3 64 64 128
35. A = (4 − x2/3 ) dx = 4x − x5/3 = − − =
5 5 5 5
4
−8 −8
-8 8
Z 1 Z 1 2
36. A = [(1 − x 2/3

) − (x 2/3
− 1)] dx = (2 − 2x2/3 ) dx
−1 −1
1 -2 2
6 4 4 8
= 2x − x5/3 = − − =
5 −1 5 5 5 -2
Z 5 Z 6
20
37. A = [(2x + 2) − (x2 − 2x − 3)] dx + [(x2 − 2x − 3) − (2x + 2)] dx 15
−1 5 10
Z5 Z 6 5
= (5 + 4x − x2 ) dx + (x2 − 4x − 5) dx -2 2 4 6
−1 5
5 6
1 1 3
= 5x + 2x2 + x3 + x − 2x2 − 5x
3 −1 3 5

100 8 100 118
= − − + (−30) − − =
3 3 3 3
Z 5/2 Z 5/2
3 5
38. A = (−x2 + 4x) − x dx = x − x2 dx
4
0 2 0 2 2
5/2
5 2 1 3 125 -2 2 4
= x − x =
4 3 0 48 -2
Z 0 Z 2
1 8
39. A = x + 6 + x dx + (x + 6 − x3 ) dx
2
6
−4 0 4
0 2
3 2 1 2 1 4 2
= x + 6x + x + 6x − x = (0 + 12) + (10 − 0) = 22
4 −4 2 4 0
-4 -2 2 4
Z 1
1
1 1 2
40. A = y dy = y 3
2
=
0 3 0 3 1
-1 1 2
-1
Z 2 Z 2 2
41. A = [(2 − y 2 ) − (−y)] dy = (2 + y − y 2 ) dy 1

−1 −1
2 -2 -1 1 2
1 1 10 7 9 -1
= 2y + y 2 − y 3 = − − =
2 3 −1 3 6 2 -2
Z √ √3Z √
3
2 3 3 3
42. A = √ [(6 − y ) − y ] dy = √ (6 − 2y ) dy = 6y − y
2 2 2
− 3 − 3 3 √
− 3 3 6
√ √ √
= 4 3 − (−4 3) = 8 3 -3
Z 0 Z 0
43. A = [(−y − 2y + 2) − (y + 2y + 2)] dy =
2 2
(−2y 2 − 4y) dy 2 4
−2 −2
0
2 8 8 -2
= − y 3 − 2y 2 =0− − =
3 −2 3 3
Z 4 Z 4
44. A = [(−y + 2y + 1) − (y − 6y + 1)] dy =
2 2
(8y − 2y 2 ) dy 4
0 0
4
2 64 -8 -4
= 4y 2 − y 3 =
3 0 3 -4
Z 1 Z 1
45. A = [(x + 4) − (x3 − x)] dx = (4 + 2x − x3 ) dx 4
−1 −1 2
1
1 19 13
= 4x − x2 − x4 = − − =8 -2 2
4 −1 4 4
Z 0 Z 1 2
46. A = (y 3 − y) dy + −(y 3 − y) dy
−1 0
0 1 -2 2
1 4 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 1 1
= y − y + − y + y =0− − + −0=
4 2 −1 4 2 0 4 4 2 -2
Z π/4 Z π/2 2
47. A = (cos x − sin x) dx + (sin x − cos x) dx

0 π/4
!
π/4 π/2
= (sin x + cos x)]0
+ (− cos x − sin x)]π/4
√ √ √ -2
= 2 − 1 + (−1) − (− 2) = 2 2 − 2
Z Z π/2
π/2 π/2
1
2
48. A = [2 sin x − (−x)] dx = (2 sin x + x) dx = −2 cos x + x2

0 0 2 0 π
π 2
16 + π 2
= − (−2) =
8 8
-2
Z 5π/6 4
5π/6
49. A = (4 sin x − 2) dx = (−4 cos x − 2x)]π/6
π/6 2
√
√ 5π √ π 12 3 − 4π
=2 3− − −2 3 − =
3 3 3 !
Z π/2 Z π/2
50. A = [2 cos x − (− cos x)] dx = 3 cos x dx
2
−π/2 −π/2 -π π
π/2
= 3 sin x]−π/2 = 3 − (−3) = 6 -2
√ 4
51. Region 1: y = x, y = −x, x = 0, x = 4
-2 2 4 6
-4
√
Region 2: y = − x, y = x, x = 0, x = 4 4
-2 2 4 6
-4
1 2 4
52. Region 1: y = x , y = x − 3, x = −1, x = 2
2
-2 2 4 6
-4
1
Region 2: y = 3 − x, y = − x2 , x = −1, x = 2 4
2
-2 2 4 6
-4
Z Z Z 2
2 3 1/2
3 3 6
53.
x + 1 − 4x dx = x+1
− 4x dx + 4x −
x+1
dx 4
0 0 1/2
1/2 2 2
= 3 ln |x + 1| − 2x2 0 + 2x2 − 3 ln |x + 1| 1/2 -2 2
3 1 1 3
= 3 ln − + 8 − 3 ln 3 − + 3 ln
2 2 2 2
3
= 7 + 3 ln ≈ 6.1370
4
Z Z √ Z
1 x ln 2 1 4
54. e − 2e−x dx = 2e −x
−e x
dx + ex − 2e−x dx
√
−1 −1 ln 2
ln √2
1 -2 2
= −2e − e −1 + e + 2e−x ln √2
−x x x
√ √ √ √
= − 2 − 2 + 2e + e−1 + e + 2e−1 − 2 − 2
√
= 3e + 3e−1 − 4 2
Z p 4
3
1 9π
55. 9 − x2 dx = π(3)2 =
0 4 4
-3 3
6
Z p
5
1 25π
56. 25 − x2 dx = π(5)2 =
−5 2 2
-5 5
4
Z p Z p Z
2 2
12
57. (1 + 4 − x2 ) dx = 1 dx + 4 − x2 dx = 4 + π(2)2 = 4 + 2π
2
2
−2 −2 −2
-2 2
Z 1 p Z 1 Z 1 p 4
58. (2x + 3 − 1 − x2 ) dx = (2x + 3) dx − 1 − x2 dx
−1 −1 −1
1 1
= x2 + 3x −1 − π(1)2
2 -2 2
π π
= 1 + 3 − 1 − 3(−1) − = 6 −
2 2
59. The area of the ellipse is four times the area in the first quadrant portion of
the ellipse. Thus, b
Z ap Z
4b a p 2 4b 1 2 a
A=4 b2 − b2 x2 /a2 dx = a − x2 dx = πa = πab.
0 a 0 a 4
Z Z 3
2
1 1 1 1
60. A = (3x − 2) − x+ dx + (−2x + 8) − x+ dx
1 2 2 2 2 2
Z 2 Z 3 4 (2, 4)
5 5 5 15
= x− dx + − x+ dx
1 2 2 2 2 2
2 3 2
(3, 2)
5 2 5 5 2 15
= x − x + − x +
4 2 1 4 2 2 (1, 1)

5 45 5
=0− − + − 10 = 2 4
4 4 2
Z −2 Z −2
√ √
61. A = (2 − −x − 2) dx + [− −x − 2 − (−2)] dx
−6 −6
Z 0 Z 2
4
+ [2 − (−2)] dx + [2 − (2x − 2)] dx

−2 0
Z −2 Z 0 Z 2
√ -6
=2 (2 − −x − 2) dx + 4 dx + (4 − 2x) dx
−6 −2 0
−2 -4
2 0 2
= 2 2x + (−x − 2)3/2 + 4x ]−2 + (4x − x2 ) 0
3 −6

20 52
= 2 −4 − − +8+4−0=
3 3
Z 2 Z 2 2
1 1 1 3 1 2
62. A = y + 1 − (−y − 2) dy =
2
y + y + 3 dy =
2
y + y + 3y
−2 2 −2 2 3 4 −2

29 23 52
= − − =
3 3 3
Z ln 3/2 Z ln 2
63. The area with respect to x is Ax = (e − 1) dx +
x
(2 − ex ) dx.
0 ln 3/2
Z
y+1 2
The area with respect to y is Ay = ln y − ln dy.
1 2
If integration with respect to x is chosen, we get
Z ln 3/2 Z ln 2
ln 3/2 ln 2
Ax = (ex − 1) dx + (2 − ex ) dx = (ex − x)]0 + (2x − ex )]ln 3/2
0 ln 3/2
3 3 3 3
= − ln − 1 + 2 ln 2 − 2 − 2 ln + = −3 ln 3 + 5 ln 2 ≈ 0.1699.
2 2 2 2
If integration with respect to y is chosen, we get
Z 2 2
y+1 y+1
Ay = ln y − ln dy = y ln y − y − (y + 1) ln + (y + 1)
1 2 2 1
2
y+1 3
= y ln y − (y + 1) ln + 1 = 2 ln 2 − 3 ln + 1 − ln 1 + 2 ln 1 − 1
2 1 2
= −3 ln 3 + 5 ln 2 ≈ 0.1699
(see Problem 5.1.39 for the antiderivative of ln x)

64. Using Mathematica the numbers at which the curves intersect are approximately
−0.4077767094044803 and 0.7148059123627778.
The area is then
Z 0.7148059123627778
A= (ex − 4x2 ) dx ≈ 0.801284.
−0.4077767094044803
65. At P (x0 , 1/x0 ) the slope of the line segment is −1/x20 . The equation of the line through Q
and R is then y = −x/x20 + 2/x0 . Setting y = 0 we see that the x-intercept is 2x0 . The area
is
Z 2x0 2x0
1 2 1 2 2
A= − 2x + dx = − 2 x + x = −2 + 4 = 2,
0 x0 x0 2x0 x0 0
which does not depend on x0 .
Z b b
1 2 1 1 2
66. A = (Ax + B) dx = Ax + Bx = Ab2 + Bb − Aa + Ba
a 2 a 2 2

A 2 A
= (b − a2 ) + B(b − a) = (b + a) + B (b − a)
2 2 f (b)

f (a)
Aa + B + Ab + B f (a) + f (b)
= (b − a) = (b − a)
2 2 a b
67. By symmetry with respect to the line y = x,

Z a a
1
A=2 (cos x − x) dx = 2 sin x − x2 = 2 sin a − a2
0 2 0
(Using Mathematica it is easily shown that a ≈ 0.739085.)
68. The areas are the same. In Figure 6.2.16(b), the area of the straight swath of paint is k(b − a).
Now, if y = f (x) describes the lower edge of the swath in Figure 6.2.16(a), then an equation
for the upper edge is y = f (x) + k. The area between the two graphs is then
Z b Z b
{[f (x) + k] − f (x)} dx = k dx = k(b − a).
a a
69. The areas are the same. Let w be the length of the line segments AB and CD, and without loss
of generality, let AB reside on y = 0, with CD residing on y = h. Thus, in Figure 6.2.17(a),
the area of the rectangle is wh. Since Figure 6.2.17(b) describes a parallelogram, the line
defined by AD0 can be written as x = f (y). Thus, the line defined by BC 0 is x = f (y) + w.
The area of the parallelogram is therefore
Z h Z h
{[f (y) + w] − f (y)} dy = w dy = wh.
0 0
70. This project involves a research report, and thus a preset solution is not applicable. It is noted,
however, that Cavalieri’s Principle relates directly to the situations presented in Problems 68
and 69.
6.3. VOLUMES OF SOLIDS: SLICING METHOD 351
6.3 Volumes of Solids: Slicing Method

√ √ √
1. x2 + y 2 = 16; y = 16 − x2 ; A(x) = 3y 2 = 3(16 − x2 ) (x, y)
y y√3 y
Z 4√ 4 4
√ 1 3
V = 3(16 − x ) dx = 3 16x − x
2
x y
−4 3 −4
√
√ 128 128 256 3 3
= 3 − − = ft
3 3 3

√ 1 1 (x, y)
2. x2 + y 2 = 16; y = 16 − x2 ; A(x) = πy 2 = π 8 − x2
2 2 y y
4
Z 4 4
1 1 x y
V = π 8 − x2 dx = π 8x − x3
−4 2 6 −4

64 64 128π 3
=π − − = ft
3 3 3
Z 4
4
3. x = y 2 ; A(x) = 2y(8y) = 16y 2 = 16x; V = 16x dx = 8x2 0 = 128 2 (x, y)
0
y
4
-2
√ √
3y 2 3 √ 1 4
4. y = 4 − x ; A(x) =
2
= (4 − x ) = 3 4 − 2x + x
2 2 2
4 4 4
Z 2√
√
2 4
(x, y)
1 2 1
V = 3 4 − 2x2 + x4 dx = 3 4x − x3 + x5 y/2
−2 4 3 20 −2 y
√
√ 64 64 128 3 √3y/2
= 3 =
-2 2
− −
15 15 15
2 1 2π
5. y = − x + 2; A(x) = πy 2 = (x − 5)2
5 2 25 2
Z 5 5 y
2π 2π 10π 3
V = (x − 5) dx =
2
(x − 5) 2
= ft x 5
0 25 75 0 3
-2
√
6. y = 4 − x2 ; A(x) = πy 2 − π(12 ) = π(3 − x2 ) 3 √3
Z √3 √3
1 3 y
V = √ π(3 − x ) dx = π 3x − x
2
1 2 1
3 √
− 3
√ √ √
− 3 -3 x 3
= π[2 3 − (−2 3)] = 4π 3 ft3
-3
7. x = −y + 3; A(y) = x2 = (y − 3)2
Z 3 3 3
1 (x, y)
V = (y − 3) dy = (y − 3)
2 3
=9
0 3 0
x
3
8. Let b denote the length of one side of the square base. Thus, B = b2 .
h h−y b(h − y)
Using similar triangles, we have = and x = . Thus, h –y
b 2x 2h
b (h − y)
2 2
A(y) = (2x)2 = , and h
h2 (x, y)
x
Z h 2 Z h y
b (h − y)2 2b2 b2 2
V = dy = b 2
− y + y dy
0 h2 0 h h2 b
h
b2 2 b2 3 b2 h 1
= b y − y + 2y
2
= b2 h − b2 h + = hB.
h 3h 0 3 3
√ B(1, 1)
9. x = y C
Z 1 Z 1 1
√ 2 1 2 π
V =π [1 − ( y) ] dy = π
2
(1 − y) dy = π y − y =
0 0 2 0 2 x
O A
10. y = x2 B(1, 1)
C
Z Z
1 1
π 5 i1 π
V =π (x2 )2 dx = π x4 dx = x =
0 0 5 0 5
y
O A
11. y = x2 B(1, 1)
C
Z 1
1
1 5 4π
V =π (1 − x ) dx = π x − x
2 4
=
0 5 0 5
y
O A
√ B(1, 1)
12. x = y C
Z 1 Z
√ 1
π 2 i1 π
V =π ( y)2 dy = π y dy = y =
0 0 2 0 2 x
O A
√
13. x = y C B(1, 1)
Z 1 Z 1
√ 2 √
V =π (1 − y) dy = π (1 − 2 y + y) dy
0
1
0 x
4 1 π
= π y − y 3/2 + y 2 =
3 2 0 6 O A
√
14. x = y C B(1, 1)
Z 1 Z 1
√ √
V =π [12 − (1 − y)2 ] dy = π (2 y − y) dy x
0 0
1
4 3/2 1 2 5π O A
=π y − y =
3 2 0 6
9
15. y = 9 − x 2
Z 3 Z 3
V =π (9 − x2 )2 dx = 2π (81 − 18x2 + x4 ) dx
−3
3
0 y
1 1296π
= 2π 81x − 6x3 + x5 =
5 0 5 -3 3
√
16. x = y−1 5
Z 5 p Z 5
V =π ( y − 1)2 dy = π (y − 1) dy x
1 1
5
1 2 15 1
=π y −y =π − − = 8π
2 1 2 2 2
1
17. x = 2
y
"
Z # Z 1
2
1 1
1 x
V =π − 1 dy = π
2
(y −2 − 1) dy
1/2 y 1/2
1
1 5 π 2
= π − −y = π −2 − − =
y 1/2 2 2
6.3.17
1
18. y = 3
x
Z 2 3 2
3
1 1 1 5π
V =π dx = π − = π − − (−2) =
1/2 x x 1/2 3 3 1
y
1 2 3
19. y = (x − 2)2 4
Z 2 i2
π 32π
V =π (x − 2)4 dx = (x − 2)5 =
0 5 0 5 2
2 4
√
20. x = y−1
Z 1 Z 1 1
√ √
V =π ( y − 1)2 dy = π (y − 2 y + 1) dy
0 0
1 x
1 2 4 3/2 π
=π y − y +y = -1
2 3 0 6
1 4
21. y1 = 4 − x2 ; y2 = 1 − x2
4
Z 2" 2 # Z 2
1 2 15 15 y1
V = 2π (4 − x ) − 1 − x
2 2
dx = 2π 15 − x2 + x4 dx
0 4 0 2 16
2 y2
5 3 -2 2
= 2π 15x − x3 + x5 = 32π
2 16 0
√
22. x = 1−y 2
Z 1 p Z 1 1
1 π
V =π ( 1 − y)2 dy = π (1 − y) dy = π y − y 2 =
0 0 2 0 2
x
2
23. x1 = y; x2 = y − 1 2
Z 1 Z 2
V =π y 2 dy + π [y 2 − (y − 1)2 ] dy
0 1 1
1 x1 x1 – x2
1 3 2 1 7π
=π y + π(y − y)
2
=π +2 =
3 0
1 3 3 1 2
24. y1 = 1; y2 = 2 − x 2
Z 1 Z 2 Z 1 Z 2
V =π 12 dx + π (2 − x)2 dx = π dx + π (4 − 4x + x2 ) dx
0 1 0 1 1
2 y1
1 1 8 7 4π y2
= πx]0 + π 4x − 2x2 + x3 =π+π − =
3 1 3 3 3 1 2
25. x = y 2 + 1
Z 2 Z 2 4
V =π [5 − (y + 1)] dy = π
2 2
(4 − y 2 )2 dy
0 0 2
Z 2
2
8 1 256π 5–x
=π (16 − 8y 2 + y 4 ) dy = π 16y − y 3 + y 5 =
0 3 5 0 15 5
26. x = y 2 1
Z 1 Z 1
V =π (1 − y ) dy = π
2 2
(1 − 2y + y ) dy
2 4
−1 −1 1
1 1–x
2 1 8 8 16π
= π y − y3 + y5 =π − − = -1
3 5 −1 15 15 15
27. y = x1/3 2
Z 1 Z 1
1 2–y
V =π [(2 − x1/3 )2 − 12 ] dx = π (3 − 4x1/3 + x2/3 ) dx
0 0 1
1
3 3π
= π 3x − 3x4/3 + x5/3 =
5 0 5 1 2
28. x = −y 2 + 2y
Z 2n Z 2 2 2–x
2 o
V =π 2 − 2 − (−y + 2y)
2 2
dy = π (8y − 8y 2 + 4y 3 − y 4 ) dy
0 0 1
2
8 1 64π
= π 4y 2 − y 3 + y 4 − y 5 =
3 5 0 15 1 2
p
29. x = y 2 + 16 3
Z 3 p 2 Z 3
x
V =π 52 − y 2 + 16 dy = π (9 − y 2 ) dy
−3 −3 3
3
1
= π 9y − y 3 = π[18 − (−18)] = 36π
3 −3 -3
1
30. y1 = 9 − x2 ;y2 = x2 − 6x + 9 = (x − 3)2 9
2
Z " 2 #
y1
4
1 2 6
V =π 9− x − (x − 3) dx
4
0 2 3
Z 4 y2
3 4
=π 108x − 63x + 12x − x dx
2 3
3 6 9
0 4
4
3 672π
= π 54x2 − 21x3 + 3x4 − x5 =
20 0 5
31. x1 = y + 6; x2 = y 2 5 x1
Z 3 Z 3 x2
V =π [(y + 6)2 − y 4 ] dy = π (36 + 12y + y 2 − y 4 ) dy
−2 −2
3 6
1 1 612 664 500π
= π 36y + 6y 2 + y 3 − y 5 =π − − =
3 5 −2 5 15 3
-5
32. x = (y − 1)1/3
Z 9 9
3π 96π x
V =π (y − 1) dy =
2/3
(y − 1) 5/3
= 5
1 5 1 5
-4 -2 2 4
33. y = x3 − x 1
Z 1 Z 1
V =π (x − x) dx = π
3 2
(x6 − 2x4 + x2 ) dx
−1 −1
1 y
1 7 2 5 1 3 8 8 16π
=π x − x + x =π − − = -1 1
7 5 3 −1 105 105 105
34. y = x3 + 1
Z 1 Z 1
2
V =π (x3 + 1)2 dx = π (x6 + 2x3 + 1) dx
−1 −1
1 y
1 7 1 4 23 9 16π
=π x + x +x =π − − = -2 2
7 2 −1 14 14 7
35. y = e−x
Z 1 Z 1 2
V =π [(2 − e−x )2 − 12 ] dx = π (3 − 4e−x + e−2x ) dx 1 2–y

0 0
1
1 1 1
= π 3x + 4e −x
− e−2x = π 4e −1
− e−2 −
2 0 2 2 2
36. y = ex 8
Z 2 Z 2
V =π [(e ) − 1 ] dx = π
x 2 2
(e 2x
− 1) dx
0 0 6
2
1 2x 1 4 5
=π e −x =π e −
2 0 2 2 4
y
2
1
3
37. y = | cos x|
Z 2π Z 1
1 + cos 2x
2π
y
V =π | cos x| dx = π
2
dx
0 0 2 ! 2!
Z 2π
π 2π π 1 -1
= (1 + cos 2x) dx = x + sin 2x = π2
2 0 2 2 0
38. y = sec x 2
Z π/4
π/4
V =π sec2 x dx = π tan x]−π/4 = π[1 − (−1)] = 2π
−π/4 1
y
–π/4 π/4
39. y = tan x
Z π/4 Z π/4 1
π/4
V =π tan x dx = π
2
(sec x − 1) dx = π(tan x −
2
x)]0
0 0
4π − π 2 y
π
=π 1− −0 =
4 4 π/4
40. y1 = cos x; y2 = sin x

Z π/4 Z π/4 iπ/4 1
π π
V =π (cos x − sin x) dx = π cos 2x dx = sin 2x = y1
2 2
0 0 2 0 2
y2
π/4
41. The volume of the right circular cylinder is πr2 h. Placing the center of the red circular
cylinder’s base in Figure 6.3.19 on the origin, we see that A = πr2 for every slice from y = 0
to h. Thus, the volume V of the cylinder is
Z h ih
V = πr2 dy = πr2 y = πr2 h.
0 0
42. Take the cross-sections to be rectangles perpendicular to the base of (x, y)

the cylinder and parallel to the diameter. a y
p x y
x2 + y 2 = a2 ; y = a2 − x2
√ √
(a) A(x) = 2yz = (2 a2 − x2 )x = 2x a2 − x2 z=x
Z a p z 2y
V = 2x a2 − x2 dx u = a2 − x2 , du = −2x dx x
0 z
Z 0
0
2 2 2
= −u1/2 du = − u3/2 = − (0 − a3 ) = a3
a2 3 a2 3 3
√ √ √ √
(b) A(x) = 2yz = (2 a2 − x2 ) 3x = 2 3x a2 − x2
Z a √ p z = √3x z 2y
V = 2 3x a2 − x2 dx u = a2 − x2 , du = −2x dx x
0
Z √ #0 √ √ z
0 √ 2 3 3/2 2 3 2 3 3
= − 3u 1/2
du = − u =− (0 − a3 ) = a
a2 3 2
3 3
a
43. (a) Using Mathematica, we obtain with the disk method

Z 1
4π
V =π [P (x)]2 (1 − x2 ) dx = (5a2 + 9b2 + 21c2 + 105d2 + 18ac + 42bd).
−1 315
(b) Setting a = −0.07, b = −0.02, c = 0.2, and d = 0.56 we obtain V ≈ 1.32 cubic units.
(c)
1
-1 1
(d) Setting a = −0.06, b = 0.04, c = 0.1, and d = 0.54 we obtain V ≈ 1.26 cubic units.
p
44. (a) Using x = r2 − y 2 and the disk method, we obtain
Z h−r p 2 (0, h – r)
V =π r2 − y 2 dy –r r
−r
Z h−r
h−r
1 x
=π (r2 − y 2 ) dy = π r2 y − y 3 h
−r 3 −r –r

1 1 3
= π r (h − r) − (h − r) − −r + r
2 2 3
3 3
1
= πr2 h − πh3 .
3
4 π
(b) The weight of the ball is πr3 ρball and the weight of water displaced is (3rh2 −h3 )ρwater .
3 3
ρball 4 π
Using Archimedes’ principle and = 0.4 we have π(3) (0.4) = (9h2 − h3 ) or
2
ρwater 3 3
h3 − 9h2 + 43.2 = 0. Solving for h we obtain h ≈ 2.5976 in.
45. (a) Each eighth of the bicylinder can be sliced into squares whose sides follow the perimeter
of a √
quadrant of the cylinders’ base; that is, x2 + y 2 = r2 , one side of the square is
y = r2 − x2 , and its area is y 2 = r2 − x2 . Using symmetry, the volume common to the
cylinders is thus
Z r r
x3 16r3
V =8 (r2 − x2 ) dx = 8 r2 x − = .
0 3 0 3
(b) This item involves a research report, and thus a preset solution is not applicable.
6.4. VOLUMES OF SOLIDS: SHELL METHOD 359
6.4 Volumes of Solids: Shell Method

√ B(1, 1)
1. y = x C
Z 1
1 √ 4π 5/2 4π
V = 2π x x dx = x =
0 5 0 5 y
O A
2. x = y 2 B(1, 1)
C
Z 1
1
1 2 1 4 π
V = 2π y(1 − y 2 ) dy = 2π y − y = x
0 2 4 0 2
O A
3. x = y 2 B(1, 1)
C
Z 1
1
1 3 1 4 π x
V = 2π (1 − y)y 2 dy = 2π y − y =
0 3 4 0 6
O A
4. x = y 2 B(1, 1)
C
Z i1
1
π 4 π x
V = 2π y · y 2 dy = y =
0 2 0 2
O A
√
5. y = x
C B(1, 1)
Z 1
1 √ 2 3/2 2 5/2 8π
V = 2π (1 − x) x dx = 2π x − x =
0 3 5 0 15 y
O A
√
6. y = x
Z Z C B(1, 1)
1 √ 1 √
V = 2π (1 − x)(1 − x) dx = 2π (1 − x−x+x 3/2
) dx
0

0
1 y
2 1 2 7π
= 2π x − x3/2 − x2 + x5/2 = O A
3 2 5 0 15
7. x = y 5
Z 5
5
2π 3 250π
V = 2π y · y dy = y = x
0 3 0 3
8. x = 1 − y
Z 1 Z 1 1
V = 2π (y + 2)(1 − y) dy = 2π (2 − y − y 2 ) dy

0
1
0 x
1 1 7π
= 2π 2y − y 2 − y 3 = 1
2 3 0 3
-1
-2
√
9. x = y 3
Z 3 √
3
√ 4π 5/2 36π 3 2
V = 2π y y dy = y =
0 5 0 5 x
1
-1 1 2
10. y = x2
4
Z 2
π i2
V = 2π x · x2 dx = x4 = 8π
0 2 0
y
2 4
11. y = x2
Z 1 1
1
1 4 3π
V = 2π (3 − x)x dx = 2π x − x
2 3
=
0 4 0 2 y
1 2 3
√ √
12. x1 = y; x2 = − y
Z Z 9 x1 x2
9
√ √ 9
8π 5/2 1944π
V = 2π y[ y − (− y)] dy = 2π 2y 3/2 dy = y = 5
0 0 5 0 5
-3 3
13. y = x2 + 4
Z 2 Z 2
V = 2π x(x2 + 4 − 2) dx = 2π (x3 + 2x) dx
0 0
2
1 4
= 2π x + x2 = 16π 5
4 0
y
14. y = x2 − 5x + 4 2
Z 4 Z 4
V = 2π x(−x2 + 5x − 4) dx = 2π (−x3 + 5x2 − 4x) dx
1 1
y
2 4
4
1 5 32 7 135π
= 2π − x4 + x3 − 2x2 = 2π + =
4 3 1 3 12 6 -2
√ √
15. x1 = 1 + y; x2 = 1 − y 2
Z 1 Z 1
x1
√ √
V = 2π y[1 + y − (1 − y)] dy = 2π 2y 3/2 dy
0 0
1 x2
8π 5/2 8π
= y = 1 2
5 0 5
16. y = (x − 2)2 4
Z 4 Z 4
V = 2π (4 − x)[4 − (x − 2)2 ] dx = 2π (x3 − 8x2 + 16x) dx
0 0 2
4
1 4 8 3 128π y
= 2π x − x + 8x2 =
4 3 0 3 2 4
17. x = y 3 1 x
Z 1 Z 1
V = 2π (y + 1)(1 − y 3 ) dy = 2π (1 + y − y 3 − y 4 ) dy
0 0 2
1
1 1 1 21π
= 2π y + y 2 − y 4 − y 5 = -1
2 4 5 0 10
18. y1 = x1/3 + 1; y2 = −x + 1 2
Z 1
V = 2π (1 − x)[x1/3 + 1 − (−x + 1)] dx 1 y1
0
Z
y2
1
= 2π (x1/3 + x − x4/3 − x2 ) dx
2
0
1
3 4/3 1 2 3 7/3 1 3 41π
= 2π x + x − x − x =
4 2 7 3 0 42
19. y1 = x; y2 = x2
Z 1 1
1
1 3 1 4 π
V = 2π x(x − x ) dx = 2π
2
x − x =
3 4 6 y1
0 0 y2
1
20. y1 = x; y2 = x2
Z 1
1
V = 2π (2 − x)(x − x ) dx
2
0 y2 y1
Z 1
= 2π (2x − 3x2 + x3 ) dx 1 2 3
0
1
1 4 π
= 2π x − x + x
2 3
=
4 0 2
21. y = −x3 + 3x2 4
Z 3 Z 3
V = 2π x(−x3 + 3x2 ) dx = 2π (−x4 + 3x3 ) dx 2

0
3
0 y
1 5 3 4 243π
= 2π − x + x =
5 4 0 10 2 4
22. y = x3 − x
Z 0 0 1
1 5 1 3 4π
V = 2π −x(x − x) dx = 2π − x + x
3
=
−1 5 3 15
y
−1
-1
23. y1 = 2 − x2 ; y2 = x2 − 2 2
Z 0 Z 0
y1
V = 2π √ −x[2 − x − (x − 2)] dx = 2π
2 2
√ (2x3 − 4x) dx
− 2
0
− 2 -2
y2 2
1 4
= 2π x − 2x2 = 4π
2 √
− 2
-2
24. y1 = 4x − x2 ; y2 = x2 − 4x 3
Z 4 Z 4
y1
V = 2π (x + 1)[4x − x2 − (x2 − 4x)] dx = 2π (8x + 6x2 − 2x3 ) dx
y2
0 0 3 6
4
1
= 2π 4x2 + 2x3 − x4 = 128π -3
2 0
25. x = y 2 − 5y
Z 5 5 5
1 4 5 3 625π
V = 2π y(−y + 5y) dy = 2π − y + y
2
= x
0 4 3 0 6
-5
26. x1 = y + 4; x2 = y 2 + 2 x1
2
Z 2 Z 2 x2
V = 2π y[y + 4 − (y 2 + 2)] dy = 2π (2y + y 2 − y 3 ) dy
1 1
2 2 4 6
1 1 8 13 19π
= 2π y + y 3 − y 4
2
= 2π − =
3 4 1 3 12 6
27. y1 = x + 6; y2 = x3
Z 2 2
1 3 1 248π
V = 2π x(x + 6 − x3 ) dx = 2π x + 3x2 − x5 =
0 3 5 0 15 6
y1
y2
28. x1 = 1 − y 2 ; x2 = y 2 x1
1
Z √2/2 Z √
2/2 x2 √2/2
V = 2π y(1 − y 2 − y 2 ) dy = 2π (y − 2y 3 ) dy
0 0
√2/2
1 2 1 4 π 1
= 2π y − y =
2 2 0 4
29. y = sin x2
Z √π/2 Z √π/2
1
V = 2π x(1 − sin x ) dx = 2π
2
(x − x sin x2 ) dx
0 0 y
√π/2
1 2 1 π 1 π 2 − 2π √π /2
= 2π x + cos x2 = 2π − =
2 2 0 4 2 2
2
30. y = ex
Z 1
1
2 1 x2 2
V = 2π x(ex ) dx = 2π e = πe − π
0 2 0
y
2
31. We use the shell method.

Z r Z r r
h h 1 2 h 1
V = 2π (r − x) x dx = 2π hx − x2 dx = 2π hx − x3 = πr2 h
0 r 0 r 2 3r 0 3
1
32. The equation of the line through (r1 , h) and (r2 , 0) is x = (r1 − r2 )y + r2 . We use the disk
h
method.
Z 2 Z
h
1 1 h
2
V =π dy = π
(r1 − r2 )y + r2 (r1 − r2 ) y + r2 (r1 − r2 )y + r2 dy
2 2 2
0 h 0 h2 h
h
1 1
=π (r1 − r2 )2 y 3 + r2 (r1 − r2 )y 2 + r22 y
3h 2 h
0
1 2 πh 2
= πh (r1 − 2r1 r2 + r2 ) + r2 (r1 − r2 ) + r2 =
2 2
(r + r1 r2 + r22 )
3 3 1
33. We use the disk method.

Z p r Z r
V =π ( r2 − y 2 )2 dy = π (r2 − y 2 ) dy
−r −r
r
1 2 2 4
= π r2 y − y3 = π r3 − − r3 = πr3
3 −r 3 3 3
1√ 2 √
34. The equation of the line is y = r − a2 x and the equation of the circle is y = r2 − x2 .
a
We use the disk method.
Z b √ 2 !2 Z b p
r − a2 2
V =π x dx + π r2 − x2 dx
a a a
Z Z 2 a b
r2 − a2 a 2 b
r − a2 1 3 1 3
=π x dx + π (r 2
− x 2
) dx = π x + π r 2
x − x
a2 0 a a2 3 0 3 a

π 2 1 1 π
= (r − a2 )a + π br2 − b3 − ar2 − a3 = (3br2 − 2ar2 − b3 )
3 3 3 3
r
x2
35. The equation of the ellipse is y = b 1 − . We use the disk method.
a2
Z r!2 Z a a
a
x2 x2 1
V =π b 1− 2 dx = πb2 1 − 2 dx = πb2 x − 2 x3
−a a −a a 3a −a

2a 2a 4πab2
= πb2 − − =
3 3 3
r
x2
36. The equation of the ellipse is y = b 1−
. Since the solid is symmetric with respect to
a2
the x-axis, we will find the volume of the upper hemispheroid and multiply by 2. We use the
shell method.
Z a r ! 3/2 #a
b2 2 a2 b2 2 πa2 b
V = 2 2π x b − 2 x dx = 4π − 2
2 2
b − 2x =
0 a 3b a 3
0
6.5. LENGTH OF A GRAPH 36

ω 2 x2 ω2 r2
37. y1 = . The depth of the liquid below the x-axis is y2 = h − .
2g ω 2 x2 2g ω 2 r2
So the volume is 37. y1 = . The depth of the liquid below the x-axis is y2 y=1 h − . So the volume is
2g h 2g
Z r ! r " 22 22 # ! r" 2 #
ω 2 x2 ωω rx ω 2 r2 ω 3 y 2hg − ω 2 r2
V = 2π x V = 2π +h− x
2g
+dx
h−
2g
dx = 2π
2g
x +2
2g
x dx
0 2g 0
" 2
2g #$r
0
Z r 2 2r
ω
ω 3= 2π2hg −x4ω+ r 2 2hg
2 − ω 2 2
r πω 2 4
r 4πhgr − 2πω 2 4
r πω 2 r4
x 4gdx x 0 = 4g + = πr2 h −
2
= 2π x + 8g 4g 4g
0 2g 2g
2 r √
ω 4 2hg − ω 2 r2 2 ω2 r2 2hg
= 2π 38. The x + liquid will touch xthe bottom of the bucket when y2 = h − = 0, or ω = . Th
8g 4g 0
2g r
volume of the liquid is then
πω 2 r4 4πhgr2 − 2πω 2 r4 πω 2 r4
= + =
πω 2πr
r
2
4 h− .
π(2hg/r )r
2 4
1 1
4g V4g= πr2 h − = πr2 h 4g
− = πr2 h − πr2 h = πr2 h
4g 4g 2 2
√
6.5 Length of a Graph ω2 r2 2hg
38. The liquid will touch the bottom of the bucket when y2 = h − = 0, or ω = . The
1.
2g r
volume of the liquid is then
2.
2 4
πω r 3. π(2hg/r2 )r4 1 1
V = πr2 h − = πr2 h − = πr2 h − πr2 h = πr2 h
4g 4g 2 2
4.
5.
6.5 Length of a Graph
6.
Z 1 p 7. √
1. y = 1;
0
s= 1 + 12 dx = 2 2
−1 8.
Z 9.
3 p √
2. y = 2;
0
s= 1+ 22 10.= 3 5
dx
0
11.
3 12.
3. y 0 = x1/2
2
Z 1r 13. 3/2 #1 "
3/2
#
9 8 9 8 13 133/2 − 8
s= 1 + x dx = 114.
+ x = −1 = ≈ 1.4397
0 4 27 4 27 4 27
15. 0
4. y 0 = 2x−1/3 16.
s
Z 8p Z 17. Z 8 p
8
x2/3 + 4
s= 1 + 4x −2/3 dx = 18. dx = x −1/3
x2/3 + 4 dx
1 1 x2/3 1
2 −1/3
u = x2/3 + 4, du = x dx
3
Z 8 i8
3
= u1/2
du = u3/2 = 83/2 − 53/2 ≈ 11.4471
5 2 5
5. y 0 = 2x(x2 + 1)1/2
Z 4p Z 4 p Z 4
s= 1 + 4x (x + 1) dx =
2 2 (2x2 + 1)2 dx = (2x2 + 1) dx
1 1 1
4
2 3 140 5
= x +x = − = 45
3 1 3 3
6. y = 2(x + 1)3/2 − 1; y 0 = 3(x + 1)1/2

Z 0p Z 0 0
√ 2
s= 1 + 9(x + 1) dx = 9x + 10 dx = (9x + 10) 3/2
−1 −1 27 −1
2
= (103/2 − 1) ≈ 2.2684
27
1 1/2 1 −1/2 x−1

7. y 0 =x − x = 1/2
2 r 2 2x
Z 4 Z 4r Z 4r
(x − 1)2 4x + x2 − 2x + 1 (x + 1)2
s= 1+ dx = dx = dx
1 4x 1 4x 1 4x
Z Z 4
1 4 x+1 1 4 1/2 1 2 3/2 1 28 8 10
= dx = (x + x −1/2
) dx = x + 2x 1/2
= − =
2 1 x1/2 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 3 3
1 2 1 x4 − 1
8. y 0 = x − 2 =
2 2x 2x2
Z 4r Z 4r 4
(x4 − 1)2 4x + x8 − 2x4 + 1
s= 1+ dx = dx
2 4x 4
2 4x4
Z 4r 4 Z 4
(x + 1)2 1 4 2 1 1 3 1 1 253 13 227
= dx = (x + x−2
) dx = x − = − =
2 4x 4 2 2 2 3 x 2 2 12 6 24
1 4x6 − 1
9. y 0 = x3 − 3 =
4x 4x3
Z 3r Z 3r Z 3r
(4x6 − 1)2 16x6 + 16x12 − 8x6 + 1 (4x6 + 1)2
s= 1+ dx = dx = dx
2 16x 6
2 16x 6
2 16x6
Z 3 6 Z 3
4x + 1 1 3 1 1
= dx = (4x + x ) dx =
3 −3 4
x − 2
2 4x3 4 2 4 2x 2

1 1457 127 4685
= − = ≈ 16.2674
4 18 8 288
1 4x8 − 1
10. y 0 = x4 − 4 =
4x 4x4
Z 2r Z 2r Z 2r
(4x − 1)2
8
16x8 + 16x16 − 8x8 + 1 (4x8 + 1)2
s= 1+ dx = dx = dx
1 16x8 1 16x8 1 16x8
Z Z 2
1 2 4x8 + 1 1 2 1 4 5 1
= dx = (4x 4
+ x −4
) dx = x +
4 1 x4 4 1 4 5 3x3 1

1 3067 56 3011
= − = ≈ 6.2729
4 120 120 480
s
Z Z i8
(4 − x2/3 )1/2 8
4 − x2/3 8
2
11. y 0 = − ; s= 1+ dx = dx = 3x2/3 =9
x1/3 1 x2/3 1 x1/3 1


 1, 2<x<3


2
12. y 0 = (x − 2)−1/3 , 3 < x < 10
 3

 3 (x − 6)1/2 , 10 < x < 15


4
Z 3 Z 10 r Z 15 r
√ 4 9
s= 1 + 1 dx + 1 + (x − 2)−2/3 dx + 1 + (x − 6) dx
2 3 9 10 16
√ Z 10 r Z 15
4 1 √
= 2+ (x − 2)2/3 + (x − 2)−1/3 dx + 9x − 38 dx
3 9 4 10

3/2 10 15
√ 4 1 1 2
= 2 + (x − 2) + 2/3
+ (9x − 38) 3/2
9 4 9 3 10
3
3/2 3/2
√ 40 13 1
= 2+ − + (973/2 − 523/2 ) ≈ 19.7954
9 9 54
Z 3 p
13. y 0 = 2x; s= 1 + 4x2 dx
−1
Z Z r
3 p 3
x+2
14. y = (x + 1)
0 −1/2
; s= 1 + (x + 1)−1 dx = dx
−1 −1 x+1
Z π p
15. y = cos x;
0
s= 1 + cos2 x dx
0
Z π/4 p
16. y 0 = sec2 x; s= 1 + sec4 x dx
−π/4
dx 2
17. = − y −1/3
dy 3
r s
Z Z Z p
8
4 8
9y 2/3 + 4 1 8
s= 1 + y −2/3 dy = dy = y −1/3 9y 2/3 + 4 dy
0 9 0 9y 2/3 3 0
u = 9y 2/3 + 4, du = 6y −1/3 dy
Z 40 40
1 1 3/2 1
= u1/2 du = u = (403/2 − 8) ≈ 9.0734
18 4 27 4 27
dx 1 1 y3 − 1
18. = y 3/2 − y −3/2 =
dy 2 2 2y 3/2
Z 9 s Z 9s 3 Z 9s 3
(y 3 − 1)2 4y + y 6 − 2y 3 + 1 (y + 1)2
s= 1+ dy = dy = dy
4 4y 3 4 4y 3 4 4y 3
Z Z 9
1 9 y3 + 1 1 9 3/2 1 2 5/2
= dy = (y +y −3/2
) dy = y − 2y −1/2
2 4 y 3/2 2 4 2 5 4

1 1448 59 1271
= − = ≈ 42.3667
2 15 5 30

3 2 −1/3 (1 − x2/3 )1/2
19. (a) y = (1 − x ) ; y = (1 − x )
2/3 3/2 0
2/3 1/2
− x =−
2 3 x1/3
s r
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
1 − x2/3 1 1
s= 1+ 2/3
dx = 2/3
dx = 1/3
dx
0 x 0 x 0 x
1
At x = 0, 1/3 is discontinuous.
x
(b) The graph is symmetric with respect to both coordinate axes, so
Z 1
1
1 3 2/3
s=4 dx = 4 x = 6.
0 x1/3 2 0
1/2 −1/2
x2 bx x2
20. y = b 1 − 2 ; y =− 2 1− 2
0
a a a
s
Z a −1 Z as
b2 x 2 x2 b2 x2 a2
s=4 1+ 4 1− 2 dx = 4 1+ 4 dx
0 a a 0 a a2 − x2
s
Z as Z
b2 x 2 4 a a4 − a2 x2 + b2 x2
=4 1+ 2 2 dx = dx
0 a (a − x2 ) a 0 a2 − x2
√
21. y = r 2 − x2 ; y 0 = −x(r2 − x2 )−1/2
Z Z
r p r
1
2πr = s = 4 1 + x2 (r2 − x2 )−1 dr = 4r √ dx dr
0 0 r 2 − x2
Z Z
1
1 1
1 π
Letting r = 1 we have 2π = 4 √ dx or √ dx = .
0 1 − x2 0 1−x 2 2
Z x p
22. y = x . Let s(x) =
0 3
1 + t6 dt. We want s(2.1) or s(2 + 0.1). Using approximation by
2
differentials, we have
Z 2.1 p p √
1 + x6 dx = s(2 + 0.1) ≈ s(2) + s0 (2) dx = 0 + 1 + 26 (0.1) = 0.1 65 ≈ 0.8062.
2
6.6 Area of a Surface of Revolution

1. y 0 = x−1/2
Z 8 Z 8
√ p 8 √ 8π 8π 208π
S = 2π 2 x 1 + x dx = 4π
−1 x + 1 dx = (x + 1)3/2 = (27 − 1) =
0 0 3 0 3 3
1
2. y 0 = (x + 1)−1/2
2
Z 5 r Z 5r 3/2 #5
√ 1 1 4π 5
S = 2π x + 1 1 + (x + 1)−1 dx = 2π x + 1 + dx = x+
1 4 1 4 3 4
1
" 3/2 #
3/2
4π 25 9 π
= − = (253/2 − 93/2 ) ≈ 51.3127
3 4 4 6
3. y 0 = 3x2
Z p 1
S = 2π 1 + 9x4 dx u = 1 + 9x4 , du = 36x3 dx
x3
0
Z 10
√ 1 π 3/2 i10 π
= 2π u du = u = (103/2 − 1) ≈ 3.5631
1 36 27 1 27
1 −2/3
4. y 0 = x
3
s
Z 8 Z 8 1/3 p
x−4/3 x
S = 2π x 1+ dx = 2π 9x4/3 + 1 dx u = 9x4/3 + 1, du = 12x1/3 dx
1 9 1 3
Z
2π 145 √ 1 π 3/2 i145 π
= u du = u = (1453/2 − 103/2 ) ≈ 199.4805
3 10 12 27 10 27
Z 3 p i3
π π
5. y = 2x; S = 2π
0
x 1 + 4x2 dx = (1 + 4x2 )3/2 = (373/2 − 1) ≈ 117.3187
0 6 0 6
Z 2 p i2
π π
6. y 0 = −2x; S = 2π x 1 + 4x2 dx = (1 + 4x2 )3/2 = (173/2 − 1) ≈ 36.1769
0 6 0 6
7. y 0 = 2
Z √ Z 7
7 √ √ i 7
S = 2π (2x + 1) 1 + 4 dx = 2 5π (2x + 1) dx = 2 5π x2 + x
2
√ 2 √ 2
= 2 5π(56 − 6) = 100 5π
6.6. AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION 371
8. y 0 = −x(16 − x2 )−1/2
Z √7 p Z √ r Z √
7
16 7
S = 2π x 1 + x2 (16 − x2 )−1 dx = 2π x dx = 8π x(16 − x2 )−1/2 dx
0 0 16 − x2 0
u = 16 − x , du = −2x dx
2
Z 9 Z 16
1 √ 16
= 8π u−1/2
− du = 4π u−1/2 du = 4π(2 u) 9 = 4π(8 − 6) = 8π
16 2 9
1 4x6 − 1
9. y 0 = x3 − x−3 =
4 4x3
Z 2 r Z 2 r
16x12 − 8x6 + 1 16x6 + 16x12 − 8x6 + 1
S = 2π x 1+ dx = 2π x dx
1 16x6 1 16x6
Z p Z 2
π 2 (4x6 + 1)2 π 2 π 4 5 1
= dx = (4x 4
+ x −2
) dx = x −
2 1 x2 2 1 2 5 x 1

π 251 1 253π
= − − =
2 10 5 20
1 4x4 − 1
10. y 0 = x2 − x−2 =
4 4x2
Z 2 r Z r
1 3 1 16x8 − 8x4 + 1 π 2 4x4 + 3 (4x4 + 1)2
S = 2π x + 1+ dx = dx
1 3 4x 16x4 6 1 x 16x4
Z Z
π 2 (4x4 + 3)(4x4 + 1) π 2 3 −3
= dx = 4x 5
+ 4x + x dx
6 1 4x3 6 1 4
2
π 2 6 3 π 4855 55 4635π
= x + 2x − 2
2
= − =
6 3 8x 1 6 96 24 576
r x −1/2 4h2 − 4hx + r2

11. (a) f 0 (x) = − 1− ; 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 =
2h h 4h2 (1 − x/h)
√
p p 4h − 2hx + r2
2 r √ 2
f (x) 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 = r 1 − x/h √ = 4h − 4hx + r2
2h 1 − x 2 2h
Z h h
r p 2 πr 2 1
S = 2π r + 4h2 − 4hx dx = − (r2 + 4h2 − 4hx)3/2
0 2h h 3 4h 0
πr
= 2 [(r + 4h ) − r ]
2 2 3/2 3
6h
(b) With h = 0.1r we have

πr 1.043/2 − 1 0.060596
S= [r3 (1.04)3/2 − r3 ] ≈ πr2 ≈ πr2 ≈ πr2 .
6(0.01)r2 0.06 0.06
(0.060596/0.06)πr2 − πr2 0.060596

The approximate percentage error is = −1 ≈ 0.0099,
πr 2 0.06
or approximately 1%.
√
12. y = r 2 − x2 ; y 0 = −x(r2 − x2 )−1/2
s
Z bp p Z b p r2
S = 2π r − x 1 + x (r − x ) dx = 2π
2 2 2 2 2 −1 r 2 − x2 dx
a a r 2 − x2
Z b
= 2πr dx = 2πr(b − a)
a
13. For x < −2, y = −x − 2 and y 0 = −1. For x > 2, y = x + 2 and y 0 = 1.

Z −2 Z 2
√ √
S = 2π (−x − 2) 1 + 1 dx + 2π (x + 2) 1 + 1 dx
−4 −2
√ Z −2 √ Z 2
= 2 2π (−x − 2) dx + 2 2π (x + 2) dx
−4 −2
−2 2
√ 1 √ 1 2
= 2 2π − x2 − 2x + 2 2π x + 2x
2 −4 2 −2
√ √ √
= 2 2π[(−2 + 4) − (−8 + 8)] + 2 2π[(2 + 4) − (2 − 4)] = 20 2π
14. Since the graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, we will find the area on [0, a] and
multiply by 2.
(a2/3 − x2/3 )1/2
y = (a2/3 − x2/3 )3/2 ; y0 = −
x1/3
s s
Z Z
a
(a 2/3
−x 2/3
) a
a2/3
S = 4π (a2/3 − x2/3 )3/2 1+ dx = 4π (a2/3 − x2/3 )3/2 dx
0 x2/3 0 x2/3
Z a
2
= 4πa1/3 x−1/3 (a2/3 − x2/3 )3/2 dx
u = a2/3 − x2/3 , du = − x−1/3 dx
0 3
Z 0 0
3 3 12πa 1/3
12πa2
= 4πa1/3 u3/2 − du = 4πa1/3 − u5/2 =− (0 − a5/3 ) =
a2/3 2 5 a2/3 5 5
15. Let θ be the angle formed when the cone is cut and flattened out. The length
of the arc of the sector is 2πr, the circumference of the base of the cone. Then θ L
θ/2πr = 2π/2πL (the angle subtended by the sector is to the length of the sector
as 2π radians is to the circumference of the circle of radius
L),and θ = 2πr/L.
1 2 2πr 2πr
Using the hint in the text, the lateral surface area is L = πrL.
2 L
16. If L is the slant height, then L2 = r2 + h2 and the surface area is πrL =
√ r
πr r2 + h2 . The surface can also be obtained by revolving the line y = x
h L r
about the x-axis:
Z h r Z r h
r r 2 2πr h r2 + h2
S = 2π x 1+ dx = x dx
0 h h h 0 h2
√ # h p
2πr r2 + h2 1 2
= x = πr r2 + h2
h2 2
0
6.6. AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION 373
r1 r2
17. By similar triangles, = , r1 L2 = r2 L1 , and r1 L2 − r2 L1 = 0.
L1 L2
From Problem 15, the lateral surface area of the frustum is L2
0
L
z }| { L1 r2
S = πr2 L2 − πr1 L1 = π(r2 L2 − r1 L1 ) = π[r2 L2 + (r1 L2 − r2 L1 ) − r1 L1 ] r1
= π[(r2 + r1 )L2 − (r2 + r1 )L1 ] = π(r1 + r2 )(L2 − L1 ) = π(r1 + r2 )L.
p
18. By the Pythagorean Theorem, L2 = h2 + (r2 − r1 )2 or L = h2 + (r2 − r1 )2 . From (1) in
Section 6.6,
p L r2 – r1
S = π(r1 + r2 )L = π(r1 + r2 ) h2 + (r2 − r1 )2 . h
r1
19. We need to extend (3) in Section 6.6 to include functions which are not necessarily non-
Z b p
negative. In this case we have S = 2π |f (x)| 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx. Next, we require the fact
a
that the surface area obtained by revolving f around y = L is the same as that obtained by
revolving F (x) = f (x) − L around the x-axis. Then F 0 (x) = f 0 (x) and
Z b p Z b p
S = 2π |F (x)| 1 + [F 0 (x)]2 dx = 2π |f (x) − L| 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx.
a a
Z r Z
2 −1/3 8
4 2π 8 4 − x2/3 p 2/3
20. y 0 = x ; S = 2π |x2/3 − 4| 1 + x−2/3 dx = 9x + 4 dx
3 1 9 3 1 x1/3
yB R
21. (a) Since 4BCT is similar to 4T CS we have CB/T C = CT /CS or = , which
R R+h
R 2 p
gives yB = . Now, revolving x = R2 − y 2 for yB ≤ y ≤ R around the y-axis, we
R+h
obtain the surface area
v !2
Z Rp u Z R
u −y
AS = 2π 2
R −y 2 t 1+ p dy = 2π R dy
R2 − y 2 R2
yB R+h

R2 2πR2 h
= 2πR R − = .
R+h R+h
AS h
Since AE = 4πR2 , we have = .
AE 2(R + h)
AS 2000
(b) With h = 2000 and R = 6380, = ≈ 0.119332 ≈ 11.9%.
AE 2(6380 + 2000)
h 1
(c) Setting = we obtain 2h = R + h or h = R = 6380 km.
2(R + h) 4
AS h 1
(d) lim = lim =
h→∞ AE h→∞ 2R + 2h 2
From a large distance we would expect to see half of the earth’s surface.
AS 3.76 × 105
(e) = ≈ 0.4917 = 49.17%
AE 2(6380 + 3.76 × 105 )
6.7 Average Value of a Function

Z 1
1 1
1 1
1. fave = 4x dx = (2x2 ) = (2 − 18) = −4
1 − (−3) −3 4 −3 4
Z 5
1 5
1 2 1 42
2. fave = (2x + 3) dx = (x + 3x) = [40 − (−2)] =
5 − (−2) −2 7 −2 7 7
Z 2
1 2
1 1 3 1 68 34
3. fave = (x2 + 10) dx = x + 10x = −0 =
2−0 0 2 3 0 2 3 3
Z 1
1 1
1 1 4
4. fave = (2x − 3x + 4x − 1) dx =
3 2
x − x3 + 2x2 − x
1 − (−1) −1 2 2 −1

1 1 9
= − = −2
2 2 2
Z 3
1 3
1 1
5. fave = (3x − 4x) dx = (x3 − 2x2 )
2
= [9 − (−3)] = 3
3 − (−1) −1 4 −1 4
Z 2
1 2
1 1 1 1 13
6. fave = (x + 1) dx = · (x + 1)3
2
= 9− =
2−0 0 2 3 0 2 3 3
Z 2
1 2
1 1 4 1
7. fave = x3 dx = x = (4 − 4) = 0
2 − (−2) −2 4 4 −2 4
Z Z 1
1 1 1
9 4 1 3
8. fave = x(3x − 1)2 dx = (9x3 − 6x2 + x) dx = x − 2x3 + x2 =
1−0 0 0 4 2 0 4
Z 9
1 9
1 2 3/2
9. fave = x1/2 dx = x =2
9−0 0 9 3 0
Z 3
1 3
1 2 2 14
10. fave = (5x + 1) 1/2
dx = · (5x + 1)3/2 = (64 − 1) =
3−0 0 3 15 0 45 5
Z p 3
1 3
1 1 2 1 61
11. fave = x x + 16 dx = · (x + 16)
2 3/2
= (125 − 64) =
3−0 0 3 3 0 9 9
6.7. AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION 375
Z 1 1/3
1 1 1 1 1
12. fave = 1+ dx u = 1 + , du = − 2 dx
1 − 1/2 1/2 x x2 x x
Z 2 2
3 3
=2 −u1/3 du = 2 · (−u4/3 ) = − (24/3 − 34/3 ) ≈ 2.7104
3 4 3 2
Z 1/2 1/2 1/2
1 1 1
13. fave = x−3 dx = 4 − x−2 = −2 = −2(4 − 16) = 24
1/2 − 1/4 1/4 2 1/4 x2 1/4
Z 4 4
1 1 3 5/3 1 3 5/3 12
14. fave = (x2/3 − x−2/3 ) dx = x − 3x1/3 = 4 − 3 · 41/3 − −
4−1 1 3 5 1 3 5 5
1 5/3 4
= 4 − 41/3 + ≈ 1.2285
5 5
Z 5 5 5
1 1 1 1 1 1
15. fave = 2(x + 1) dx = [−2(x + 1) ] = −
−2 −1
=− − =
5−3 3 2 3 x + 1 3 6 4 12
Z 9 √
1 ( x − 1) 3 √ 1
16. fave = √ dx u = x − 1, du = √ dx
9−4 4 x 2 x
Z 2 2
1 1 1 1 3
= 2u3 du = · u4 = (16 − 1) =
5 1 5 2 1 10 2
Z π π
1 1 1
17. fave = sin x dx = (− cos x) = − [−1 − (−1)] = 0
π − (−π) −π 2π −π 2π
Z π/4 π/4
1 4 1 2 2
18. fave = cos 2x dx = · sin 2x = (1 − 0) =
π/4 − 0 0 π 2 0 π π
Z π/2 π/2 √
1 3 3 √ 3 3
19. fave = csc x dx = (− cot x)
2
= − (0 − 3) =
π/2 − π/6 π/6 π π/6 π π
Z 1/3
1 sin πx
20. fave = dx u = cos πx, du = −π sin πx dx
1/3 − (−1/3) −1/3 cos2 πx
Z
3 1/2 1
= − 2 du = 0
2 1/2 πu
Z 1 1
1 1 1 3 1 4 2 1
21. fave = (x + 2x) dx =
2
x +x 2
= − =
1 − (−1) −1 2 3 −1 2 3 3 3
√
1 −6 ± 36 + 12 2√
Setting f (c) = c2 + c = , we obtain 3c2 + 6c − 1 = 0. Then c = = −1 ± 3.
3 6 3
2 √
The only solution on [−1, 1] is −1 + 3.
3
Z 6 6
1 1 2 2 38
22. fave = (x + 3)1/2 dx = · (x + 3)3/2 = (27 − 8) =
6−1 1 5 3 1 15 15
√
Setting f (c) = c + 3 = 38/15, we obtain c + 3 = 1444/225. Thus, c = 769/225.
Z Z
1 5 5
23. We are given f (x) dx = 3. The area under the graph is f (x) dx = 12.
5−1 1 1
Z b
1 b √ 1 2 3/2 2√
24. Solving (1 − x) dx = x− x =1− b = 0 gives b = 9/4. At b = 9/4 the
b 0 b 3 0 3
area bounded by the graph above the x-axis is the same as the area below the x-axis.
Z 6 6
1 1 1 3 1
25. Tave = 100 + 3t − t2 dt = 100t + t2 − t3 = 103◦
6−0 0 2 6 2 6 0
Z 5 5
1 1 1
26. Rave = (50 + 4x + 3x2 ) dx = (50x + 2x2 + x3 ) = (425 − 53) = 93
5−1 1 4 1 4
5
1X 1
R(k) = (57 + 70 + 89 + 114 + 145) = 95
5 5
k=1
27. Using s0 (t) = v(t) we have

Z t2
1 t2
1 s(t2 ) − s(t1 )
vave = v(t) dt = s(t) = = v.
t2 − t1 t1 t2 − t1 t1 t2 − t1
Z 2π/ω Z
1 1 2 ωk 2π/ω 2
28. Uave = kx dt = A cos2 (ωt + φ) dt
2π/ω − 0 0 2 4π 0
Z 2π/ω
ωkA2 2π/ω 1 ωkA2 1
= [1 + cos 2(ωt + φ)] dt = t+ sin(2ωt + 2π)
4π 0 2 8π 2ω 0

ωkA2 2π 1 1 kA2
= + sin(4π + 2φ) − sin 2φ =
8π ω 2ω 2ω 4
Z 2π/ω Z 2π/ω Z
1 1 ωm ωm 2π/ω 2 2 2
Kave = mv dt =
2
[x (t)] dt =
0 2
ω A sin (ωt + φ) dt
2π/ω − 0 0 2 4π 0 4π 0
Z 2π/ω
A2 ω(mω 2 ) 2π/ω 1 A2 ωk 1
= [1 − cos 2(ωt + φ)] dt = t− sin(2ωt + 2φ)
4π 0 2 8π 2ω 0

ωkA 2π
2
1 1 kA 2
= − sin(4π + 2φ) − − sin 2φ =
8π ω 2ω 2ω 4
Z t1 " 2 # Z t1
t1 2t 4 4
29. mv1 − mv0 = (t1 − 0)F = k 1− −1 dt = k 1 − 2 t2 + t − 1 dt
t1 − 0 0 t1 0 t1 t1
t1
4 2 4 2kt1
= k − 2 t3 + t2 = k − t1 + 2t1 =
3t1 t1 0 3 3
Z R R
1 P P 1 P 2 3 P R2
30. vave = (R2 − r2 ) dr = R2 r − r 3 = R =
R − 0 0 4vl 4vlR 3 0 4vlR 3 6vl
Z a
31. 0, since f (x) dx = 0.
−a
6.7. AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION 377
32. Intuitively, the average value of the linear function f (x) = ax + b on [x1 , x2 ] should be the
x1 + x2
value of f at the midpoint of that interval, or X = . This can be proven as follows:
2
1
Z x2
1 a x2
fave = (ax + b) dx = x2 + bx
x2 − x1 x1 x2 − x1 2 x
2 1 2
1 ax2 ax12
1 a(x2 − x21 )
= + bx2 − − bx1 = + b(x2 − x1 )
x2 − x1 2 2 x2 − x1 2

x2 + x1
=a + b = aX + b
2
Z x+h
1 x+h
1 f (x + h) − f (x)
33. fave
0
= f 0 (x) dx = f (x) =
h x h x h
Z a
1 a
1 an+1 − 1
34. fave = (n + 1)x dx =
n
xn+1 = = an + an−1 + · · · + a + 1
a−1 1 a−1 1 a−1
Z b Z b Z b Z b
35. If [f (x) − fave ] dx = 0, then f (x) dx = fave dx. Thus, f (x) dx = fave (b − a)
a Z b a a a
1
and therefore fave = f (x) dx.
b−a a
36. The average of f on [0, 1] is 0. On [0, 2], it is 1/2. On [0, 3], it is 1, and on [0, 4], it is 3/2.
1
The average value of f on the interval [0, n] appears to be (n − 1), which can be proven as
2
follows:
Z n Z 1 Z 2 Z n
1 1
fave = f (x) dx = 0 dx + 1 dx + · · · + (n − 1) dx
n−0 0 n 0 1 n−1
n−1
1 1X 1 (n − 1)n 1
= [0 + 1 + · · · + (n − 1)] = k= = (n − 1)
n n n 2 2
k=1
37. There is no unique answer to this question; among several possible approaches, here is prob-
ably the simplest. Suppose the circle is centered at the origin and that one of the points on
the circle is (−1, 0). If (x, y) is any other point on the circle, then the length of the chords
between (−1, 0) and (x, y) is the distance between the points:
p p √
(x + 1)2 + y 2 = x2 + y 2 + 2x + 1 = 2x + 2.
The average chord length Lave is then

Z 1
1 1 √ 1 1 (2x + 2)3/2 1 3/2 8 4
Lave = 2x + 2 dx = · · = ·4 = = .
1 − (−1) −1 2 2 3/2 −1 6 6 3
6.8. WORK
Z b p ! b Z b
"
38. (a) The surface area is S = 2π f (x) 38.
1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx. If f 0 (x) = 0, then S = 2π
(a) The surface area is S = 2π (x)
f (x) 1f+ [fdx.
! (x)]2 dx. If f ! (x) =
a a a
If 0 ≤ |f 0 (x)| < for a ≤ x ≤ b, then If 0 ≤ |f ! (x)| < " for a ≤ x ≤ b, then
Z b Z b p !p Z b ! b
b " "
2π f (x) dx ≤ S ≤ 2π f (x) 1 + dx =2π2π f1(x)
2 + dx ≤ fS(x)
2
≤ 2π
dx. f (x) 1 + "2 dx = 2π 1
a a a a a
(b) At any x in [a, b] the circumference of a (b)circular

At anycross-section is 2πf
x in [a, b] the (x). The average
circumference of a circular cross-sectio
Z b ! b
1 1
circumference is then C = 2πf (x) dx. Letting L =
circumference b − a Cbe=the length2πf
is then of the
(x) dx. Letting L =
b−a a b−a a
Z b ! b
√
limb, we have CL = 2π f (x) dx. Thus, fromlimb, we (a),
part haveCLCL≤=S 2π ≤ 1 f+(x) CL.Thus, from part (a), CL
2 dx.
a a
6.8 Work 6.8 Work

1. W = 55 · 20 = 1100 yd-lb = 3300 ft-lb 1. W = 55 · 20 = 1100 yd-lb = 3300 ft-lb
√ √ √
2. The horizontal component of force is 50 32.N.The horizontal component of force is 50 3 N. W = 50 3 · 8 = 400
√ √ # $
W = 50 3 · 8 = 400 3 joules. 1 30°
3. Since 10 = k , k = 20 and F 50
= 20x. Solving 8 = 20x we obtai
2 100
4. (a) Since 50 = k(0.1), k = 500 and F = 500x.
1 2
3. Since 10 = k , k = 20 and F = 20x. Solving
(b) 8When
= 20xxwe obtain
= 0.5, = N.ft.
F =x250
2 5
(c) Solving 200 = 500x, we obtain x = 0.4 m. The length of the s
4. (a) Since 50 = k(0.1), k = 500 and F = 500x.
5.
(b) When x = 0.5, F = 250 N.
(c) Solving 200 = 500x, we obtain x = 0.46.m. The length of the spring is 0.5 + 0.4 = 0.9 m.
Z 0.2 7.
0.2
5. (a) W = 500x dx = 250x2 0 = 10 joules
0 8.
Z 0.6
0.6
(b) W = 500x dx = 250x2 0.5 = 27.59.joules
0.5
Z 6 10.
6
3 3 27 9
6. (a) W = x dx = x2 = 27 in-lb =
11.12 ft-lb = 4 ft-lb
0 2 4 0
Z 16
3 16
3 2 12.
(b) W = x dx = x = 192 in-lb = 16 ft-lb
0 2 4 0 13.

2
7. Since 10 = k , k = 15 and F = 15x. 14.
3
Z 1 1 15.
15 2 15
(a) W = 15x dx = x = ft-lb
16.
0 2 0 2
Z 3 3 17.
15 2 75
(b) W = 15x dx = x = ft-lb
2 2 2 2
6.8. WORK 379
Z 10
50 50 10
50 25 2 2500 625
8. Since 50 = k·3, k = and F = x. W = x dx = x = in-lb = ft-lb
3 3 0 3 3 0 3 9
9. We use 500 km = 0.5 × 106 m.

1 1
W = (6.67 × 10 −11
)(6.0 × 10 )(10 )
24 4
− ≈ 4.531 × 1010
6.4 × 106 6.9 × 106
= 453.1 × 108 joules
10. We use 200 km = 0.2 × 106 m.

1 1
W = (6.67 × 10−11 )(7.3 × 1022 )(5 × 104 ) − ≈ 1.507 × 1010
1.7 × 10 6 1.9 × 106
= 150.7 × 108 joules
Z 12 12
1
11. W = 62.4π(3)2 x dx = 9(62.4π) x2 = 9(62.4π)(72) ≈ 127, 030.9 ft-lb y
0 2 12
0
3
x
1 x 4
12. y = x
5
Z Z
10
1 2 10
20 y
W = 62.4πy (20 − x) dx = 62.4π
2
x (20 − x) dx 10
25
y
0 0
Z 10 10
4 2 1 4 3 1 4
= 62.4π x − x3 dx = 62.4π x − x
0 5 25 15 100 0

500
= 62.4π ≈ 32, 672.6 ft-lb
3
Z 10 Z 10
1 2 1
13. W = 62.4π x (25 − x) dx = 62.4π x2 − x3 dx
0 25 0 25
10
1 3 1 4 700
= 62.4π x − x = 62.4π ≈ 45, 741.6 ft-lb
3 100 0 3
√
14. x2 + y 2 = 9; y = 9 − x2 x
Z 3 Z 3p 3
2
W = 62.4(2y · 12)(5 − x) dx = 1497.6 9 − x2 (5 − x) dx
−3 −3
Z 3 p Z 3 p y y
= 1497.6 5 9 − x2 dx − x 9 − x2 dx
−3 −3
1
The first integral represents the area of the semicircle and is thus π(3)2 . The second integral
2
1
has an odd integrand and is thus 0. Therefore W = 1497.6 5 · π(3) = 33, 696π ft-lb.
2
2
3 x
15. y = x 3
4
Z Z
4
3 4
y
W = 62.4(2y · 10)(x + 5) dx = 62.4(20)x(x + 5) dx 4
0 0 4
Z 4 4 y
1 3 5 2 184 5
= 936 (x + 5x) dx = 936
2
x + x = 936 = 57, 408 ft-lb
0 3 2 0 3
√
16. x2 + y 2 = 25; y = 25 − x2 5
Z 5 Z 5 p y y
3
W = 80(2y · 25)x dx = 4000 x 25 − x2 dx
2 2
5 5 x
1 4000 4000
= 4000 − (25 − x2 )3/2 = − (25 − x2 )3/2 = − (0 − 213/2 )
3 2 3 2 3
≈ 128, 312.1 ft-lb
17. The weight of the chain is F (x) = 20(100 − x) lb when x feet of chain have been pulled up.
Z 40 40
1 2
W = 20(100 − x) dx = 20 100x − x = 64, 000 ft-lb
0 2 0
18. The weight of the system is F (x) = 3000 + 40(200 − x) lb when x feet of chain have been
pulled up.
Z 100 100
1
W = [3000 + 40(200 − x)] dx = 3000x + 40 200x − x2 = 900, 000 ft-lb
0 2 0
19. (a) W = 80 · 65 = 5200 ft-lb

1
(b) The weight of the system is F (x) = 80 + (65 − x) when the bucket has been lifted x
2
feet.
Z 65 65
1 1 1
W = 80 + (65 − x) dx = 80x + 65x − x2 = 6256.25 ft-lb
0 2 2 2 0
20. The weight of the bucket after it has been lifted x feet is 62.4(20 − x/2) lb. The bucket will
become empty when it has been lifted 40 feet.
Z 40 40
x 1
W = 62.4 20 − dx = 62.4 20x − x2 ≈ 24, 960 ft-lb
0 2 4 0
21. If x is the distance separating the electron and the nucleus, then the force is F (x) = k/x2 .
Z 4 4
k k 1 3k
W = dx = − = −k − 1 =
1 x
2 x 1 4 4
22. (a) If x is the distance above the earth, then the weight of the system is F (x) = 2, 700, 000 −
100x.
6.8. WORK 381
Z 1000 1000
(b) W = (2, 700, 000 − 100x) dx = 2, 700, 000x − 50x2 0
= 2, 650, 000, 000 ft-lb
0
23. Since p = kv −γ ,
Z v2 Z v2 v2
k k
W = p dv = kv dv = v 1−γ−γ
= (v 1−γ − v11−γ )
v1 v1 1−γ v1 1−γ 2
1 1
= (kv2−γ v2 − kv1−γ v1 ) = (p2 v2 − p1 v1 ),
1−γ 1−γ
where p1 and p2 are the pressures corresponding to volumes v1 and v2 , respectively.
24. Using Newton’s second law F = ma = mg, we have
Z y2 Z y2
y
W = F (y) dy = mg dy = mgy]y21 = mgy2 − mgy1 .
y1 y1
25. Since the distance moved is 0, no work is done.



 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1



 2, 1 ≤ x ≤ 2

26. The force is F (x) = −x + 4, 2 ≤ x ≤ 4 .



 0, 4 ≤ x ≤ 5



x − 5, 5 ≤ x ≤ 6
Z 1 Z 2 Z 4 Z 6
The work is W = 2x dx + 2 dx + (−x + 4) dx + 0 + (x − 5) dx
0 1 2 5
4 6
1 2 1 1 2
= x2 0 + 2x]1 + − x2 + 4x + x − 5x
2 2 2 5
= (1 − 0) + (4 − 2) + (8 − 6) + (−12 + 12.5) = 5.5 N-m.
27. W = 165 · 1350 = 222, 750 ft-lb
28. Since the water leaks out of the bucket at a constant rate and the weight x
of the rope is negligible, it is reasonable to approximate that the overall 180 20
lifted weight is the midpoint or average of the bucket’s starting and ending 10
weights of 200 and 180, respectively, or (200 + 180)/2 = 190 lb. Moving y
this average weight by 10 ft yields 1900 ft-lb of work done.
Without integration, it can be seen from the figure that the overall work done is the sum of
the areas of a 180 × 10 rectangle and a right triangle of width 20 and height 10, or (180 ×
10) + (20 × 10)/2 = 1800 + 100 = 1900 ft-lb.
29. Using F = ma = mv 0 and dx = x0 (t) dt = v dt, we have
Z x2 Z t2
W = F (x) dx = mv 0 v dt u = v, du = v 0 dt
x1 t1
Z v2
v2
1 1 1
= mu du = mu2 = mv22 − mv12 .
v1 2 v1 2 2
30. From the figure in the text, we see that sin θ = x/30 so that x = 30 sin θ and dx = 30 cos θ dθ.
Also, when 6.9.
x = 3, sin θ PRESSURE
FLUID = 0.1 and θ AND
≈ 0.1.FORCE
Then 381
Z 3 Z 0.1 Z 0.1
sin θ
W = 30.mg tanthe
From θ dx = 550(9.8)
figure in the text, wecos (30 cos
seeθthat = 16500(9.8)
sin θθ)=dθx/30 so that x = 30 sinsin θ dθdx = 30 cos θ dθ.
θ and
0 0 0
Also, when x0.1
= 3, sin θ = 0.1 and θ ≈ 0.1. Then
= 161700(− cos θ)]0 = 161700(1 − cos 0.1) ≈ 807.8 N-m.
! 3 ! 0.1 ! 0.1
sin θ
W = mg tan θ dx = 550(9.8)
6.9. FLUID PRESSURE(30 cos
AND
θ) = 16500(9.8)
FORCE
dθ sin θ dθ
0
6.9. FLUID PRESSURE AND
0 cos θ FORCE 0
6.9 Fluid Pressure= and Force0.1 6.9.161700(1
161700(− cos θ)] =30.
FLUID PRESSURE AND FORCE
From the cos 0.1)
−figure in the 807.8weN-m.
≈ text, see that sin θ = x/30 so that x = 30 sin θ and d
30. From
0 the figure in the text, we see that sin θ = x/30 so that x = 30 sin θ and dx = 30 cos θ
Also, when x = 3, sin θ = 0.1 and θ ≈ 0.1. Then
2
1. (a) pressure = 62.4(20) = 1248 lb/ft ; F =
Also, (1248)(25π)
30.
when From
x = 3,the θ ==0.1
! 3 31200π lb
sin figure inand
the θtext, we Then
≈ 0.1. see that sin θ = x/30 so that x = 30 sin θ and d
! 0.1 ! 0.
Also, when 6.9.
! x= 3, sin θ PRESSURE
= 0.1 and θ AND
! 0.1 ≈ 0.1. Then
sin θ ! 0.1
6.9
(b) pressure Fluid Pressure and Force
2
= 62.4(20) = 1248 lb/ft ; F = (1248)(4π) =! 4992π
3 W = FLUID
mg tan lb
θ dx = 550(9.8)
sin θ ! 0.1
FORCE
(30 cos θ) dθ = 16500(9.8) !
W = mg tan θ dx
0 = 550(9.8)
3 (300cos cos θθ = 16500(9.8)
sindθ
θ) sin θ dθ 0 0
2 W = 30.mg tan θ dx = cos θ
550(9.8) (30 cos θ) dθ = 16500(9.8)
(c) pressure =
1. 62.4(20) = 1248
(a) pressure lb/ft ; = 1248
= 62.4(20) F = lb/ft
(1248)(100π)
02
; F = = From
124800π
= 161700(−
(1248)(25π)
0 0.1 cos =0lb
the θ)]
figure
0
0.1 in 161700(1
= the text,
31200π lb0 ≈we see
cosθthat
−cos 0.1) sin θ = x/30
≈ 807.8
0so that x = 30
N-m. 0
= 161700(− cos θ)]0Also,= 161700(1
when x0.1=−3, cos
sin θ0.1)
= 0.1 807.8
and θ ≈ N-m.
0.1. Then
3 2 2 = 161700(− cos θ)]0 = 161700(1 − cos 0.1) ≈ 807.8 N-m.
2. (a) pressureoil =(b)
55 pressure = 62.4(20)
lb/ft · 96 ft = 5280= 1248
lb/ft lb/ft ; F = (1248)(4π) =!4992π
sin θ 381 3 lb ! 0.1
6.9. FLUID PRESSURE
3 AND 6.9FORCE 2
Fluid PressureW = and Force
mg tan θ dx = 550(9.8) (30 cos
6.9. FLUID PRESSURE AND = 165
FORCE
θ) dθ
(b) pressurewater (c) pressure
= 62.4 lb/ft= 62.4(20)
ft ==5304
· 85 6.9 1248
Fluid lb/ft
lb/ft
6.9. 6.9
; =
Pressure
F (1248)(100π)
and
Fluid Pressure
FLUID PRESSURE
=
0 124800π lb
Force 6.9. FLUID PRESSURE AND
AND FORCE and Force 0 cos θ FORCE
2
1. (a) pressure = 62.4(20) = 1248 lb/ftcos; θ)]F0.1==(1248)(25π)
161700(− 161700(1
30. From the = 0.1)
cos 31200π
−figure in the lb weN-m.
807.8
≈ text, see t
(c) forceoil =2.5280 · 125
(a)30. · 350
From
pressure the== 231,
figure 000,
in
1.the
55 lb/ft 000
· text,
3(a) lbwe
96pressure
ft see
= 5280= that sin2 θ==
62.4(20)
lb/ft 1248 so2that
lb/ft
x/30 ; F x==(1248)(25π)
30
30.sin
2 θ and
From Also,=when
= 31200π
dx 30lbcos
0 the figure in the text, we see that sin θ = x
x = 3,θ dθ.
sin θ = 0.1 and θ
oil
30. 1.
From (a)
the pressure
(b)figure
pressure
in = text,
the 62.4(20)
we =
see 1248sin
that lb/ft= ;x/30
Also,=
F so= (1248)(25π)
(1248)(4π)
when x=
that x 3,
= sin ==
30θsin=4992π
0.131200π lb
and dx
and θ ≈=lb
0.1.
30Then
cos
(d) forcewater = 5304 · Also,
125 · when
350 =x= 3, sin
232, θ =000
050,
(b) 0.1 lb
and=θ62.4(20)
pressure
3 ≈ 0.1. Then= 1248
2 lb/ft
2
; F =
θ
(1248)(4π) = 4992π lb
! θ3
(b) pressure = 62.4 lb/ft ·Also,85 ftwhen
water = 5304
x = 3,lb/ft
6.9
sin θ = Fluid
0.1 and θ Pressure
≈ 0.1. Then and ! 3
Force
(b) pressure = 62.4(20) = 1248 lb/ft ; F = (1248)(4π) = 4992π lb
2
(c) pressure = 62.4(20) = W = mg tan θ dx
! 0.1
= 550(9.
1248 lb/ft ; F =W(1248)(100π) sin θ= 124800π lb
! ! 2 !==0.1 mg tan θ dx
0 = 550(9.8)
(c)
3
pressure2 (c) pressure = 62.4(20)
sinFLUID
θ! 0.1 = 1248 lb/ft ; F! = (1248)(100π)
2 0124800π lb ! cos θ
(c) forceoil
3. (a) pressure = (62.4)(8) == W5280
499.2 · 125
= lb/ft ;350θFdx
mg ·tan ==231, 000,
=2.(499.2)(30)(15)000 6.9.=
lb 62.4(20)
= 224, =3θ) 1248
640 lb/ft
ftlb
;θ=FORCEF =2lb/ft (1248)(100π) =0.1 124800π =0lb
0 0.1
550(9.8)
(a)=pressure
3
1. = (a)
55(30 cos
pressure
PRESSURE =
0.1
=
dθ62.4(20) sin
16500(9.8)
AND 1248
2
; sin F θ= =dθ161700(−
(1248)(25π) cos θ)]
0.1 = 16
31200
W mg tan cos
3 θ dx
oil
θ =lb/ft550(9.8) · 96 =2
5280 (30lb/ft
cos θ) = dθ = 16500(9.8)
161700(− cos θ)]0 = 161700(1 sin θ dθ − co
Z 8 water = 5304 · 2.
(d) force 0
125(a) pressure
· 350 =0.1
2.232, oil=
050,55
0 000lb/ftlb·=96
0 ftpressure
= 5280 lb/ft
0 = cos θ= 1248 0
3 2 2
(a) 8pressure
(b) pressureoil (b)
55
= 62.4 lb/ft · 96= 3 62.4(20)
ft
lb/ft · 85 ft = 5280 lb/ft
5304 6.9 lb/ft 2; F
lb/ft Fluid Pressure and F= (1248)(4π) 0 = 4992π
(b) sidewall force = = 161700(−
62.4x(30) dx = (b) cospressure
θ)]0 =
62.4(15)x 2 161700(1
(b) = 161700(−
=
= 62.459, 30.
water
−904 cos
lb/ft From
cos 0.1)
=lb
3θ)]
(c)
0.1
85
· 62.4theft
=
pressure =807.8
≈figure
161700(1
5304 in N-m.
the
lb/ft
=3 62.4(20) −6.9text,
cos2 0.1)
==0.1
we ≈
1248
Fluid see807.8that
lb/ftPressure
sin θ = x/30 so that x = 30
2 N-m.
; F = (1248)(100π) and Force = 1248
(c)2 pressure ·lb/ft 85
sinft
· 231, 5304 lb/ft
0
water force oil = 5280
water Also, · 125when 350
x ==3, θ000,
= 000 and lb θ ≈(a) 0.1. Then
3. (a) pressure
0 = (62.4)(8) =(c)499.2 force lb/ft =
(c) ;
5280
0force F
· 125= = ·(499.2)(30)(15)
350
5280 = · 231,
125 000,
· 350 000
= = lb
231,224, 000, 640000 lblb
1. pressure = 62.4(20) =
2 = 1248 lb/ft2 ; F = (
1248 lb/
! 8 (d) 1. 3(a) pressure = 62.4(20)
Z 8 oil
8 forcewater2.= 5304
oil (a) pressure
· 125 !· oil 3 ==
350 55232,lb/ft050, · 96000 ft = lb5280 lb/ft = 62.4(20) = 1248 lb/
! pressure
(b) 0.1 sin θ
6.962.4x(15)
Fluid 6.915 Fluid Pressure "8 and = Force
dx Pressure and 2(d)=Force
(d) force force
5304 · 125=· 350 25304 = W 125
· 232, 350
·050, mg =
000=tan232,
lbθ dx 050, 000 6.9. lbFLUID
= 550(9.8)
(b) pressure = 62.4(20)PRESSURE =(30 2 cos
1248 lb/ft
AND θ) dθ
2
; =F 165
FORCE =(
end force = (b) = 62.462.4x(30) = 29, 952 lb
3
sidewall force water
xdx = 62.4(15)x
water (b) pressure
= 59, 904 lb 62.4
6.9. 2 lb/ft
FLUID· PRESSURE 85 ft(c) = 5304 coslb/ft
pressure
AND θ=FORCE
62.4(20) = 1248 lb/
3. (a) pressure = (62.4)(8) = 499.2
water
lb/ft 2; (c)Fpressure = (499.2)(30)(15) = 224, 2640 lb
2
0 0
0 2 = 62.4(20) = 1248 lb/ft ; F =(
1. (a)
3. (a) pressure pressure
3. (a) = =
pressure
0 (62.4)(8) 62.4(20) =
(c)
(62.4)(8)1248
force lb/ft
=
= 161700(−
2
;499.2;
5280 F =
125
lb/ft (1248)(25π)
350 =
; 0 F ==30. 231, =
000, 31200π
000
2.(499.2)(30)(15) lb lb = ≈224, 640 ftlb=t
#2 ; $F ==499.2 !lb/ft F = (499.2)(30)(15) "=in 224, 640 inlb
0 0
8= oil · ·
cos θ)]
0.1
161700(1
From
(a) the cos
−figure
pressure 0.1)
= the
55 807.8
text,
lb/ft
3
·weN-m.
96 see
1. (a) pressure ! 8= 62.4(20) = 1248 √(b)lb/ft %(1248)(25π)
8 2= 31200π 30. From lb pressure
the figure 2oil"8= thelb/ft
text, 3 we see that sin θ =2x
oil
4. The equation of the line through (1, 0) and (b) pressure

(5/2, 3/2) =15
sidewall
is
!62.4(20)
8 force
2 (d) ==1248 ! 8 62.4x(30)
force lb/ft =; 5304
water Fdx =· 2.
=
125 (a)
62.4(15)x
· 350
(1248)(4π)
" Also, when= 232, =Also,
(b)
=
8=
050,
4992π
3,
55
when 59,
000
pressure
sin lb= =
x904
lb ·3,
0.1
96sin
lbft θ==5280
= 62.4
and lb/ft
0.1.
lb/ft
0.1 and3
· 85
Then
θ
end(b)
force =
pressure =62.4x(15)
62.4(20) =
(b) sidewall= (b)
dx1248 62.4
lb/ft
force
2 xforce
=;2 F62.4x(30)
sidewall = 29,
= (1248)(4π)
= 952
0dx62.4x(30) = lb
= 62.4(15)x 4992π
8
dx 2=lb0(b)62.4(15)x y 904
= pressure
59,
x 2 0
=
θ
59,
water
904 lb
θ ≈
2lb124800π
3
2(1, 0) = 62.4 ! lb/ft · 85 ft = 5304 lb
√ √ 0 (c) pressure = 62.4(20)
06.9 3. (a) != 1248
0 Fluid
8 pressure lb/ft ;
Pressure F =
= (62.4)(8) =(c) (1248)(100π)
# and
499.2 $ !%
Force
lb/ft
(c)
=
water
8
3 force
;0 W·F125
3
oil = 5280lb · 125 · 350
== ·(499.2)(30)(15)
mg=tan
! = 231
= 000 =lb2θ
550(9.
0.1
sin
%8 # 15
θ dx
3 3 (c) pressure = 62.4(20) = 1248 lb/ft !
end
2
8; force ! 8 62.4x(15)
F == (1248)(100π)
0
#dx
√ =$ = 124800π
!62.4
28 √
force
lbW $= oil = 5280
x2 "(d) 8mg tan
=force θ952
29,water
350
0 =
dx =lb 5304
231,
550(9.8) 000,
· 125 · 350 = 2
y= x− . Using symmetry, 2.end(a)force
pressure end = 55
force1.= lb/ft
√ (b)
3
· 96
= 3/2
0dx62.4x(15) ft = 5280 15 lb/ft
3=x62.4
(d)15 2 forcewater
329,lb/ft
02 = 5304 · 125 · 350
; = F29, = 161700(−
"8 =cos 232, 00.1 cos
050, = 000
16
θ
cos952 lb==161700(1
(a) pressure 62.4 = 62.4(20) = 1248 2 = (1248)(25π) ==904
0 31200
34. The equation of the line through3 (1, 0) = oil 62.4x(15) = 952 lb
2 θ)]
3 sidewall force
dx 62.4x(30) =xdx
3. 0=
(a)
161700(− 62.4(15)x
pressure = 0.1
2
(62.4)(8) 59, 499.2−lb lb
co
and 0 (5/2, 2 2
= 62.43/2) is· 85y= .pressure
Using symmetry, θ)] 0 0
2. (a) pressure ! 2 x− %√ √ F=
oil = 55 √ lb/ft (b)· 96√ ft = 5280
water lb/ft
3 2 2
pressure lb/ft ft==62.4(20)
3!5304 lb/ft
Z 5/2 Z 5/2 0
(b) pressure 3. 0
0
=(a)
2=0 (62.4)(8) $ = 499.2 !lb/ft
8 = ;4992π
312486.9 lb/ft√√(b) ; # F = ! 8(1248)(4π)83 3
3 (c) 3 oilequation 15
8
4. 3force
4. The
The equation of the line through (1, 0) and (5/2,
(5/2, √ Fluid
3/2)
3/2) is y√
sidewall
is = force
Pressure =x −62.4x(30) and .lbUs Fd
= 5280 125 350 2end = force
231, =
000, 000 62.4x(15)
√lb dx = 62.4 3 x3
2
= 29, 952
F = 62.4x(2y) dx = (b)124.8 · · 2
pressure
! water x = 62.4 xlb/ft
− · 85 √ ft
dx = ! 5304
√ &
lb/ft
(c)√pressure √ '
= 62.4(20) = 1248 lb/ft ; F 2= (1248)(100π)
6.9 (b) Fluidsidewall Pressure
force = and 3
62.4x(30) Force
dx
0 = =62.4(1
3 1248
(1, 0
5/2 4. The equation of the line5/2through (1, 0) and (5/2, 3/2) is y1.= (a) pressure x − 0 = .62.4(20) 0Using symmet
!
3 (d) force 3 water 0 8
1 3 = 5304 3 · 125 3 symmetry,
· 350 = 232,3050, 000 lb &3√!end8 force 23=√ = ' 62.4x(15) =
lb/ft ; Fdx
1248
# $ lb/
==
F =oil1= 5280
(c) force · 125 · 350
62.4x(2y) dx = y=
= 231,
124.8 000,
x − 000 !
.lbUsing · 96!pressure √
15
2
2.x (a)5/2 pressure
x − oil = 55dx 1. 3(a)
lb/ft ft5/2= = 62.4(20)
5280 lb/ft 1248 (
3! 5/2 F34.= &√ end force (b)= 3 62.4x(15)
'pressure 3 0dx = 3/2
=√62.4(20) 62.4
= 1248 lb/ 3
Z 5/2 √ √ ! 1 3. (a) √ pressure ! √
=050,(62.4)(8)
1 !#
The 3 62.4x(2y)
equation
= pressure
5/2 3
of
499.2 lb/ft !; =5/2
!
2the dx 5/2
F=
line x
124.8
%through
= (499.2)(30)(15)
(b) (1,
pressure
√ 3 · 85 √
3
√
x0) =
3
and
& (5/2,
x
= 224,
62.4(20)
0 − = 640
1248
23/2) dx is 2y = 2 x
lb = 1248 3=lb/(
lb/ft ; F
3 2 (d) force
3 water ! = 5304 · 125 · 350 =
3FF == 232, 5/2 000
3 2! 8 1 dx
62.4x(2y) lb
(b)
dx =&124.8 water 62.4 lb/ft
x (c)3'( x1 −4. The
ft =
(c) 5304
3
pressure
3= 62.4(20)
equation
lb/ft
dx =of1248 = 3 62.4(20)
the line through
& '62.4x(2y) '(1(
2
pressure & √lb/ft ; √ F =
= 124.8 x − x dx = 5/2 124.8√3(b) sidewall x3√− 3 1
force x= (c)62.4x(30) force =oil
! 5/2
√
124.8
=&5280
dx 3 √ ! 5/2· 125
= 1162.4(15)x
x√
4.√
3
350
· The 3"'
3
2 x−
= =231,
equation
8 5/2
2.
3(a)
59,3000,of the
904
dx
000 !&lb
lbline
pressure √through
5/2 = 55 lb/ft(1,√
3 · 96'(
0)3 and
3
(5/2
ft =5
1 3 3. (a) pressure
3 = 124.8 = (62.4)(8) = 499.2 x92 − lb/ftx ;6!dxF =
1 2
=&(d)(499.2)(30)(15)
124.8
√ forcewater √ F = =x' 33 −
5304 2=·62.4x(2y)
224,
2.
125 3x
(a) 2640
· 350
0pressure
&=dx lb232,
√ =oil124.8
= 55 √
(b)050,
lb/ft 3x
oil
! 000 lb 3=5/2
3
·'( !
96 5/2
ft =x5280 3 lb/ft
− 2
d
= 124.8
8 % √13
0
√93 3&# 1x −$ %x8 % dx√= 124.8 =&'x − 3 62.4x(2y)x 3 dx5/
pressure 62.4 lb/ft2 ·!85
3
3 !! 5/2
5/2 ! 8 3
32x"228dx 362.4 15=6 124.8
3(b)
2 &pressure
3water √13Fwater
5/2
3 = 62.4 92528031 ·5/2
3 =xlb/ft 85 = ft6= 5304 lb
=force
124.8 1 3952
1 1− x(62.4)(8)
dx x2=
F(c) − F'oil=
force 62.4x(2y) 125 &
· dx 124.8
· 350 = 231
≈ 124.8[1.20 − (−0.10)]
(b) =sidewall
162.12force
lb. = end
62.4x(30) = dx
124.8 =
= 62.4(15)x62.4x(15)
3. (a)3 x 0−= 59,
pressure = 3 x904
= dx2lb= 5/2
! x
= =
√
499.2
124.8
(c) force3
29,
lb/ft 3√
9 =x5280; lb
−31 (499.2)(30)(15)
2
6 x· 350 = 231,
· 125 ! 000,
√ &000
3√'
=1lb12
= 124.8[1.20 −0 (−0.10)] = 162.12
10
lb. 3
= 124.8[1.20 −3 (−0.10)]
= 124.8 ! = 162.12
0 9
oil
2 (d) force6
lb. water =&
= 5304
124.8
1 · 125 √
5/2 · 350 3=
3 2
! √ 1
# − $(b) %sidewall
8
(d) force x − = 5304 √ x ·!dx
3 dx =362.4(15)x2 3= 259, 125 √=
5/2· 350
√
124.8
" 81 = 232, 050, x000
93 3lbx
−2
5. The equation of the line through (5/2, 0)8 and (1, = 124.8[1.20
3/2) is 15 (−0.10)]
8 = force
162.12 = lb.1 62.4x(30)
√
water
3
= pressure
124.8 3 x 1−= 904
is yy =
≈ 124.8[1.20 − (−0.10)] = 0)
162.12 lb. 3. (a) = (62.4)(8)
0 499.2
x lb d
√ √ end force = 4. The
62.4x(15)5. equation
dx = 62.4 of the line through
x2 = (1, 29, = and
952
! 8lb (5/2,
124.8[1.20
03. (a)3/2)pressure
− (−0.10)] =(62.4)(8) x− 1 = 499.2 . 3Using
!lb/ft
=3%124.8[1.20 ;3 (−0.1
2 symm
F =
√(b)= sidewall
162.12
# lb.
3 15!$8 force 8 −
55. 3 2 the line 8
3 5.0 5. The equation of 0 through
end force = (5/2, 0)
62.4x(15) and
& dx(1,
= 62.4= 124.8[1.20
3/2) ' is x
=
2− (−0.10)]
= 29,
62.4x(30)
= 162.12d
952 lb
y=− x+ . Using symmetry, 6. √ ! 5/2√
5. 3 √ 3/2 0 √ 5.
√ 5. force
! 5/2 (b)√sidewall
3
√ =2 62.4x(30)
3 !
0dx = 62.4(1
(1, 0
3 6.6 6. line through F 3= 5 62.4x(2y) dx = 124.8 3 x 3 x − !
0
dx
end force =
0 8
62.4x(15) dx #
15 =
√ $
√ 7. y =√ ! x + (5/2,. Using 3/2)symmetry,
8
4. The equation of the − 0)
(1, 3 and1 4. is y = 1 x − end
Z 5/2 Z 5/2 3 .6.force
Using =3 symmetry, √ 0dx = 3/2
62.4x(15) 62.4 3
6.6The equation of the line 3 3
7. 3 5 !3 ! 5/2 & √
6.
! 5/2' % (5/2,through
√ 0) (1,
7.& √√
0) and 0& √(5/2, 3/2)
'(5/2 is y = 2 x
x7.
√ 3
F = 62.4x(2y) dx = 124.8 −
! 5/2 x8.+F = 5/2dx 7.
! & √3 2 √3 '7. 3 4. The 5 3equation
33 3 the
of line through (1
3 6 =62.4x(2y)
124.8 5/2 dx = 124.8 3x − !31 5/2 3x x4. −
dxThe= 124.8 x8.+ of the
3equation 96
x line!dx
− &
2
x √(1, 0) and
through √ (5/2'
dx =1 124.8 8. 1 x 3 x 6 ! 3 3
1 1 5/2
8. F = 8. 62.4x(2y)
9. F− = 8.dx x
62.4x(2y) dx = 124.8 x 5/21 x − d
Z 5/2 √ √ ! 1 √ = !124.8[1.20 1√ !#
% √− (−0.10)]3 5/2√= 1162.12
3& lb.
9. % √ ! 5/21 F =√ 3 62.4x(2y)
&' 5/2 3 !dx5/
9. 9.
9. − 3 x2 + 5 3 x dx = 124.8 3 3 9.' 5 −3 23 x2 + 5& √3 x dx
5/2
= 3 ' 5 3 dx2 =&124.8
'(F− √ 1x3 62.4x(2y)
1
& √ = 124.8 & √ 10.
= 124.8 ! 5/210. −3 2 x√
! 5/2=√124.8 + x ! 5/2√&3√ 1
3+
5/2
x3 3 310. 3 23 x2 − 93 x !dx5/2=
6 124.8 12 33 −
1 3 6 10.
= 124.8 5. x9 −
1
10. 12
x dx = 124.8 =
x −1 x3 3
= &124.8
√
124.8 √ x'
3 2 1 193 3 x
2
10. 1 3 ≈ 3
124.8(1.50 − 0.53) = 1
121.59 9 lb. 6 = 124.8
3
x −
3
x d
6. = 124.8[1.20 − (−0.10)] 1
= 162.12 lb.
1
= 124.8[1.20 − (−0.1
≈ 124.8(1.50 − 0.53) = 121.59 lb. = 124.8[1.20 − (−0.10)] = 162.12 lb. = 124.8[1.20 − (−0.10)] = 162.12
7. 5.
5. 5.
5. 8. 6.
6. 6.
9. 7.
6. 7. 7.
8.
10. 8.
7. 8. 9.
9.
9. 10.
8. 10.
10.
9.
10.
30. From the figure in the text, we see that
Also, when x = 3, sin θ = 0.1 and θ ≈ 0
! 3 !
W = mg tan θ dx = 550(9.8)
6.9. FLUID
6.9. FLU
PRESSU
6.9. FLUID PRESSURE0 AND FORCE
0.1
= 161700(− cos θ)]0 =30. 16170
Fro
30. From the figure
Als
30. From the figure in the text, we see that
Also, when x =
Also, when x = 3, sin θ = 0.1 and θ ≈ 0
6.9. FLUID PRESSURE AND FORCE 6.9 383Fluid !Pressure and For ! 3
3 W = !
W = =mg
1. (a) pressure tan = 550(9.8)
θ dxFLUID
62.4(20)
6.9. = 1248
6.9. FLU
02
lb/ft ;
3 1 0 = 161 PRESSU
6. The equations of the lines are y1 = x − 6 and y2 = − x + 2. (b) pressure = 62.4(20)
= 161700(− cos = θ)]1248
0.1
=lb/ft
16170
30.
2
Fro;
2 2 382 30.
CHAPTERFrom0 the6.9figure
6. 2F
Als
Z 4 Z 4 (c) pressure = 62.4(20)6.9=Also, 1248
Fluid lb/ft
when xPr=;
1 3 6.9 Fluid Pressure and
1. ! (a)
For
F = 62.4x − x + 2 − x − 6 dx = 62.4 x(−2x + 8) dx 2. (a) pressureoil = 55 3 1. 3(a) pressure
lb/ft · 96 ft = 528 =
3
2 2 6. The equations of the lines are y1 = x −(b) 6 and W =y2 (b)

pressure =
02=
2 2
1. (b) pressurewater
(a) pressure 2 =
= 62.4
= 62.4(20) lb/ft
3
85 ft(c)
1248· lb/ft =;
Z 4 4 (c)$% = 161
pressure =
2 64 32 ! 4 "# forceoil = $
(c) 5280 #
· 125 · 350 = 231, 00
2
= 62.4 (−2x2 + 8x) dx = 62.4 − x3 + 4x2 = 62.4 − =F665.60
= lb (b)
62.4x
pressure
(d) −
1 = 62.4(20)
+ 2 =−
forcexwater
3 = 1248 lb/ft ;
x2. −(a)·6Fluid
2.
pressure
6.9
dx
(a)
=(b)
2F6
2 3 2 3 3 2 2
(c) pressure
53046.9
2· 125
= 62.4(20) = 1248
350 = 232,
lb/ftPr
oil
;
(b) pressurewa
!3.4 (a) pressure = (62.4)(8)# (c)2
1. (a)
Z Z 1. = 499.2
3(a)
(c) force lb/ft
2pressure
oil == 5
4 √ 4 i4 = 62.4 2. (−2x
(a) pressure
2
dx==5562.4
+ 8x)oil lb/ft
! 8 − · 96 xft3 =
+ 528
4x
(d)
(b)
7. F = 50x(2 x) dx = 100 x3/2 dx = 40x5/2 = 1, 280 lb 2 (b)y pressure (d)33force
(b) water==
pressure
sidewall force==62.4 62.4x(30)
lb/ft · 85 dx ft(c)
==
water 3. (a)
0 (c) pressure =
0 0 ! 8· 1253. · 350
(a) pressure =
0
! (c) forceoil =
! 5280 = 231, 00
2. & (b)
(a)
4 √ (d) force 4 4
end force =
= 5304 · 2.
62.4x(15)
125 (a)
· pressure
350
dx= = 62
232,
7. F = 50x(2 x) dx = 100 water 3/2 (b) sidewall(b)
x 0 dx = 40x
5/2 fo
oil
=
(b) pressure0wa
0 0 (c)2
4 3. (a) pressure = (62.4)(8) =(c)499.2
forcelb/ft
oil = 5
end force
x The equation of the line
4. ! 8through (1, 0) (d)=
(d) forcewater =
(b) sidewall force = 62.4x(30)4.
3.dx The=
(a)
! 5/2 04.
! 8 3. The (a) equation
pressure = o
8. Solving x = y and y = −x + 2 simultaneously, we find that the graphs8. Solving x = y2 andy yend
2
= −x F = 62.4x(2y) dx =(b)
force+=2 simultaneously,
62.4x(15) dx = we 62
1
(b) sidewall fo
intersect at (4, −2) and (1, 1). To compute the force we divide the plate intersect at (4, −2) and (1, 1). To0 compute
1
! 5/2 & √ the forc

F =
into two parts with the line x = 1. For the upper part we use symmetry. into two parts (1,with1)the line x = 1. For the 3 force
upper
end 2 pa=
4. The equation of=the
124.8
line through x 0)
(1, −
Z Z ! 1 ! 3 1 4 4. The =
1 4 √
√ √ (4, –2) F = =!
62.4x(2 124.8[1.20
x) 4. +
5/2dx The (−0.10)]
62.4x[(
− equation o
F = 62.4x(2 x) dx + 62.4x[(−x + 2) − (− x)] dx x 0 F = 1 dx = 1=
62.4x(2y)
0 1 ! 1 ! 45.
Z Z 5. 1
1 4 = 124.8 x3/2 dx!5.
+5/2 & √ 6.(xF3/=
62.4
3
= 124.8 x3/2 dx + 62.4 (x3/2 − x2 + 2x) dx 6.
# =
0
$ 124.8%6.
2
#x −
1
2
1 3 7.2
5/2 7.1
+ 62.4 8. x5=
0 1
1 4 7. = 124.8 x
2 2 5/2 1 3 5= 124.8[1.20
0 5
− (−0.10)]
= 124.8 x 5/2
+ 62.4 x − x +x 2 8. # 8. $ =
112 16 9.
5 5 3 5. = 49.92 + 62.4 9. − 5. 49
=
0 1 9. 155. 15 10.
6.
112 16 6. 10.
= 49.92 + 62.4 − = 49.92 + 399.36 = 499.28 lb 9.
10. 6.
7.
15 15 7. 7.
8.
1 10.
9. The equation of the line through (0, 5) and (4, 3) is y = − x + 5. Using (0,
8. 5) 8.
9.
2
9. y
9.
symmetry, 11. 10.
10.
Z 4 Z 4 12. 10.
1 1 2 (4, 3)
F = 62.4x 2 − x + 5 dx = 124.8 − x + 5x dx 13.
0 2 0 2 x
4 14.
1 5
= 124.8 − x3 + x2 = 3660.8 lb
6 2 0 15.
10. The equation of the line through (4, 0) and (2, 2) is y = −x + 4. Using
16. y
symmetry, 17.
(2, 2)
Z 2 Z 4
18.
(4, 0)
F = 62.4x(4) dx + 62.4x[2(−x + 4)] dx x
0 2 19.
Z 2 Z 4
= 124.8 2x dx + 124.8 (−x2 + 4x) dx
0 2
4
2 1 3 2
= 124.8x2 + 124.8 − x 2x = 499.2 + 665.6 = 1, 164.8 lb
0 3 2
11. The equation of the line through (8, 0) and (4, 12) is y = −3x + 24. y
(4, 12)
Z 4 Z 8
F = 62.4x(12) dx + 62.4x(−3x + 24) dx
0
Z
4
Z (8, 0)
x
4 8
= 374.4 2x dx + 62.4 (−3x + 24x) dx
2
0 4
4 8
= 374.4x2 0
+ 62.4(−x3 + 12x2 ) 4
= 5, 990.4 + 7, 987.2 = 13, 977.6 lb
√
12. y = 25 − x2 . Using symmetry, 5
Z 5 Z y
p 5
F = 60x 2 25 − x2 dx = 120 x(25 − x )
2 1/2
dx 5
0 0
i5 x
= −40(25 − x2 )3/2 = −40(0 − 125) = 5, 000 lb
0
√
13. y = 16 − x2 . Using symmetry, –10
Z 4 p
F = 62.4(x + 10) 2 16 − x2 dx y
−4
Z 4 p Z 4 p 4
= 124.8 x 16 − x2 dx + 624 2 16 − x2 dx. x
−4 −4
The first integral has an odd integrand and is thus 0. The second integral represents the area
of the circle and is thus π(4)2 . Therefore F = 624(16π) = 9984π lb.
r
9 –10
14. y = 9 − x2 . Using symmetry,
4 –2
Z 2 r !
9 2 y
F = ρ(x + 10) 2 9 − x dx 2
−2 4
Z 2 r Z 2 r x
9 2 9 2
= 2ρ x 9 − x dx + 10ρ 2 9 − x dx.
−2 4 −2 4
The first integral has an odd integrand and is thus 0. The second integral represents the area
of the ellipse and is thus π(2)(3). Therefor F = 10ρ(6π) = 60πρ lb.
Z 5
y
15. F = Ftop + Fbottom + 4Fside = 62.4(3)(4) + 62.4(5)(4) + 4 62.4x(2) dx
3 3

2 5
= 748.8 + 1248 + 249.6x 3 = 1996.8 + 3993.6 = 5990.4 lb
5
x
16. Fbottom − Ftop = 62.4(5)(4) − 62.4(3)(4) = 499.2 lb. Since the volume of the block is 8 ft3 ,
the weight of the water displaced is 62.4(8) = 499.2 lb (illustrating Archimedes’ principle).
6.10. CENTERS OF MASS AND CENTROIDS 385
√ √ 20
17. The length of the bottom
√ of the pool√is 202 + 52 = 5 17.√Using similar
triangles, h/x = 5/5 17 and h = x/ 17. Then d = 4 + x/ 17. Now 4 d 4
n
X Z 5√17 5 h
x∗k x x
F = lim 62.4 4 + √ (15)∆xk = 62.4 4 + √ 15 dx
kP k→0 17 0 17
k=1 384 CHAPTER 6. APPLICATIONS O
Z 5√17 5√17
1 1 384 √
CHAPTER 6. APPLICATIONS √OF THE INTEG
= 936 4 + √ x dx = 936 4x + √ x2 17. The length of the bottom
√ of the pool√is 202 + 52 = 5 17.√Using simil
0 17 2 17 0 triangles, h/x = 5/5 17 and
√ h = x/ 17.
√ Then d = 4 + x/ 17. Now
√ ! 17. The length
384 of the bottom
√ of the pool√is 20CHAPTER
2 + 52 = 5 17. Using similar
6. APPLICATIONS
√ √ OF THE IN 20
65 17 √ triangles, h/x = 5/5 17 and ! " 17. Then
n h = x/
x∗k
# d = 4 + x/ $ 17.
5 17Now " #
x 4 d
= 936 = 30, 420 17 lb. F = lim 62.4 4 + √ (15)∆x 2= √
√
√ 202 + k
62.4 4 + √ 15 d
2 17. The
!n length"of!→0
!P the bottom
∗√
xk=1
# of the pool √is5 17
17
$ Using similar517 h
5" = 50 17.√#
x
F = lim triangles,62.4 h/x 4+ =$ √5/5k 17 and h = x/ 17. Then d = 4 + x/ 17. Now√
5 17 "(15)∆xk =#
√ 62.4" 4 + √ 15#%
dx5 17
√ !P !→0
√ √ 17" 1
# x 0dx = $
1
17
k=1 = 936 !n 4+ ∗√ 45° 9365 174x√+ " √
√
x2 # 5
18. The slant height of the dam is 40 2 ft. Since x = d 2, we have √
="lim
$ F5d =17 x/ 2. 1&
0 # 4 + √ k 17
62.4 '
x "(15)∆xd =
k 1
5 17 24 +
#%62.4 17√x 015 dx
= 936 is 100∆x 4 + k=1 x √dx 17 x 4x + 17
17 = 40 936 2
Then, using the fact that the area of the rectangular element √,17
!P !→0
√ 65 √ √ 0x
0 =$ 936k
5 17 " =# 30, 420 17 2" lb.
17 0 #%5 17
√
& √ ' 2 1 1
∗ Z 40√2 = 936 65= 17 936 4 +√√ x dx = 936 45° 4x + √ x2
X n 0= 30, 420 17 17lb. √ 2 17 0 √ √
xk 6240 2 & ' 20 40
√ x dx18.=The slant height of the √ dam is 40 2 ft. Since x = d 2, we have d = x/
√
F = lim 62.4 √ 100∆xk = Then,
65 17
936 using the = fact
30,
√ 420 that17thelb. area of √the rectangular element is 100∆xk
kP k→0
k=1
2 0 18. The2slant height of the dam 2 is 40 2 ft. Since x = d 2, we have d =√x/ 2.
√
45
" # $
√ Then, using the fact that the area of! the rectangular
√ element is 100∆x6240
√ k,
√ 40 x
n
40 2 18. The slant heightFof=the lim dam is 4062.4 2 ft. √x ∗
Since x = d 2,=we have d =
100∆x
40 2
√ x/x dx 2.
3120 √ Then, using! the fact" that the
k
# area of the$2rectangular√ k
element 2 k,
is 100∆x
= √ x2 = 4, 992, 000 2 lb. n !P !→0
x∗k k=1 √ 40 2
6240
0
20
40
2 0
F = lim
!P !→0
62.4 n√
!3120
2 2 xk
100∆x
%40 ∗ 2#k =
" $√ √
√ x dx
2 6240
40 2
lim= √ 62.4
0 20
= √
Fk=1 x √ = 4, 992,
100∆x k =000 2 lb.√ x dx
Xn
√ Z 40 √ √ i40 2 %40!P !→0 2 k=12 0 √2 0 2
3120 √ $ 40
19. F = lim 62.4x∗k (100 2∆xk ) = 6240 2x dx = 3120 19. = 2√ x 3120
2x ! n= 4,%40992,
2 000 √2 lb. √ √ √ (40
F =2 lim =0 √ x262.4x∗k (100 2∆x
= 4, 992, 000k ) =
2 lb. 6240 2x dx = 3120 2x2
kP k→0 0 0 !P !→0 2 $ 0
k=1 ! n
√k=1 0 40 √ 0 √ (40
√ 19. F = lim 62.4x∗k! (100 2∆x √k ) √= 6240 $ 402x dx√= 3120 2x2 √ (40
45° 6240 2x dx = 3120 02x2
n
= 4, 992, 000 2 lb !P19.
!→0F = lim = 4, 992,
k=1 !P !→0
000∗ (100
62.4x k
2 lb 2∆x 0 k) =
√ k=1 0 0
= 4, 992, 000 2 lb √ x
= 4, 992,
6.10 000 2 lb
Centers of Mass and Centroids
x
6.10 Centers of Mass and Centroids x
6.10 1. Centers of Mass and Centroids
6.10 Centers of Mass and Centroids
1. 1. 2.
2(4) + 5(−2) 2 2. 2. 3.
1. x = =−
2+5 7 3. 3. 4.
4. 4. 5.
6(−1/2) + 1(−3) + 3(8) 18 9
2. x = = = 5. 5. 6.
6+1+3 10 5
6. 7.
6.
10(−5) + 5(2) + 8(6) + 7(−3) 13 7.
8.
3. x = =− 7.
10 + 5 + 8 + 7 30 8.
9.
8.
9.
2(9) + (3/2)(−4) + (7/2)(−6) + (1/2)(−10) −14
9. 2810.
4. x = = =−
10.
2 + 3/2 + 7/2 + 1/2 15/2
10. 1511.
11.
11. 12.
10(−5) + 15(5) 25 12.
5. x = = = 1 m (to the right of the12.center)
10 + 15 25
y
2(−1) + 2(1) m3
6. The center of mass of m1 and m2 is x12 = = 0. Thus, we
2+2
consider masses m1 and m2 to be concentrated at the midpoint of the
m1 m2
base of the triangle. Taking this point to be the √
origin, with
√ the positive
4(0) + 1(2 3) 2 3 x
direction up through m3 , we have y = = . 4 kg
4+1 5
Z Z 5
5 5 5
2 3 1 2 575
7. m = (2x + 1) dx = (x2 + x) 0 = 30; M0 = x(2x + 1) dx = x + x =
0 0 3 2 0 6
575/6 115
x= =
30 36
Z 2
2
1 4
8. m= − x3 + x2
(−x2 + 2x) dx = =
0 3 0 3
Z 2 Z 2 2
1 4 2 3 4 4/3
M0 = x(−x + 2x) dx =
2
(−x + 2x ) dx = − x + x
3 2
= ; x = =1
0 0 4 3 0 3 4/3
Z 1
1
3 4/3 3
9. m = x dx = x 1/3
=
0 4 0 4
Z 1 Z 1 1
3 3 3/7 4
M0 = xx1/3 dx = x4/3 dx = x7/3 = ; x= =
0 0 7 0 7 3/4 7
Z 1
1
1 2
10. m= − x3 + x
(−x2 + 1) dx = =
0 3 0 3
Z 1 Z 1 1
1 4 1 2 1 1/4 3
M0 = x(−x + 1) dx =
2
(−x + x) dx = − x + x
3
= ; x = =
0 0 4 2 0 4 2/3 8
Z Z Z 3 4
4 3 4
1 1 2
11. m= |x − 3| dx = −(x − 3) dx + (x − 3) dx = − x2 + 3x + x − 3x
0 0 3 2 0 2 3

9 9
= + −4 + =5
2 2
Z 4 Z 3 Z 4
M0 = x|x − 3| dx = −(x2 − 3x) dx + (x2 − 3x) dx
0 0 3
3 4
1 3 1 3 3 2 27 64 27 19
= − x3 + x2 + x − x = −9 + + − 24 − 9 − =
3 2 0 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
19/3 19
x= =
5 15
Z 3 Z 1 Z 3
12. m= (1 + |x − 1|) dx = [1 − (x − 1)] dx + [1 + (x − 1)] dx
0 0 1
Z Z 1 3
1
1 2 3
1 2 3 9 1 11
= (2 − x) dx + x dx = 2x − x + x = + − =
0 1 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 2
Z 3 Z 1 Z 3
M0 = x(1 + |x − 1|) dx = x[1 − (x − 1)] dx + x[1 + (x − 1)] dx
0 0 1
Z Z 1 3
1 3
1 1 3 2 1 28
= (2x − x2 ) dx + x2 dx = x2 − x3 + x = + 9− =
0 1 3 0 3 1 3 3 3
28/3 56
x= =
11/2 33
Z Z Z 1 2
2 1 2
1 1
13. m= ρ(x) dx = x dx + 2
+ (2 − x) dx = x3 2x − x2
0 0 1 0 1 3 2

1 3 5
= + 2− =
3 2 6
Z 2 Z 1 Z 2 1 2
1 1
M0 = xρ(x) dx = x3 dx + (2x − x2 ) dx = x4 + x2 − x3
0 0 1 4 0 3 1

1 4 2 11
= + − =
4 3 3 12
11/12 11
x= =
5/6 10
Z Z Z 2
3 2 3
1 3
14. m= ρ(x) dx = x dx + 2 dx = x2 + 2x]2 = 2 + 2 = 4
0 0 2 2 0
Z Z Z 2
3 2 3
1 3 3 8 23 23/3 23
M0 = xρ(x) dx = x2 dx + 2x dx = x + x2 = +5= ; x= =
0 0 2 3 0
2 3 3 4 12
1 1
15. Since ρ(x) = kx2 and 12.5 = ρ(5) = 25k, k = and ρ(x) = x2 .
2 2
Z 10 Z 10 10
10
1 2 1 500 1 3 1 4
m= x dx = x3 = ; M0 = x dx = x = 1250
0 2 6 0 3 0 2 8 0
1250
x= = 7.5 ft (from the left end)
500/3
16. Place the origin at the right end of the rod with the positive direction to the left. Then
Z 3 Z 3 3
1 9 4
ρ(x) = kx and 6 = ρ(x) dx = kx dx = kx2 = k. Solving for k we obtain k = .
0 0 2 0 2 3
4
Then ρ(x) = x and ρ(3/2) = 2 kg/m.
3
3(−2) + 4(1) 2 3(3) + 4(2) 17
17. m = 3 + 4 = 7; x= =− ; y= =
7 7 7 7
1(−4) + 3(2) + 2(5) 1(1) + 3(2) + 2(−2) 1

18. m = 1 + 3 + 2 = 6; x= = 2; y= =
6 6 2
4(1) + 8(−5) + 10(7) 17 4(1) + 8(2) + 10(−6) 20
19. m = 4 + 8 + 10 = 22; x= = ; y= =−
22 11 22 11
1(9) + (1/2)(−4) + 4(3/2) + (5/2)(−2)
20. m = 1 + 1/2 + 4 + 5/2 = 8; x= =1
8
1(3) + (1/2)(−6) + 4(−1) + (5/2)(10) 21
y= =
8 8
Z 2
2
21. A = (2x + 4) dx = (x2 + 4x) 0 = 12
0 8
Z Z 2
2 2
2 3 40
My = x(2x + 4) dx = (2x2 + 4x) dx = x + 2x2 =
0 0 3 0 3
Z Z
1 2
1 2
Mx = (2x + 4) dx = 2
(4x2 + 16x + 16) dx
2 0 2 0
4
2
1 3 112
=2 x + 2x2 + 4x =
3 0 3
40/3 10 112/3 28
x= = ; y= =
12 9 12 9 2
Z 3
3
1 2 15 1
22. A = (x + 1) dx = x +x = − − =8 4
−1 2 −1 2 2
Z 3 Z 3 3
1 3 1 2
My = x(x + 1) dx = (x2 + x) dx = x + x
−1 −1 3 2 −1 3
27 1 40
= − =
2 6 3
Z 3
1 3 1 32 32
Mx = (x + 1)2 dx = (x + 1)3 = −0=
2 −1 6 −1 3 3
40/3 5 32/3 4
x= = ; y= =
8 3 8 3
Z 1 1
1 1
23. A = x2 dx = x3 = 1
0 3 0 3
Z 1 Z 2 1
1 4 1
My = x dx =
3
(2x + 4x) dx = x
2
=
0 0 4 0 4 1
Z 1 1
1 1 5 1 1/4 3 1/10 3
Mx = x4 dx = x = ; x= = ; y= =
2 0 10 0 10 1/3 4 1/3 10
Z 2
2
1 3 20 7
24. A= (x + 2) dx =
2
x + 2x = − − =9
3 3 3
6
−1 −1
Z 2
2
1 2 9 27
My = x(x2 + 2) dx =
(x + 2)2 =9− =
−1 4 −1 4 4
Z 2 Z 2
1 1
Mx = (x2 + 2)2 dx = (x4 + 4x2 + 4) dx
2 −1 2 −1
2
1 1 5 4 3 1 376 83 153
= x + x + 4x = − − =
2 5 3 −1 2 15 15 10
27/4 3 153/10 17 -1 1 2
x= = ; y= =
9 4 9 10
Z 3 3
1 81
25. A = x3 dx = x4 =
0 4 0 4
Z 3 3 Z 3
1 243 1 3 6 1 7 2187 20
My = x4 dx = x5 = ; Mx = x dx = x =
0 5 0 5 2 0 14 0 14
243/5 12 2187/14 54
x= = ; y= =
81/4 5 81/4 7
10
Z 8
8
3 4/3
26. x = y 1/3 ; A= y 1/3 dy = y = 12 8
0 4 0
Z 8
8
3 384
Mx = =
y 4/3 dy = y 7/3
0 70 7
Z 8 8
1 3 5/3 48
My = y 2/3 dy = y =
2 0 10 0 5
48/5 4 384/7 32
x= = ; y= =
12 5 12 7
2
Z 4
4
2 3/2 16 2 14 2
27. A= x1/2 dx = x = − =
1 3 1 3 3 3
Z 4 4
4
2 5/2 64 2 62
My = x dx = x
3/2
= − =
1 5 1 5 5 5
Z 4 4
1 1 1 15 62/5 93 15/4 45
Mx = x dx = x2 = 4 − = ; x= = ; y= =
2 1 4 1 4 4 14/3 35 14/3 56
Z 1
1
1 2 2 4
1
28. A= (1 − y 2 ) dy =
y − y3 = − − =
−1 3 −1 3 3 3
Z 1 Z 1 1 1
1 2 1 4 1 1
Mx = y(1 − y 2 ) dy = (y − y 3 ) dy = y − y = − =0
−1 −1 2 4 −1 4 4 -1
Z 1 Z 1 1
1 1 1 1
My = [12 − (y 2 )2 ] dy = (1 − y 4 ) dy = y − y5
2 −1 2 −1 2 5 −1

1 4 4 4 4/5 3 0
= − − = ; x= = ; y= =0
2 5 5 5 4/3 5 4/3
Z 2 2
1 2 1 3 10 7 9 4
29. A = [(x + 2) − x ] dx =
2
x + 2x − x = − − =
−1 2 3 −1 3 6 2
Z 2 Z 2
My = x(x + 2 − x2 ) dx = (x2 + 2x − x3 ) dx
−1 −1 -2 -1 1 2
2
1 3 1 4 8 5 9
= x +x − x
2
= − =
3 4 −1 3 12 4
Z 2
1 2 1 1 1 5 1 224 8 36
Mx = [(x + 2)2 − x4 ] dx = (x + 2) − x =
3
− =
2 −1 2 3 5 −1 2 15 15 5
9/4 1 36/5 8
x= = ; y= =
9/2 2 9/2 5
Z 1 1
2 3/2 1 3 1 1
30. A = (x − x ) dx =
1/2 2
x − x =
0 3 3 0 3
Z 1 Z 1 1
2 5/2 1 4 3
My = x(x1/2 − x2 ) dx = (x3/2 − x3 ) dx = x − x =
0 0 5 4 0 20 1
Z Z 1 1
1 1 1/2 2 1 1 1 1 3
Mx = [(x ) − (x ) ] dx =
2 2
(x − x ) dx =
4 2
x − x 5
=
2 0 2 0 2 2 5 0 20
3/20 9 3/20 9
x= = ; y= =
1/3 20 1/3 20
Z 1 1
3 4/3 1 4 1 1
31. A = (x − x ) dx =
1/3 3
x − x =
0 4 4 0 2
Z 1 Z 1 1
3 7/3 1 5 8
My = x(x1/3 − x3 ) dx = (x4/3 − x4 ) dx = x − x =
0 0 7 5 0 35 1
Z Z 1 1
1 1 1/3 2 1 1 3 1 7 8
Mx = [(x ) − (x ) ] dx =
3 2
(x − x ) dx =
2/3 6 5/3
x − x =
2 0 2 0 2 5 7 0 35
8/35 16 8/35 16
x= = ; y= =
1/2 35 1/2 35
Z 0 4
0
1 3 16
32. A = (4 − x ) dx = 4x − x
2
=
−2 3 −2 3
Z 0 Z 0 0
1 4
My = x(4 − x ) dx =
2
(4x − x ) dx = 2x − x
3 2
= −4
−2 −2 4 −2 -2
Z 0 Z 0 0
1 1 1 8 1 128
Mx = (4 − x2 )2 dx = (16 − 8x2 + x4 ) dx = 16x − x3 + x5 =
2 −2 2 −2 2 3 5 −2 15
−4 3 128/15 8
x= =− ; y= =
16/3 4 16/3 5
Z 3
3
1 1 1 4 1
33. y = x−3 ; A= x−3 dx = − =− − =
1 2x2 1 18 2 9
Z 3
3
1 1 2 2
My = x−2 dx = −=− −1 =
1 1 x 3 3
Z 3 3
1 1 1 1 121
Mx = x−6 dx = − = − − =
2 1 10x5 1 2430 10 1215
2/3 3 121/1215 121
x= = ; y= =
4/9 2 4/9 540
Z 2 Z 2
34. A= [(−4x + 9) − (x − 2x + 1)] dx =
2
(8 − 2x − x2 ) dx
−4 −4 20
2
1 28 80
= 8x − x2 − x3 =
− − = 36
3 −4 3 3
Z 2 Z 2
My = x(8 − 2x − x ) dx =
2
(8x − 2x2 − x3 ) dx
−4 −4
2
2 1 20 128
= 4x2 − x3 − x4 = − = −36
3 4 −4 3 3 -4 -2 2
Z 2 Z 2
1 1
Mx = [(−4x + 9)2 − (x2 − 2x + 1)2 ] dx = [16x2 − 72x + 81 − (x − 1)4 ] dx
2 −4 2 −4
2
1 16 3 1 5
1 907 1849 1692
= x − 36x + 81x − (x − 1) =
2
− − =
2 3 5 −4 2 15 3 5
−36 1692/5 47
x= = −1; y==
36 36 5
Z 2 2 4
1 3 14 4
35. A = (y − 1 + 2) dy =
2
y +y = − − =6
−1 3 −1 3 3 2
Z 2 Z 2 2
1 4 1 2
Mx = y(y 2 + 1) dy = (y 3 + y) dy = y + y -3 3
−1 −1 4 2 −1
-2
3 21
=6− =
4 4
Z Z
1 2
1 2
My = [(y 2 − 1)2 − (−2)2 ] dy = (y 4 − 2y 2 − 3) dy
2 −1 2 −1
2
1 1 5 2 3 1 74 52 21
= y − y − 3y = − − =−
2 5 3 −1 2 15 15 5
−21/5 7 21/4 7
x= =− ; y= =
6 10 6 8
Z 4 4
1 3 40 6
36. A = (x2 − 4x + 6) dx = x − 2x2 + 6x =
0 3 0 3
Z 4 Z 4 3
My = x(x2 − 4x + 6) dx = (x3 − 4x2 + 6x) dx
0 0
4
1 4 4 3 80 4
= x − x + 3x2 =
4 3 0 3
Z 4 Z
1 1 4
Mx = (x − 4x + 6) dx =
2 2
[(x − 2)2 + 2]2 dx
2 0 2 0
Z 4
1 4 1 1 4
= [(x − 2) + 4(x − 2) + 4] dx =
4 2
(x − 2) + (x − 2) + 4x
5 3
2 0 2 5 3 0

1 496 256 376
= − − =
2 15 15 15
80/3 376/15 47
x= = 2; y = =
40/3 40/3 25
Z 1 Z 1 1 4
37. A= [(4 − 4x ) − (1 − x )] dx =
2 2
(3 − 3x2 ) dx = (3x − x3 ) −1 = 4
−1 −1
Z 1 Z 1
My = x(3 − 3x2 ) dx = (3x − 3x3 ) dx
−1 −1 -2 2
1
3 2 3 4 3 3
= x − x = − =0
2 4 −1 4 4
Z 1 Z
1 1 1
Mx = [(4 − 4x2 )2 − (1 − x2 )2 ] dx = [16(1 − x2 )2 − (1 − x2 )2 ] dx
2 −1 2 −1
Z 1
15 1 15 2 3 1 5 15 8 8
= (1 − 2x + x ) dx =
2 4
x− x + x = − − =8
2 −1 2 3 5 −1 2 15 15
0 8
x= = 0; y = = 2
4 4
38. x = 1 − y 2 ; x = −(1 + y) 2
Z 2 Z 2
A= [(1 − y ) + (1 + y)] dy =
2
(2 + y − y 2 ) dy
−1 −1 -2
2
1 1 10 7 9
= 2y + y 2 − y 3 = − − =
2 3 −1 3 6 2
Z Z
2
2 2
1 1 8 5 9
Mx = y(2 + y − y 2 ) dy = (2y + y 2 − y 3 ) dy =
y2 + y3 − y4 = − =
−1 −1 3 4 −1 3 12 4
Z 2 Z 2 2
1 1 1 1 5
My = [(1 − y 2 )2 − (1 + y)2 ] dy = (y 4 − 3y 2 − 2y) dy = y − y3 − y2
2 −1 2 −1 2 5 −1

1 28 1 27
= − − − =−
2 5 5 10
−27/10 3 9/4 1
x= =− ; y= =
9/2 5 9/2 2
39. By symmetry, x = 0. 2
Z π/2 Z π/2
π/2
A=2 (1 + cos x − 1) dx = 2 cos x dx = 2 sin x]0 =2
0 0
Z Z
1 π/2
1 π/2
–π / 2 π/2
Mx = [(1 + cos x) − 1 ] dx =
2 2
(cos2 x + 2 cos x) dx
2 −π/2 2 −π/2
Z π/2 π/2
1 1 1 1 1 1
= cos 2x + + 2 cos x dx = sin 2x + x + 2 sin x
2 −π/2 2 2 2 4 2 −π/2
h
1 π π i π+8
= +2 − − −2 =
2 4 4 4
(π + 8)/4 π+8
y= =
2 8
4
40. By symmetry, x = π/2.
Z π Z π
π 2
A= (4 sin x + sin x) dx = 5 sin x dx = −5 cos x]0
0 0
= −5(−1 − 1) = 10 !
Z Z
1 π 15 π 2
Mx = (16 sin x − sin x) dx =
2 2
sin x dx
2 0 2 0
Z π π
15 1 1 15 1 1 15π
= − cos 2x dx = x − sin 2x =
2 0 2 2 2 2 4 0 4
15π/4 3π
y= =
10 8
41. (a) The circumference of a circle with radius y is 2πy. Thus, V = 2πyA.
(b) By the same reasoning, V = 2πxA when the region R is revolved around the y-axis.
Z 2
2
1 3 8 5
42. A = (x + 1 − 1) dx = x
2
=
0 3 0 3
Z 2 Z 2
1 1
Mx = [(x2 + 1)2 − 12 ] dx = (x4 + 2x2 ) dx
2 0 2 0
2
1 1 5 2 3 88 88/15 11
= x + x = ; y= =
2 5 3 0 15 8/3 5

11 8 176π
By the theorem of Pappus, V = 2π = . To verify this
5 3 15 2
result we compute the volume using the washer method.
Z Z 2
2 2
1 5 2 3 176π
V =π [(x + 1) − 1 ] dx = π
2 2 2
(x + 2x) dx = π
4
x + x = .
0 0 5 3 0 15
43. We identify A = πa2 . The centroid of the region R is b units from L, so V = 2πb(πa2 ) =
2π 2 a2 b.
44. Since the graph is symmetric around x = 3, we would expect the center of 10
mass to occur at the center of the rod.

Z 6 6
1 3 5
m= (6x − x + 1) dx = 3x − x + x
2 2
= 42
0 3 0
Z 6 6
1 4 1 2 -3 3 6 9
M0 = (6x − x + x) dx = 2x − x + x
2 3 3
= 126
0 4 2 0
126
x= =3
42
45. Thinking geometrically, the centroid of a triangle would appear to be the intersection of its
three medians (a median is a line segment from one of the triangle’s vertices to the midpoint
of the opposing side). Doing some research on the centroid of a triangle shows this to be true,
and in fact this intersection is the mean of the coordinates of the triangle’s vertices.
46. Decomposing the region R into three 1 × 1 squares whose centers are (1/2, 3/2), (3/2, 3/2),
and (3/2, 1/2), we get the centroid of R = ([1/2 + 3/2 + 3/2]/3, [3/2 + 3/2 + 1/2]/3) =
([7/2]/3, [7/2]/3) = (7/6, 7/6).
Chapter 6 in Review
A. True/False
Z b
1. False. f (x) dx may be positive even though a portion of the graph of f lies below the
a
x-axis.
2. False. On [0, 3] a portion of the graph of f (x) = x − 1 lies below the x-axis.
3. True
CHAPTER 6 IN REVIEW 395
4. True
5. True
6. True
7. True
8. True
9. True
10. False. Liquid pressure depends on the density and depth of the liquid, not the area covered.
Z t2
11. False. The distance moved is given by |v(t)| dt.
t1
12. False. The formula for s(t) depends only on acceleration, initial velocity, and initial position.
The mass and shape of the object are immaterial.
B. Fill in the Blanks

1. Newton-meter of joule
2. 400 mi-lb or 2, 112, 000 ft-lb
3. (100 cos 60◦ )(50) = 2, 500 ft-lb
4. 80 = k(1/2), k = 160, F = 160x. When F = 100, x = 5/8 = 0.625 and the spring will
measure 1.625 m.
5. 6
6. 62.4
7. smooth
Z
1 T
1 1 −gT vimpact
8. vimpact = −gT and vave = (−gt) dt = − gT 2 = . Thus, vave = .
T −0 0 T 2 2 2
C. Exercises
Z a
1. − f (x) dx
0
Z b Z c Z d
2. f (x) dx − f (x) dx + f (x) dx
a b c
Z
f (a) a
f (a)
3. The line in Figure 6.R.3 is y = x. Thus, the integral is f (x) − x dx.
a 0 a
Z b
4. [c − f (x)] dx
a
Z b Z c
5. − 2f (x) dx + 2f (x) dx
a b
Z b Z c
6. g(x) dx + f (x) dx
a b
Z c Z d
7. [a − f (y)] dy +
[f (y) − a] dy
b c
CHAPTER 6 IN REVIEW
Z b Z c Z d
8. [f (x) − g(x)] dx + [g(x) − f (x)] dx!+b [f (x) − g(x)]
! c dx
a b 5. − 2f (x) dx +
c 2f (x) dx
a b 2b
Z 0 Z 2b
x
0
x ! 1b ! c 1 a2 a2
9. A = − dx + b− dx = − x2 + bx − x2 = + 2b2 − b2 = + b2
a 2 0 2 6. 4 g(x)
a
dx + f4(x) dx 0 4 4
a b
Z 2 b2 ! ! d c
b
√ 2
2 37. 3 [a − f (y)] dy + [f (y) − a] dy
10. A= y dy = y 3/2
= (b − a )
a2 a2 3
3 b c
! ! c ! d
R2 R b 2
1 8.2

x[g(x) − f (x)] dx [f (x)
[g(x)] − [f (x)] dx
− g(x)]2dx + [g(x) − f (x)] dx + [f (x) − g(x)] dx
11. x = R0 2 ; y = 2 0 R 2a b c
[g(x) − f (x)] dx [g(x) − ! f0 (x)] dx ! 2b " $0 % &$2b
0 0
x x# 1 2 1 2 a2
Z 2 9. A = − dx + b − dx = − x + bx − x = +
a 2 0 2 4 a 4 0 4
12. V =π [g(x)] − [f (x)] dx
2 2
$b2
! b2
0 √ 2 3/2 2
Z 2 10. A = y dy = y = (b3 − a3 )
a2 3 a2 3
13. V = 2π x[g(x) − f (x)] dx '2 ' ( )
1 2
0 x[g(x) − f (x)] dx 2 0 [g(x)] − [f (x)]
2 2
dx
Z 2 11. x = ' 2 0
; y= '2
0
[g(x) − f (x)] dx 0
[g(x) − f (x)] dx
14. V =π [g(x) + 1]2 − [f (x) + 1]2 dx ! 2
0 ( )
12. V = π [g(x)]2 − [f (x)]2 dx
0
! 2
13. V = 2π x[g(x) − f (x)] dx
0
g(x) + 1
! 2 ( )
14. V = π [g(x) + 1]2 − [f (x) + 1]2 dx
0
TODO figure –1
! 2
15. V = 2π (2 − x)[g(x) − f (x)] dx
0
TODO figure
! 2
16. V = [g(x) − f (x)]2 dx
0
1 π
17. Solving sin x = sin 2x, we get sin x = 2 sin x cos x, cos x = , and x =
2 3
! π/3 ! π
A= (sin 2x − sin x) dx + (sin x − sin 2x) dx
0 π/3
% &$π/3 % &$
1 1
= − cos 2x + cos x + − cos x + cos 2x
2 0 2
% &
1 1 1 1 1 1 5
= + − − −1+1+ + + =
4 2 2 2 2 4 2
TODO figure
! a
'2 '2( ) c
x[g(x) − f (x)] dx 1
[g(x)]2 − [f (x)]2 dx 7. f!
[a − 9. A
(y)] = +−
c dy
11. x = '0 2 ; y= 2 0
'2 b
!
7. [a −
[g(x) − f (x)] dx [g(x) − f (x)] dx b
b !
0 0 8. [f (x)
10.− g(x)]
A = dx
! 2 a ! b
( )
12. V = π [g(x)]2 − [f (x)]2 dx 8.!
x [f (x
' 0
9. A = − a2 dx +0
0 11.
a x = '
!
397 ! b2
√
13. V = 2π x[g(x) − f (x)] dx 10. A = 9. Ay= dy −
=
a12.
2
V =π
0
Z ! 2( '2
2 ) x[g(x) −!f
14. V = π [g(x) + 1]2 − [f (x) + 1]2 dx 11. x = ' 2 0
15. V = 2π (2 − x)[g(x) − f (x)] dx 0 10.013.

A V=−=f2(
[g(x)
0 ! 2 a
(
12. V = π [g(x)]
'22
14.
0 V =π
11. !x2 = '0
13. V = 2π TODO
x[g(x)
! 2 0 0
!
15. V = 2π (2 − x)[g(x) − f (x)] dx 14. V = π 15. V = 2+
[g(x)
2 (
0 12. 0 V = π–1
TODO figure TODO figureTODO
x 2
! 2 ! 2 !
396 CHAPTER
15. V =
6.=x)A
2π16.V (2
16. V =CHAPTER
[g(x) −6.
f (x)]2
dx 13. V=− 2π
396 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL 0
0
! TODO figure
2 ! 17.
Z ! 2 1 14. πV Solving
on=−(0,
2
17. Solving sin x = 15. = 2π
get sin(2 (x)]xdx πf (
2
V we
sin 2x, x=− 2x)[g(x)
sin x cos−x,f cos = , and
16. Vx== [g(x)
16. V = [g(x) − f (x)] dx [g(x) − f (x)] dx
16. 2= 2
V 0 2 0 3
0 0 ! !
π/3 π 17. Solving sin x = sin
17. Solving sin x = sin 2x, we get sin x = 2 sin x cos 1 A =x = 1 , and
x, cos (sin
π x2x=−3sin
π x) dx +
on (0, π). Thus,(sin x − sin 2x) dx
17. Solving sin x = sin 2x, we get sin x = 2 sin x cos x, cos x = , and x = 0 2 396 π/3 CA
! π/3 2! π % 3 &$π/3 % &$π
on (0, π). Thus, A= (sin 2x − sin x) dx + (sin
1
− sin 2x)
1
= x− cos 2xdx + cos x !+2 − cos x + cos 15. 2x V = 2π
0
396 π/3 2 0= ! [g(x) − f (x)] 22
CHAPTER π/36.
Z π/3 "Z π #$π/3 " % #$ &π 16. V dx
1 1 1 1 1 01 1 1 5 TODO
A= (sin 2x − sin x) dx = + − (sin cos 2x x+ sinx2x) dx+ −=cos x++ −cos−
− cos 2x − 1 + 1 + + + = TODO
2 4 22 239617.
π/3 Solving2sin x2= sin 4 2x,2we get sin x = !
0 π/3 0
CHc2
π/3 1 1
"
1
# 17.

1 π1 1 Solving 5sin x = sin 2x, we get sin x = 2 sin16. x
TODO figurecos
V =x,
1 = + − − −1 1 + 1 + + + != ! 0
= − cos 2x + cos x 4+ 2− cos x2+ cos 2x 2 2on (0, 4 π). 22 Thus,
! 2 π/3
2 2 16. = [g(x) − A =2 dx (sin 2x − si
(x)]
TODO
figure

0 16.π/3V = [g(x)!− f (x)] dx0 V 2 f
!0 π 17. Solving
π/3
1 1 1 ! ln 2 1 1 1 5 0 "
1 (sin x − s
= + − − − 1 +x 1 +−x + + x = −x %ln 2 1 A= 1 (sin 2x − sinsin
x =x)sin +we−get
dx2x,= cos
sin2x + 2cos
4 18.2 (a) A2= (e − e 2 ) dx2= (e4 + e 2 ) 0 =17. − 1 − 1sin
2 + Solving = x =0 17. sin
Solving
2x, we get sin x = 2 sin
π/3
x=
2x cos x, co
0 2 2
Z ln 2 ! ln 2 ! ln 2 " #$π/3! 1π/3"1 " 1 #
1 on 1 (0, π). Thus, 1
(b) = [(e ) (e ) ] = (e ) = − cos 2x + cos x A == 04++ (sin −2x − − sin
x 2 −x 2 2x −2x
2− cos x2+
V π − ln 2 dx π − e dx 2
18. (a) A = (ex − e−x ) dx =0 (ex + e−x ) 0 = 2 + 0− 1 − 1 = 2
0 &ln 2 '" 2 # $ 2 ! π/3 0 !
" π
π π 1 9π TODO" figure # 1
= (e2x + e−2x )
2
=
2
4+
4
− (1 + 1) =
8
A = 1 (sin
1 2x − 1 sin x) dx +
= −1 (sincos12x x+ sin
−1cos
0
= 0 + − − !−ln12 + 1 +π/32+ + =
TODO figure(s?) 4 2
" 18. (a) A = 2 #$ (eπ/3
x 2
− 1e ")1dx =
−x 2 " (e #+ 4
x
1#$ 1 1
! √2 !
= ln− " ln 2 √
2 cos 2x + cos !
2 0 =
x ln 2 4+ 2−%ln + − cos −x + −
√ 1
2
2
19. (a) x = y 2 ; A(x) = (2y)2 = (2 x)2 = 4x; V18. = 4 (a) xA dx== 4 22 x −(b)
x(e e=−x4
V) = dx π = (e0[(e+
x x 2 −x −x 22
)e − (e ) ) ]= dx2=+
2
Z ln 2 Z ln 2 0 2 0 "
TODO #
figure 0
$1√2 1 1 ! 1 &!ln12 1 '"
0 0
! √2
(b) V = π [(ex )2 − (e−x 2 ) ] dx = π 2
2
(e22x − e−2x ) dx 1 =2 !2 + ln 2 − − −πln12 2x+ 1 +−2x + ln +
2 π =
x dx = π x 4 =2π x 2 2 = −x(e2 x+ e −x 2π)) dx 2==(e 4
(e24x2x+ −
(b) x = y ; A(x) = πr 0= πy = πx; V = π
0
0 (b) V =
2 π 18. [(e(a)) −
A = (e 2 ) ]
(e dx − =e 0 e−
π i ln 2 π 1 9π !
0
0 0 0
= (e2x + TODO e−2x ) figures TODO&figure(s?)
ln 2 ! ln 2 '" #2
= 4+ − (1 + 1) = π 2x −x ln 2 πx[(e+x 2 −x 1−x
%ln
2 2 4 8 18. (a) A = = 0 (e + e (e x
−(b)
e V) =
) dx π = (e
= 4 + 0 )−]=dx
)e − (e ) 2
(12=+π
√ +2
0 2 −2x
20. x = 2y − y
! 2 ! 2 2! 19. (a) x2 = 0 y ; 2
2 0
A(x) = (2y)
& 4
!ln ln
2
= (2 '" x)
ln 2ln 2 π 2x 2
2 π
V = 2π (3 − y)(2y − y 2 ) dy = 2π (y 3 − 5y 2 + 6y) dy
TODO figure(s?) = (e + e −2x
) = 4+
0 0 (b) V = π [(e ) − (e 2 ) ] dx = π 0
x 2 −x 2
(e2 − e
2x
" #$2
1 4 5 3 16 0 (b) x figure(s?)
TODO = y ; A(x)
2
'" = πr0#= πy = πx
2 2
= 2π y − y + 3y 2 = π π2 2x &ln 2 π √ 2 1
4 3 3 19. (a) x = y (e ; A(x) = )(2y) = (2 x) 4 += 24x;− (1 √V+=1
2
0 + eTODO
−2x
=
figures
TODO figure 2 19. (a) x = 0 y2 ; 2 A(x) = (2y) 4 = (2 x)2 =
5 TODO figure(s?) ( 20. x ( = 2y − y 2 ! √
21. The equation of the line is y = − x + 10. Then y # = −5/4 and 21 + (y # )2 = 1 + 225/16 ! 2 =2 !
4 (b) x = y ; A(x)(b) V ==x πr
2π= y= 2 πy = πx; 2 2 V =
;(3 − A(x)
y)(2y= πr−y= ) dy
πy= 2 π
=2ππx;
1√
41. The surface area is 20
√ 00
4 19. TODO(a) x =figures y 2 ; A(x)TODO = (2y) "
figures= (2 x)2 = 4x; #$2 V = 4
! 7" #√ √ " #)7 = 2π 1 y 4 − 5 y 3 + 3y 2 =
16
π
5 41 41π 5 22 20. x = 2y − y 2
4 3 3√
S = 2π − x + 10 = x = 2y−−xy + 10x
dx20. ! 0 ! ! 2
4 4 2 8 2
0TODO 2figure
2 2
√
0
" # √ (b) x = !y 2 ; A(x) V == πr
2π = (3πy −
2
=
y)(2y !
πx;− 2y 2V = π
) dy = 2π
=
41π 5
− · 49 + 70 =
315π 41 V≈ =396.03
2π ft(3 2 − y)(2y − y 0) dy = 2π
. 21. The equation
2
" of the line(y
3
is#$y− 5y 25 0+0
2= − x +
2 8 16 TODO figures 0 1 4 5 3 0 2 4
16
" 1√= 2π #$ y 2− y + 3y = π
1 5 43 41. The4 surface3 16 area is 0 3
20. x ==2y2π − y 2 y 4 − TODO y + 3yfigure =
2
π
! 24 3 0 3! 2 ! 7 "
525
TODO
V = 2π figure (3 −21. y)(2y y 2 ) dy =
The−equation of 2πS =line
the 2π(y 3
is y−=− 5y
−4 xx+ ++6101
0 0 0 4
1 √ √
" 41. The #$surface 5 area is " 5
x + 41π
2
21. The equation 1 4 of 5the43 line 2 y = −16=
is 10. Then y# =
= 2π y − y + 3y = 4 π 2 " − 8 · 49 +#
1√ 4 3 0 3 ! 7
5
√ (x, y) 2y
19. (a) x = y 2 ; A(x) = (2y)2 = (2 x)2 = 4x 1
Z √2 √2 y
1 2 2y
V =4 x dx = 4 x =4 2
0 2 0
-1
(b) x = y 2 ; A(x) = πr2 = πy 2 = πx

Z √2 √2 y
1 2
V =π x dx = π x =π
0 2 0
3
20. x = 2y − y 2
Z 2 Z 2
V = 2π (3 − y)(2y − y 2 ) dy = 2π (y 3 − 5y 2 + 6y) dy
0 0
x
2
1 4 5 3 16
= 2π y − y + 3y 2 = π 2
4 3 0 3
5 y
21. The equation of the line is y = − x + 10. Then y 0 = −5/4 and 10
4
p p 1√
1 + (y 0 )2 = 1 + 25/16 = 41. The surface area is
4
Z 7 √ √ #7
5 41 41π 5 2 7 8 x
S = 2π − x + 10 dx = − x + 10x
0 4 4 2 8
0
√ √
41π 5 315π 41
= − · 49 + 70 = ≈ 396.03 ft2 .
2 8 16
Z
1 4
1
22. fave = f (x) dx = (21) = 3
4 − (−3) −3 7
Z 4
1 4
1 2 5/2 2 3/2 1 272 16 256
23. fave = (x3/2 + x1/2 ) dx = x + x = − =
4−1 1 3 5 3 1 3 15 15 45
Z 3
1 3
1
24. fave = (2x − 1) dx = (x2 − x) = 2. Setting f (c) = 2c − 1 = 2 we obtain c = 3/2.
3−0 0 3 0
Z 1 1 25
25. 50 = k(1/2), k = 100, F = 100x; W = 100x dx = 50x2 = 50 − = 37.5 joules
1/2
1/2 2
Z 1/2
1 1/2
k 2
26. Using 6 in = ft, we need to solve 10 = kx dx for x. We have x = 10, k/8 = 10,
2 0 2 0
and k = 80.
Z 10
10
1 2
27. W = 62.4(10)2 (x + 5) dx = 6240 x + 5x = 624, 000 ft-lb y
0 2
10
0
5
x
1
28. The weight of the bucket after it has been lifted x feet is 32 − x pounds.
4
Z 5 5
1 1 2
W = 32 − x dx = 32x − x = 156.875 ft-lb
0 4 8 0
29. At a rate of loss of 1/4 pound per second, it will take 120 seconds to lose the entire 30 pounds.
In 120 seconds, the bucket will be raised 120 feet.
Z 120 120
1 1 2
W = 32 − x dx = 32x − x = 2040 ft-lb
0 4 8 0
1
30. The weight of the rope after the bucket has been lifted x feet is (5 − x). Thus, the weight
8
1 1 261 3
of the system after the bucket has been lifted x feet is 32 − x + (5 − x) = − x.
4 8 8 8
Z 5 5
261 3 261 3 2535
W = − x dx = x − x2 = = 158.4375 ft-lb
0 8 8 8 16 0 16
(
x+3 0≤x≤2
31. y = 8
5 2≤x≤8
Z 8
y
W = 62.4(πy 2 )(x + 15) dx
5 y
0
Z 2 Z 8
= 62.4π(x + 3) (x + 15) dx +
2
62.4π(25)(x + 15) dx
0 2
Z 2 Z 8
= 62.4π (x + 21x + 99x + 135) dx + 1560π
3 2
(x + 15) dx
0 2
2 8
1 4 99 1 2
= 62.4π x + 7x3 + x2 + 135x + 1560π x + 15x –15
4 2 0 2 2
= 62.4π(528) + 1560π(152 − 32) = 220, 147.2π ≈ 691, 612.83 ft-lb
Z
32. (a) a = −5.5, v(0) = 44, s(0) = 0; v(t) = −5.5 dt = −5.5t + c; 44 = v(0) = c
Z
s(t) = (−5.5t + 44) dt = −2.75t2 + 44t + c; 0 = s(0) = c; s(t) = −2.75t2 + 44t
The maximum height is attained when v(t) = −5.5t + 44 = 0, or at t = 8 seconds. The
maximum height is s(8) = 176 feet. On the earth, a = −32, v(t) = −32t + 44, and
s(t) = −16t2 + 44t. The maximum height is attained when v(t) = −32t + 44 = 0, or at
t = 1.375 seconds. The maximum height is s(1.375) = 30.25 feet.
(b) When the rock hits the astronaut, 6 = s(t) = −2.75t2 + 44t or 2.75t2 − 44t + 6 = 0.
Solving for t, we obtain t ≈ 1.04 (on the way up) and t ≈ 15.86 (on the way down). The
velocity is v(15.86) ≈ −43.24 ft/s.
CHAPTER 6 IN REVIEW
3
33. y 0 = (x − 1)1/2 (b) When the rock hits the astronau
2
Z 5r Z 5 5 Solving for t, we obtain t ≈ 1.04
9 1 √ 1 1
s= 1 + (x − 1) dx = 9x − 5 dx = (9x − 5) 3/2
= (40 − 4 velocity
3/2 3/2
) is v(15.86) ≈ −43.24 ft/s
1 4 2 1 27 1 27 3
33. y ! =
(x − 1)1/2
403/2 − 8 CHAPTER 6 IN REVIEW 2
! 5"
= ≈ 9.07 9
!
1 5√
27 s = 1 + (x −2 1) dx = 9
(b) When the rock hits the astronaut, 6 = s(t) = −2.75t
4 + 44t or22.75t2 −
1 1
34. Place the origin at the left end of the rod. Then the density
Solvingofforthe rod
t, we is ρ(x)
obtain = (on
t ≈ 1.04 + b.way
ax the 3/2Since
up) and t ≈ 15.86 (on the wa
velocity is v(15.86) ≈ −43.24 ft/s. = 40 −8
≈ 9.07
ρ(3) = 11 and ρ(6) = 17, we solve the system 3a + b = 11, 6a + b = 17 to obtain ρ(x) = 2x 27 + 5.
Z 6 3
6 33. y = (x − 1)
! 1/2
34. Place the origin at the left end of the r
m= (2x + 5) dx = x2 + 5x 0 = 66 2
! " ! #5
0
5
9 1 5 √ρ(3) = 11 and
! 6= 1 ρ(6) = 17, we solve
1 the
Z Z s= 1 + (x − 1) dx = 9x − 5 dx (9x − 5)3/2$ = (403/2
%&6
6 4 2 1
6 6
2 3 5 12 234 m =39 (2x27+ 5) dx = x1 2 +275x 0 =
M0 = x(2x + 5) dx = (2x2 + 5x) dx = x + 40x 3/2 − 8 = 234; x = = 0
0 0 3 =2
27 0
≈ 9.07 66 11! 6 ! 6
p M0 = x(2x + 5) dx = (2x + 5x 2
34. Place the origin at the left end of the rod. Then
0 the density of the rod
0 is ρ(x) =
35. y = 16 − x2 ρ(3) = 11 and ρ(6) = 17, we solve the system )3a + b = 11, 6a + b = 17 to obtain
4 !
Z 4 p
6 $ 2 35.
%&6 y = 16 − x 2
800 m 800
= (2x + 5) dx = 51,
x +2005x 0 = 66 !
F = 800x 16 − x2 dx = − (16 − x2 )3/2 = − !0 (0 − 64) = ! ≈ 17, 066.67
4
N (# 2
) 800
0 3 0 3 6 63 F = '800x 16 − x6 dx = −
2 3 5 2
(16
3 23
M0 = x(2x + 5) dx =
2
(2x + 5x) dx =0 x + x = 234; x=
3 2 6
3(−1) + 8(1) 5
0 0 0
36. Taking the origin at the center of the bar, x = 35. y = )16 − x=2 m. 36. Taking the origin at the center of the
3 + 8! 11 #4
) 4
800 Consider 800 51, 200
2 dx = − 37.(16 2 3/2 first the
=1− system
(0 − 64)of
= 1 kg and
37. Consider first the system of 1 kg and 3 kg F = 800x
weights. Taking 16
the origin at 3
− x 0 − x ) ≈
0 0 1(0) 3
+ 3(1) 3 3
1(0) + 3(1) 3 obtain x1 = = .
the left end, we obtain x1 = = . 3(−1) +1+ 3
8(1) 5 4
1+3 4 36. Taking the origin at the center of theNow
bar, consider
x= = m.
3 the
+ 8 system11with the left
bar. Taking 1
the Taking
origin at
37. Consider first the system of 1 kg and 3 kg weights. thethe left,atweth
origin
1(0) + 3(1) 3 3
obtain x1 = = . TODO figures
1+3 4
Now consider the system with the left two weightsNow concentrated at the
consider the system with the left
0 two weights 2concentrated at the left en
4(0) + 6(2) 12 6
left end of the upper bar. Taking the origin at thebar.
left, we the
Taking obtain x2the=left, we obtain x2 =
origin at = = .
4+6 10 5
4(0) + 6(2) 12 6 TODO figures
= = .
4+6 10 5 4
6

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Chapter 6

Applications of the Integral

6.1 Rectilinear Motion Revisited

v(t) = 20 sin 5t − 40;

s(t) = −4 cos 5t − 40t + 15 + 20π

13. v(t) = 2t − 2 = 2(t − 1)

14. v(t) = −2t + 4 = −2(t − 2)

15. v(t) = 3t2 − 6t − 9 = 3(t + 1)(t − 3)

16. v(t) = 4t − 64t = 4t(t + 4)(t − 4)

17. v(t) = 6π cos πt

18. v(t) = 2(t − 3)

The height of the building is s(0) = 256 ft.

s(t) = −4.9t2 + 24.5t

s(t) = −1.85t2 + 24.5t

s(t) = −16t2 + 32t + 384

s(t) = −16t2 − 16t + 102

s(t) = −16t2 + 96t + 22

32. Let a be the acceleration due to gravity, v(0) = v0 , and s(0) = 0.

6.2 Area Revisited

5. A = −(x2 − 3x) dx = − x3 − x2 = −0=

+ −(x3 − 6x2 + 11x − 6) dx -6

13. A = −(x 1/2

22. A = −(x + 2) dx + (x + 2) dx + (2 − x2 ) dx + √ −(2 − x2 ) dx

29. A = [4(1 − x2 ) − (1 − x2 )] dx = (3 − 3x2 ) dx = (3x − x3 ) −1

30. A = [2(1 − x2 ) − (x2 − 1)] dx = (3 − 3x2 ) dx = (3x − x3 ) −1

34. A = [(−x2 + 3x) − x2 ] dx = (3x − 2x2 ) dx 1

36. A = [(1 − x 2/3

41. A = [(2 − y 2 ) − (−y)] dy = (2 + y − y 2 ) dy 1

47. A = (cos x − sin x) dx + (sin x − cos x) dx

48. A = [2 sin x − (−x)] dx = (2 sin x + x) dx = −2 cos x + x2

= 3 ln |x + 1| − 2x2 0 + 2x2 − 3 ln |x + 1| 1/2 -2 2

+ [2 − (−2)] dx + [2 − (2x − 2)] dx

(see Problem 5.1.39 for the antiderivative of ln x)

67. By symmetry with respect to the line y = x,

6.3 Volumes of Solids: Slicing Method

7 5 3 −1 105 105 105

V =π [(2 − e−x )2 − 12 ] dx = π (3 − 4e−x + e−2x ) dx 1 2–y

40. y1 = cos x; y2 = sin x

42. Take the cross-sections to be rectangles perpendicular to the base of (x, y)

43. (a) Using Mathematica, we obtain with the disk method

6.4 Volumes of Solids: Shell Method

21. y = −x3 + 3x2 4

31. We use the shell method.

33. We use the disk method.

6.5. LENGTH OF A GRAPH 36

6. y = 2(x + 1)3/2 − 1; y 0 = 3(x + 1)1/2

1 1/2 1 −1/2 x−1

6.6 Area of a Surface of Revolution

r  x −1/2 4h2 − 4hx + r2

(0.060596/0.06)πr2 − πr2 0.060596

13. For x < −2, y = −x − 2 and y 0 = −1. For x > 2, y = x + 2 and y 0 = 1.

= π[(r2 + r1 )L2 − (r2 + r1 )L1 ] = π(r1 + r2 )(L2 − L1 ) = π(r1 + r2 )L.

6.7 Average Value of a Function

27. Using s0 (t) = v(t) we have

The average chord length Lave is then

(b) At any x in [a, b] the circumference of a (b)circular

6.8 Work 6.8 Work

9. We use 500 km = 0.5 × 106 m.

10. We use 200 km = 0.2 × 106 m.

19. (a) W = 80 · 65 = 5200 ft-lb

25. Since the distance moved is 0, no work is done.

4. The equation of the line through (1, 0) and (b) pressure

2 2 6. The equations of the lines are y1 = x −(b) 6 and W =y2 (b)

r x −1/2 4h2 − 4hx + r2