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TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: HEAT AND MASS
REVISION NO:
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DATE
GROUP NO.
LECTURER/INSTRUCTOR/ 1)
TUTOR 2)
DATE OF REPORT
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ATTENDANCE/PARTICIPATION/DISCIPLINE: /5%
INTRODUCTION: /5%
PROCEDURE: /5%
RESULTS& CALCULATIONS /15%
ANALYSIS /15%
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FOR LABORATORY DISCUSSIONS: /20%
REPORT: ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS /15%
CONCLUSION /10%
SUGGESTIONS& RECOMENDATIONS /5%
REFERENCES: /5%
TOTAL: /100%
(KEP)
JABATAN TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA
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Ketua Nama:
(Tandatangan)
Ahli 1 Nama:
No. Matriks:
(Tandatangan)
Ahli 2 Nama:
No. Matriks:
(Tandatangan)
Ahli 3 Nama:
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Ahli 4 Nama:
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FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: HEAT AND MASS
REVISION NO:
TRANSFERS
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine experimentally the thermal conductivity of several insulating powders.
Construct the model of conduction, convection, radiation, diffusion and mass convection
effectively.
Material such as kaolin, magnesium oxide and mica have very low thermal conductivity
which means that only a small amount of heat will pass through the material even though a
high temperature difference may exist across it. Such materials are known as thermal
insulators and practically utilized in situations where it is required to reduce heat losses
from a hot body to the atmosphere.
Consider a cylinder of internal radius r1, and external radius r2 as shown in fig 2. Let the
inside and outside surface temperatures be T1 and T2, respectively.
Consider the heat flow through a small element, thickness dr at any radius r where the
temperature is T. Let the conductivity of the material be k. Then, for unit length in the
axial direction, we have
q = - kAdT / dx = - k (2πr x 1) dT / dr
i.e., q dr / r = - 2πkdT
Integrating between the inside and outside surfaces.
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑇
𝑞 ∫𝑟 2 = −2𝜋𝑘 ∫𝑇 2 𝑑𝑇
1 𝑟 1
Where q is determined from the digital power indicator, while T1 and T2 are determined
from the digital temperature indicator.
FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: HEAT AND MASS
REVISION NO:
TRANSFERS
5.0 PROCEDURE
1.0 Plug the thermocouple connector for the kaolin test module into the appropriate sockets
located at the side of the control panel.
2.0 Set heater power knob to zero. Switch on the main switch.
3.0 Set the maximum operating temperature on the temperature controller to 200°C. (Refer
section 2.2(b) on how to set the temperature controller set point)
4.0 Plug in the six thermocouple male connectors for the test module into the appropriate
female connectors on the control panel.
5.0 Increase the heater power to the desired level, Q1.
6.0 Run for a period of time allowing the unit to reach steady state condition.
7.0 Press the appropriate thermocouple selector to display the temperature readings.
8.0 When stable, record the temperature readings for T1,1, T1,2, T1,3, T2,1, T2,2, and T2,3 from the
digital indicator.
9.0 Repeat steps 5 to 8 for higher heater power, Q2 and Q3.
10.0 Repeat the above steps for magnesium oxide and mica test module.
11.0 Set heater power knob to zero. Switch off the main switch.
12.0 The thermal conductivity of the insulating powders may then be readily calculated.
r
r1
r2
dr
T1
T2
1.1 Results
Insulation Material T1 T2
T1,1 T1,2 T1,3 T1ave. T2,1 T2,2 T2,3 T2ave.
Kaolin
Magnesium Oxide
Mica
Insulation Material k
(W/mK)
Kaolin
Magnesium Oxide
Mica
1.2 Calculation
The thermal conductivity k of each insulation material can be calculated from the
following equation:
𝑟
𝑞𝑖 ln 𝑟2
1
𝑘=
2𝜋(𝑇1𝑎𝑣𝑒. − 𝑇2𝑎𝑣𝑒. )𝐿
FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: HEAT AND MASS
REVISION NO:
TRANSFERS
Insulation Material k
(W/mK)
Kaolin
Magnesium Oxide
Mica
1. Compare the k values obtained from experiment with the typical values for kaolin,
magnesium oxide and mica contained in tables of published data.
The available published data for k at temperature approximately 200°C are:
(a) Kaolin : 0.0865 W/mK
(b) Magnesium oxide : 0.0796 W/mK
(c) Mica : 0.71 W/mK
2. Discuss on the influence which insulators have upon the conduction of heat. How
good are these materials as an insulator?
FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: HEAT AND MASS
REVISION NO:
TRANSFERS
Signature / Tandatangan :
Signature/Tandatangan:
Name / Nama : DR. NOOR AKHMAZILLAH
Name/Nama: DR. NOR FAIZAH BINTI RAZALI
BINTI MOHD FAUZI
Date/Tarikh :
Date / Tarikh :