BASKIE TUTORIALS
TOPIC : ACIDS AND BASE
1.. Meaning of acid and base
Acid : Chemical compound which dissociates
(ionizes) to produce hydrogen ion, H+ or
hydroxonium ion,H3O+
Base : Chemical compound that can react with
acid to form salt and water only
Alkali: A base which soluble in water to produce
hydroxide ions, OH-
Strong acid : An acid that dissociates completely
in water to form hydrogen ion, H + of high
concentration
Weak acid : An acid that dissociates partially in
water to form hydrogen ion, H + of high
concentration
Strong alkali: A base that dissociates completely
in water to form hydroxide ions, OH - of high
concentration
Weak alkali : A base that dissociates partially in
water to form hydroxide ions, OH - of high
concentration
2. Role of water in showing acidic and alkaline
properties
Strong Acid- water causes the molecules of acid
to ionise to produce free mobile hydrogen ions
that give rise to the acidic properties of the acid.
HCl + H2O  H+(aq) + Cl –(aq)
Weak Acid- water causes the molecules of acid
to ionise partially to produce free mobile hydrogen
ions that give rise to the acidic properties.
CH3COOH + H2O <- H+(aq) + CH3COO-aq)
Strong Alkali- water causes the molecules of
alkali to ionise to produce free mobile hydroxide
ions that give rise to the alkaline properties.
KOH + H2O  K+(aq) + OH –(aq)
Weak alkali - water causes the molecules of alkali
to ionise partially to produce free mobile hydroxide
ions that give rise to the alkaline properties.
NH3 + H2O N H4+(aq) + OH–(aq)
3. Concentration of acids and alkalis
a. Concentration of a solution is a measurement
which show the quantity of the dissolved solute in
1 dm3 of the solution.
b. Quantity of the dissolved solute is normally
measured in gram or mol units.
c. Thus, there are two units used for the
concentration of a solution:
(i) g dm-3 (ii) mol dm-3
d. Concentration of a solution measured in mol
dm-3 is known as molarity.
e. Molarity is the unit of concentration that shows
the number of moles of a solute dissolved in 1
dm3 of solution.
Example : 2 g dm-3 potassium hydroxide
solution, KOH , means 2 g of potassium
hydroxide,KOH, is dissolved in 1 dm 3 or 1000cm3
of water. OR
Example 0.5 moldm-3 zinc nitrate, solution
Zn(NO3)2 , means 0.5 mol of zinc nitrate,
Zn(NO3)2, is dissolved in 1 dm 3 or 1000cm3 of
water.
EXERCISE
1.
Solution K L M N O
Ph 1 4 7 10 13
a) State one solution which is,
i) a strong acid __________________________
ii) a strong alkali _________________________
iii) Which is likely to be ammonia solution?
________________________________________
iv) Explain why solution K has a lower pH value
than solution L
________________________________________
v) State one example of solution M
________________________________________
vi) Explain briefly why the pH value of solution O
changes when solution K is added to it drop by
drop until K is in excess.
________________________________________
________________________________________
v) State two solutions which can produce a neutral
solution when mixed together
________________________________________
2. The table below shows the pH values of five
solutions A,B,C,D and E
Solution A B C D E
pH 2 5 7 8 14
a) Which of the solution produce hydrogen ions in
aqueous solution? ________________________
b) (i) Compare the concentration of hydrogen ion
in solution A and B
________________________________________
b) (ii) Explain the difference in concentration of
hydrogen ions in solution A and B
________________________________________
c) State the reaction of solution C on moist litmus
paper __________________________________
d) Give the formula of the common ion produced
in aqueous solution of
i) A and B ______________________________
ii) D and E ______________________________
e) Write the ionic equation for the reaction
between solution A and solution E
________________________________________
f) Which solution, when added to solution E will
not change the pH of solution E
________________________________________
3. a) 5.00 g copper(II) sulphate is dissolved in
water to form 500 cm3 solution. Calculate the
concentration of copper(II) sulphate in g dm-3 .
________________________________________
b) What is the mass of sodium carbonate
required to dissolve in water to prepare a 250 cm 3
solution that contains 25 g dm-3 .
________________________________________
c) Calculate the number of moles of ammonia in
300 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 aqueous ammonia.
________________________________________
d) Calculate the volume in dm-3 of 0.8 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid that contains 0.5 mol
___________________________________
e) The concentration of barium hydroxide solution
in a reagent bottle is 0.4 mol dm-3. What is the
concentration of this solution in g dm-3 ?
________________________________________
f)The concentration of a potassium hydroxide
solution is 84.0 g dm-3. Calculate the number of
moles of potassium hydroxide present in 300
cm3 of the solution.
[ Relative atomic mass : [ Cu,64; S,32; Na,23;
C,12 ; Ba, 137; O,16; H,1; K, 39 ]
4. In the preparation of 250cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3
sodium hydroxide standard solution, the mass of
solid sodium hydroxide is weighed and put into a
250cm3 volumetric flask filled with one third of
distilled water. The solid sodium hydroxide from
the weighing bottle is put into the volumetric flask
through a filter funnel.The weighing bottle and
funnel are washed a few times with water. The
water used for washing is put back into the
volumetric flask. The volumetric flask is rotated
until all the solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved.
Finally, distilled water is added until it reaches the
gauge mark of 250cm3.
a) What is a standard solution?
________________________________________
b) Calculate the mass of solid sodium hydroxide
used to prepare 250cm3 of 0.1mol dm--3 sodium
hydroxide solution. (RAM : Na,23; O, 16; H, 1)
________________________________________
________________________________________
c) Why must the solid sodium hydroxide, which
has been taken out from the supply bottle, be
weighed immediately?
________________________________________
________________________________________
d) Why should the volumetric flask be filled with
some distilled water before adding the solid
sodium hydroxide?
________________________________________
e) Why should the weighing bottle and filter funnel
to washed a few times and the water used for
washing put back into the volumetric flask?
________________________________________
f) Why is the sodium hydroxide standard solution
not prepared by directly dissolving the solid
sodium hydroxide in 250cm3 of distilled water?
5. Hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water and
methylbenzene. Hydrogen chloride is prepared by
putting a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid
into a flask, which contains sodium chloride.
a) Write an equation for the reaction
________________________________________
b) Hydrogen chloride gas is very soluble in water.
State a method used to dissolve hydrogen
chloride gas in water to ensure that the water is
not drawn back into the apparatus.
________________________________________
________________________________________
c) Hydrogen chloride gas is dried before being
dissolved in methylbenzene. Name a suitable
drying agent used to dry the hydrogen chloride
gas.
________________________________________
Test pH Limes
HCL aqueous 1 CO2 gas is
solution released
HCL solution in No effect
methylbenzene 7
Both the hydrogen chloride solution are tested
with pH paper and a piece of limestone. The
results of the test are as shown in Table 2
i) Explain the difference in pH between the
aqueous hydrogen chloride solution and the
hydrogen chloride solution in methylbenzene.
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
ii) Why does hydrogen chloride in an aqueous
solution react with limestone to produce carbon
dioxide while hydrogen chloride in methylbenzene
does not ?
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
6. 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution was
titrated with sulphuric acid, 1.0 mol dm-3 with
phenolphthalein as an indicator. Diagram 2 shows
the initial and the end of the titration process.
a) Complete the table below.
Final reading of burette / cm3 49.50
Initial reading of burette /cm3 37.25
Volume of acid used/cm3
b) State the colour changes of phenolphthalein in
the titration
________________________________________
c) Write the chemical equation for the reaction
________________________________________
d) Calculate the concentration of potassium
hydroxide solution in mol dm--3
________________________________________
________________________________________
e) If hydrochloric acid, 1.0 mol dm--3 was used to
titrate 25.0cm 3 of potassium hydroxide solution
above, the volume of the hydrochloric acid, 1.0
mol dm-3 required to double the volume of the
sulphuric acid, 1.0mol dm-3 obtained in (a) .
Explain why.
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
f) 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution 0.2 mol dm-3
was reacted with sulphuric acid. Calculate the mass of
potassium sulphate formed ( Molecular mass : 174)
________________________________________
________________________________________
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