1 Becquerel 1 disintigration/sec

1 curie 3.7 x 10^10

disintegration/sec

Causes an increase of
100 Rem radiation sickness and
cancer of 1-5%

500 Rem Causes death in 50% of

exposed persons

The energy imparted to

Absorbed dose matter by ionizing radiation
per unit mass of irradiated
material Units: RAD (0.01J/kg)
 ALARA As low as reasonably
achievable

largest radiation particle, helium

nucleus - has 2 protons and 2
Alpha radiation neutrons; stopped by outer
layers of skin; difficult to
measure

High speed electrons

Beta Radiation released in the decay
process of neutron
transforming to a proton

The ionization process

Biological effects from that causes either cell
radiation occur by mutation or deteroys the
cell's ability to reproduce

Itching painful reddening of

Chilblains skin; caused by congestion
of capillaries when tissues
are exposed to cold
 Cold can cause histamine
releases in body tissue; itchy
Cold Urticaria hives; may cause vomiting,
rapid heart rate, swelling of
breathing passages

The transfer of heat

Convection directly to objects
contacting the body

Rem (radiation
Dose Equivalent equivalent man)
claculated by multiplying
QF x absorbed dose

Transfer of heat to the

Evaporation environment through
evaporative cooling

Formula for radiation I2 - I1(d1/d2)^2

intensity at a distance
 Freezing of body tissue;
Frostbite white or grayish yellow
skin; damage depends
on depth of freezing

Electromagnetic radiation
(xrays). Gamma rays will
Gamma Radiation continue through any medium
until they have a chance
encounter with an atom

Radiation surveys works

Geiger Muller Tube is
for beta and gama - not
used for
suitable for alpha

The thickness of a shielding

Half value layer material that attenuates
half the photons entering
the material

Painful muscle cramps

Heat cramps following working in hot
environments
 Reduced performance
Heat fatigue from workers; non-
acclimitized workers are
most susceptible

Small blister like

Heat rash eruptions during heat
exposure; plugged
sweat glands, swelling

Non-acclimitized
Heat syncope persons standing in the
heat faint; blood flow
reduced to brain

A condition in which core

temperature drops below the
Hypothermia required temperature for
normal metabolism and body
functions (35C or 95F)

Particles or photos with

enough energy to remove
Ionizing Radiation electrons from (ionize)
molecules with which they
interact
 Does not have enough
Non-ionizing radiation energy to ionize
particles

QF for alpha 20

QF for Beta 1

QF for Gamma 1

The factor by which the absorbed dose

(in rad or gray) must be multiplied to
Quality Factor obtain a quantity that expresses the
biological damage (in rem or sievert) to
the exposed tissue. AKA radiation
weighing factor
 The transfer of heat
Radiation through infrared
radiation

Inversely - therefore the

Radiation dose is
further you are from the
____________proportional
source, the lower the
to distance
dose you receive

The time it takes for 1/2

Radiological half life of the atoms of the
substance to decay into
another nuclear form

Can be used for alpha beta, gamma.

Samples are placed in a vial with
Scintillation detector scintillation liquid, radiation causes
light flashes in liquid which are
counted with photomultiplier tube

Excessive loss of water

Symptoms of heat through sweating; fatique
exhaustion nausea headache,
giddiness; cold clammy skin
 Less severe form of
Symptoms of heat
heat stroke; some
hyperpyrexia
sweating still occurs

Body fails to regulate

temperature; skin is hot and dry;
Symptoms of heat
confused behavior; loss of
stroke conciousness; convulsions;
medical emergency

Several days of exposure to cold

(not freezing) temperatures and
Trenchfoot moist skin resulting in
vasoconstriction in feet and legs;
pale appearance and numbness

US Dose Rate allowed 5rem/year or 1.25

rem/quarter

Ways to control Time distance and

radiation exposure shielding
 WBGT = 0.7WB + 0.3 GT (no
solar load) OR 0.7WB + 0.2GT=
WBGT 0.1 DB DB = dry bulb; WB =
Wet bulb GT= globe
temperature

What are some health

mutations, cancer,
effects from ionizing
radiation sickness
radiation

What are the best glass and plastic

materials to shield beta

When beta particles hit atoms of

What is a high atomic number (like lead)
bremsstrahulung they create xrays; this is why
plastic and glass are preferred
radiation shields for beta

What is the maximum 138 bpm (180 -42) To

sustained heart rate for figure this take 180 bpm
a 42 year old man? and subtract the age
 The wet bulb globe
What is WBGT used for temperature is used to
estimate the environmental
contribution to heat stress