Set Theory
Terminologies:
1. Set – group of distinct objects  (called
elements, denoted by  symbol).
2. 3 Ways to represent Sets:
2.1. Tabular/Roster Form (directly
enumerated, separated by commas and
enclosed by brackets.)
2.2. Statement/Rule Form (describes the
elements of the set.)
2.3. Set Builder Form (mathematical
rule/formula  {x | x} “x such that x”)
3. Cardinality – the number of elements found in a
set (denoted by n).
4. Kinds of Sets:
4.1. Universal Set (U) – set containing all
elements under consideration.
4.2. Empty/Null Set { } – a set with no
elements (also denoted by ).
4.3. Unit/Singleton Set – a set with only one (1)
element.
4.4. Finite Set – a set with a determined or
countable number of elements.
4.5. Infinite Set – unending number of elements
 cardinality = ∞.
4.6. Equal/Identical Sets – sets with the exact
same elements (carbon copy).
4.7. Equivalent Sets – sets with the same
number of cardinality (n).
4.8. Joint Sets – sets having an intersection
(common elements).
4.9. Disjoint Sets – no intersection.
4.10. Subsets – determined by 2𝑛 .
4.11. Proper Subset – joint sets but not all
elements are same.
4.12. Improper Subset – equal/identical sets or
null set { }.
5. Set Operations:
5.1. Union of Sets – combination of elements
from two or more sets.
5.2. Intersection of Sets – common elements to
two or more sets.
5.3. Difference of Sets – elements found in one
but not the other. Elements solely found in
the first term.
5.4. Complement of Sets – elements not in that
particular set. (denoted by ‘ , read as
“prime”.)
5.5. Cartesian Product – the combination of all
elements.
5.6. Power Set – set of all subsets. 
cardinality = 2𝑛 .
5.7. De Morgan’s Laws – theory about the
relationship of intersections and unions of
set through complements.
Denotations/Equations:
1.  - elements
2. n – cardinality of a set
3. U – universal set
4. { } /  – null set
5. ( = ) – sign of equality for equal sets
6. ( ~ ) – sign of equality for equivalent sets
7. ⊆ – sign for improper subsets and subsets
8. ⊂ – sign for proper subsets
9. ∪ – union of sets
10. ∩ – intersection of sets
11. 𝐴−B – difference of sets
12. 𝐴′ - complements / A prime
13. 𝐴𝑥𝐵 – Cartesian product
14. 𝟐𝒏 – equation for number of subsets and
cardinality of a power set (where n = cardinality)
15. 𝑇𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 – [ (𝐀 ∪ 𝐁) − 𝐔 ].
Real Numbers
Terminologies:
1. Real Numbers (Universal Set for all Numbers)
2. Natural/Counting Numbers – 1,2,3…
3. Whole Numbers – 0,1,2,3…
4. Integral Numbers – (-, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, +)
5. Rational Numbers – fractions and decimals
(terminating and repeating decimals)
6. Irrational Numbers – radicals (non-terminating
numbers and non-repeating decimals)
7. Real Numbers –rational and irrational numbers.
8. Imaginary Number – when squared, the
number results to a negative number.
9. Complex Numbers – a combination of real and
imaginary numbers.
10. Factors – numbers multiplied to give a product.
11. Multiple – a number that is the result of
multiplying a number to it.
12. Divisibility Rules:
12.1. All Numbers are divisible by 1.
12.2. The number must be even.
12.3. The sum of all digits are divisible by 3.
12.4. The last two digits are divisible by 4 or are
both zeroes and must be even.
12.5. The units-digit is 5 or 0.
12.6. The number is even and is divisible by 3.
12.7. Twice the units-digit when subtracted to
the remaining digits will result to a
number divisible by 7.
12.8. The last three digits are divisible by 8 or
are all zeroes
12.9. The sum of all digits are divisible by 9.
12.10. The last number is 0.
12.11. The difference of the sums of the odd
and even digits should be equal to zero or
divisible by 11.
1
 13. Prime Numbers – numbers with factors 1 and
itself only.
14. Composite Numbers – numbers with more than
2 factors.  0 and 1 are Special Numbers they
are neither prime nor composite.
15. Prime Factorization – Factor Tree Method &
Continuous Division  to get GCF and LCD.
16. Greatest Common Factor
17. Least Common Multiple
18. Operations on Integers:
18.1. Absolute Value – the distance along the
number line. from 0, will always yield a
positive result.
18.2. Addition of Integers
18.3. Subtraction of Integers
18.4. Multiplication/Division of Integers
19. PEMDAS – order of operations.
Denotations/Equations:
1. ℝ - denotation of real numbers
2. 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖  Complex Numbers’ General Form
3. 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐺𝐶𝐹  use prime factorization –
continuous division.
4. 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐿𝐶𝑀  use prime factorization – factor
tree.
5. 𝑀𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠.
Rational Numbers
Terminologies:
1. Rational Numbers – from the word itself – ratio
- it is a ratio of integers.
2. (such as) Fractions – parts of a whole
3. Numerator
4. Denominator
5. Operations on Fractions:
5.1. Simplifying Fractions
5.2. Mixed and Improper Fractions
5.3. Addition/Subtraction of Fractions
5.4. Similar Fractions – same denominators
5.5. Dissimilar Fractions – not same
5.6. Multiplication of Fractions
5.7. Division of Fractions
5.8. Comparing &Arranging Fractions
5.9. Simplifying Complex Fractions (CRAE)
– numerators and denominators both
contain a fraction.
6. Decimals – representation of fractions whose
denominators are powers of 10.
7. Operations on Decimals:
7.1. Converting Decimals to Fractions
7.2. Converting Fractions to Decimal
7.3. Addition and Subtraction of Decimals
7.4. Multiplication/Division of Decimals
7.5. Converting Percent to Decimal
8. Common Rational Numbers
+ 7/40 = 0.175
9. Percentages
Denotations/Equations:
1. Memorize Common Rational Numbers.
2. Arranging them in order.
Algebraic Expressions and Polynomials
Terminologies:
1. Algebra – branch of mathematics in which letters
and symbols are used to represent numbers.
2. Variable – letter symbol used to represent certain
values from the domain.
3. Constant – a variable whose value is fixed.
4. Exponent – how many times a number (base) is
used as a factor repeatedly.
5. Base – the number used as a factor for the
exponent.
6. Algebraic Term – multiplication of numbers
(coefficient) and variables.
7. Algebraic Expression – addition and/or
subtraction of algebraic terms.
8. Coefficient – numerical and literal coefficient
(23, abc respectively.)
9. Evaluation of Algebraic Expression
(substitution)
10. Laws of Exponents
11. Polynomial – algebraic expressions
12. Long Division
13. Synthetic Division
14. Remainder Theorem
Denotations/Equations:
1. Know how to simplify; through long division
2. synthetic division
3. remainder theorem
4. p/q factors of a and factors of last term are the
possible roots
Factoring Polynomials & Simplifying Rational Expressions
Terminologies:
1. Common Factors (GCM) – ax+ay = a(x+y)
2. PST – (a+b)^2
3. D2S – (a-b)(a+b)
4. S2C/D2C (a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2)
5. Quadratic Trinomials – (x+a)(x+b)