Easy French - Chapter 1-3

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First Elements of French
Fernirrine Nouns rirr!,Jrla

Feminiue singular nouns take the definite article la.
1tr birnque (the bank) la lan-rpe (tlte lamp)

Ia boutique (the store, shop) la langue (the language)
1rr chemise (the shirt) la seur (the si,ster) I
lrr f'emme (the uaomort, tufe) la table (tl'te table)
la jeune fille (the girl) la voitrrre (the car)
\lanv feminine nouns end in -e, but please don't consider this a general
rule. The nouns in the {bllorving list c1o not end in -e; hou,ever, they are all
f.eurinine.
N{ost final consonants are silent in French. In the list belorv, only the
final -r is souncled.
for6t (the forest) []r t
la chaleur (heat, u;orntth) la
la croix (the cross) la fourmi (the ant) .
la distraction (the anrusement) Ia main Qhehand) lh(

la flerrr (the flotoer) la nuit (the night)
la fois (the tinte loccasion]) la radio (the radlo)
Masculine and Feminine Articles Before a vowel Sound

or Mute h
The definite article I' is used before all singular nouns, maculine and femi-
nine, starting with a vowel or a mute (non-aspirate) h. The -e or -a of the
definite article is dropped (elided). When the noun starts with h, pronounce
the vowel that follows the h.
Learn the gender (m. or f.) in parentheses for each noun. when you be-
gin to attach adjectives to nouns, it will be easier to remember their gender. Leat"tr
I'an'ri ('nz.) the friend ht.) l'histoire (f) the story,history

l':imie (f ) the friend \f.) I'homme (rn.) the man
1'anglnis (nr.) English (langttage) l'hdtel (rn.) the hotel i"
1'trrclritecte (m. orf.) the orchitect l'ile (f) the i,sland
1'ernploi (n.) the.job l'orange (f)tl're oronge (fruit)
1'6nereie (f) energy lirniversit6 (f) the uniaorsi,ty
l'entirnt ht. orf.) the child (rn. orf.) l'usirre (f.) the foctory
Nouns, Articles, and Descriptive Adjectives
Singular Nouns and the Deflnite Article

The clefinite nrticle indicates a specific persorl, pitrce, tliing. or icle.r. Ir -,-
precedes nouns thtrt are usecl in a general sense.
C'est I'ami#e ma mdre. That's (She 's) my mother',s J'riend

Les Frangais adorent Ie football The French loue soccer anrl
et Ie cyclisme. cuclino.
e\ Le, la, and l'

q Remember: Le is used with masculine singular nouns beginn ingwith acon-
sonant; la is used with feminine singular nouns beginning with a consonant.,
and I' is used with both masculine and feminine singular nouns beginning
with a vowel and for most nouns beginning with the letter h.
The Initial Letter h

The letter h is always silent in French. \Vords starting with the letter h-
I'homme, for example pronounced beginning ivith the first vo.,vel
sorrnd. This is called a mute h.
Horvever, in {ront of some French rvords sttrrting u,ith h, for historical
reasons, the article does nof elide the -e or--a. For erirnple:
la oharpe the harp ln "honte ,shrmrc

le oh6ros the hero le ohors-d'<ru're tlrc appetizer
This is called tn a,spirctte h. This h is also a silent letter; it is not pronouncecl.
French dictionaries shor'v the aspirtrte h rvith a cliacritical ,na.k. in this boek.
*,ords beginning rvith an aspirate h are indicated by an asterisk (o).
Learning the Gender of Nouns

Gender is linked to the noun u;nrd, rarely to the physical thing or the per-
son. Always learn the gender of a noun u,ith its ,iti"l"' le livrl (the book,.
la fen6tre (the rcindotr,). Genders of nouns starting rvith a vowel need to be
rnemorized separately: l'6,ge (m.) (the age),l,h6tel (m.) (the hotel),l,horloge
lf) (the clock).
Several rules can help you guess if a French noun is mtrsculrne or-
ferninine:
t Nouns that refer to r-trzrles are usutrllv masculine; llouns tlrrrt r'.:.r' .
femtrles are usuallv ferninine: l'homme (m.) (the rrrnrir, Ia fenrr.e

u;omttrt).
First Elements of French
. The endingof a noun can be a clue to its gender. Here are some common
*rscrrlire"rnd feminine endings. Be aware of cognate nouns, which are
close to English in spelling and meaning. f
Masculine Feminine _/
-eau le bureau, le chAteau -ence la diff6rence, I'existence
-isme letourisme,l'id6alisme -ie la trag6die, Ia comPagnie
-ment le moment, le d6Partement -ion la nation, la fonction
-t6 I universit6, la diversit6
-ude I attltude, la solitude
-ure la litt6rature, lbuverture
Watch out for exceptions: l'eau (f) (toater),la peau (skin), le silence
(silence).
Nouns aclopted fron-r other langutrges :rre usualll, tnasculine: le jogging,

le tennis, le iazz,le basket-ball' Exception: la pizza'
Sorne nouns referring to people indicate gender by their ending. The
fen-rinine form often ends in -e.
lAllemand the Cerman 0n.) IAllemande the Cerman (f')

I Am6ricain the American (m.) lAm6ricaine the American (f.)
l'trrni Qn') I'amie
the friend the friend (f')
l'6tudiant (m.) 1'6tudiante
tl'te stuclent the stuclent (f")
Ie Franqtris the Frenchman ltr Frtrnqaise the Frenchu;orr,an
Note that final d, n, s, and t are silent in the masculine fbrm, as in the
exan-rples above. When followed by -e in the f'en'rinine fortn, d, n, s, ancl

t are pronouncetl.
Sorue nouns that end in -e and the ntrrnes of sorne professions htrve
onlv orie singular form, used to refer to both males and females' In this
ctrse. the artlcle rernains the same rvhether the actual pelson is mtrle or
femtrle.
Tlrr'I
l'auteur (rn.) (the outhor) la personne fthe ptr'son)
l,6crir.rrin (r2.) (the a*riter) le professeur (the teacher, professo)
l,irrg6nierrr (rn.) (the engineer) la sentinelle (the guard., rorrtclmmn)
le m6decin (the ph1'sicion) la victime (the aictim)
Evolving Style
ln contemporary Canadian French and among some other Fr-{nch speakers,
you may also see or read a feminine form for a few tradition4l professions (la
professeure, l'6crivaine, !'auteure).
For learners, however, it's best to continue using the masculine forms of
these nouns to refer to both males and females.
For certain nouns referring to people, tlie gender of the individual is

sometimes indicated by the article trlone. Such nouns rnost often end in
-e; the spelling of the noun does not chirnge u,hen the gender changes.
le journaliste/la journaliste thejournolist

le secr6taire/la secr6taire the .secretary
le touriste/la touriste the totrist
d Exercise 1.1
Write the appropriate singular definite article for each of the nouns. Pronounce each
word in French as you write the answer, making sure you know its meaning.
1. ami 8. publicit6
2. 9. com6die
3. - lampe 10. diff6rence
4. -homme 11. m6decin
5.
- h6tel 12. sculpture
6.
-fen6tre
r6alisme 13. prononciation
7.
- ing6nieur 14. gdteau
-
-
The Indefinite Article
The singular indefinite article in French, corresponding to a (an) in English
is un for masculine nouns und une for feminine nouns. The phrral ol Irotl,
fonns is des, roughly equivalent to sctme (though it's usually not tr:rnslatecl .r.
,some). Dependilg on the context, un/une can also mean the nrrnrl)er,,ii,.
B First Elements of French
Singular Plural
Masculine un des
' Feminine une des
Masculine Nouns
Pronounce the exarnples, learning the gender of each noun along with its
article. The indefinite article is the same for notrns beginnir-rg rvith a conso-
nant or a vowel.
rrnitrni afriend (rru.) un lr6tel on hotel

rrnautobus a bus un jardin a garden
un billet a ticket un mrrs6e a nulseutn
un dictionntrire a dictionartl trn pianiste ct pianist (nr,.)
nn ftruteuil on easy choir nn salon cr. liuing roont
Feminine Nouns
Pronounce the fo]lou.ing exarnples and leurn the rneaning of'words new to
you. A practical way to learn the gender of a noun is to link it rvith un or
une.
une amie a frienrl (f,) une librairie a bookstr,tre

une bibliothEque a library mdre une a mother
rrne h6roine a heroine page une a (boolt) page
une oHollandaise a Dutchu;oman une valise a suitcase
une leqon o lessctrt une ville a citrl
Note that l'h6roine (f) hrnlike le oh6ros) is pronounced rvith a ntute

h and elicles its definite article. The h of le oh6ros is an n,sTtirote h (no
elision).
Pltrral Nouns
The plural definite article of all nouns is les; the plural indefinite article is
cles. \'Iost French nouns are made plural by adding an -s to the singular. In
.,ilclition. note the follorving plural endings:
Nouns that end in -s, -x, or -z in the singular stay the sarle it.t tlrr i:,,'-:-..
un choix des choix a choice, (sonte) choices

le cours les cours the course, the courses
le nez les nez the nose,the noses
Some plural noun endings are irregular.
le bureau les bureaux the desk (or ffice), the desks (or ffice.s)
un hdpital des h6pitaux a hospital, (sonte) hosTtitals
le lieu les lieux the place, the places
le travail les travaux (the) uork, tlte task,s (or jobs)
The rnasculine form is ahvays used to refer to a group (two or more peo-
ple) that includes trt least one male.
rrn 6tudiant et sir 6tudiantes des 6tudiants ,stuclents

un Franqais et une Franqaise des Franqais French (people)
Pronouncing the Plural

The final -s is usually not pronounced in French:
les touristes [ay too-Reest]
Spoken French distinguishes most singular and plural nouns by the pro-
nunciation of the definite article:
Ie touriste [uh too-Reest] versus les touristes [ay too-Reest]
When the -s of a plural article (Ies or des) is followed by a vowel sound, it

is pronounced [z] and begins the following syllable; this is called a liaison:
les-exercices (zr. ) I,ay -zehg-zehR- s ees] ; des-homm es (m.) fday-zuhm]
There is no liaison with the aspirate h. Pronounce the nasal vowel un

[I'] before rrnlh6ros [I" ay-Roh], and do not make the liaison with -s in les
oh6ros
flay ay-Roh]. Pronounce the following out loud:
10 First Elements of French
des-rrrtistes fday-zahr-teest] les-homrnes [lay-zuhm] jr I

cles
ohors-d'eur.'re
les caf6s [av kah-far,l [day
uhr-dERR-vRl
cles-6tudiants les restaurants llav Rehs-toh-RA"]
lday-zay-tU-dBt
\OTtr: The lr,orcl les (or des) ohors-d'euvre is it"taariable in the plurtrl; it has
no final -s.
d Exercise 1.2
Write the plural form of each singular noun. Make sure you know its meaning'
1 . une artiste
2. un *hors-d'euvre
3. le milieu
4. l'6tudiante
5. un FranEais
6. un caf6
7. le chapeau (hat)
8. I'eau
9. la fenCtre
10. un choix
1 1. une pr6f6rence
12. le travail
13. le nez
un cours
Dcrt ri
Nouns, Articles, and Descriptive Adjectives 11
d;, n*"rcise 1.3

pronounce the nouns with their articles, then write the English equivalent. lf the
gender is not clear from the spelling, show it by writing m. or f .
1. la fendtre
2. le cyclisme
3. les h6pitaux
4. une sentinelle
5. les 6crivains
6. les amies
7. des chapeaux
8. le travail
9. des choix
10. un cou
11. des *hors-d'euvre
12. des hommes
13. la peau
14. l'Allemande
15. les livres
16. un lieu
17. des histoires
18. une horloge
19. des giteaux
20. la femme
Descriptive A{i ectives

Descriptive adjectives are used to describe nouns. In French, descrilltir,-
acljectives usually/ollot. tlie nouns they modi{y. Descriptive adjectives rr,..'
alio follow forms of the verb 6tre (to be): illelle est... (he/slte lit is . , ils
'
elles sont.. . (they are . . . ). See Chapter 2 for tlie conjugation of tl,c .: :
6tre.
un professeur intdressant an interesting teacher

un ami sincbre a sincere friend
Ilest pratique. He/lt is practical.
Elle est sportive. She is athletic.
Agreement of AQiectives in Gereder and Number

In French, adjectives agree in both gencler ancl mlnber with the nouns thev
modify. The f'erninine form of adjectives usuallv ends in -e. The regultrr plu-
ral adds an s.
Singular Plural
Masculine un arni intelligent des amis intelligents

Feminine une amie intelligente des trmies intelligentes
. If the rnasculine singular forrn of the adjective ends in an unaccented or

silent -e, the ending remains the satne in the fetninine singular.
C'est rrn hortrrne extraordinaire. Hds an extraord,inary nntn.

C'est une fernme extraordinaire. She's an extraordinaru uonT(tn.
Paul est optimiste. Paul is optimistic.
Mais Claire est pessimiste. But Clai,re is pessimistic
. If the singular form of an adjective ends in -s or -x, the plural ending
remains the same.
Bradley est anglais; Ies amis Bradley i,s English; Bradley's

de Bradley sont aussi anglais. friends are also English'
M. BIin est g6n6reux; ses (hrs) Mr. Blin is generous; his children
enfants sont aussi g6n6reux. are also generous.
. If a plural subject oI group contains one or more masculine items or

people, the plural adjective is masculine.
Suzanne et Georges Suzanne and Ceorges are

sont intelligents. intelligent.
Suzanne et Am6lie sont Suzanne and Amdlie are
intelligentes. intelligent.
o Invariable adjectives or adjectival phrases do not change in .{ender ,:

nun-rber.
Ce sont des chaussures chic These are stglish and. inexpensice

et bon march6. shoes.
o Some descriptive adjectives htrve irregular forms.

Singular
MASCULINE FEMININE ENCLlSH
conservateur conservatrice conserxatit,e

courageux courageuse courq.geo'Lts
fier fi6re proucl
gentil gentille nice
naturel naturelle nottrral
parisien parisienne Pori,sian
sportif sportive rLthletic
travailleur travailleuse lrurrhoorking
Plural
MASCULINE FEIVININE ENCL.SH
conservateurs conserviltrices conseruotiae

courageux courageuses col.trageats
fiers fibres proud
gentils gentilles nice
naturels naturelles natu,ral
parisiens parisiennes Parisinn
sportifs sportives athletic
travailleurs travailleuses hardtoorking
Other descriptive adjectives rvith irre5lular forms include the follou,ing

eramples:
canilclien (canadienne) Canodian

cher (chdre) expensiae; d.eor
conspirateur (conspiratrice) conspiratorial
ennuveux (ennuveuse) boritto
naif (ntrive) rvLtlxe
paresseux (paresseuse) lar-:y
s6rieux (s6rieuse) serictu,s
A{iectives of Color
Adjectives of color normally follow the noun and agree with it in gender and
in number.
rrne chernise bleue o blue shirt

cles livres gris gray books
des chrurssures vertes greenshoes
r Two adjectives of color, blanc irnd violet, htrve irregular feminine

ibrms.
rur crayon blanc a uhite Ttencil

une chernise blanche o u;hite shirt
des t'ahiers violets purple notebooks
des voitures violettes purple cars
. Acljectives of color encling in silent -e rlre spelled the same in both mas-
culine and f'eminine.
des calriers (m. pl.)jaunes gellou noteboolts

cles flerrrs (.f pl)jaunes yellowflou;er,s
une chajse rouge o red chair
rrn manteau rouge a red coat
des pnll-overs (nr. p/.) roses pink stoeaters
des clraussettes (f, p/.) roses pink socks
Tlvo adjectives of color, marron ancl orange, trre invariable in gencler
and nurnber.
des chaussures marron (f pl) brounslroes

des sacs orange (m. pl.) orange hondbags
The names of colors are rnasculine u-hen used as noLlns.
J'airne le rose et le bleu. I loxe pink andblue.
Adjectives That Precede the Noun

Most descriptive :rdjectives {bllori, the noun, but these trdjectives usuallv
precede lt:
autre other joli(e) pretttl
beau (rn. s.) beautiful, hand,sotne rnauvais(e) bad
bon(ne) goocl m6me ,\0nle
(as'tctaxa you{ ary) ecrcrexJ rarurap JI
(asnctLl lpyo litaa] luatcun uo) auuercu€ uosrr?ur aun
(.Laqcoatr nrutol o7 rnassa3ord uarcue un
rog 'Surueaur ur aBur:qJ p Ses^rr?J uorlrsodlo e8urtlc

:a1dr-uexa
snlJ 'tuaq+ ,\\ollo.l osle urJ sunorr apaca-rd ,(1pnsn lerll sa,\rlJofpe ,na3 y dlensn sat
islod poo7 u.fiat11 lsuredoc suoq sep luos eC
1urn1d eql J"rolaq sep surela,r ueuo qruerd prnbolloc tele \oH
s'puat{ nqlo (auos) srlue seJlns6P
sDept oou (auos) se9pl soile nou oP
sntc ?rq @uos) soln€ sopue.rE ep
ul pJcrlou e.ret1 .{eur no-i sp '.p/ap ol strJuorls ,(1unsn

']-rErlc s^norêrd aq]
sap alJrue a]rulJJpur aq] 'unoLr 1urn1d e sapaoard a.rrlcclpe 1u.rn1d E uaq6
'r2qc0?+ mou aql s,+DqJ 'rnassa3o.rd r€oAnou al lse.D raPua8 uI
'uOut 'aLr[rrorl
?lo uD s,oH lrer.\ un ]se.c
'asnoq fiwa.td, o s,q 'uosrPlrr alleq aun lsa
3
6sa,ri1calpe prrp selJr]
-.IE Jrll Lrr ol paau no,( op sa8ueqo +BrlA 'eruurorl prrt uosreru JO.}
J{RLrr
sllnort rarllo Burlnlrlsqns lq ecrlce"rd pue .trolaq seldrurxe Jrll .lJrrnorro.rd
salIer^ OIITEI^
solrrE sallo^nou aP olnB olleanou eun
sellaq efloq auruluel
-sllttl '.
-
XNAIA
EoI^ Punos
slalqo rnEaanou JI) ]efqo IOAnOII un lernon eroleg
xnBaq Ieq eullntrs"w
INAIA XIlEIA
5âI-ul \nEa_\nou JI) e-rArl NRAANOU IIII
xnBaq neeq eurlnlsPw
, .
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lernld te;nBur5 "111111r
'tl ilJlitll .to I)urlos Ie,{\oA R aro.}aq pJSn :^r }ltql [rJoJ
rupHurs eurlnJselu prroJJS 1r sErl tlJrra 'uorlrppu u1 .-reprBaur e-re (p7o)
xnerl pue '(mau) neelnou 'etLtosptlDll '1nJi+noacp n€eq s^r/ulJalptl eyJ .
plo ( s ra) rnar,r fru,rutli etrnal
r.
l)Iltl
4tot1s:11otus (a)irlrcl fuq,+r{ (as)sor8 I
-i .
lt?u ( s 'zr) nurlrrorr Tuoti :1yt1,iq (a)puerB
9t sanrpefpy en4dursa6 pue 'selltuv 'sunoN

l'ann6e dernibre (1.) (last qear)

un pauvre garqon (an unfortunate boy)
uri gargor] pauvre (a poor lnot rich) boq)
une ch6re i'Lrttie (a dear.friend)
rrn reptrs cher (an expensite nrcol)
r-l-a
47 Key Vocabulary
Learn these common adjectir,'es to illlss-er the rluestion: Comment est... ?
(\\,hot is . . .likc?) r,vhen you rvant to clesclibe something or solneolle. Ansu,er
rr,rtlr Il est.../Elle est... (HelShc/lt is .'.
L es a ili e ctifs cles cr iptif s (D e s cripti ve Aclj ec t i rre s)
agr6able (pleosant') Iretrreux(-euse) (happtl)

u,rrr" (stinS!) id6aliste (ldealistlc)
beau (bel, belle) (beautifut/hand.sone') lntelligent(e) (intelligent\
bon (bonne) (goor1) int6ressant(e) (lnteresting)
bon rnnrch6 (lno.) (inexyten,sixc') jeune (young)
cl-rer (chdre) (expensitre; cl.ear) joli(e) (pretty)
cliic (lno.) (stylish, chic) laid(e) (uSlA)
content(c) (happq, ple asecl) mauvais(e) (bad)
costtrud(e) (sturdq lpersonl'1 mince (thin)
clernier CiEre) (last,.final) nouve aulnouvel/nouvell e (n ew)
d6so16(e) (sorrq) pauvre (:poor)
difficitre kliflicult) petit(e) (small;short)
dr61e \fitnm1) premier(-idre) (fi,rst) .!s
excellent(e) (excellent) riche (rich) ,tt

f'acile (easy) sincEre (sincere)
firntastique (ruontl,erfril) sociable (frtendly)
fatigu6(e) (tirerl) sympathique (nice)
fornriclable (fabu,ktus) timide (shy,timid)
fort(e) (,strong) triste (sad,)
grand(e) (big, tall; great) typique (typical)
sros(se) (fat) vieux/vieil/vieille (old)
-v
Les couleurs (colors)

blanc(he) (uhite) blond(e) (blondlel)
bleu(e) (blue) brun(e) (da*-hai,red)
euuoq (leata UN 'L
(afi)urs) sil.uP sep 'g
(zu.o1pl) sJnau sel 'g
(il!u) euuosrad e; 'y
uosrEr.u 0nl4neaq) el 't
(uDlu!p) uorlPnlrs Pl 'z
aLuLUoLl (p/o) el 'L
iequnu pue npua8 ut seet?e pqy aatpalpe J)erro) eql tll!/A sasetqd aqy a7a1dwo1
9'I asprax:I
(
(
xne.rneq '02 ltql'01
xnar^ 6 L )e+ '5
algrp '8 pnplso3 'g
L
)nallteê)l LL neq'L
lrguaF '9; uol)ew '9
lpe '91 eunef 'E
sofi 'yy xneu9s ',
nPeq'tL a;qegr8e 'g
.rnalP^resuol z t +!PU
'Z
)eq) 'll luPssoJg]ur 'f

'uaa8 saarltalpe etp
lo uto] teln?us aututweJ eql alU/\A
-IJ \.. :
7'I aslJraxl C'1
(a7uo"to) (au\ e?ueto

(ap"tnd) (a1)1a1or.r, Qtcolfi (a)rrou
(uaofi) (e)ua.r. (umotq) ('our,)uoueur
(par) a8nor (on11afi) eunel
Qt"pd) esor 1fiofi) (e)srrB
L' sanrpalpy anrlduoseq pue 'selsr1.rv 'sunoN

8. une voiture (ancient)
9. d' (former) professeurs
10. des appartements (inexpensive)
11. une com6die (funny)

'12. un Iivre (interesting)
AV Key Vocabulary
In French,names of all languages are ntasatline. They often correspond to
the masculine singular form of the noun of nationality: lhnglais (m.) (the
Engllshlanguage);l'Anglaise (the Englisltuomon). Adjectives of nationality
and languages are nof capitalized, but nouns are.
Les nationalites (Nationalities)

AD]ECTIFS PERSONNES LANCUES
(Cerman) un(e)Allernand(e)
allemand(e) l'allemand
am6ricain(e) un(e) Am6ricain(e) I anglais
anglais(e) (Engltsh) un(e)Anglais(e) I'anglais
belge (Belgian) un(e) Belge le frangais, le famand
canadien(ne) un(e) Canadien(ne) l'anglais, le franqais
chinois(e) un(e) Chinois(e) le chinois
espagnol(e) (Spanisli un(e) Espagnol(e) l'espagnol
frangais(e) (Frencll un(e) Frangais(e) le franqais
haitien(ne) un(e) Haitien(ne) le franqais, le cr6ole
isra6lien(ne) un(e) Isra6lien(ne) l'h6breu
italien(ne) un(e) Italien(ne) l'italien
japonais(e) un(e) Japonais(e) le japonais
libanais(e) (Lebanese) un(e) Libanais(e) l'arabe
rnarocain(e) (Moroccan) un(e) Marocain(e) l'arabe, Ie franqais
mericain(e) un(e) Mexicain(e) l'espagnol
msse (Rtr,s,slan) un(e) Russe le russe
s6n6gtrLiis(e) un(e) S6n6galais(e) le frangais, le wolof
suisse un(e) Suisse l'allemand,le frangais,
l'italien, le romanche
vietnarnien(ne) un(e)Vietnamien(ne) levietnamien,
le frangais
s)ooq Meu (aLuos) 'zL
sarlrsle^tun leaJ8 eql 'L
L
JIT.)I.:-.
I
sue3uaruv )tlstPapt (auos) '01 's t|,1t.'--

sJPf, antsuedxa (euos) '6 .+( .
sJazt+oddP Llsu eql 'g

saoreq snoeSPlnol eq+ .L :.-
sasrnof Surlsalalul aq1 '9
sluauuPdP Inl+nPaq oql '9
slelol{ plo aql 'v
saoLls pej (eLuos) 't .t, '-
uPr.uo^ pull aql .Z
uau parPr.l->lipp aql 'L

'q)uetJ oJut seserqd eql aleFueL
I)111 .:
z'I aspraxl
L
"
g
uerf,ue reruPnb el 'oL
urPrl lalulapol '6
al!tr!+]lp ueurexa un 'g
uo5re8 eunaf un '/ .i1ip'i. -.

t tlt
lueurauEddP leq el 'g
ol {-)Il -.:
epnP+sol ouuosJod aun '9
anbrqledru{s asstns aun 'b

su8 lPql al 't
xnaugs il.uP un .Z
anslq edulPJ eun 'L
'saseLqd a^tpalpe-unou eql
Jo eea Jo wlo] 1etn1d aq1 a1u1111
9't aslrraxf g
6t se^[]e[pv e^qdu]sac pup 'sellryV ,sunoN
20
13.
14.
15
16
li
The
Tltt
IZ
lt)rPllt7J onl aoDLl )i\\ 'slueJue xnep suoaB snoN

'11D)tJ21uY laD
I 'urecrJeurB srns eI
.t JJ}
-c{eq3 ur sqra^ ,Lolnflat u.rRJ[ o] rrrBaq 11r,r', notr'sure]]Ed uorleBnluoc
lerceds
rllltr-to1rfia:.Jt eJE JroA€ prirl arla 'sq-rarr qJuaJd uolfruroc ,{ueur a>1r1
'sasue] punoduroc ur sqJel (nrrlll
-rne) Hurdlall se pu€ '.sq-ra.\ 3rrr1ur1 se 'suorssardxa Jrleluorpr ur 'suorldr.rcsap
ur :atetl,ni.reê rroaB prrp aJlg prrrJ IIr,\\ no^ 'ls-ru ttratl] rrJ?el o] asrras se{t}ur
]I 'sqJa^ rlJue,rd uorrrlrrol lsorrr Jrll JJe (.DoDrl o7) rro,re pue (ac1 o1) erlg
(arrurl ol) ,no^D pup (aq o) aD? sq,ran aqI
.r.1 ()l ,r.\rlrlrqrrr qsrl8uX aqlJo suorleBniuoJ aJE ,s,? arlpul
rzra 7 'sloalclrrs ,nllrr,lLl.n:cl o1 iuolatl ]eq+ su-roJ qJJ^ erl] ate surnqn1nfiutS
'0? ]ualrlela eql
rrftrJLroJ loli op .(;r1l ,sp.ro rr .rlirrrs J.re sa1\rlru5ur rlJuaJd .elrlrusnr qsrl8ug ue
sr )q ()l '';lclrrreu .r(r-{ (l.ra \ rrll
Jo nrroS paleBnltrocun aql sI an!+!u{u1 uy
'alEls .ro rro r lr. ; J

r
1
r r[] uor]Brrrror.r, ur.,.l"il']:lli: i,.::JrT1
rt i s.r a cl J :
ff;
-senb rcr ]rrJruJltls r J(i lrrJllrJll lunlrodurr ]sour eq] sr rlJrral I u qJaa aLIj.
qraA aql
uollu8ag pup
'srtrllouo,rd ])a[qns
'tlona pup a4? sqraA aql
Etre and Sutlject Pronouns

All r.erlt conjuqrrtions
'to,
iri French have six "persons." Three are singular, cor-
responclir.rg I, yor.t (funtiliot), -trnd,helshe/itlone.Thtee are plural, colre-
spcrncling to: rctr, yor, (itot. sittgrtlar, a-n1\fam'
or pttl' plurol)' andtheq''lhe
, erb Ctre ltirs sjr different conjugated fonns:
Present Tense of 6tre (to be)
SINCULAR
1" Person je suis lam

2"'l Person tu es yolt are (fant)
3"lPersort il est helit is
elle est shelit is
on est one is, u;eltheY are
PLURAL
1" Person nons sommes uc are

vous 6tes LJoLL are (pol. 's.;fant./Pol. Pl')
2'"1 Person
3"1 Persrtn ils sont they (m. pl.) are
elles sont they (f.pl.) are
Sulrject Pronouns
by one of'the
As in English, conjugatecl fbrn'is of French Ve'rbs irre preceded
lbllorvins:
o A cottnron notul (a person, anilrtrl. plirce, thing, or idea)
' A ProPer noun (a nanie)

o C)r a stLbje ct ProtToun (a lvord used in pl;rce of ti
noun)
Subject Pronouns
SINGULAR PLURAL
PERSON
1,, j"lj' I l1ons LL'je
,u,r t.,'' you (fom.) \-ous you (pol. 's.; font'/pol' pl')
3*L il irc/it (rn) ils thetl 0n' pl' ttr mixecl')
elle 'shelit (f) elles theq (f' pl')
on one/ue lthetl
.\\Ju 'sJa8rrtJls 'elckutxJ JoJ 'lJedsai .Io d.lsuorltleJ p eABq no{ uroq,r\
tlll^\ JuoArrE ol .ro IIa^\,{\ou{ }.rrop no.( arroaurcs otr leeds o} pJSn sr snoA
'1ad u o1 JO 'plrlJ 1? o+ 'a,\rlEIJ-r ,ro prrar-r.] E sr orll\ uos;ed
n1 o1
pasn sr ]1 '.relnBurs s,te^\lp sr (ul.ro.I q.ra^ slr H+lat) n; .(no[) ".,o luacIs^
sno,r pue nI .
'llEABJ] nBOAnou
'qo['nau aoDll :lidclurl tuo 1
D l un l€.[:]ua]uoc qns ef
'qra,r pa1u3 I
L trl
-nfuoo erll o+ dn pasciic p.r arlclo.rlsodr ue,{q pecr:1dar sr }I .purros
Ia,\\o^
E aroJaq e- ra++ol aL[] (srprla sdo.rp a['BI pup al selcr]-rB a]ru5ap aq]
a{IT'ccua}Ltas E sûr8eq l1 uJr[.\\ ilrro pazrl:1rdec sr e[.qcuarg uI (1) e[ .
'all!1 Lt! at,fiaq7 'elllT g luos seII[
dtLl o tto aJD stapts fiy 'e?elo,tue luos sJnos sal
J
's',tlolLt )tLl lD st aH .?rlr3urc np
lsa II
'u31oJlt.11()p st prDtlctv .JIII^ ue
]so pJBrlcru
'Unorr p sa.reicl;.r lrrl.Jo unouord
lcalqns aq+
.uolllledeJ plo^l? oJ .
aill r' r..
lrafqns e -,o i:a[qns unou E apnl]ur lou op(Zt reldpqf) ,",O,r,rrrd'ir""Xl]l

pue '(tL raldeq3 ut pe.taôl :saarletadur ro) spuetltuol ,sa^tltuuut qran
h
s1:atqn5 lnoqll6 sruroJ qren \)
'unouord
loalqns p Jo unou r.l -iq p;p;,r:.rc] s iu.t1u aJB wuard ur surJoJ qra,r pele8n[uo3
sunouord )rafqns Jo sasfl
'o+ sJe.+eJ
tunouord lceiqns erll lJJtilo .rc) uosrad eql euFrrrelep nol dleq lxetuo3
11W
'uLoorBut:tt1)tLl t{l s! tl .uolrs el sur?p }se (a1qr+ u1) a1lg
'rlroctt Butotl aU+ Lt! $ alqDl aql .uolBs e[ sur]p
lso olqu] BT
'sacrlcla.r +r lrrll (Brt.lf ro uosrad r) unou aqlJo requrnu
_
pnu -r;pu.r8 al+ ol spuoclsa.r,ro.l (l.rr.\ palr:Bniuoc E.Io rrnouord lcelqns eql
'(slelgq sal '['ru] ar{f r.'

lelgr.l,l)
,aJ^tl
;eln;d ro re;n8urs laqlte pup '(alqpl Bl el) aurutule, ro eurlnlsplu leqlra -a,t.I( ).' 1
llp ipr.l} jequeuau

sr unou {tan3 :laquunu pue tapua8 a^pq sunou qluaJJ '..r-
h -loJ :
TZ uorle8aS pue 'sunouord lrahns 'rtoê pue a4g sqlen aql

The plural of both tu and

acqriuintirnces, salespeople' or prof'essionals'
roi., i, vous (u'ith it.s coniugated verb fonn)'
Sr.lr'ie. tu es 6tudiante? Stlltie , are llou o stuclent?
lj,rrc'tort. \'Iticlame, vous 6tes
Etcuse nrc, L[a'arn, are Aou
SrTloie s rrtother'l
lrr rttlrc' der SvlvieP
Atte'ntiorr les enf:rntsl Vous Clliidren! Are You readtll
6tes Pr6ts?
Do as the Natives Do
of French' a good rule of thumb for the
As you get to know a native speaker start-
nonnative is to wait rntir yorinew
fnend addresses you with tu, before
ing to use tu with him or her'
he, she,lf (siilgrr-

ll and ils; elle ancl elles. The Enqlish subject pronouns
lar), ancl r/ze y (plural) ;;; ;;t"tt"tt b'
il or ils (for masculine nouns) aud
elle or elles (Ibr fenrinine nolllrsr'
Elles sont formidablesl Theg |fen. Persons or things)
are ftrntastic!
Heilt t,The puppAl'\) is.funnY.
Il est drdle.
n' pl lref'els tcr an\. qroull that inclucles at letrst one
Tl're plural ils (.thet1,
r-nasculine noun.
\(rilir Marie, Anne et Patrick' 7-lrt'rc's )Iarie, Arme, and Patrick'

late !
.-Ils sont en rettrrdl -They're
on.Tlresrrbjectpronoul}on(thircl-perscltlsingrll:rr)isrrsedinFrenclrto
andthetl'
drlgtlrh inclefinite sLrblects o11(' rce' pcople '
".^'"r.',f,"
Alors, on est d'accord? O.K., ,so ue agree'P
Le matin, on est en bonne In the rnrtrniig, theg Qoe, PeoPle)
forme. feel good.

on. The adjective can be
Moclern speech o{ien replaces- nous rrrc)
Lrv
spellecl lnihe. singultrr or the plural'
Vous 6tes fhtigu6sl Iou're tiredl

on est trbs {irtiguti(s)l u)e're all (eoerYbodg's)
-Oui,
(-Oui, nous sommes trFs -)zs,
ccrtl tired!
fritigu6[e]sl)
'9nlrs uarq stuerpnlg sep lueueuedde,l '61,
zaluPrj ap SnOA 'rSSnP SnOl 'UOz{1 ap el '6

s.fiP'
'srop9ns rnersuor.lr el le aLuPp Pl 'g
'uaqleal) rnl ua sajnssnPql se1 'L
'paqou ap s[.!P sal snoN 'g
e{ rtr- :
']uallelxa al 'g
lelgq lrer^
iseqlrl InPd ep salQl, sel 't laldoad
ale8npo6 np salsunol sal 'E
'e+squop elll 'suDep?Lu slt 'z
'of,uPlJ ep '; OlII.ri.:-i
'tssne allaq 15A 'neoq -un;.red a1
auLua] e'|
lra ewaoq,l :lldwvxl
',Y _: i
'Sutueaw uo snoJ atl? lo a)a] patro) aql ql!/A suualues ':.
etll ]o tpea aya1dwol
z'z aspraxf JllO l:1- -: '
,.,
'saluPlEA ua jsa (aH) 'luesqe pa lord al 'Ot .t'
isal9rp se]9 lnoA'ufiue61 pue safuoag) '5
'urPJ] el suPp (laql'a8er{on
+uos uo luos sutpf,ugtuv sel 'g prrtl a .
sre5uelrr luos (w'laq1) '7 -IlrrIll: , l
'neaq le puelS srns u)e

4ellaJrLilJe Se ('8us'no() 'g
-uPls srof
;san brqledLu,{s sqrl sauuos (aM) ', aL{} ro} $
'lrEAEr+ nP
luos ('l'laLlt) 't
'uosrPr.u Pl stns
P 0)z
aelltA ua selQ 'nofi 'y
(1d
'sanBtpq saLuLuos (eM) :itdwvxl
snoN
t7l
'iluaJues eea +o Surueaw aql puelsJapun nol eJns a4ew .il1q'
swto] apantd ,sDualues aq1
Jo aq1 JeqJ sunouoid palqns eqy Bu4elsuetJ a1a1dwol
I'Z aspraxS l.:,:li:;i.:1ari

A.'.'-
nl '
v,0-;.,:. PlrP
9Z uorle8ay pue 'sunouord pahns 'Jtoê pue e4g sqten eq1

,-..
Uses of dtre
be iu English'
As votr ktrorv,6tre is the equivtrlent of'/o
Nous sommes franqais. We're French.

Tu es au restaurant? Iou're (Are You) at the
restaurantP
(using a prepositiou)
. Etre is often fbllorveci b1, an erpression of location
or ir descriPtive adjective'
Marianne est i la campagne' Marianne is in the countrg'

We are in the car.
Nous sommes en voiture'
adjective agrees
. when a fbrrn of 6tre is ibllouet1 b\' ail iriljective,,the
gencler ancl number'
lvith the subject of the sentetrce in
belles Rcrl r()\es are beautiful'
Les roses rouges sont
Nlonappartementestirssezgrand.)IyttTlartrttentisra,tLlerlarge.
. urticle (un/une/des)
The French definite article rle/la,'Ies' or irrclefinite
identification o{'
is ontittecl aiier lbrms of 6tre lor slr]lple iunmoclified)
nationality', religion, or prof'essioti'
dentiste. l'nt a dentist.

Je suis
Elles sont Protestantes? -\rt: they (f.) ProtestantP
C.lrtt ntol i,s Senegalese.
Chantal est s6n6galaise'
arrrd nationalitl" fbr er-
Adjectives of religiol, such as protestantte)(s),
s6n6galai's(e), rrre not c'itpitrt)izecl in French'
"Jpf", or other
. \vitlr nouns that are nodifiecl racc'cltltptrtriecl bY an.adjective
ce (c'est"'/ce sont"')'
descriptor), r,se the lnclefinite sLrllject Plolroun
10)
with c,est ancl ce sont, arrticl", u. 1r.,'rr,,ssive adjectives--(chapter
",",t*uy,usedbeforeanoul].'\ttiutt.s.tlrecontextrvillidentifytlre
person.
C'est un Professeur d'histoire' He'sl She's a historY teacher'

Ce sont mes amies frangaises' These/Those are mY French
fri.ends.
C'est le m6decin de mon ffls' HL's/ She's/That's mY son's doctor'
. be sure to inclucle
when you Lrse c'est or ce sont to clescribe nirtionalities,
the ariicle and capitalize the uortn of r-rationalitv'
\ftriciBill.C'estunAm6ricain'Hr:re'sBill'HdsanAmerican'
Soiss' front Lausutne
Ce sont des Suisses, cle Ltrustrnne' Theg're
'
'')lt:':'
'TlDJtt
ePI]I,lil. -
'-lOl.)(rr's.tl
tIJ u.
eql ir -.
'leerluow (p) ur are Xaql dul p uo alp .OL
)luled pup EJeS (0T -r-r-":
'("'1uo\ a
'(rerppnb at) poolpoqq8tau JJrll( ) ..

srq+ ut eltu arp (uO) eldoed .6
-\J .Ir,- --
Lepeue) (np) uol] ('1od) at,nos 'g
ielpl s,aqs 'Jpt aql ut st ajnpl-alew .L
;,fros (y) ru,l Zpalll pup pps ('utet ''a) il,no| '9 jo lt()llr - -
(saP eun
'luaSrllelut pue Sunor{ s,aH 'teqlpel ? st seljeq] .g

aiJt
'Arc;qt aql (lu?Aap)

rro luol+ ut aJp aM ', s-JJ.Ir ir
'alqP+ aql (rns) uo ue (']) laqt 'E lit
'lnllnPaq elP sleMol+ pal eql 'z /ll()IlI. -.-
'uaplP8 aql ur LUp I 'L
'tpuou olut sDuaTues oseql eppueJl
€'z asprax:I
LE uorle8ap pup 'sunouo,l6 pafqn5 ,Jtoê pue e4g sqJan eql

d Exercise 2.4
Complete the paragraph, choosing among: illelle est, ils/elles sont, c'est, or ce sont.
Remember: C'est/ce sont rs used when a noun is modified (either with an article, or
an article and an adiective).
EXAMPLES: Alain est mddecin. C'est un jeune mddecin travailleur.
Michelle est une voisine (neighbor). Elle est

sociable.
1. Jeanne est architecte. travailleuse.
2. Mes parents sont canadiens. des

Qu6b6cois fiers. Erlt
3. Loic est de Bretagne.
-
breton.
4. Mon voisin est gentil. u n voisin super sympathique.
5. Nommez une ville am6ricaine d'origine franqaise La

Nouvelle-Orl6ans.
Comment est Claude? Eh bien, trds
intelligent, mais un peu arrogant.
$,,, E*.rcise 2.5

Complete each sentence using the conlugated forms of 6tre, the subiect pronoun
6tre, or c'est/ce sont.
1. Voyons, Michel! Nous trds en retardl Les amis

s0rs que tu toujours ponctuel. Mais,
des amis trds tol6rants!
2. Odette, tu am6ricaine? je
-Non,
martiniquaise, de Fort-de-France
,
3. Rosa et Mario, VOUS mexicains?

-Non,
italiens, mais .lorge mexicain.
4. Robert in96nieur un ing6nieur trds

c16atif. Nous fiers de lui (of him).
5. Khaled, (Pol.) chr6tien ou musulman?

musulman, mais une partie de la famille
chr6tienne. des coptes
(Coptic)-
'3 reidPql ur au-.rl
3ur;;a1 lnoqe pue g laldeqJ ut sr.u.ro] uorlsanb lnoqp atou ulpal lltM noA
4)ol),o oMl s,ll- serneq xnep ]se ll-

at st awtl leqM alr-lse ernsq alleno
'uorssa:dxa pex1,t p se (all st eur4leLlltA)

Zll-lse etneq eltenQ ul"el F./
4!-lse etneq elleno
ia?Dl iPreler ue
atD nor ientuv'y{oto3
lipoat,1a ,uor}ua}ty
Qlgp se nJ iaruuy
llsrt?ny uotlDcDo uo nofi a-ty
ut d+r_rouua secuuc€a ua sala srro,\
laqlDal (to apnut) atD s'i)otls )tl,L 'JrnJ ua ]uos )-oJnssnrrltJ s.).I
QatotLL aatEo
Luplnoc I ililalaldruot.?rt?^, , iproccqp ]IeJ q ]no] srns e{
r; I l:l-l t) .)l 'rallre^BJ]
- Lna-:- - -,
I
(o Tspyru aql u!) atD ),\\ ep urBJl ue seruruos snoN

op] o1 lttoclo aq otr1 .{ut + ,pt.p lurod o1 .rns a.r}a
(l't1+'s
(l't:t's op o1) ftpnat ac1o7) (lut + g) (a)igrd e-r+g
\t.tot+D)Da uL) )(l ol) sJrul?,)l?_\ ue e"r]g
([,]+ s] Butop lfit lsptrtt )tlt Ltq aq ot) '{ut + ,ptap uie-r} ua a.r}g
to )pDut )q ol)
' ' )puq/raryoayuol4oc ...sanbuq rra/"rrnc uiTltoloc ui)
or+a
(lButltro .to dt-t1 u uLott] tpt)q aq ot) rrro+a.r ep er]g
tlrl+ttr) aatlo o11 (co,rr) plocct.p ar+g Pl-
(fiyoa1ap11arutl Lto ).1 ol) eJue.\e Lre/pre+a-r uryernill.l tl a-r]g 'anb
erlg qJe^ eql esn suorsserdxa paxg snoJeurnN
a,q? blll Ltr suol ss ar dx3
,UON ::
'sanbrloqlet luos suor+g;ql sal 'polPq) ep allrLU"+ Pl suPC '01
'elsrSolotq
'uoy Fa Uaqou '6
'uoN 'surcltxeu +uos otJPW 1A PSOU
.B )ltdll = ..
'uoy 'aurellrorup ]sa o++apo '/

)o'aptJi. -=
'uoN 'arneq,l P'lueualPrgugS pa lalplw '9 'luos al .: l!
'sunouotd Tnlqns
Sursn syuawalels asaql J)atJo) pue ,asDJaxa eLlJ ut se)uoJuas snotaetd eql peueA
5Z uor1e3a5 pup 'sunouor4 ltafqn5 'ttoê pue a4a sqran aq1

Exercise 2.6
Complete the sentences with expressions chosen from the list. Use each expression
once with the correct form of Etre.
6tre sur le point dc 6tre cle letour

6tre cl'accord 6trc' en cotort
6tre en train cle 6tre pr6t(e)
6tre en \.acances
1. Claudine et moi voyageons maintenant (now) en ltalie.

Nous
2. Les enfants sont trds occup6s. lls jouer (play)

au volley.
A
3. Ma seur rentre (is coming home) de vacances. Elle
0 Err
aujourd'hui.
4. O.K., on ? C'est de la pizza ce soir (fhis ':'
evening)?
5. Mon T-shirt rose? ll

:
6. Tu (m.) ? ll est tard. Le film commence
bientdt (soon). Nous quitter la maison
€ *", vocabulary -
a
These corlmon words (adverbs trnd conjunctions) lielp link idetrs and enliven
adjectives, nouns, and verbs. Their placement il it sentence closely resem-
bles that of their Engllsh equivalents. :
Conio nctio ns, qualifi catifs, et adverbes (C onj unction s, Q ualifi ers, :
and Adverbs) .-
assez (fairly,rather) ct (ond)

assezde (enough) ici (here) ,:
irujourd'hui (tod,ay) li-bas (ouer there')
aussi (also) naintenant (noto)
bearrcoup (de) (rrur:h, many, a lot) mais (but') Negatio
bien (r:ery, uell) ou (or) T
donc (th,erefore, so) parfois (sometinrc.s) '-a
'Punos aN qra^ Jq+ -reryu sed puu qre,r
Ie,\\oA Jo la^\o^ 1l JJolJtl .u sorlrocaq
pale8nftroc E ero.]aq paceld sr au 'rlJrraJd ur a,rtluBau acllalues B a{Eul oJ
st d "'au qll^r uoI}pSaN
'erspr.ureqd pl
+uP^3p Fe rrPW @reql raô) 'zl
,LI
'senBrlP+ luos quelua se1(pwtl e)
'aqlu lso uassap el (oo? 'tpna) '0t
iros al salleq sal? snon (fuan1 '6 \_i
'puer8
.B
1se urenl,{5 'a1r1ad pa arn;r(5 (taa'ynq)
-LLtJ'...
,L
a.rneq,l P sau.rruos snop (slemye) TIJ \]
'3jPl nP luos selll UaAo) '9
aurPrqrl ausr suPp s..r3ql luos sar^rl sa1 uel,fiet) 'E

'prPler ue SALU LUOS SNOU (antlt e'lepofi 'p
lrP^pr+ nP se nf (/ ou) 'E
$e | (lepol'eraq) 'Z
'esnerneq srns ef (fuea'saw4aaos) ',
'sDuaJUas aq1 alaldwot oJ sasaqJuated ur sptou eLll aleFueJl
z'z aslrraxl
'rcr
(leic "=
'ataqoaxsuadxa oo1 0-tD slD)tu dLlJ sJaLID dorl luos st.ldo.t râ1
ipar?+ aUUl D rto[i aty laan8rlr,y nad un se n;

'hddoqun sauqlauos aJD a/y\ 'sluelrrocerlr s1o3.red saul trIOS srloN
' Lt ot +DJD:L 'SeJUt?Jllr\ Uil ]SA
I,to s,2q os 'JaqsDol D st aPnDl) II cuop 'rncssa.yo.rd ]sa epnPID
'sttotr tLtott .sr-n?d JP
+se
st aroyfig lnq'spssnrg urcut tu,1 e1,r1.(5 srerrr 'sollaxnJg ap srns a{
(a7+t,t7 n) (aP) nad un (rt) rs

(lliuor,ul lTrntLL oo7'oo7) (ap) dorl (fi1ato-r,) ]uetuerer
(hno) sQ.r+ (saupptuos') sro;anblenb uotsSS- - ,
$fiootyt) srnolnol (taq+o-t) ]g]nld

("a+{o) }uennos (fitao pu'fi1p-toy) ned
uorle8aS pue'sunouo.r6 palqn5 ')toê pue a/79 sqlan eql

le ne suis pas franqilis. I an not Frertch.

trlle n'est pas ir I universit6. Slrc isn't at the urit,ersity.
Nous ne sommes pas catholiilues. \\te aren't Catholic.
d Exercise 2.8
!{e. p,
Answer each of the questions using a complete sentence with the negative of 6tre.
Remember, ne becomes n' before a vowel sound. l:
:,.
Arlette est vieille? Non, :
Vous 6tes acteur (actrice)?

Nous sommes en retard?
Tu es ir la maison?
L6on et Chantal sont de retour?
Tes seurs sont d'accord?
Ceorges est en train de danser?
Je suis trop fidre?
The Verlr avoir (to have)

Avoir most often expresses os.ncrsltip or fs55r'55ior1.
Present Tense of avoir (to ltutc)
SINCULAR
1,r j'ui I hate

lrd tu as qotr haxe (,funt.)
3'd illelle/on a Itel,slte/itlonc has, u;e haoe
PLURAL
1" nous avons re har:e Il1' 0..

2nd vous aYez ryou hate (7tLtl. s.;fom./pol. pt) Tl
?''r ils/elles ont thtq hat:e II
I
i(UDq) u,oor aq+ uL ro+co? D ahql sI iefles un E { II
BI suep ulcepgur
'+uaulDoL) ']uetuncop ec
s'llll Lt! s'utayyucl ar.D ataql suep seurQlqord sep * IU
q
(eBueqc 1ou saop) alqerreûl sr e r( g
'p"rn1d eq]
's1ce[qo ro 'seapl 'eldoed 1no slurod
QrD araq+'s? araLff) e d p uorssardxe a{J
(' ' ' a,re araLLL " ' ' sI araql) -o rtU
'sJSunoJ l,uile asoql 'se+sunol sap sed luos au eJ
'ru?lq lse ll
el!q/A s,ll 'autM peJ e l,ust stql 'a8nor urn un sed lse,u e)
'erle qre^ aql
1o uorle8au aql Jel+p paddotp laâu sr sep/aun/un ep\)e altu4epu! eLll
a>looq s,eutoluv eêq noA q,uoq aauto+uv,p el^tl a/ sed se,u n1

'sessaJppe
ry8rL at11 eêq l,uop / sassalpp sauuoq say sud re,u a1
'sud "'au rary? peurelet sdem;e sr sel/Bllel eprye eyugap eq1
sed "'eu ql!,\ sepllrv ellugepul pup ellu!+e6 lnoqv erow
4s'puau{ 1.liuo) aooq Luop no.\ islrue<p sed ze,rqu snon

'Jril)t,tilll Ott a.tlttl 1\\ 'sa8e8eq ep sed suoae<u snoN
'rD) D aaDq 'ernlrol ap sed 1qu af 1a
LuoP I Put)
'a1clicrc1D ?.usaop )u)l-LDII ei1e1c.(crq ap sed B<u ouQIrBW
"oDq
'e1clictq D sDq ptlrtl[ 'epalclcrq oun B
Ieqclhl
'p-rn1d ro reln8urs
aq UPJ .P/aP s^\olloJ ]1rrll rrlrou JrlI 'spunos leA\oA a_roJJq pssn sr .p nrrq]
aq1 'sud "'au uorle8eu Jrll .rJl.Ip <p/ap sauroJeq sep/aun/un elcrup alru
-Sapul eql 'sqJe.\ reqJo lsolu rlll-\\ osle prm Jro^B rlll^\ secualuas a^r]EBarr uI
.ar1g7o;.:;_;
tlo^t qllm -ap sod'"aN
'rnq.prnolne
'fio7:o1 auq oaDq sptnu{ tn6 sdural np luo srrue soN
'spuat{pooi acnq ary 'slure suoq op suoaB snoN
'
4tltttd D aaDq I lnq'oN- 'lenborred un Iq[ SrBUr 'uo11-
C+DJ D aartq nofi oq 4letfc un su n1
TE uoqe8ap pup 'sunouoJ6 pafqn5 'rtoê pue a4g sq]an aql

Il y a une touriste devant There's a tourist in front of

le rnus6e. the mttseum.
Il y a des tlrbres dans le parc. There are trees in the park.
The negative of il y a is il n'y a pas de/d', followed by a singular or plu-

ral norrn.
Il n'y a pas d'arbres dans There aren't ang trees in my

rnon jarclin. garden (yard).
Il n'y a pas de restiturant ouvert? lsn't there an open restaurant
(a restaurant that's open)P
d Exercise 2.9
Translate each sentence into French using a form of the verb avoir.
1. I have a red bicycle (v6lo, m.).

2. Arthur has a new friend (f.).
3. You (fam.) have a lot of homework (devoirs)?
?
They (f.) don't have a garden.

I don't have friends here
Simon and Annie have an old car
We don't have bicycles Expt

1
There are too many tourists in town.
There's a difficult problem in class
There aren't enough restaurants at the university'
d Exercise 2.1O
Make these statements negative (if affirmative) or affirmative (if negative).
1. lly a beaucoup de devoirs ce soir.

il{ol pru$o aq o71 (ap) rnecllo,re
(lo1l paatt o1) ep utoseq rloll?
(a>1t11aa{ oq) ep erlue rIoAts '1
(fidaap ac1o1) Ilaruluos rlo^r?
(fip.rtq1 aq o7) Jlos -IIo^B
(liL7uny ac1o1) tLIIP,l rIoAR
(p1ot aq o+) ptorl rrcAE
(loq'uttoot, aq oq1 pnetlr -IIo^t)
(p1o stuafi ' ' ' aq o+) sue "'rlole
')q ol (I.tr\ Jrll

JSn +Erl] sluelu^rnbe tlsrlBug e,\Etl uJUo
AarlJ ro
'srrorlBsues sErrrloa3 ol
JlEIar rro.te Strrsn suorssardxe r{}l,rt pe.(e,r
-uoc stepl lueyq 'suorssa.ic{r; )IlrrllIoIpI snoJelllnu ur s,I[IcJo Jrolr; qJaA aqJ
.tlo LD rllyvr suolss aJdxf
sluprpn+g sa;rnod sar^rl ep zasse sed e I,u 11

'91,
L L
Lot (spueuJ asop) sumdor ap sed se,u nl '6
'selQrf,uol se?p!,p sed +uo,u solll '8
'pua-Ieem a; auSeluoiu pl p +uannos stns af .L
'lueiuapeddp la^nou un +uo sluared sew '9
'(Surutow s/r/?) urleur eJ essPlf, ue +uos sll 'E
'('u) arPuuoll3lp ep sed tp,u ef ',
'uoslPLll el luPêp elnllon eun e ,{ ;1 'g
'rnL{,plnofnp ('ul) sno^-zepuer ep sPd suo^P,u snoN 'Z
9t uo4e8ep pue 'sunouot4 pafgn5 'ltoê pue a4g sqlan eql

avoir honte (de) (trt be ashornecl lo.fl)

avoir rnal (I) (to hoxe a pain, aln) -oche llnl)
avoir raison (to be right)
artrir tort (to be urong)
avoir l'air (de) (to seeni
irvoir l'lrabitude de (to be acctLstctnrcd, used to)
avoir de la chance (to be htckLj)
ar'<rir lieu (to take pkLce lan exent))
Jhi vingt ans.

I am tuentg gears olil.
j'ai faim et j'ai mal ir la t6te. I am hungrg, and I harse a
heailache.
Nous avons de Ia chance! Les we are luckg! The olynryic games
jeux Olympiques ont lieu ici. are taking place here'
EIle a tori; le rli pas sommeil. She is orong; I am not sleepg'
Nous n'avons pas envie de danser' We don't feellike dancing'
Avoir... ans: Asking Someone's Age

!..
Learn Quel ige avez-vous? or Quel ige as-tu? (How old are you?) as a ,tI
fixed expression. You will learn more about question forms in Chapter 3.
Quel 6ge avez-vous? How old are You?

vingt-neuf ans. twenty-nine'
-J'ai -l'm
d Exercise 2.11
Translate the sentences into French, using idiamatic expressions with avoir.
1. l'm cold, and l'm sleepy.
2. He's twenty-five (vingt'cinq) years old.
3. We need a new aPartment.
4. She's lucky in (i) Las Vegas!

i-
.luaSrllalur Jre,l P uoil..l3 eilon '9
LwreJ ze\e sno^ (ueq/A) puenb ei91 Pl P lEu zaAP snon '9
apus-le3M af, nsrl +uo sa+g+ sel 't
.senbrlrlod suorssnlsrp sel supp Uol no uosrpr ze^P snon t

JIO
LOt (JAluut^) Ja^rq ua proj+ zeAP snon 'z
'L
asno^-zeÊ e8P lano
'pnole sraMsue aql leadal uaql ')rcAe LlJt/1A suotssud
-xa )4ewotpr Sursn 'sa)ualuas LJ)uuj aialdwot ut suo4senb leuostad aqJ )a/ASUV
'c :- -:
7l'z aslJ.raxf ES: _'
I;
'(pJ?l iauJp) '61, 'fidaay,,
e1u1 Sururp o] peurolsnlf,E +,uerp ('a.r) {aq1
s'dLuD, ... '
'r(epo1 eqrppeeq P e^Pq +,useop eqs '6

D d-1
'Suruana srql a:e;d sa1p+ (uolungJ E'l) SurlaeLU aql 8
'rQu;qi ere uerplrr.ll eq1 'L
e(7'salou) saper8 peq (sal) rno{ 1o peu'eqse ;weg no( erv '9
'(reunefgp) q:un1 Surneq e)rl laa] ary1 ;{r8unq er,aM 'E
LE uorle8aS pue'sunouolS patqn5 ')toAe pue eJ?g sqJen eql

7. Vous avez envie de danser ce soir (this evening)?
8. Les 6tudiants ont sommeil en classe? Et le professeur?

a
.:
9. Le professeur a toujours raison?
:
10. Les petits enfants ont souvent peur des clowns?
Keyvocabulary
Your home or apartment and its furnishings make up your most familiar
surroundings.
La maison (The Hotrse)

o Noms (Nouns)
Make sure to learn the gender (masculine or feminine) of each of these
nouns.
la bibliothdque (library, studrl) la glace (mirror)

le bois koood) le jardin (garden, yard)
le cahier (notebook) la larnpe (lomp,ltght)
le canap6 (soft) le iit (bed)
la chaise (chair) Ia rnaison (house)
la chambre (bedroom) le mur Q.oall) g,e F:r
la chemin6e ffireplace; chlmney) I'ordinateur(m.) (computer)
la cl6 (key) le piano (piano) -.-a
le crayon (pencil) le placard (cupboard,; closet)
la cuisine (kltchen) le plafond (ceiling)
la cuisinidre (stooe) le plancher (floor) I
le fauteuil (armchair, easy choir) la porte (door) 3
la fen6tre Qoindou) le r6veil (alarm clock)
le four (oaen) les rideaux (rzr..) (curtains)
le foyer (entryu,ay,hearth) la salle i manger (dtnlng room)
lefrigo (refrigerator) la salle de bains (bathroom) 6
Jorjrru plo uP '9 1..
opur^ 8lq aqt Jo +uor,t ur '9 1l1lr, -, I

^
JrPr.lsr.uJP anlq P 'v
ÂPu
slesoll ,{uoor aulos 't
luauuPdP lussPeld P 'a
uaq4l urepou P 't j -'
'q)uilJ oTur sesetqd aqJ epFueu
g
(ul) suep
(fo tuo-{uq }u" ep (U+lm1 re'\E
(su o g1p s o daq) suo1l;sod9.r4
(+ali'17p+s) erocua
JSJr;-:
(fuaQ seJ] ({o +o1o1 ep dnocneaq
(sfrornyo) srno[no] (osp) rssn€
(QTonuaB) pr.eu.e8 ua (q?noua :taqru-r,) (ep) zassu
(sq-taapy) soqre py
(tottaqut'ap?su?) (e)rnauglur JUIIItulrl --
(snonod\ (asna-1 urar,ruds (/io"B) (e)srr8
Q1duttsl aldurrs (a+nct1ap'ou$ (a)u5
(uD?lr) a,rclo,rd (apPsWo) (e)rnatrg]xa
(apoudl 1at9-u:cl (ayytltoltuoc) olqeuoJuoc
(litu) seru 'Lrotr 't?ur (aryc1fiaou) eurr€u nelq
(3uo7) 1an)b'uo1 (-tautol:72llo) (eu)uercue
(fi11ail1 la)tlol (+uosoa1dl alqeg"r8e
'se8uuqc a,trlcafoe aq]
JI lluo u,Âorls ere sa.trlcafpe Jo snrroJ aururueJ eql ']s{ 3ur.uo11o3 eq} uI
(saaglca[py) sgpcafpy .
(O,tOl oop?a) (O.tA a1) ogppt e1 (Eu1,1upod'a"r,nptr{1 nealqe} el
(aco-tnq'o4od1 assuJrel t?l (uady o1l1s e1
(+adnc'Zn-t) srdtl a1 (utoo-t,7u1,ot7) uoles el
6t uorle8ap pup 'sunouord 1:ahns 'Jtoê pue a4g sqJen eql

7. a clean oven c
8. a new computer
9. a private bathroom
10. some long curtains
'l'l . the interior walls
12. a big living room
13. a very beautiful piano
14. a table with six chairs

'15. a white refrigerator
Reading Comprehension
La maison de Jean-Pierre
NIa maison est grar-rde et assez vieille, avec beaucoup de fen6tres. Les ri-
clerurx devtutt les lten6tres sont longs et 6pais. Les murs int6rieurs sont
peints en blanc; I ert6rieur de la n'raison est gris. La terrasse est jolie; il v
i, des fleurs. Dans ie ibyer, il -v a ulle glace ancienne et une table en
",r"o."
bois. Ltr salle i manger est simple, avec une table et six chaises; le tapis est
rouge et bleu rriarin. Notre cuisine est sptrcieuse; ses murs sont jirunes et ses
placards sont blancs.
Le frigo est assez grand; la cuisiniare et le four sont toujours propres.
Dans le salon, il y a cles fauteuils confortables et un piano. Moi, je n'ai pas
de salle de bains prir,6e, milis mtr chartrble est trbs agr6able; elle est bleue
et blanche et ensoleill6e. En g6n6ra1, mon ordinateur, mes livres, mes ca-
hiers, mes crayons, mes stvlos, etc., sont dttns li'L bibliothdque ir c6t6.
6pais(se) thich ses its

peint(e) en (blanc) painted (rchitc') moi me, mqself
en bois toooden ensoleil16(e) sunnu, bright
six ,sir 1non, mes rty
notre our i c6t6 next door
l r i:.,
..,
?l'
-eJ sJ[r.t '>-
analq ls: .
sed re.u ..
'se.rclo.r.i,.
sas lJ sr:.::
lsa srch: .
ue al(lr- :
i 11 :ar1,,i -
]uos s.Ii.:---
-I"I SJI .:
'9
aajJerd-uPar ep rneleurpro,l lse Qo
'E
LQlJep) ernlsqo aJqruPLll aun P ll
LaqAUd sureq ep allES aun e d)eu-ueaf 'b
aouPrd el ]se (araqlil) no €
aapuPJS no alqad +sa aurslnf, El 'z
aaurapou no allrar^ lsa uosreu el 'L
'q)uall ut suotJsanb aqJ )eMsue 'uo\)eqs Jallv

eLll peeJ no^
suoqsano
LY uoqe8ap pup 'sunouoJ6 pafqn5 'Jtoê pue a4g sqren eql

L
L
Days and Months, t-
-er Verbs e Les mo

/t-
Days of the Week, Months, and Seasons

In French, days of the rveek, rnonths. ,urcl se'asons ttre nrtt capitalized. With
some exceptions, they are, used uitltotLt the clefinite article (le/la/l'lles). The
rveek begins on MondaY.
Sorne example sentences in this sec'tion rtse verbs you rvill learn later. I
Many are cognites; their rneaning shoulcl be cletrr frotn the trtrnslations.
Les jours de la semaine (pays of the I'Veek)

lundi Monclay r enciredi Friclarl
mardi Tuesdotl s,rnredi Saturdatl
rnercredi \Yeclnesday clin.rtrrrche Sundorl
jeudi Thur.sdny
Quel jotrr sornlnes-nous tLuiourd'hr-ii? \\Jiaf clatl is it todoy P

Les sai
(C'est cluel jour trujourd'huil)
sommes jeudi. Thursdag.
-Nous
(C'est jeudi.)
-lt's
Maman arrive samedi, )Iont arriuc,s Saturd,ay, onrl
et Sylvie, dimanche. Sqltic, on Sund,ag. en
Demain, c'est vendredi. Tomorrctra's Fridag.
To say that you do the sarne acti'itr reqularlv eaery Moncloy ' each Satur-
rlaq, on Sundays, etc., use the milsculine singultrr definite article le before
the day. The daf also ren'iains in the sirrqular'
42
JD taununs,r,, rrr,Jllli'ir,li'!, r, 'e8e1d el q
?r-e.I assed e['rotrrtr
'euulolnql eroJeq al
'
utunlnD s' a :t o
I ) lP t.t Y aropB ellerrY
-rn+Os u3
'uosDos
PloJ atLl s't talut-l\ 'eploJJ uosrcs BI }se.c "re,r1q;1
sduraluud nB qll^\ .{1uo) ne q}L \ ro 'ue

rrorlrsodard eq] 'elcr+Jl? alrrrr;at) -rrll rlll.\\ pJSn eJp suosaes aq] Jo saulpN
Buyds ;1
sclur..1rrr,rc1 11al'uum4no ( ur) euurolne.l
JeJut3l lr1 .r.t \rrl.l JalulLtns ('ru) p+q,l
(suosea5) suosles se1
'l?dY u.r irrirl. ,' 1it

,.1 ,, ,r11 IIJ^B.p slotu ne aJocue lueDIS sll
'e.rqureldes ue
'.taquo7d,ag ut utZaq sassDlD ]uecueururoc sJnoc seT
'ysn?ny ut uotlD)D:t axoq ar6\ 'luoB uo secu€ce^ sap B uo
'JOqlfl?JaQ ut sr sDut+suqc 'erqurec?p ue ]se I?oN
('rernuef 1sa.3)
'fuonun{ s.q- uer,ruef ue seururos snoN- 'suoBEl
cl! s! qluottt loll/L isnou-sauuos srour 1an$ 're]"I rrrBq
.p/ep sroru ne eserqd eql 'sqluolrr
i)J:lr i11 oslll rrEc
arll .,o sJllrElr JliJ -rrr..rl:ii :r,)LtJlrrJS rrr pasn sI (u?) ue uoqrsodard eq; eql'(sey6
rlll A'Pan
raquunao erquac?P eunf upr['
JacwaooN eJqureôu firN IRur
raqatzo orqotro frdv [tr.tu
nqu.taqdag erqrualdas LlJrDrn s-rEur
pn?ny lgou fituntqag rJrrA{
4n[ ]eilFf finnuoI rar,tr-rsl
(rea,1aq] Jo sqluory) eguuel ep slou se1
'asu
i,sfrnpung uo noli erD t-tdtl-\\ iaqcu€rulp aI sa nt enb ac-1sa 49
' ul Dr,) JP
uD s'draUl' linpsaupa,yy qc nE 'ueurexa un e .,( 'IpeJcJeur eT
11
'linpgtE fitata 'IPorPua eI
L,t r
1 l,tltt t J )t tu p a t u 1 s p t r,.t r.rJ' ., 11
t r t alquesue lueulp srrrB seT
'rufi7 aqt r) ruJ'sfiopuo1q ug 'aseuul(8 nB srns e[';pun1 a1
sanrluSoralul pue 'asuel luese.rd eq+ ur sqran;a- repn8a; 'sqluow pue s,{e6
En 6t6 nous ne portons Pas ln (the) sutnrner use don't usear

de manteau. coats.
Il est trbs occup6 en automne. He's aery busy in the fall.
Au printemps, je porte toujours ln (the) spring,I always uear a
un chapeau. hat.
Tu es h Montr6al en hiver? Are you in Montreal in (the) uinter?
Les parties du jour (Parts of the DrY)

le matin morning le soir eaening
l'aprds-midi (m.) afternoon la nuit night
parts of the day are used with the definite article for regular activities
or are used with words like demain (tomorrozr-,), hier (yesterday), or with
ce/cet/cette Ahi. Cette nuit means last night.
Le soir, nous regardons la t616. ln the eoenings, roe uatch TV'

Demain matin, je retourne Tomorrou> morning, I return to
au travail. uork.
Cet aprds-midi, on d6jeune This afternoon, ue're har:ing
avec les parents. lunch with the folks.
La nuit, les animaux sont dans At night, the ani,mals are in
leur lit. their beds. Regtrla r
d Exercise 3.1
Respond to the sentences in French. Complete sentences are not necessary.

Di]"
1. What days of the week do You work?
I
2. What days of the week do you like to do your hobbies?

I orritrgt
3. When (days or parts of the day) do you study French?
4. Quel jour sommes-nous? Quel mois?

'g pur? sJaldPrl3 Lr paJltasâ"Id aJE aJ-
tr PuP Jr- uI BuIPua sqJa^
Jo suorw8nfuoc relnBar aql unorto.tcLlo LInou lcalqns B apn[JUI slit?/ult sq-Ial
paleBnhro3 'lue- putr 'ze- 'suo- 'a- 'sa- 'a- :eJB sqre^ Je- rtl1nHar "rcl3 sBur
-prra aslreJ ]rresârd al7Loyr1a-L;.ru io; o/ rellB-ro3 tdacxe) sq-rJ^ra- IIY
'(an1oc1op o7rasllelpuoru :ir() :ptlJ o+ tns renbrlc) sq"rar re- ,rrpfie-r
ual1o ]sonr are.{aql 'peuroc a,re srl.rJr.uJrr rrer{A\ '(eool'alil o1) rctu1e'(1yt+
'>1nads o7) rayed :Ja- ur prrJ +11[] sJ \LIttSuI aNltl ]^qJo^ qJrtaJd 3o ,(1rro[errr y
sqraA D- rpll,]-Sau 8upu3nfuol
'srl.ra.\
rlcuerd lsour eleEnfuo,r o1 ncl-i,no1
-lu IIr^\ dnorB qcue -ro., q.rr \ Irpour Jlll SrrlurtaT '-puall€ put '-srotlJ '-yed
:Sulpue aq+ snuru e,\rlrlrqru ,lr-ll r-tlJls^ Jo ]ooJ Q-IaA eq] o] s8urpua lelnBar
rrs Burppe.,(q.reclurnri prrr rro',i-rtl rrr pale8nluoJ aJp sqJel r[Jua-Id .rep8ag
'rtot l1not o?'arPualle) a.r- xl'(osooqc o7
"r.1s1oqc) 4-'(1yt1'1utds ()i ral.rerlr ra- :s8urptre e^rlru5ur -rreq+ icl paFlluapl
ip:nsn ere ,(eq1 'suorll'i,i LlrL..r .11r111f ,..r r[][^\ srlJa^;o sdnorB aa.rq] sêq qcrreJd
asual ]uasaJd aq] uI sq,raA rplnSau
1,. ..
J
riM'.'
(rua^noS np rnoI el) l(pc a]ue;qruauaU ro s,ueJe+an
(auleU El ep elgJ El) (Eppupf) ,(eq euoprl o+ Lt-t ti- ..
,l-I i: :
(PIlnouPH) qP))nuPH
u?pPruEU allgs?g e; ep rnoIa1
{}!l\ .to '.:
(PpEuE) np e]?J Pl) epeuE) :
SSIII:\Il.)ri _ :
^PC
(alEuorlEu aleJ Pl) ,,qunoj,, eq+ :
lsenbg3;.relsEl 1 (l?oN) sPrulsuqJ
aPpPUE) a's'n (sergrS ap

uorlf,V,l ap rnol al) 3ur^13s)uEq_L :sq]uotu ro r.l]uotu ;errdfi p aueu 'punorp
saôu Ieprloq e 1p s,{eprloq Su nno;;o1 aq} arn}pa} }pql sl{}uou.r aq} eLUEN / italutil aq)
D lDAl' ;i.
e91?,1 ep la aje^rq,l ep srol.u sal +uos slano '9
llD,
Tagr,13.td uosres erlo^ Fa allano 'g JDAS) ) ;
gV sanrleSoralu; puu 'asua1 luesaJd eq+ ur sqren;a- reln8a; 'sq1uo141 pue s,{e6
- 1,:
Present Tense of parler (fo speak, talk);Stem: parl-

SINCULAR FORMS
--
je parle I speak, I clo spcok,l rnn speaking

ttr parles (fum.) qou spe d;, you do ,spcok, tJou ore ,speaking
\iousparlez (pol.) you ak, qou tlo speak, Aou ore speaking
,s1,e
il parle he speak.s.lte does .speak, he i.s speaking

elle parle she speuks, ,shc cloes ,s7tcnk, sh,e is s1:zoking
or) parle one spcok.s, u:a ,sparrk,theq syteak
PLURAL FORMS
nous parlons re spcd;. Lt'c do ,spaolt, Lne orc sTtettking

volrs parlez ryort spaok, tlou do .spcak, qou ore s7:teaking
(fam/Pol.)
ils parlent tlrcU \nt.) ol;, tlrcq tl.o sTteok,theq are .speokittg
spe
elles ptrrlent they $.1 sptak. thcq do spcak, they are spcakirtg
Vous parlez franqais? Do you speak F'rench'l

str, et je parle course, ancl I also speak
-Bien
aussi italien.
-O.f
Itolian.
En Iran, on parle farsi. Theq speak For,si in lrut.
Here are t'rvo more -er .",erbs, corjrrqirtc'cl in the present tense.
aimer (tolike, boe); Stem:aim- 6couter (toli,sten fo); Stem: 6cout-

j'aime aimons j'6coute
nous nous 6coutons
tu airnes aimez
vous tu 6coutes vous 6coutez
illelle/on aime ils/elles airnent 11,'clle/on 6coute ils/elles 6coutent
As u,ith forms of avoir, the -e o{'je r'lirles to j' before n vorvel sound. It is
d Exe
replacecl by arr apostr:ophe and closecl up to thc' r,erb: j'aime, j'6coute. T.---
ttl :
Nous parlons avec les voisins. \I-e're speaking rcith tlrc

treighbors.
J'aime beaucoup ce quartier. I like this neighborhood a lot.
Ton ami et toi, vous 6coutez Are you anil your frienil
la radio? listening to the radio?
;
6,
-7
t
selPq eq 'g
eNile | 'L
e^rl oM 'g
osn ('pd) no{ 'E
luer (l) Aeql 't

al!l | '€ Pu.j.
'lol :
sue+srl aqs 'z
IPads aM 'L
'q)uilJ olut saro] qe^ eql alelsueJl .Jli,-i
z'€ asl)rax3
sl U PtItr(,. ".:
"4 lualnori .,
Zalil(, -.-
(aco1d o) ns:.o ol rells1a asolco+ reurraJ SUOlltt,-.
asn o+ ras{pn uxqldx,a o+ "ranbrtdxa -Jnoca :trr .-\
?u{ ol ra,\norl fiprys oq rerpn}g
)po& 01 relJle^Br] +sapp 01'apq o+ rolselgp
(+noqo1'til.oaq o? (ap) re4r acunp o+ rasuBp
t,. ,
qc+om o+'+o 1oo101 repruSar rotlool o1 rar{craqc :
1u2J O? JenOI aa?JJ0 o+ JoATJJB

fiop o1 rcnol rauaq al?l o+'to{atd oa xnouu reurre loads
aan q ralqeq arop0 01'aaol o+ reropB
ar
illlllD.)r!.
,l
:sq.ra.\ Je- JplnEeJ erolrr [?-rJês aJB aJeII
illllll),trl:
'l
laap-11-{ez-lqal luarpnlg-.sa a [,O]-aeq- qpz-ooul suo]tqEq-snou

,-;il; -'
[]qoz-oo^l sel? sno^ IuJqaz-lea] ]uautp sJt
I,:
'uostptl pallE) st
srql 'punos la^ o^ pqitnn 3urltels u.llo+ qra^ e sapa:atd z(lalerpauuul 1t uaqM
[z] palunouord sr 1se;;a'sll 'sno^'snou) unouord palqns p ]o s- lpuu aLll
rilll-!'
1za;red ll t'.'
sno^) [êl-UqEd] pup '(suo;ied snou) [uOl-Uqpd] ,(lueFpd sa1Je7s1r ,eFud
l11ll.'
uo/elle/l! 'sa;.rud n1 'a;.red el) tlUqpdl :sluro+ papunos aarq+ sEq qra^re- up
:it1l,\
'a8en8ue; ualods aqt ut 'snql (fl*aultE selle/slt) 1ua- Surpua eLll pup (ze;rud
sno^) z- lpu!+ aLll atp sp '(saupd n1; 1ua1rs st qra^ pale8nfuot p +o s- lpug aql
suroJ qlen.re- ,o uotlEtf,unuoJd
Lb senrleSoltalul puu 'esual ]uaseld elll ut sq;en;a- le;n8ey ,sL1luow pue s{e6
9. you (fam.) dream

10. she finds
d Exercise 3.3
Change the verb forms from singular to plural, or from plural to singular. )e becomes
nous. illelle becomes ils/elles, tu becomes vous, and vice versa. Focus on meaning.
j'adore
nous dansons
\
vous regardez \
tu expliques \
il cherche
elles ferment
vous parlez E
I
nous expliquons
I
elle utilise
tu d6testes
\,
Uses of the Present Tense

The present tense in French has three equivalents in English'
Je parle frangais. I speak French; I am speaking

French; I ilo speak French.
. The present tense often conveys the meaning of a nezrr future.
Elles arrivent vers six heures The y uill arrioe around six thi's
ce solr etening.
Tu cherches un emploi cet 6t6? Will you be looking for a.1ob this
surnnrcrP
. When trvo verbs are usecl consectttivel),, th" first is conjugated and the
secor-id is an infinitive. The infinitir.'e directly {bllows some verbs (suclt
as aimer, aimer mieux, d6tester, pr6f6rer), lvith no intervening
preposition.
'(s)utrras'rrtrL 'eesnur ep Surua.r-ra1,;.
'fiun
D lrs o l.uop e3t'sftupttrrg LLg sud alrsr,t au uo 'erlcuBurtp aT qcns) sq.r; . .-
'utnasnlu D Jt,slo aot 's'ttopttrtq rt6 'agsnu un alrsrl uo 'arlJur]rurp eT erl] PLrE P-r-':
'1r.rn1cl -ro -rrlnBurs
eq uel .p7ep Sur,uolloJ unorr
aq1 'sed "'ou reUE .p/ap ol saiurrle (sapTaunTun) alcrlre elru5apur sttll qof r, ., -
aqi '(eJ]? r{}l^\ esorl} .rcr3 lrla.rr. sa,lrrJlrras^ a.ulr8eu ur 'Jroae rl}l^\ sy
s'|ql rt\ :'.,
'lqBPu fioptnPg 'rros rPeures
aluDp ol lou -taJ'ttd li,tt11 Jasu€p sed eu xnerur ]ueture s^ll ) _".
'ueuruxe.p Jeuuop sed au

'LpLt.t.r I :
'+say D aat? o1 lou raqcoa+ aq+ lsD I ap rnassajorcl ne apueuap a{
Sutloadt
'a/\rlruSur
aq+ sapocaJd sed eu uoqeurquroc er{} 'pele8au sr elrlrugur aq+ uJrl1\
'(sansst) ssncs?p o+ otL?l t<uo? notr 'Jalncsrp sed zaurrt.u srrorl
'(sansst) ssncsxp o+ atfll aA\ 'Jelncsrp srrourrB snoN
'ruro.I qrel palu8nluoc

eq] punoJrns,(11unsn sed prrr, .u au 'J.\rlur5ur nE pa.uolloJ sr qrJ^ EJI
^q
'o?p0r aq+ o+ uo+sx|?<u8oo? aH 'orper el sed a1nocg.u
11
'o?pnr oq+ o+ suz+sll aqs 'orpBr BI alnocg ellg
'zraLL aaq
Lusao? augtvf 'rcr sud ellqerl<u aurg"rg{
'araq soaq auqanbn[ 'IcI ellqeq auronbce{
'q elntu p _ro plrnos I;.\\o \ e J.roleq (sap11a ll ''e.l) <u s-alrroJeq eN
'roop aql oso'lc l.uo? 21y\ 'epod e1 sed suouJeJ eu snoN
'roop oq+ asoP zNl 'apod el suorrral snoN
sed "'au qlJ^\ epplrr sr srsuJl IIE ul) sqre^.lo uorlu8eu eldrurs aq1 .
'anulJuoc oq asn{at fiaq7 'JJIiuIluoJ eP JsÎ]+eJ tIO
'relIrB^l]J] 'Sutueaut uo sfttt
'1ro01. o+ u?aaq
I e aououruroc a{
seuo)aq eI'lettl
'LrorlcrulsuoJ
qJe^ + qJe^ Jrerll ur sqJJ.\ rr.llr.nrroJ Jo slsrl surl?]uoJ 1 .re1der13 .,r.tr1
-lu5ul arl+ e-roJaq ep .ro u a.rrnha.r srrorJcnrlsuoc qJa^ + qJa^ Jaqlo
'?un1tocn. ntatd / 'sr-(- xoIIrB^Brl xnoru etulql'lno-
itsutp1tt1 ;)-t,no.l ir€JA sBd
iAJ LIr?Dot ol alDq no.( igl?l el "rap.re8e,r zopol?p sno1
6V sanrleSo:la1ul pue 'asue1 lueserd aql ut sqran;a- te;n8ey ,sqluoW puu sr{e6
50 First Elements of French -
al
Je cherche des oranges. l'm looking for orange s.

ne trouves pas d'oranges? (ang) Err
-Tr -Aren't
y ou finiling
orangesP --
-:
Verbs Without Prepositions
::_'
Some English verbs require a preposition where their French equivalents do
not. They include chercher (to look for), 6couter (to listen to), and regarder
(to look at).
Don't be tempted to add a preposition when you speak or write these

verbs in French. With these French verbs the direct object comes immediately -
after the verb.
Je cherche mon ami. I am lookingfor my friend.
Nous 6coutons une bonne We are listening to a good :

6mission. proSram.
Tu regardes les cartes de France? Are you looking at the maps of

France?
:
:
:
Exercise 3.4 ,-
Answer each question in the negative, forming a complete sentence.
1. Tu chantes bien?
Non, je
2. Mireille travaille ) la banque?
Non, elle
3. Andr6 6coute souvent la radio?
Non, il
4. Vous r6vez en classe?
Non, nous
5. Tu aimes mieux le jogging?
Non, je
6. Tes parents cherchent une nouvelle maison?
Non, ils
uaqou >
'(le8eIon; la^prl ol alrl +,usoop

Uaqou 1eq1 s{es aq
,oslv .t
Ueqou )
'(ro;drua un; qot e ro1 8ur>1ool st oH .e
Uaqou 1eq1 s{es .-
ar,
'llo^ o1 selpq eq s{es puaurt ,{W .l
'q)uaJl ut JuawaJeJS patp aLll aJt)M pue t7s113u1 ut JuaueJeJS palput tpea peeA
aspraxl .__
9'€
g
(spu!4) 'gqlJpLr.r np sauo]pl sauuoq ep ell9r.uv '01
(taTaLd) urlll un taple8er snoN '6
(iluep J.uop) Utos tpelpue^ al n1 '8
(3u1qt7eu arope) ')tos
el ?l?1 auersor +a liPW '/
(asnJat) 'einlron el (puq o7; .ra1g:d ap sluared sew '9 1o sdetu ac- p
(41e1 ne-slnq uos suPp ,ro-rd ne nI '9
poo? e o1 i
(asn) 4stnol s3l snol ..tnaiputpjo un snon ', 'puauJ / *
uo 't
.
(a4tl l,uop) pautEs el JalltP^?ll
qAprysy stno: sa1 salde snoN 'Z llalerpautur sau::

(ol ualstt) urlPu al otpPr Pl r/a[ 'l eseql elu/l ,c i
Guar) 'luawaltedde laq un s?uetpn?? sal :lldwvxl
uanol
rapre8ar pue,(ol
rae I nn'Je^noq 1apte&at -
tesnleJ la1ted 'tanol tatpnla 'talno)e ')esuep 'xnatut tawte 'Jewrc t)aJope op slualeninba
-:
'Duo qla^ qtea Sutsn ,/ olaq palstl sqa^ aLll
tuoJ] asootl) 'qtaa e\eudotdde aq7 ]a wJo] J)ilto) eLil ql!/A Dualuas Lpea a7a1dwol
5'€ asl)rax:I (fiu\

g Sugp.
'sa?uon
L9 san4eSot;a1ul pue 'esue1 luesald eql ut sqlen;a- ;e;n8eg ,sqluow pue sr(e6
4. Marguerite says she talks to the (au) teacher after class. I.e.s \o Q
<Je
5. The other students say they don't study much.

l e. \,
< Nous
.Q,
I:
Exercise 3.7
Complete each blank with a verb chosen from the list; verbs may be used more than
once. Make sure the present tense verb forms are correct.
a Ta
arriver, avoir, chanter, 6couter, €tre, 6tudier, habiter, iouer, louer, parler, regarder
H l
1. Richard son iPod dans le parc. TI

beaucoup; les leqons de franEais
or
2. Simone
difficiles!
3. Nous toujours i la maison i six heures du soir.
4. Pendant la f6te les enfants des chansons et
de la guitare.
Tr.
5. Dans les conversations, qui le plus, les hommes ou tl.. ,
les femmes? n'e. t-c

6. Dans mon exp6rience, les hommes et les femmes
les uns aussi souvent que (as often as) les autres, mais ils
' Q',
Ir. :
des int6r6ts diff6rents.
\Ll
7. Le week-end, nous libres de sir,--.
la t6l6vision. ce qu
8. Je neln' pas besoin de un
je/j' chez mes parentsl
Ert
appart;
E.t
Interrogatives and Interrogative Words
Most questions (or interrogatives) in French contain a verb. Interrogatives
either ask for ayes/no answer or for information or facts. There are four types
of yes/no questions: three are largely conversational; the fourth is used in writ-
ing and sometimes in conversation. Questions that ask for informati,on orfacts
usually begin with interrogative words such as Qoi... ? (Who. . . f), Que... ?/
Qu'est-ce que... ? (What. . . P), or Quand... ? (When. . . P).
/i "'ano'
slcotn u
-lIrÂ uI p6
sadll rnq
se,trle3o.rr
lttoturclo Ln doDtl aqs' s'aoO 4uorurdo eun e e1a.nb ec-lsf,

;ep.r ua gfgp
i,fi1n aq+ ut lipoatlo a3t ar\/ seururos snou enb ec-lsf,
un-
...(s)g.nb ec-}sf, :.nb ec
[1qe1-sqa71aa>[-s^{a] "'(s)a11qnb er-lsg/
'
-]sa seuocecl anb ac-lsa 'ler\o.\ t r.rolag '[qn1-sqa] p,ro,ri a1qr11is-o.n1 e18urs
r sp pecunouord s^r anb ac-1sg 'aitrurlc lou sJop aJlra+ues Jrl+ lo ,rapJo qJaA
-1ce[qns ar11 anb aJ-]so ,'(c1 papa,ra.rcl sr luemale]s e-rrJuJ eri] urJoJ snl] uI
"'anb eJ-]sa Ut?n SuUtoTs suo4sanl .
'auiBs erl] )^LrrPure-r lsed ec-1squ
rlrtte-rd arl] allrl,!\'( c+a ;+l lu.\t -)rt op ian 1,uon lnoli l,tLato) uorlsenb aql no s3* --
3o lcalqns Jrll o] Srrrp-ro,-r,'rr sJr-rlr.\ riorlsânl) 3u1 e 3o luele.rrnbe qsrlStrg ar1;
iaot ?<uolt lauuns

.,:
ised ec-lsa<u
aq? u? uoxl0)0a aaDy ll,a/\,\ uf,
'secuece,r. sep B uo g]? ,,:)
4nofr 1,ua-to' uD'urJaO al,noL 6sed ac-1squ '.pueurelle se nJ
'aHtrtqc +orr sJop rapro
qJe^-lJalqlrs JrlI 'uor1?llr-rrJlro,) ,ro luauraar8t s-lJadxe,(11urauaB .raryads aq;
'acuJ+ues E Jrll ol pappe sr ;sed oc-]squ Be] aq]
Jo prr.r alqrr-re,rur 'aJaH
taptzi:.
suotlsanb 3n7 .
4aa$oc u x{ aurtl )::DLL alt oe i-e.,EJ rrn rnod sclural np B uO ueqJ a). *
iaJ,orl plulolu tLr o,r.f- rt o li aLy, CIcl.P se]g sno^
'paBueqcun surplLrer .rap.ro Ll,rJ r-lcelqrrs arl l ')t-rpur uorlsonb
IEJoA r? alee-rJ
o+ eoueluas EJo pue aql lrr sJSl.r JJro,\ ar[]Jo r1c1rd at1+'uorlsarib3o ecl,(q st11 u1
uoNlnuolu? Eugsgt qlgm suopwanfi .
rapro pro^t ur aSupq) oN rllt^l suorlsano oN/sai
'suorlsanb orrlsali yt;âdl1ltra,ras spq rlJuerd 'qsr18ug ellT
suollsano oN/saL
tg sanrleSolalul pup 'esue1 luaseld aq+ ut sqlan;a- re;n8ag 'sq+uow pue s{e6
g Exercise 3.8
Ask a yes/no question based on each of the statements, as though you had iust
asked the speaker. lJse a variety of question forms. suggested answers are
in the
Answer Key.
EXAMPLE: Fatima est franqaise. Fatima est franQaise' n'est-ce pas? l-
1 . Je suis 6tudiante.
(
? r
f
2. L6onard et Claudine d6testent le cin6ma. !:
3. Les voisins ont un gros chien.
4. Nous avons des opinions politiques.
5. Micheline aime mieux jouer au tennis \-

')
5. Je travaille dans une boulangerie.
7. Raoul joue de la tromPette. 1.

).
8. Nous regardons des vid6os vendredi soir.
I'e.s'\'o Questions with a Change in Word Order

ht Frerrclt. rpestions r.vith tr change in the subject-verb order (inversion) irle
olien Lrsecl irt s.ritten or formal spoken language. Short qucstions lr'ith inver-
siorr irre ollen rrsecl in colloquial speech.
o Irt clucstjotts ri'ith pronolln subjects, the subject pronoun trnd verb are
inrerte'cl. ,\ 1l phen connects the subject pronoun to the verh'
Eter-t'o.,r d6jir en retarcl? Are gou already late?

Avons-nous rlssez cl'trrgerit? Do ue hatse enough moneY?
Sont-elles tu trar.ttil? Are they at u;ork?
istJ'Dd LLI isrlBd q
?aU olluroi 1,ns,1
atls' [tilaf-rle,\] re]rqerl sed a1la-1-e,r ey l;
;,an1n sao1
dqs [1la+-rlnt-r{-saep] iella-}-r}nrsrq
",
4?ut>loacls'eq s7
r1-,;1-r1rL1-gqed] ill-l-epu4 'q
'(g pur g sra1drr13 ars \ Jsual-]rreserd 11: ur punoJ sr uorlsanb
$l-r.l eJE qJe^ Pur
peualur mpBur"^ uos-rccl-ir-rrril rr lrr slJ,\\ol ueel\]ee -l- peppe ltqJ
'lror-i.ra \rrr ou qll.{\
ineqp sud u l.u IJ puu -Jo^ril rl]i ., .
isJroâp sep e,{ II sB rlJns sLrorls;nb s{s1l'Jeâ,\\oq'eBunBurl ,(ep,(re,rg .-
art (troti.t.
fiuo ataql Lusl
ire+D3t inee.p sed g-1-e d.g
isatnouL pooi fiun ara\l I ualy isulg suoq ep sed g-1-e r(.p
' ' ' atalff LuarY .. araw l.usl ...ep sed g_l_u,(p
i i
'notlsartb rrll.+o II.r.tq J.\IlEBau eql ul sa(
.p/ep soLr()Jaq
iyromalaoq fiuo araqt s1 isrroôp sep E-l-B tr a--

' ar.aql " a-t"ql 8I ...11-f-B,L
".rY i' i
l.ull arl] uJ '(erD droy+'s?
.rr1ll saoB 1r 'e^rleurJ5.le
).tJLLJ\ e -i 11 rL,rrs'r.itk, .Li:.Jr) tu-IO.I uorlsanb peye,\ur eq] JI6NJ
^llgtJedse
["ot-qe1 L-
-..\$-t PPt) (. )7//i ',i,r',/! a.)D\ a,11 oo iauuBrrBli{ ap essarps.l uo-l-v
lt()tI.l)r.,tLli{,,id r11
111p o1 UnoUord aq} puB qJeA eql uaa,\\}eq
PJ].IasItt sLsu.rr-lclirl \i j i,!|ri1Lil.t.I1tS '-l- Jailel erlj'la,{\o^ 1l Ur Spua urJo}
qre,\ (uo/alla Ir .rrl1i;ru. rr, ,s.r;cl-ltJ1rl+ E uaq,n ,uorlsanb palra,rur ul? uI
'rlleads
IpLuroJ raq]l?r ur .{pro puno.l arp
surroJ eell] JSUIJ , ...a[-sloq (rloaep :q"re,r) pue ,(a
1 j:lyg,
1'
t fiuW); "'a[-srn4 rro.rnod:rl.rr.\) '(; "'lluv) 1...e[-srn5 (e;r1a:qra,r)
:af -rrlnBurs rros^.rJcl-ls.rq rrll r.rrirrr.irru sq-re,t rupBa,rJr
IEJaês'rale,uo11
,^)tLuJ u() I tuY iarnaq.l B srns e[ anb oc-]sg
'p€elsul6 "'enb ec
-lsg asll 'qra^ aq+ rlll,\\ pr],rJ_\rrr .rr.\Ju lsourle sr ef unouord 1cafqns aqa . jsed ai-tx
4fi1st1t1+ fiaql quaty dJlos sed sII-luqN
iuollDls utDr+ 21ll +D afi LuatY 4e"ru8 e1 g sed snou-seruruos eN aqJ ut ele s.?.,,
ilDa o+ Tunn nofi luo71 l"re8ueur ep erlua sed n1-sq11 Tsnl peq nc. -:
'rurrorro-rd lcalqns pa+Jeûr aq+ s.{\ollo} sed puu
c1,re,r pale8nluoc aq] sapacercl .u7au 'trorsrJûr qlr.{\ suorlsanb a.trle8arr tr1 .
gg sanrleSolelul pup 'asuel ]uaseJd eql ut sqJen la- .re;n8ag ,sqluow pue sr{eq
Questions urith Noun Subfects

subject atrd
\\rlrerr arr invertecl question has a troun subject, both the noun
the invertecl Prolloun are uselcl'
Ce monsieur est-il fralgtris? Is that man Frenchl

Sitnon a-t-il une moto? Does Simctn haxe a motorcrlcle'P
Annick et Chantal n'ont-elles Don't Annick and Chantal hoae
ptrs cle logement? a Ttlacel
inversion in
This table recaps how to ilsk questions u'ith subject-verb
French. E.rr
Summary of Subject-Verb lnversion in Questions
PRONOUN SUBJECT NOUNSUB]ECT
Sttiternent Elle est professeur' Ren6e est professeur'

Sl'te is nl"ndrnr. Rende is a teucher'
Est-elle professeur? Ren6e est-elle
Question prrtfesseur?
ls teaclter':' ls Rende o teocherl
she a
Negative Question N'est-elle pas Ren6e n'est-elle pas
prof'esseur? Prof'esserrr?
Isi't she ct tcctcher? lsn't Rende a teocher'P
g
^3
Exercise 3.9
:
questions, using inversion.

Translate the Engtish questions into yes/no French "r:lirll'11
1 . Do You (fam.) have a cat?
(l(
:I-- r-- I-i
2. Does Sylvie PlaY the (du) Piano?
3. Are you (Pol.) American (m.)?

-
4. Do you (fam.) like tennis or golf better? ' ,: I r-
5. Are we playing (au) Scrabble this evening?

irDr D Eutlinq st oll/yl pue 4Fo7-r ?Lll se?s' oq6:eqplrlo^\ secualuas L
esoq] o+ SurpuodsarJoJ suorlsan(; 'acualuas ei{} lo spalqns q+oq a-rE zul7s
prru arls spJo,{\ aLll'rDJ o s'lirrcl lar(, pur? tsttp arll sras,rrls sr,)ue}ues aLI} uI
qraA ar.t] Jo palqns aatlt]SorJalul
'ra1e1
aie8nl L
-uoc o1 ureel IIra\ no.{ sq-ra.r esn s.rlclurexa Bur,uo11o3 eq}Jo auros .rapro pro,{\
ur aBuetlc ou qll^\ 'enb ac-1sa rlll.\\ oslB puB uorsJaûr q.ra,r-lcelqns^ + uors
-sardxe a,r.r1e3o-ua1ul oq] rllr.\\ ir;ssa-rdra aq .,reur suorlsanb rrorlBlu-roJuJ e_-___-
'(1, ' otog) i...luaru
-trroC pue :(i'' Llc?tlt\\lcl ... s al 1an[ :1.' . . . +DLIA\); ...enb ec-1sqn[ su
qclrs uorsse,rdxa .ro 1t.ro-rr a-u1t:;o.r-rJlrrr uE r{}}A\ ur8eq suorlsânb uor}RruJoJrrl
suollsano uol}pruroJuJ
'uati-:,
'8
.L
'9
'E
iJ?LPD,)+' a:
....
,, sed a1la-1s;
'€ c-t)11')' -'
.Z
alle -t
'l '-t)11. : ._
'l1lilss,r.l, .--.
'1qBtg aueldtte
ue uo )auJted Teas LnoA 4se y13rw noA ryq1 q)uetJ ur suolsanb oulsa[ y4Bta a\eet1
oI'€ aspraxf
r.:r::r:, r:.r:.1i1:
,d,,",i
TII UOIS.IJ \I..
d:tDtl l!'-. '

aorol$fooq p ut IloM (ael) no/' l,uoc .g
4a1cli,t.,
.reqreal P sanb3Pr l,usl 'L

pue lcalqns tm
4fu3unq uerplrql eL11 arv '9
L9 senrleSolelul pup 'esuel luaseld aql ul sqJen;a- ;u;n8ay ,sqluow pue sr{eq
A,thing can also be the subject of a question: What's happening? Whqt Thin
makes that noiseP In French, there is no short form for asking abotttthings o
as subject of the question. Study the following French forms and their Eng-
o
lish equivalents.
Persons: Subject Long Form a

Qui est-ce qui (as subject) * verb Who. . . P
Thin
Qui est-ce qui arrive? Who's arri,oing?
a
Persons: Subject Short Form (Most Common) a
Qui (as subject) * verb Who . . . P
Qr
Qui arrive? Who's arrixing?
Qui parle? Who'.s .speakingl' Q.
Things: Subject Long Form Qr
Qu'est-ce qui (as subject) * verb \Yhat .
P Qt
Qu'est-ce qui arrive? What's happening?
Qu'est-ce qui est dans la rue? What's (doran there) in the street? ,C
s
/)>-
Exer
Interrogative Object ofthe Verb
In the English sentences I see Richard and I see the car, Richard and the
car arebothobjects of the verb see. Corresponding English questions would 1^
be:Who(m) do you see? andWhat do you seeP Study the following French )^
forms and their Engllsh equivalents.
Persons: Object Long Form J^

Qui est-ce quelqu' * subject * verb Who(m). . . P
Qui est-ce que tu invites? Whor ml r(' Uou irtr il irtg|

(t
Qui est-ce que vous attendez? Who(m) are Uou u,aitingforP

Qui est-ce qu'elle aime? ll'1holm) cloes she looe'P
6
Persons: Object Short Form
Qui (as object) * inverted verb/subject Who(m)
Qui invitez-vous? Who(m) are Aou inoiting?
q -.
Qui est-ce? Who is it?/Who's that?
Qui aime-t-elleP Who\n) does she looeP 1a ."-.
L alP 8ur)ool ('1od) nol ale lpq6 'OL
L aol Surualsr; eqs st (tu)oqM '6
L ea^Pq (we]) no( op lpqM 'g
L 2Suruaddeq s,leqM '/

a ai! s! oqM '9
'q)ueJJ oJut suo7senb asaql eJeFueJJ 'lAoN
L en+-saulP,no '9
L aapte8al e1;a,nb a)-Fe,nO 'v
L aselrlur n1 anb ef,-Fa tno '€
,Z
L esluPlue sel lueLlllaqs ano qcuerg irir ,.
L Zrpaules aûJp tno 'L plno.$ cu().-:-
aLlt PIIP. P.,: 1"
'qs1pu1 o?ut suoqsenb eqq eTepuetl
u'€ aspJaxf
(,140-tJS,tt,-',
p.o{Eu1,t1oo7 raU)Dat aqt s.?oqill 6ord el eqc-reqc an[

go Buploo1 sul s,?Dqill 4srr1 apre8a"r an$
c Jz;r7-1t 1cafqns unou pelrolul * q,ra,t 4 .n]an[
4-r.o{ Bur4oq no fi ato ?Dq/tl isno^-zer{cJeqc en}
iu?q uwm n+Lou.t aql s,tDqfiL
/iaaDa 2q saoP ?Dq.AL ill-re.n6
i ' ' ' +rr71t 1cafqns unouordTqraa peyaaur a .n[7en[
u.tot troqs pofqo :s?ugr17
i>Lu?ql nofr op tDq,\l 4zasued snoa enb ec-1sqn$
1,noli qiln ra+tt)tLL
aqt s,tDtfuyt/iaooy noli op tDq l is€ nl enb ec-1sqn) -8ug "rraql pu
1" " u"1'1t qre^ a lcafqns + .nbTanb ec-1sqn$ s7upql ]noqe t
ru.tot Buoa ?oa{qo :s?ugqT tDqA4.43u7tn
69 sanrleSolalu; puu 'asua1 luaserd eql ut sqJen;a- le;n8aX ,sqluow pue sIe6
Interuogative Words (with Word Inversion or with est-ce que/qu')

(as subject
Questions:rsking inforrntrtion other than Whot ' ' . P orWho. . . P
or object) rise specific question u'orcls'
Cornment... ? Hou...'lWhat" ' I

Comment vas-tu? Hou ore rlouP
Comment est-il? What's he like'P
Combien (de/d')... ? Hounurch/nrLrtY ..'P

Combien coffte-t-il? Hou> much does it cost?
Combien est-ce que ga cotte? Er
Combien d'heure s tr av aillez- Hoo mang hrtu,rs are You a
vous? rcorking?
On...? Where...? :
Oir vas-tu?/Oir est-ce que tu vas? Where are Aou goi'ng? :
Quand...? When...?
When does she arrioeP .
Quand arrive-t-elle?/Quand
est-ce qu'elle arrive? ..:
Quel(le)G) (as adjective) * noun

* vetb What (Which) '
agrees $'ith its roun'
Quel(le)(s) is trn adjective tliat altvavs
Quelle heure est-il? What time is it? I
Quel(leXs)*6tre*noun :
..
Quel est ton film Pr6f6r6P Whqt is rlotLr foaorite moxie?
Pourquoi...? WhY...?
Pourquoi C]6rard trrrive-t-il si (
E-rr
tard? Whg i,s Gdrarcl orriuing so late))
Pourquoi est-ce que G6rtird
rrrrir-e si tirrd?
The conversational Altsu-er to it pourquoi (tol2ry) question often begins r'r'ith

parce que {lrc('.i rr,\. .
Comment vas-trl? Hor-^ ore tlou'l lfam.)

Comment est-elle? What's she lilce I
l.
( "'pW aellrlup+ ar+o^ tse rlo 'Z
^M
q+1ar srtria,.; t;
esno^-zelle luaururo]' L
'?ut1urtr ut waql )aMsue uaql pue 'pnole waql )eMsue 'pnole suotJsanb at11 peay
i?+Dl ()\ -
€t't aspraxf g
L a{pnp ('wefl no[ op ueqM '0t
L asasrnol (sJnellrau) +seq aq+ are qlrLlM '6
L aoro+$looq eql sr areqM '8
L alsnu eôl sluepnls op ,{q14 '2
L L(lod) nor{ a;B MoH '9
'q)ur) j o1 t1sr13u1 tuo4 suotJsenb aq1 elepuetl'MoN
'E
L asqlELU ep Jnassalo;d a; 1sa luauurol
L anJ-sPA Juar.Ilr.uo)
'v
L .alueluol allo-+sa arnPl-auPW ronbrno6 't

.Z
L zPr.u9uo nP snou-suoArJJP puPno
L en+-seurP +uPrnP+sar lano 'L

qsr13u1 oJ q)uatJ uo4 suo7sanb aq1 aleFuetf
ll()|, "_
zI'€ aspraxf
i.apl noli xu fiq,y1 ipreler ue nl-se gon[lno6

4suotutdo tnoli ato wtlq1. 4suorurdo sol luos se11en$
issalpPD rdLl/s'nL s! lDqa iasserp€ uos lsa a11en$
4o491noli oP >loocl tPttlftl in+-setulB errrn 1en$
irouttlp Sutoorl la1cload) aot a-tD uatly iuo-t-ouJp puun$
i-tluurp Burourl Q1cload) alt arD uatly 4au3p uqnb ac-lse puen[
4tsutots onl arD ata\Al
1cafqns se)
isnou-suollB 4o "
iaoDLl nofi op fiauout qcnu noy inl-se lua8re.p uelqruoC (,nb1anb at y,
19 sanrleSor;a1ul pup 'asuej luesard aq+ ur sqran;a- le;n8ay 'sqluow pue s{eq
3. D'oir 6tes-vous?
4. Avez-vous une voiture? Quelle sorte de voiture?
5. Or) estvotre maison ou votre appartement? Elle est... /ll est...
6. Comment est la maison ou l'appartement oD vous habitez?
l--,I
A/ Key Vocahulary
In the following lists, you r.vill see that the nouns are divided into masculine
and feminine.
Noms masculins (Masculine Nouns)

I'an (year) le jour (day)
l'anniversaire (birthday; lejorrrnal (neuspaper) ldiet
onniue'rsary) le lien(place)
l'arbre (tree) le magasin (store) -:
l'argent (rnoney) le mail (e-mail)

l'ascenseur (eleaator) lem6dicarnent (nrcdicine) -t
l'autobus (bus) le rnessage (nrcs,sage)

l'avion (airplane) le nrois (.ntontlt) :
les bagages (luggage) Ie rliot (raord)

le bAtiment (building) le mur (uall)
le bruit (noise) le rnus6e (m,useum)
les cheveux (hair) le papier (paper)
1e cravon (pencil) Ie parc @ark)
1es devoirs (hom.euork) Ie pays (country)
1'enfirnt (chilcl) le prix (price)
1'escalier (ftairu;oy) le r6ve (dreant)
I 6trrge rf ,,,,r lbttiltling]t le stylo (ballpoint pen)
1e 1-errtre tfelt-ilp pen) le tlr6Atre (theater)
Ie for.er (Jireplace; hearth) le thEme (therrc)
Ies gens lpcople) le vovage (trlyt)
le jardin \garden, qard)
(autloc) alynbur.l,r1 11n{Y+to$ oIQPU
$rtt) aptlrrtl ploaol) alqIEJ

(Totcads) (e)1erc9ds (fisoa) eIceJ
({orp) (a)p.nios \moJJDu\ (J)]ror19
(+tr$ aPlcIe-r (a7uo"lqs) a8uerlg gttcl -',
@aap1 (a)puoSo.rcl (+uo?a7a1 (e)lue39l9
{tYfuaq\ uoqs) 1a;1r1acl (p"tort) (a)rnp
(Butlnxa) (e)]uttruotsscd 1fiuunl1 rlgrp
(Totceds) (arqf) rat1n,;r1,rucI 1{os :p1tur,:pacns) (sc-) xnop
(fizn1S (esna-) xnasserucl (+1nc{{ry1 ellcl}Jlp
(otau) alla^nou/la^nou/nt?J.\11otI $nota7uop) (rsnr-) xna.ra8uep
(hooaql (alp.Inol (ppo :snounc) (esneJ xnerrnc
(3uo1) lan itrol (lq+tsua1 uyl l-roqs) (a)+rnoc
(aatJ': ;.rcl1l UnhnDdtt) Jllrq/lrq/nueq
(o?o1s) iJ ,]uri (+toqs'moy) (as)seq ,rI: ..
(J1)1.r1 J;.ll l (puttq) e18ne.te (Jul)n).
lllnl) r Irtr''ti (fi1pua,t$ (a)pcrue
(PUIY' rl lrl L.'i (put>1'atu) rlqeLur€
@notd1 ra-IQ- -Ir{ (alouotlca$o) (esna-; xnenlceJJe
lsan;1rafpy) sJpalpy 1-r,,r1:, r,
(tot) J-rnlr0.\ tl (ta11ap rrllrlel

(liyt ;llI \ 1rI (tom) a;renB e1
(+lral rIl'ros PI (l"r,adodlpaqs .{oa1) allrneJ PI
(fip,ad !Eu?uata') ra-rros tr1 (fiopqoq :/i1.tod) e]gJ BI aurlrlJSt?r rr -
(tloaot:1 ellllrttt'rs EI psr nor 4s-t{ :fu1ua1 epr}uJ.I
(q+yoat1l glutrs trl (qctnqc) asrr39.1
(utootssoyc) assBI) ap alJBs EI (looqcs) eloc?.1
(laat5' Jll.I 1?l (qtDq'rdmoqs) eqJnoP Bl
(uotqsanb) uorls;nb e1 q7uryoot:udqrlq) JulslnJ Bl
(rooP\ a1.roc1t1 ^
(fiutt) 9lc el
(qrDaq) abrld r:1 (+-tt'qs) ssruleqr €l
(lratDdytl fio1d :ruootl a,r.1icl e1 \aoorPaq) rrquEqJ BI
(acuaryas) asr.rrlcl rl (p-tocpod) aplsod euec BI
QBndl aBucl tl (fu+unoc) eu8edurec e1
(cts'ntu) anbtsnttr u1 1fi"ru-tq?!) enbgqrolqrqel
(atuoq'asnlU) uosrelrr EI pnuaao\ Jnue^B.l
(a-togs'1ooq) arrm"rlriBI (11tc1'ryat1t1 uorlrppe.l
(sunoN au;upua1) sululwal sutoN
E9 sanrleSorralul pup 'esual ]uasard eql ur sqlan;a- .re;n8ag 'sqluoW pue s,{eq
Conj on ct i ot?s (Coniunctions)

Conjunctlons lirrk icleas ancl parts of a sentencc. You learned ser.erirl in
Chapier'2.
clonc Stherefore, so) que/qu' (because)

parce
et lnnd) pendantque/qu' tduring)
nrtris (but) puisque/puisqu' (since lreason))
oll (.,t) si (if)
u Exercise 3.14
R
Translate the phrases into French using the new vocabulary you learned. Q''
1. a special birthday
2. a dangerous trip
3. an elegant party
4. a strange noise
5. some exciting dreams
6. a faithful friend (f.)
7. a blind child
8. a narrow staircase
9. some difficult sentences
10. some heavy keys
Reading Comprehension
Une petite ville en province
A"c'c cles ;rmis ctrnadiens, je suis en Frtrtrce i Evreux, une petite ville
-
ancienne de Nornrirnclie, entre Paris et Rouen. Nous sommes ici etr juillet
avec 1es parents de Laure. Laure et rt-roi. nous 6tudions le frangais. La mEre
de Laure est irrch6okrgue et son pbre est l6gislateur au Canada.
A Eu.e.,r, il r- a une 6cole cl'6t6 qui offre cles cours de langue, d'art,
d'histoire et cle urusique. C'est l'6t6, le clinat est merveilleux et nos norr-
veaux trrnis frtrnqais sont trds svrnpathiques. Le week-end, les jeunes orga-
-tBto saLr:, :-
-110U Sou --l
'1re p ';ni ..
eJAttI e1 ...
la[]In! rra i :
a[!,r a]rl-rti :
aseluelP^ sai luPpuad ll-l-alllP^pri ainel ep arQd al 9
'E
aelualuol ells-lsa arnPl ap erQL! el lonblnod
aJue pn]3 sallg saunef xnap sol enb a]-lsa,no 'v
L919,p elotr9,l ar#o slnol sleno 't
aseruP)P^ ue (euole) alnas alla-+sl

'z
.alillPrrPu Pl +se [o '|,

suo!lsano
\lt),n tL sEC]J.r JI (liputcto zLLt Lt?) suorl\ua sel suPP

ff*rA slod3puau{ fuu) sun?clor setu (tay+nJ'ny) argd uos
(\n{+sats (s)larluBsocIet Qaq+ou.t s,a-tnoT) ernBT ap erQrl sl
1fin1uac yl{{) a1;qts attr.2rnlrutc (uaaot+aq) arlue
ispue[rJou seder suoq sJi ]J sluesserg]ul sJnOJ SeP 'UoI]t?SreAIrOJ auuoq (.[uos'oa-t', .' ',
BI ep 'sulBdoc saur re.{ 'suonol sttott anb apuPlu-Iou uoslEut EI suBp esnaJnaq ,irri..,,
srns e['loru ]g 'seluusoder 1a sallrnbuuJ] secueor^ sep ]uos ac enb acred .;: ', l
]rraluoJ lse arnpT ep ergd eT 'alrQls eurqlnburc np seBe11i,t seP sêulu saP
suorraua sal suup e ,( p.nb ac-rr:d alualuoc sQJ] +se ern?T aP e.IQtrl BT
'sasner-r?s saluBrpnlJ s3P satuulos ur lP.rJ.r-::
snou Ja 's-rnoJ sou suo^P snou 'IPJJPUa^ ( Ipunl ac se]gJ sep lua^nos luasltl
99 sanrleSoralul pup 'esue1 luesa;d eq+ ut sqlen Je- lPlnSeU 'sqluow pue sIe6

Easy French - Chapter 1-3

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Easy French - Chapter 1-3

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r{ruarJJo

'(;sno,r-ze1le 1rreurruo3) suoqsanb uolleturoJul

sdII uollBlrunuord (z .t'1 d u

aldruexe 'ueruuxa [8qr] Ia \oA e oroJaq x

al)Iuv a]Iuuac aql

sa^I])a fpv aal]dlil) sa c

Fernirrine Nouns rirr!,Jrla

1tr birnque (the bank) la lan-rpe (tlte lamp)

la distraction (the anrusement) Ia main Qhehand) lh(

Masculine and Feminine Articles Before a vowel Sound

I'an'ri ('nz.) the friend ht.) l'histoire (f) the story,history

Singular Nouns and the Deflnite Article

C'est I'ami#e ma mdre. That's (She 's) my mother',s J'riend

e\ Le, la, and l'

The Initial Letter h

la oharpe the harp ln "honte ,shrmrc

Learning the Gender of Nouns

femtrles are usuallv ferninine: l'homme (m.) (the rrrnrir, Ia fenrr.e

Nouns aclopted fron-r other langutrges :rre usualll, tnasculine: le jogging,

lAllemand the Cerman 0n.) IAllemande the Cerman (f')

exan-rples above. When followed by -e in the f'en'rinine fortn, d, n, s, ancl

For certain nouns referring to people, tlie gender of the individual is

le journaliste/la journaliste thejournolist

rrnitrni afriend (rru.) un lr6tel on hotel

une amie a frienrl (f,) une librairie a bookstr,tre

Note that l'h6roine (f) hrnlike le oh6ros) is pronounced rvith a ntute

un choix des choix a choice, (sonte) choices

Some plural noun endings are irregular.

rrn 6tudiant et sir 6tudiantes des 6tudiants ,stuclents

Pronouncing the Plural

les touristes [ay too-Reest]

Ie touriste [uh too-Reest] versus les touristes [ay too-Reest]

When the -s of a plural article (Ies or des) is followed by a vowel sound, it

les-exercices (zr. ) I,ay -zehg-zehR- s ees] ; des-homm es (m.) fday-zuhm]

There is no liaison with the aspirate h. Pronounce the nasal vowel un

des-rrrtistes fday-zahr-teest] les-homrnes [lay-zuhm] jr I

d;, n*"rcise 1.3

Descriptive A{i ectives

un professeur intdressant an interesting teacher

Agreement of AQiectives in Gereder and Number

Masculine un arni intelligent des amis intelligents

. If the rnasculine singular forrn of the adjective ends in an unaccented or

C'est rrn hortrrne extraordinaire. Hds an extraord,inary nntn.

Bradley est anglais; Ies amis Bradley i,s English; Bradley's

. If a plural subject oI group contains one or more masculine items or

Suzanne et Georges Suzanne and Ceorges are

o Invariable adjectives or adjectival phrases do not change in .{ender ,:

Ce sont des chaussures chic These are stglish and. inexpensice

o Some descriptive adjectives htrve irregular forms.

conservateur conservatrice conserxatit,e

conservateurs conserviltrices conseruotiae

Other descriptive adjectives rvith irre5lular forms include the follou,ing

canilclien (canadienne) Canodian

rrne chernise bleue o blue shirt

r Two adjectives of color, blanc irnd violet, htrve irregular feminine

rur crayon blanc a uhite Ttencil

des calriers (m. pl.)jaunes gellou noteboolts

des chaussures marron (f pl) brounslroes

The names of colors are rnasculine u-hen used as noLlns.

J'airne le rose et le bleu. I loxe pink andblue.

Adjectives That Precede the Noun

rog 'Surueaur ur aBur:qJ p Ses^rr?J uorlrsodlo e8urtlc

islod poo7 u.fiat11 lsuredoc suoq sep luos eC

ul pJcrlou e.ret1 .{eur no-i sp '.p/ap ol strJuorls ,(1unsn