BN-DG-C01K Plant Layout -

Pumps
Table of Contents

1. General

2. Centrifugal Pumps

3. Reciprocating Pumps

4. Rotary Pumps

5. Pump Drivers

6. Pump Harness Piping

1. General

1.1 Definition

In this context a pump is defined as a machine used to generate a pressure differential in order to propel liquid through a piping

system from one location to another.

1.2 Types of Pump

The three basic types of pump are centrifugal, reciprocating, and rotary. See below figures.

Centrifugal pumps are the most common. They are more economic in service and require less maintenance than other types.

Rotation of the impeller blades produces a reduction in pressure at the center of the impeller. This causes liquid to flow onto the

impeller from the suction nozzle thrown outwards along the blades by centrifugal force leaving the blade tips via the pump volute

finally leaving the discharge nozzle, in a smooth, nonpulsating flow.

Reciprocating pumps are used where a precise amount of liquid is required to be delivered, also where the delivery pressure

required is higher than can be achieved with other types. The liquid is moved by means of a piston in a cylinder after being drawn

into the cylinder, through an inlet valve, as the piston moves down the cylinder. As the piston moves back up the cylinder the liquid

is discharged at a pre-set pressure controlled by delivery valve.

The liquid is ejected from the cylinder into the piping system in pulses which are transmitted to the suction and discharge piping,

thus hold downs could be required on the piping system. Rotary pumps are used to move heavy or very viscous fluids. These

employ mechanical means such as gear, cam and screw, to move the fluid.

2. Centrifugal Pumps

2.1 Nett Positive Suction Head

Centrifugal pumps must have their suction lines flooded at all times.

The suction piping has to be designed to avoid cavitation or prevent vopour entering the pump. Therefore, suction lines should fall

continuously for a sufficient height from overhead source to pump.

The minimum vertical height required from source to pump suction is called the Nett Positive Suction Head, (NPSH). This is

critical for efficient pump operation and must not be reduced. Vessel elevations are often dependent on the NPSH of its
associated pump. See below figures.

2.2 Pump Types

There are three basic types of centrifugal pumps. Horizontal drive shaft with pump drive mounted remote from the line, vertical

drive shaft with pump and drive mounted on the line, vertical barrel type with direct immersion suction facility. In each case the

type refers to drive shaft direction.

The most common is the horizontal with its shaft in the horizontal, vertical in line pumps have their shafts vertical and the pump

is installed in the pipe line, as a valve must be. Vertical can pumps are usually single stage, but horizontal and vertical can types

can be multi-staged to obtain higher delivery pressures.

2.3 Suction Piping for Horizontal Pumps

Line Size

Suction piping is usually one or two line sizes larger than the pump suction nozzle size. Suction piping more than two sizes larger

should be queried with Process Department.

Suction Nozzle Orientation

Centrifugal pumps are supplied with suction nozzles on the end of pump casing, axially in line with impeller shaft, also on top or

side of pump casing. Usually pumps are specified with end or top suction for general services. Side suction pumps, with side

discharge are frequently selected for large water duty. Also side suction - side discharge pumps can be obtained in multi-stage

form for higher pressure differentials. These pumps tend to become very long, so if plot space is tight, consideration should be

given to purchasing the pump in vertical form with a sump at grade. See below figures.

Flexibility of Suction Lines

Consistent with good piping practice, pump suction lines should be as short as possible, but with enough flexibility to absorb any

pipe movement caused by temperature differentials and to maintain pump nozzle loads to within those permitted by pump vendor.

For further details refer to section on piping flexibility.

Suction Line Fittings

Due to suction line being larger than the suction nozzles, reducers are required in the line. Reducers should be as close as

possible to nozzle. Eccentric reducers will be used with the flat on top for horizontal pumps. See below figures. For pumps with

suction and discharge nozzles on top of casing, care must be taken to ensure that the flats on eccentric reducers are orientated

so that suction and discharge lines do not foul each other. See below figures.

Temporary Startup Strainers

All pumps must have a temporary startup strainer in the suction line to prevent any pipe debris damaging the pump. Strainers will

be located between pump suction block valve and pump. Strainers are available in the following styles : flat, basket, conical and

bath or “tee” type.

For basket and conical types a removable spool piece must be provided downstream of suction block valve, which must not

interfere with line supports. Both types have the advantage that the piping is left undisturbed and strainer element can be

removed simply by removing the blind flange on the tee, thus leaving the piping and supports undisturbed. See below figures.

2.4 Discharge Piping for Horizontal Pumps

Line Size

Generally, discharge piping is one or two sizes larger than the pump discharge nozzle size.
Discharge Line Fittings

Due to discharge line being larger than the discharge nozzle eccentric reducers are required in the line. Reducers should be as

close as possible to the nozzle, with top suction - top discharge pumps, care must be taken to ensure that the flats on eccentric

reducers are orientated so that the lines do not foul each other.

A pressure gauge is located in the discharge line, and should be upstream of the check and gate valves which are usually flanged

together with a dripring between them. When a level switch for pump protection is installed in the discharge line, upstream of

block valves, ensure good access for maintenance of switch.

To enable good access to valve handwheels and ease of supporting, the discharge line should be turned flat after reducer, and the

line angled away from the nozzle to enable the line to be supported from grade. See below figures.

Avoid supporting large lines from piperack structures if possible, this enables minimum size beam sections to be used and better

access for pump removal and maintenance.

2.5 Side Suction and Discharge Horizontal Pump

This type of pump is usually installed in a large duty service with large bore lines. Never connect an elbow flange fitting makeup

to the nozzle of suction line coming down to the pump. Supply a straight piece of pipe two pipe diameters long between the nozzle

and elbow.

The two diameter pipe length can be eliminated if the elbow is in the horizontal, only eliminate pipe length if available space is

tight. See below figures

2.6 Vertical Pumps

Vertical pumps, also called can type or barrel type are used when available NPSH is very low or nonexistent.

Vertical In-Line Pumps

This type of pump is mounted directly into the pipe line, as a valve would be. For smaller sizes, the piping system supports the

pump and motor, thus it is essential that the line is supported local to the pump to prevent the line moving when the pump is

removed. Also ensure that there is good access to pump for maintenance and withdrawal with no overhead obstructions for lifting

out pump. Larger size in-line pumps have feet or lugs on the casing for supporting from grade or steelwork.

Vertical Can or Barrel Type

Usually this type of pump is installed in cooling tower water circulating service, retention ponds, and applications where NPSH is

low and suction is taken from a sump below grade. In most cases, there is no suction piping to be considered, but the discharge

line must be routed to ensure good access for pump maintenance, with no overhead obstructions for pump removal by a crane.

See below figures.

3. Reciprocating Pumps

3.1 Types of Pumps

There are three classes of reciprocating pumps, piston, plunger and diaphragm.

Piston pumps are generally used where medium to high delivery pressures are required, such a high pressure flushing of vessel

interiors, etc. These can be obtained in multi-cylinder form and can be single or double acting. Plunger pumps are usually used for

metering or proportioning.
Frequently a variable speed drive or stroke adjusting mechanism is provided to vary the flow as desired.

Diaphragm pumps are invariably air driven and very compact, also there are no seals or packing exposed to the liquid being

pumped which makes them ideal for handling hazardous or toxic liquids. These are often used for sump pump out. See below

figures.

4. Rotary Pumps

4.1 Types of Pumps

There are two main classes of rotary pumps, gear or screw.

Gear pumps are usually employed to pump oils and nonabrasive fluids.

Screw pumps are usually used to pump heavy viscous fluids and nonabrasive sludges. Apart from maintaining good access to

pumps for operation and maintenance each case should be treated on an individual basis.

5. Pump Drivers

5.1 Types of Pump Drivers

The three most common types of driver are the electric motor, diesel engine, and steam turbine.

5.2 Electric motors are the most common pump driver and are of the totally enclosed, flame proof type suitable for zone 1 use.

Their sizes range from small to very large which require their own cooling systems.

5.3 Diesel engines are usually to be found as drivers for fire-water pumps which are housed in a separate building away from the

main complex.

5.4 Steam turbines used for pump drivers are ussualy single stage and the pump that they drive are invariably for standby service

(spare).

5.4.1 Steam Nozzle Orientation

The steam inlet nozzle is usually on the right hand side when viewed from the pump coupling end of the turbine with the exhaust

on the left hand side as standard. Turbines can be purchased with inlet and exhaust on the same side. This means that the piping

designer can place the exhaust connection either on the same or opposite side from the inlet. Generally opposite side location of

nozzles results in less piping congestion.

5.4.2 Inlet Piping

Steam inlets are furnished with strainers as part of the turbine for protection against pipe debris, therefore inlet piping must be

designed with a removable section for strainer removal.

Steam supply to turbines must be moisture free at all times, otherwise damage to the turbine will occur if condensate enters the

turbine while it is running. To separate condensate from steam a boot-leg must be installed up stream of the inlet block valve.

The two basic turbine installations are manual startup or automatic startup. The manual startup will have a gate valve in the

steam supply near the turbine inlet. Upstream of the block valve a boot-leg must be installed with connections for blow-down and

steam trap to remove any condensate in the steam supply. For automatic startup the gate valve is replaced with remote operated
control valve, the boot-leg and traps are still required upstream as for manual startup.

Steam traps should be provided to keep the turbine casing free from condensate. These can be installed at the casing low point if

a connection is provided or, on the outlet piping if the casing drains into the outlet system.

Note there must be a trap before any vertical rise which could form a pocket where condensate could collect.

5.4.3 Warm-up Bypass

On automatic startup a warm-up bypass must be provided around the control valve. This bypass is usually a “1” globe valve, and is

partially opened to allow steam to keep the turbine constantly warm and slowly turning to prevent the shock of hot steam

entering a cold turbine, and eliminate damage to turbine blades.

For manual startup it is recommended that a warm-up bypass be installed, but the job flowsheets will govern.

When a warm-up bypass is installed a steam trap on the casing keeps the system free of condensate. See below figures.

5.4.4 Exhaust Piping

Turbine exhausts are routed either to a closed exhaust steam system or to atmosphere. When exhaust is to a closed system there

must be a block valve between turbine and main header, this block is always open during normal conditions and only closed for

turbine maintenance or removal. Thought should be given to locating exhaust block valve on the piperack immediately before

lines enter main header, this will prevent accidental closure of this valve. If the exhaust line is routed to atmosphere, the steam

trap on turbine casing will not be installed, but replaced by gate valve partially open to allow condensate to drain off from casing.

See below figures.

5.4.5 Rotor Withdrawal

Most small turbine casings are split along their horizontal axis and enough space above the turbine should be kept clear to allow

for the top section of casing to be lifted clear of rotor by crane. See below figures.

6. Pump Harness Piping

Most pumps require external services to be piped to them for bearing cooling, bearing lubrication, seal flushing, venting and

draining.

These requirements will be shown on utility flowsheets, and it is the piping designers responsibility to ensure that the actual

geographic location of pumps with harnesses are correctly shown on the flowsheets. Though should be given to running

subheaders to groups of pumps that have harness requirements. These subheaders must be sized and marked on flowsheet

masters. Because branch lines to individual pumps are small diameter, i.e. 6 mm, it is advisable to take branch connections from

the top of subheaders. This will eliminate pipe debris getting into the branch line and into the pump bearings, etc.

Care should be taken to ensure harness piping does not interfere with good operation and maintenance space.
Gear-Type Rotary Pump Having Two Impellers
Conical And Basket Strainers
The above diagrams indicate correct and incorrect methods of attaching suction piping.

Fig. 1 Shows air pocket formed along upper side of pipe by sing concentric reducer.

Fig. 2 (A) Horizontal ell directly into pump suction results in an unbalanced thrust on pump bearings. (B) Use spool piece 3 pipe

diameters long or long radius ell with center vertical vane. (C) May be installed with or without spool piece but 2 pipe diameters

spool is preferred.

Fig. 3 Shows proper method of connecting pump suction to a suction header in order to avoid air pockets.

Fig. 4 Represents a common error made suction piping to a centrifugal pump by placing piping over an embankment of a reservoir,

or other obstruction.

SUCTION PIPING: The suction piping should be as direct and short as possible. In general it should be one or two sizes larger than

pump nozzle. If changes from one pipe size to another are necessary, standard reducers should be used. Correct and incorrect

ways are shown in the picture referred to above.

AUTOMATIC START-UP

MANUAL START-UP
Table of Contents

1 Introduction

2 Preparing the Model for Shipment

3 Selection Mode of Transportation

4 Model Packing

5 Preparing the Crates for Shipment

6 Model Transport

7 Insurance of Model

8 Attachments

1 Introduction

The design model is to be used as a detailed engineering tool as well as a construction and planning aid for the job when shipped

to the site.

Shipping the model to the construction site requires custom-built crates to accommodate the different sizes of model tables, and

special care handling because of the value and fragility of the models.

2 Preparing the Model for Shipment

Prior to actually placing the model in either a crate or on board the transportation carrier, the following steps should be taken.

 Reapply cement to each and every bond joint on the model; structure, equipment, pipe joints, duct-work, etc.

 Add any necessary cross bracing, corner triangles, or supports (all represented as fictitious members) to the model -

structure, equipment, piping, etc. - at points where the strength of the model is inadequate. These points may occur

where the glued joint is of a small cross-sectional area and requires reinforcement, or where the weight of a model

component might cause considerable damage if it were to break loose during transit.

 Apply nylon filament tape to sections of the model to keep model split levels from separating. The number of floors to

be taped to one another depends on how many section are to be shipped or placed in a crate as a unit. Nylon tape can

also be used for general cross bracing on the model structure.

 Models having a multi-storey building structure normally cannot be shipped as a unit because of the crate size, model

weight and limitations imposed by the carrier. Therefore, it is advisable that the model floors be fastened in some

manner to a 1/2” thick plywood sheet to act as a base. The plywood should extend approximately 1” beyond the model

floor on all four sides.

An important factor to be recognized is that the model must not be made into a rigid system. Some flexibility and movement is

needed to absorb impact.

Remove the legs from the model base and tape the legs together in pairs.

3 Selection Mode of Transportation

The mode of travel for the model from the engineering office to the construction site must be selected to determine the method

of handling and the crating needs. The selection depends upon:

 Project schedule - model completion and filed delivery dates.

 Travel Time.

 Cost Factors. Model value - replacement value and engineering backup in case of total model loss and differential

transportation costs.

 Physical size of model.

 Safety risk elements of transportation.

There are two basic types of transportation available for transporting models; truck and air. Truck transportation, generally in

moving vans, is most commonly used. Train and nautical transport will be avoided.

Shipment by van generally eliminates the need for crates. The truck bed is covered with thick foam padding and the models are

placed on the foam in such a way that they do not touch the sides of the vehicle or other bases. Rolls of foam can be placed

between model bases and the sides of the van. Tie-downs are not required. This method provides door-to-door service and direct

loading and unloading. The cost of crating is avoided if there are few limitation on the size of the model shipped.

Van shipment is usually more expensive than air freight and the delivery time is usually longer especially if long distances are

involved or adverse driving conditions are encountered.

Air freight is relatively inexpensive especially over long distances. The service is reliable and relatively unaffected by weather

conditions. However, all models must be crated and the crate size is limited by the size of the cargo door of the aircraft used.

This method also requires multiple handling operations and local trucking at both the origin and the destination, greatly

increasing the risk of accidental damage. Air freight is used extensively for overseas shipments.

4 Model Packing

Crates are fabricated to contractors specification (see Attachment 1). The inside crate size should allow 50 mm on all sides of

the model base. An exception to this rule occurs when a model has an overhang which requires an adjustment to crate size.

The model tables are individually crated. Knowing this, and the size of the model table, the crate sizes can be pre-calculated and

arrangements for shipping can be made with the airlines cargo section, or any model contract mover. Sometimes an extra crate

may be needed for the removal sections of the model if there is insufficient space on the model table to ship the sections.

Crates will have three perspex windows (top, side, side) 300 mm x 300 mm for customs control.

Crate dimensions will be measured by crate fabricator and are his responsibility.

5 Preparing the Crates for Shipment

Place a copy of model uncrating instructions on the side of the side of the crate in a waterproof envelope.

Address the crates and prepare the shipping documents, such as packing slips, bill of lading, and declared value, as required.

These requirements vary from domestic and international shipments.

In air shipment, volume is the main factor not the weight, as is usual in over-the road shipment. The air shipment crates should

not be made oversized in any case. The crates are pelletized and smaller crates are placed on the top of bottom crates.

The following labels should be on the crates:

 Fragile

 This side up (and direction arrow)

 Open top first

  Delivery address

 Weight

 Dimensions

6 Model Transport

If going by road the freighter may use a van/lorry which is enclosed and waterproof. If by roadship - road to destination the

arrangements re. the ship must be roll on, roll off type, to reduce possible damage to model.

Each model base will than be independently fixed rigid to the floor of the van/lorry using wooden battens of size 100 mm x 38

mm. These wooden battens will be fixed securely either directly to the floor or the sides of the van/lorry.

Foam padding will be positioning on the floor of the van/lorry.

Model table supporting legs will be removed from the model bases and securely taped to respective model bases.

The model bases will then be positioned in the van/lorry on the foam padding so as to avoid contact with other bases being

transported simultaneously.

If it is felt that certain structures or other high items may be subject to movement caused by vibration set up by the moving

vehicle then all reasonable precautions will be taken to minimize this. These measures, as a minimum, will be the tapping down

of subject parts of the model.

Personnel from Piping Group should accompany model when in transit to site, in order to control handling and be present when

model is removed from cases. (Note. providing freedom of travel allowed in country of destination).

Travel by air - the same applies (i.e. personnel to travel with model from office to airport to witness cases being loaded. If cases

are interchanged en route Constructors Personnel should be there to witness transfer and again personnel available at

destination to supervise off-loading. Aircraft should be met to see off-loading and loading on lorry for final journey to site.

Contractor should be notified immediately of any breakage or damage.

Once received at site the DESIGN MODEL will be required to be housed in a temporary building close to the unit being erected.

This building will require to be well ventilated, water proofed and have a source of heat supply to prevent condensation damage

to the mode.

Whilst the model is retained in the temporary building it is the responsibility of the Company Construction Supervisor to ensure

the storage and safekeeping of the model.

So as to minimize the possibility of damage to the model it is recommended that only supervisory personnel are allowed

unrestricted access to the model. All other personnel are to be accompanied on visits to the model.

All damage occurring to the model is to be reported immediately so that qualified personnel may carry out repairs and ensure

that all at all times the model is an accurate portrayal of the subject unit.

Design changes to the model once delivered to site will be resisted. Any changes that are agreed to will be the subject of a

Project Change Notice and will require to be approved by Company Project Manager. All design change requests must be made in

writing, to Company Project Manager.

Upon completion of the erection of a subject unit the model will be removed from the temporary building and placed in a final

location.

At this stage the model will be formally handed over to the Client.

7 Insurance of Model
The design model will be covered by an insurance policy held by Company responsibility for shipment a special insurance will be

arranged by the Traffic Coordinator.

Insurance cover for the model will be as a maximum - for total destruction. The declared value of the model should only be the

cost of the material and only the cost of an after the fact model (a model built only after the drawings are completed). No design

time should be included in this declared value.

To enable insurance claims to be instigated it is imperative that all damage is reported immediately howsoever caused.

8 Attachments

1. Fabrication of Totally Enclosed Model Table Crate

BN-DG-C12 Checking a 3D PDS Piping Model and Definition of Percentage
Completion
Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. General

3. General Safety

4. Lines

5. Valves

6. Heat Exchangers/Reboilers

7. Pumps and Compressor

8. Vessels/Columns

9. Furnaces/Boilers

10. Relief System

11. Electrical

12. Instrumentation

13. Civil/Structural

14. Attachments

1. Introduction

The purpose of this document is to lay down a review procedure to ensure that the desired level of quality for the creation of a

piping 3D is carried out in the engineering office and that sound design criteria for operability, safety and maintenance have been

observed.

This check list may also be used for the recording of the check, appropriate space is left for any comments against a checked

item in column “remarks”.

Additionally the form “Internal 3D Model Review” (see Attachment 1) and the form “Approved 3D Model Revisions from Internal 3D

Model Review” (see Attachment 2) may be used for reporting purposes.

2. General

Check if “Interference Checking” facility has been run, if so, ask to see a printout of the report.

Check the 3D model against the latest issue of the plot plans, engineering and utility flow diagrams and line tables.

Follow the line up systematically and pay strict attention to details since many accidents are caused by seemingly minor items.

Mark on the engineering flow diagram all the lines, fittings and instrumentation which have been checked.

Make sure that when a modification, addition, elimination or reduction is considered, that is suits its purpose, is practical and

also economical. When is doubt consult others.

Use this procedure for a number of items which can not be shown on diagrams. Please note that the checklist does not pretend to

be complete and under no condition it shall overrule sound judgment.

Check that the color code has been used correctly.

Check if construction can build the unit(s) economically as designed.

Check that start up and shutdown problems have been considered and drain and let-down facilities have been provided.

Check the accessibility for operation, maintenance with mobile equipment and inspection.

Check location of future equipment.

Check location of drop out areas.

Check platforms and ladders.

Check that access ways and roads provide ample head room for vehicles, mobile equipment, etc. required for efficient and safe

construction, operation and maintenance of the plant.

The policy of access to valves, blinds, manways, instruments, etc. shall been established during 3D model creation. Check 3D

model for consistency of approach.

Package units are not normally modelled in detail and are usually show as a block. Ensure adequate space is available for access

and for removal of components of package unit.

Check location of particularly noisy equipment, valves, etc. in relation to the frequency of visits by operating and maintenance

personnel to the area.

Check the space required around fired heaters for soot blowing and decoking and clearance for burner removal.

Check that air fine coolers can be installed or handled during maintenance of plant by means of a mobile crane.

Check that adequate clearance and maintenance access is provided for plug removal tube cleaning, motors, V-belts, fans.

The 3D model shall also indicate junction boxes, cable trays and trunks, switch gears and power stations, control room, local

panels, analyzer houses.

Check at final stage the package units, if vendor information has been included in the 3D model (use certified vendor drawings of

lay out and detailed piping showing all instruments and local panel).

3. General Safety

Check that fire hydrants are not positioned at the ends of, or in the line with the ends of, horizontal vessels.

Check elevated equipment’s and platforms for the proper escape routes. Ensure unobstructed and short escape routes at grade.

Check that ladders and staircases have been installed on the outside of structures. Are staircases provided with turnaround

landings?

Does escape traffic have to pass through structures? Check companies and/or governmental regulations for safety.

Check that remote shutdown and valve closing devices are installed at safe locations. Check that equipment concerned can be

seen from these locations.

Check for “chimney gasp” between platforms and/or table tops.

Check that safety showers and eye baths are located near equipment containing aggressive chemicals (e.g. caustic, ADIP, MEA,

HCl, h4SO4, etc.).

Check accessibility of the unit for mobile fire-fighting equipment and rescue work.

Avoid head bumpers, shin splitters and tripping hazards.

Check that emergency/smothering steam header block valves are at safe distance from protected equipment (e.g. in hydrogen

service or near fired heaters). A steam header block valve station could be fire shielded, if required, by brick or concrete wall.

Make sure that operators manipulating drain valves can see the emerging affluent. The required level gauges shall be visible and

funnels must be provided.

Check that water trapped in goosenecks cannot be displaced by hydrocarbons.

Check that utility stations have been provided, including those at the main operation platforms, e.g. for the connection of steam

lances.

Check barometric seal height of vacuum for liquids other than water. Ensure that the liquid can be drained as well. Important for

the design of the structure elevation.

Check that platforms have been provided at places where work is expected between maintenance stops.

Check that steam exhaust cannot cause personnel hazards either from spraying droplets of hot water or causing icy or wet

surfaces.

Check that steam rings are foreseen at flanges in overhead lines of thermal cracking units and for lines in hydrogen service.

Be alert for equipment supported on continuous platforms when sections of these platforms are supported on structures subject

to different thermal expansion.

Check that continuously operating vent stack are higher than the highest nearby structure (within a safe distance).

Check the location of liquid relief valves, since its actual height influences the required set pressure.

Check the location of toxic gases (h4S, VCM etc.) monitoring points if applicable.

Check that drains of light hydrocarbons (propane, butane) are protected against freezing (e.g. double valves).

Check that firewalls have been located correctly.

Check that levers of plug-and ball valves are not hampering operators on walkways or platforms, levers shall move in the same

plane as the piping lay out.

Check that steam for purging of lines and equipment (e.g. snuffing steam, emergency steam) is dry, provide automatic trap

stations with drain assembly upstream of last block valve in steamline.

Check that process ventlines are routed and oriented to safe locations, (3 meter above highest platform), watch nearest platforms

and prevailing wind direction.

Check location of manholes with platforms and ladders in respect to safe escape route.

In case of location of water cooled equipment at high elevated platforms, check if the normal cooling water pressure is suitable

for this duty, otherwise a booster pump shall be installed.

To prevent vacuum in equipment located at high elevations, due to siphon operation of the fluid, install a vacuum breaker to suck

in air or a process gas.

4. Lines

Check that piping entering and leaving the unit is logically grouped together.

Check that valves, blinds, flushing/drain and instrument connections are properly located. Check especially so called manifolds

and large control valves. Check in cases where spades are used ISO spectacle blinds, that piping system are flexible enough to

insert these spades.

Check that piping subject to thermal expansion is anchored at plot limits.

Check elevation of overhead piping and horizontal clearance of access and/or walkways.

Check that start-up/circulation lines are short.

Check that dead ends have been avoided. Check if system can be flushed and drained.

Check that vapor lines (inclusive steam) branch off from the top of main lines. Prevent pockets in vapor lines. Keep lines sloping

to a drum or install drainpoints (driplegs).

Check that piping subject to thermal expansion is flexible enough. Are supports adequate?

Check if nozzles and branches on expanding piping are not installed near obstructions, support beams, etc. (to avoid ripping off).

Are these lines properly anchored. Are stresses on equipment nozzles within limits.

Check for pockets in vapor lines where condensation may occur. Has external heating been applied on those pockets which can

not be avoided?

Check that long lines attached to small bore nipples are properly supported to prevent breakage due to vibration.
Check that lines do not pass through table top, but run alongside. If impossible group lines together passing via a sleeve.

Check that dead end sections have been avoided (e.g. in water lines).

Check that piping has been designed to permit easy drainage, venting, flushing, testing, maintenance, insulation, painting.

Check position of eccentric reducers. Normally straight side on bottom of horizontal lines except in pump suction lines where

vapor pockets may cause calibration in the pump.

Check that compressor suction lines slope toward knockout drum.

Check that small bore cooling water lines branch off from top of the header. (This to prevent plugging).

Check that stripping steam lines are short and horizontal or sloping from the last valve.

Ascertain that two phase flow vertical piping has been checked for flow stability.

Check that hydraulic (water) hammer conditions have been checked.

Check that all lines have been properly numbered.

Check that high temperature and special material lines have been stress analyzed.

Check that gas is prevented from entering cooling water system.

Check absorber gas feed inlets for pockets near the inlet to avoid absorbent in the gas line.

Check that piping with instrument connections has been laid so that these connections are easily accessible. Check if necessary

platforms and walkways have been provided.

Check anchoring of piping discharging to atmosphere. Pay special attention to screwed piping.

Check that vacuum equipment steam jets has been hooked up directly to the steam mains, i.e. without any intermediate

connections which may suck in air. This is not applicable for vacuum pumps.

Check (for the same reason) that venting of the gas compressor suction piping has been avoided.

Check all coordinates on piping for correct configuration and clearances.

Check that service stations have been properly located. Design also for winterizing (water/steam/air in one insulated box).

Check for rotary equipment that suction and discharge piping are properly supported.

Check clearance between piping and structural steel with fireproofing.

Check that thermosiphon reboilers have been located such that minimum pipe distances and equal vapor distribution are

achieved.

Check required straight piping runs to distributor piping in distillation columns. Only in vertical plains are bends allowed within

this straight run.

If a vent is required on an exchanger for periodically purging of noncondensable vapors, this vent valve shall be accessible, vent

plus line shall be shown on 3D model.

Check piping arrangements on shell and tube side of exchangers carefully for correct flow of fluids and proper operation of

exchangers.

If symmetrical piping hook up is required to exchangers, airfines or double suction of pump, check this carefully.

Keep length of suction piping to pumps to a minimum and prevent pockets.

Check location of break flanges on piping at shell and tube exchangers and aircoolers to facilitate bundle removal.

Check that number of passes in a heater are shown and if necessary check that piping is symmetrical.

Check that location of isolating valves and valves of snuffing steam and emergency steam are at 15 meter distance from the

heater at grade and accessible.

Avoid dead legs in heavy fuel oil lines and waste gas lines.
In case of steam jacketed sulphur lines provide T-pieces or cross pieces at the end for cleaning the sulphur lines by rigging.

Check location of relief valves and their good accessibility for servicing.

Check location of local panels for safe operation and good accessibility.

5. Valves

Check that valves in overhead pipe tracks have been avoided to the maximum extent.

Check that chain operated valves have been avoided where possible.

Check that all valves are installed with the steam installed with the stem pointing upwards or horizontally.

Check that hand wheels are easily accessible for operation and yet not obstructing walkways or platforms.

Check also steams, especially in open position.

Check that valves for emergency operations are workable grade level.

Check that valves that need frequent attention are easily accessible.

Check valves in vertical lines for possible water traps.

Check when reduced port valves are installed, that piping is self draining on both sides of the valve.

Check that hot oil block valves are well accessible in view of fire risk.

Check that control valve assemblies are located at ground level or on first platform (except when required otherwise for process

reasons).

Check that installation of valves outboard of elevated platforms has been avoided.

Check that valves or double block and bleeders have been installed in utility connections to process equipment and lines.

Check that spring loaded and/or extra block valves have been used where valves may freeze-up when draining or sampling.

Check that process vents and drains are shown.

Check location /installation of check valves in ditch. lines of pumps or near connection of lines, for example connection of

condensate lines from traps to condensate collecting header near to the header.

Check levers of plug-or ball valves, these shall not obstruct walkways, platforms etc. Levers shall move in the same plane as the

piping lay out.

6. Heat Exchangers/Reboilers

Check that piping arrangement is acceptable with respect to the removal of shell and channel covers as well as the withdrawal of

tube bundles.

Check whether bundles can be pulled and lowered safely from platforms and stacked arrangements (obstructions, hydrants).

Check stacked heat exchangers for the possibility of oil spills on hot equipment beneath it, especially during maintenance work.

Check accessibility to exchangers for maintenance, bundle removal/cleaning, etc.

For a thermosiphon check reboiler check the elevation difference between draw-off pan and reboiler for driving force

If a vent is required on the exchanger for periodically purging of noncondensable vapors, this vent valve shall be accessible. Vent

also to be shown on 3D model

Cold fluid enters the exchanger at the bottom and leaves it from the top

Check crane access to airfin coolers for maintenance or construction.

Check symmetrical piping hook-up to several bundles in an airfin cooler or to exchangers in parallel operation. Dead legs in

capped headers shall be kept to a minimum or be avoided, use elbow ISO tees at the end of the header. Pockets in outlet piping of
aircooled or water cooled condensers must be avoided as well as in the hot vapor bypass lines.

7. Pumps and Compressor

Check that flow in suction piping is as smooth as possible

Check that high points in pump suction lines have been avoided

Check that valving around pumps is logical and operable

Check volumes which must be drained when a filter or a pump needs to be opened

Check that pumps can be safely and easily handled for maintenance

Pay special attention to spading-off possibilities

Check that priming facilities are adequate

Check that facilities have been provided for gradual heating prior to start

Check hookup of suction line on double suction pump. Piping layout to be as follows for side inlet:

 Straight length from suction flange until bend to be 3D (D = diameter nozzle pipe), no reducer allowed.

 In vertical pipe reducer, strainer and valve can be installed.

 For top inlet straight length = 5D if suction line runs in length direction of pump motor and 3D if suction line runs in

same plane as pumps impeller(s). Upstream of the bend in the suction line the strainer, valve etc. can be installed.

Check that pump operating under vacuum are provided with high point vents, which are connected via a vent line to the top of

suction vessel

For a vertical pumps no straight length is required.

If pump handle liquids with temperatures above auto-ignition, this pumps shall be located in safe-areas (not underneath pipe rack)

and widely spaced from other pumps. Good accessibility for fire fighting is required and above pumps a sprinkler system shall be

installed

Piping to compressors. Pockets shall be prevented, lines shall be slope to suction drum and suction line shall mostly be

steamtraced. Check vendor drawings carefully

Check all flushing, cooling, quenching requirements of pumps and compressors

Check that sufficient space is available for removal of filters from strainers

Suctions lines of pumps to be of minimum length

Check NPSH of pumps

If two pumps are parallel operating the piping hookup at suction and discharge side shall be symmetrical.

 On reciprocating compressors safety valves must be located upstream of the discharge block valve.

8. Vessels/Columns

Check location of vents as well as direction of outcoming streams

Check positions of drain nozzles. Keep them clear from areas where heavy equipment such as fork lift trucks may work

Check that manways are within reach of hoisting equipment

Check that instrument tappings and local instruments are readily accessible

Check that the lines can follow the expansion when heating up/ cooling down. Pay special attention to supports on hot
respectively cold structures. Check free movement of platforms

Check that staircases, platforms, ladders etc. are logically located

Check that the layout of platforms , ladders, piping, relief sets, etc. is in accordance with the specified basis for wind and

earthquake load calculations

Check location and elevation of all piping- and instrument nozzles against requisition of equipment and drawing

Check that spectacle blinds or spades are installed (indicated) at the nozzles for pressure test or isolation purposes. Normally

required with columns

Stripping steam to the columns shall be dry; install KO pot at grade provided with automatic steam traps and drain valve and

provide a minimum distance insulated steamline in vertical run without pockets to the steam inlet nozzle of the column.

Check that sufficient space is available for column erection activities

Check that consideration has been given to loading and unloading of catalysts, packing, internal etc.

9. Furnaces/Boilers

Check that piping does not obstruct observation windows, access doors, header box covers, etc

Check that space is available for tube withdrawal and cleaning

Check that piping at burners is arranged so that insertion/removal of lighting torches and burner guns is not hampered

Pay special attention to safety of fuel system:

 Check that heavy fuel and LBF system are sufficiently segregated

 Check that provisions are made to adequately prevent liquid fuels from entering steam and gas system

 Are locations of flame arrestors, straight pipe length etc. of low pressure and waste gas in accordance with

specifications?

Check that emergency/smothering steam valve manifolds are at safe distance. Steam shall be dry. Install upstream of manifold at

low point a drain valve and automatic steam trap

Check that dry emergency steam is available

Check that :

 Branch off nozzles are positioned on top of main

 Steam line are under continuous slope (no pockets)

 Sufficient steam traps and drain points are provided

Check that fuel and atomizing steam cocks are within hand reach when looking at the burners through the observation windows

Check that the local emergency shutdown switch is at a safe location

Check that safety logic (for heater start-up and shut-down) is not located below (vertical) furnace. Normally such a logic is

located in a local panel at safe distance (15 meter) from a fired heater

One complete burner hookup shall be shown per heater including all instruments and all provisions for safe startup, operation and

shutdown of the heater with associated equipment (e.g. fans).

Check final certified vendor drawings for equipment correctness.

Check prescribed safety distances, e.g. for example:

 12 meter to catch basins

 15 meter to process equipment exclusive airfin coolers

  22 meter to airfin coolers

Check that the damper can be operated from grade.

Check that the flue gas oxygen analyzer is located at grade.

Check heater or boiler location for maintenance and construction accessibility and also for decoking, regeneration or soot

blowing activities.

10. Relief System

Check that inlet lines to relief valves are self draining into process equipment.

Is its proper functioning not hampered by the nature of the process fluid? The allowable pressure drop across the inlet line of

relief valve is limited to 3% of the set pressure (at maximum capacity). If pressure drop is too high, the line size shall be

increased.

Check accessibility of the relief valves for maintenance and inspection. Check if relief valves have been installed at proper

elevations. Distinguish between valves releasing to atmosphere or relief deader.

Check pressure relief discharging to atmosphere for safe location and direction.

Check that discharge pipe is drainable. If so, does drain not impinge on other equipment? Have measures been taken to avoid

freezing of moisture on relief valve seats in low temperature service?

Check tail pipes for adequate support against reaction forces.

Check that the tail end of vent pipe is within the action radius of fire extinguishing equipment. If not, has a snuffing steam

connection been provided?

Check that length of piping is minimized for safety relief valves discharging into a closed system.

Check that outlet line from relief is self draining into flare header. Check if connections are made on top of the flare header.

Check that flare lines have no pockets and that they are sloping to the flare knockout drum.

The back pressure on the relief valves (calculated during the design) shall be checked with the actual layout of the flare system.

Check destination of outlets from 1 ”x 1” thermal relief valves to atmosphere or grade for safety.

In case hooked up to the vessel, check if steamtracing is required to prevent plugging.

Check locking devices of the valves at inlet/outlet of the relief valves.

Check that valves with Castell lock system (or other system) are properly installed.

Check that safety relief valves and inlet/outlet lines adequately supported.

Check that tail pipes of relief valves require weather protection cap.

Check that the proper type of the relief valve has been specified, for example in waxy service piston type in view of plugging.

In case of 1 ”x 1” thermal relief valves, the inlet of the relief valve shall be self-draining to the process line, the discharge line can

be connected to a collecting header which shall be discharging under slope without pockets to a vessel. Check if inlet and outlet

lines of relief valves shall be steamtraced.

11. Electrical

Check that cable trunkings are properly located and not obstructed by equipment etc.

Columns of pipe racks are normally used to install junction boxes for both electrical and instrumentation purposes.

Check that orientation and access is not hampered by location of control valve station, steamtracing stations, utility stations or
other piping lay-outs.

12. Instrumentation

Check that all instruments are on 3D model and have been correctly tagged.

Check that instrument cable trunkings are properly routed and in accordance with applicable instrument drawings.

Check that local control panels, main junction boxes, etc. are properly located.

Check location and accessibility for operation and maintenance of all instruments. Mind removable piping on both sides of

reactors (swing elbow), here special design is required.

Check straight length of orifice runs.

Check clearance above external displacers for removal of floats.

Check platform clearance around level gauges, control valve stations, relief valve station, especially for Camflex type control

valves with bypass.

Show all personnel protection, gas detection points (sniffing points).

13. Civil/Structural

Check that all structures with bracing and pipe racks are shown, inclusive fireproofing.

Check that all plinths for equipment and structures are shown.

Check that all table tops are shown.

Check location of analyzer house(s), if fast loop requirements for correct measurements (samples) will be met.

Check that bracing of steel does not form an obstruction.

14. Attachments

1. Internal 3D Model Review

2. Approved 3D Model Revisions from Internal 3D Model Review

3. Definition of Percentage Completion

Internal Model Review

attachment not available ??

Approved Model Revisions From Internal Model Review

attachment not available ??

Definition of Percentage Completion

The following description is a definition of each percentage complete stage of the piping 3D model. Company practice normal

practice is to make 3D model reviews at 30, 60, 90 and 100% completion.

Definitions

BASIC

 Plot Plan Attached to 3D Models

 Battery limits located

 All major equipment located

  Major structure shown

 Major pipe rack shown

30% Completion

 Comments from Client BASIC 3D model review incorporated

 Large bore critical process lines studies on the 3D model

 Piping studies 15 - 20% complete

 Location of unit access ways for mobile maintenance and fire fighting equipment shown

 Comments from Client for operation and maintenance incorporated

60% Completion

 Comments from Client 30% 3D model review incorporated

 Ready for Client’s comments for operation and maintenance

 All equipment located

 Piping studies 70% completed

 All large bore process lines and utility mains shown

 In-line instruments shown for lines installed

 Instruments on equipment located. Local panels shown

 Main cable trays installed

 All structures (concrete and steel), ladders and platforms shown

 All pipe racks shown

90% Completion

 Comments from Client 60% 3D model review incorporated

 All piping shown

 Safety showers, eye baths or jump-in baths shown

 Piping studies 100% complete

 Instrumentation, including cable trays 100% complete. Electrical cable trays 100% complete

 All major pipe supports located

100% Completion

 Client’s final comments from 90% 3D model review incorporated

 3D model updated to latest issue of PEFS’s, PEUFS’s, line tables, arrangement drawings and final equipment drawings

 All sprinkler mainheaders shown

BN-DG-C13 Conducting 3D PDS Piping Model

Reviews
Table of Contents
 1. Purpose of Model Reviews

2. Types of Model Reviews

3. By Stage of Model Completion

4. Reviewers

5. Subjects

6. References

1. Purpose of Model Reviews

Often 3D model reviews are limited to checking for interferences and consistency with key project documents such as P and ID’s.

While these types of reviews are obviously required and important, limiting the reviews to “design checks” does not take

advantage of all the opportunities available for optimization.

The important thing to remember is that the 3D model represents the plant that is to be built; the total end product in three

dimensions. Therefore, to fully utilize this tool, all those personnel who may have an impact, and/or who will be affected by, or

involved with the plant under design should and can contribute to the optimization of the design. The 3D model is a convenient

tool for this purpose.

Who are the people, other than the design team, who can contribute ?

They include :

 Construction personnel

 Operators

 Maintenance personnel

 Safety and environmental personnel

 Technical specialists

The construction personnel can provide input that can potentially reduce construction costs and/or improve the construction

schedule.

The operating personnel must live with the plant once it is built.

Their timely input can result in a design that is most logical for operator utilization by identifying operating concepts so that

control rooms and key control stations are located on the same level, placing instruments and associated manual controls in

logical proximity, allowing space for working storage, etc.

Often the operating personnel are presently, or have recently, operated similar types of plants and can, therefore, contribute

based on practical experiences.

Incorporating operator preferences, if they do not add to costs, can also improve startup and “commitment” by these key

personnel. Conducting careful reviews with operating personnel can result in considerable savings during startup and mechanical

completion, by minimizing the usual field modifications to valving, installing bypasses and changing instrument locations.

Meaningful reviews by maintenance personnel have a much more subtle and longer range impact. Maintenance costs, and often

more importantly shutdown time for turnarounds, can be minimized if proper access, drop-out areas and monorails can be

incorporated into the design. The method of handling equipment for maintenance can best be defined by the plant maintenance

personnel based on their experience, proposed philosophy and available or planned mobile and rigging equipment.

Safety and environmental considerations are always important. The necessity of meeting ever increasing numbers of regulations

must also be checked. The 3D model allows for checking of simple safety considerations such as identifying which pipelines
should be provided with personnel protection, locating and directing the discharge of relief devices away occupied areas, as well

as determining patterns of egress.

The role of the technical specialist is based on his experiences, feedback from similar installations and often the owner’s specific

requirements. Again this input may have a greater impact over the life of the project with fewer operating problems and longer

service. The 3D model review can also serve as a catalyst for an open exchange of ideas. In the preliminary stages, free wheeling

discussions and sharp questioning of presumptions can lead to significant design optimizing with associated cost and/or

operating savings.

The 3D model facilitates this sort of conceptual visualization and exchange of ideas. A sort of visual-verbal value analysis can be

performed by “why” questioning with the 3D model during the conceptual design stage.

Finally the 3D model as a focal point of various design inputs (structural steel, piping, nozzle orientation on vessels, etc.) is a

visual measure of design progress not unlike gauging construction progress by walking the site and seeing what has been

erected.

2. Types of Model Reviews

The various types of 3D model reviews can be segregated into three primary categories. These categories can be classified by

stage of 3D model completion, by the types of people reviewing or by the subject being reviewed. Within each of these categories

of reviews there are several different types, which are described below.

3. By Stage of Model Completion

As the 3D model progresses through its various stages towards completion, periodic reviews are held.

3.1 Preliminary Reviews

Preliminary reviews take place once the plant arrangement and equipment arrangement have been established. Various

alternates may be shown as part of the review process. In this type of review, particular attention is paid to the plant layout with

regard to access to equipment, bay spacing, flow of materials and personnel, open versus enclosed structures and other macro-

considerations to establish construction and operating philosophy.

Agreement must be reached at this review prior to starting any detailed design. One of the most costly errors in an engineering

construction project is to begin detailed design in an area where the equipment arrangement philosophy has not been adequately

reviewed and agreed upon and is therefore subject to later changes. Preliminary reviews should be held as early as possible

during the project but adequate time should be allowed for evaluating numerous alternates.

3.2 Intermediate Reviews

Intermediate reviews take place when the final structural steel, final equipment and the majority of the major piping runs, duct-

work, instrument and electrical trays have been MODELLED. The primary purpose of these reviews is to review the routings to

insure that process integrity has not been compromised, that the pipe, duct-work and tray runs are in accordance with the

minimum cost criteria established for the project and to observe any potential interferences in the operability or maintainability,

created by the routing of these items.

3.3 Final Reviews

Final reviews are held when the 3D model has basically been completed. This occurs when all equipment, piping, valves,

instruments, electrical, structural and other items have been MODELLED IN THE PDS ENVIRONMENT. In this review, the items to

be reviewed will include such things as the location and orientation of valve hand wheels for operability, the location of local

instruments for maintainability.

Agreement on the location of all these critical items should precede the start of piping isometrics EXTRACTION or the preparation
of instrument location plan drawings, if required.

4. Reviewers

3D model reviews will vary in their approach and level of detail depending upon the function of the reviewer. Different reviewers

will be looking for items that impact their areas of responsibility and, as such, will look at the 3D model in different ways.

4.1 Construction Personnel

Members of the construction organization are primarily interested in the constructability of what is being designed. They must

impact upon both the labor and material cost aspects of installing a particular design. They must contribute to the design

sufficiently to insure that the plant will be efficiently and safely constructed.

In particular, construction personnel will be concerned with items such as available space for setting equipment into the

structures, access to pipe racks with mobile equipment or the use of cable trays for wire as opposed to individual conduits.

4.2 Plant Operations and Maintenance Personnel

The plant people are primarily concerned with how easily the plant is to operate and maintain. Operations personnel will be

looking for designs which minimize operator attention, which provide compact areas for their operators to concentrate efforts on

and ease of access to equipment.

The maintenance staff has a view point more closely aligned with the construction people. Since they will have to remove

equipment set in place by construction, they will be looking for access aisles, space for movement of portable equipment,

uncomplicated piping and instrument installations, platforms and the like. Maintenance personnel will also be concerned with

how the design affects the reliability of the installations.

4.3 Specialists Groups

Various specialists groups will review the 3D model for impact on their area of responsibility. Groups concerned environmental,

process safety and industrial hygiene aspects of the plant should impact on the design. Environmental personnel will be

concerned about curbing and trenching to contain spills. Process safety personnel will review such things as the proximity of

combustible materials to spark generating devices.

4.4 Engineering and Operating Management

Representatives from both engineering and operating management generally will review the 3D model from a separate and

distinct view point. Rather than involve themselves in the minute details of the design as shown on the 3D model, these people

will take an overview.

They will look at the 3D model as a whole to insure that the design meets the general criteria established by their respective

groups. Management will also review the 3D model to insure that each group under their area of responsibility has contributed to

the critique of the design.

4.5 System Technical and Design Engineers

This group maintains the primary responsibility for impacting on the design through 3D model reviews. In addition to reviewing

the 3D model from the standpoint of process integrity, the system technical or design engineer must also consider all of the items

covered by specialty groups discussed above. While it is not possible for this person to penetrate at the same level as the

specialty group, it is important that he participate in all reviews and understand and coordinate required 3D model revisions.

5. Subjects

3D model reviews are held based on the subject matter to be covered.

Specific examples of these types of reviews are shown below:

5.1 Process Integrity

A review for process integrity will focus on those items which affect the process performance and reliability.

Up around the plant in general and key equipment in particular.

Minimizing flat, horizontal surfaces, reducing the required number of equipment support legs, pouring of tapered concrete into the

bottom of building columns, designing with enclosed, tubular supports rather than with angle iron are typical items that will be

explored during a clean design review. While clean design is critical in food and pharmaceutical type plants it is significant in

virtually all installations where dirt buildup will effect equipment operation and eventually process performance.

5.2 Cost Effectiveness

Cost effectiveness 3D model reviews are held to insure that minimum cost practices are being carried out to the maximum extent

within the constraints of the project. Examples of this are: reviewing the 3D model to minimize the number of bends or changes in

elevation made by piping, reviewing equipment layout to reduce the size of the building and reviewing cable tray runs to optimize

routing.

Obviously, there are constraints to the minimum cost approach which may preclude cost is a constraint. However, these

constraints should only be considered when deciding to make a change and should not be taken into account while trying to

generate potential ideas for change.

5.3 Environmental

Environmental review will focus on the effects of the plant design on the environmental. The 3D model makes it easy to visualize

the enclosed areas which must be vented and the areas around potential spills. These are the types of items that should be

covered and resolved during an environmental review. This type of review should also cover the design of environmental

protection equipment installations.

5.4 Safety

THIS SECTION IS QUESTIONABLE FOR A 3D MODEL REVIEW

Safety reviews are extremely important and should be carried out in extreme detail. Review of mobile equipment traffic patterns,

proximity of combustible materials to potential spark generators, proximity of toxic materials to personnel, ladder and platform

installations and "head knockers" are typical areas that should be examined during a safety review.

5.5 Constructability

The ease of constructing a facility is the prime concern during a constructability review. The ease of bringing large process

equipment into structures, the erection sequence of structural steel, the advantages of running wires in trays as opposed to

individual conduits are typical of those items covered in a constructability review. Of course, process integrity, cost and other

factors are considered as part of the constructability critique.

5.6 Detailed Checklist

A detailed checklist ref. 6.1 exist which gives guidelines of subjects to be covered during the 3D model review.

6. References

Document Number Title Level

BN-DG-C12 Checking of Piping Design Model and Definition of 5

Percentage Completion