References

[1] https://www.competitiveproduction.com/articles/error-proofing-the-machining-process/

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_testing

[3] https://store.arduino.cc/usa/arduino-uno-rev3

[4] http://www.themakersworkbench.com/tutorial/triggering-servo-using-hc-sr04-distance-
sensor-and-arduino

[5] P. S. S. Akilashri, Dr. E. Kirubakaran (2014), “Analysis of Automatic Crack Detection in

Metal” organized by IJRDET-2014.

[6] Manpreet Kaur, Jai Pal, “Distance Measurement of Object by Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04.”
organized by IJRDET-2015.

[7] Ultrasonic range module HC-SR04 datasheet (online)

[8] Alessio Carullo, Marco Parvis (September 2001), “An ultrasonic sensor for distance
measurement in automotive applications.” DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2001.936931 · Source: IEEE
Xplore.

[9] http://wiki.sunfounder.cc/index.php?title=Ultrasonic_Module

[10] Ali Albishi and Omar M. Ramahi (2014), “Detection of Surface and Subsurface Cracks in
Metallic and Non-Metallic Materials Using a Complementary Split-Ring Resonator.”

[11] J. Nadakuduti ; Genda Chen ; R. Zoughi (2006), “Semiempirical electromagnetic modeling

of crack detection and sizing in cement-based materials using near-field microwave methods.”

[12] Mazlumi, F.; Sadeghi, S.; Moini, R. (2005), “Using open-ended rectangular waveguide
probe for detection and sizing of fatigue cracks in metals.”

[13] Shiuh-Chuan Her * and Sheng-Tung Lin, (2014), “Non-Destructive Evaluation of Depth of
Surface Cracks Using Ultrasonic Frequency Analysis.”
25
[14] D.ACook, Y.HBerthelot (2001), “Detection of small surface-breaking fatigue cracks in steel
using scattering of Rayleigh waves.”

[15] Arias, I.; Achenbach, J.D. (2004), “A model for the ultrasonic detection of surface-breaking
cracks by the scanning laser source technique.”

[16] B.Dutton, A.R.Clough, M.H.Rosli, R.S.Edwards (2011), “Non-contact ultrasonic detection

of angled surface defects.”

[17] Tsun-YenWu, I. CharlesUme (2011), “Fundamental study of laser generation of

narrowband Lamb waves using superimposed line sources technique.”

[18] S.Dixon, S.E.Burrows, B.Dutton, Y.Fan (2011), “Detection of cracks in metal sheets using
pulsed laser generated ultrasound and EMAT detection.”

26
 Appendix

ARDUINO CODE:

#define TRIGGER_PIN 11

#define ECHO_PIN 10

#define USONIC_DIV 58.0

#define MEASURE_SAMPLE_DELAY 5

#define MEASURE_SAMPLES 25

#define MEASURE_DELAY 5

#define LED_PIN 9

void setup()

// Serial monitoring

Serial.begin(9600);

// Initializing Trigger Output and Echo Input

pinMode(TRIGGER_PIN, OUTPUT);

pinMode(ECHO_PIN, INPUT);

pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);

// Reset the trigger pin and wait a half a second

digitalWrite(TRIGGER_PIN, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(500);

long singleMeasurement()

long duration = 0;

27
 // Measure: Put up Trigger...

digitalWrite(TRIGGER_PIN, HIGH);

// ... wait for 11 µs ...

delayMicroseconds(11);

// ... put the trigger down ...

digitalWrite(TRIGGER_PIN, LOW);

// ... and wait for the echo ...

duration = pulseIn(ECHO_PIN, HIGH);

return (long) (((float) duration / USONIC_DIV) * 10.0);

long measure()

long measureSum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < MEASURE_SAMPLES; i++)

delay(MEASURE_SAMPLE_DELAY);

measureSum += singleMeasurement();

return measureSum / MEASURE_SAMPLES;

void loop()

digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);

delay(MEASURE_DELAY);

long distance = measure();

Serial.print("Distance: ");

Serial.print(distance);

Serial.println(" mm");

}
28