BASIC NETWORKING

TOOLS IN NETWORKING

1. UTP CABLE

2. RJ-45

CRIMPING TOOL
LAN TESTER

LAN CARD
HUB, SWITCH HUB
ROUTER

TYPES OF UTP CABLE PINOUT AND COLOR CODING

Straight Cable

You usually use straight cable to connect different type of devices. This type of
cable will be used most of the time and can be used to:

1) Connect a computer to a switch/hub's normal port.

2) Connect a computer to a cable/DSL modem's LAN port.
3) Connect a router's WAN port to a cable/DSL modem's LAN port.
4) Connect a router's LAN port to a switch/hub's uplink port. (normally used for
expanding network)
5) Connect 2 switches/hubs with one of the switch/hub using an uplink port and the
other one using normal port.
Crossover Cable

Sometimes you will use crossover cable, it's usually used to connect same type of
devices. A crossover cable can be used to:

1) Connect 2 computers directly.

2) Connect a router's LAN port to a switch/hub's normal port. (normally used for
expanding network)
3) Connect 2 switches/hubs by using normal port in both switches/hubs.
HOW TO CREATE ETHERNET CABLE

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HUBS, SWITCHES AND ROUTERS

HUB

In a hub, a frame is passed along or "broadcast" to every one of its ports. It doesn't
matter that the frame is only destined for one port. The hub has no way of
distinguishing which port a frame should be sent to. Passing it along to every port
ensures that it will reach its intended destination. This places a lot of traffic on the
network and can lead to poor network response times.
Additionally, a 10/100Mbps hub must share its bandwidth with each and every one
of its ports. So when only one PC is broadcasting, it will have access to the
maximum available bandwidth. If, however, multiple PCs are broadcasting, then
that bandwidth will need to be divided among all of those systems, which will
degrade performance.

SWITCH HUB

A switch, however, keeps a record of the MAC addresses of all the devices
connected to it. With this information, a switch can identify which system is sitting
on which port. So when a frame is received, it knows exactly which port to send it
to, without significantly increasing network response times. And, unlike a hub, a
10/100Mbps switch will allocate a full 10/100Mbps to each of its ports. So regardless
of the number of PCs transmitting, users will always have access to the maximum
amount of bandwidth. It's for these reasons why a switch is considered to be a
much better choice then a hub.

ROUTER

Routers are completely different devices. Where a hub or switch is concerned with
transmitting frames, a router's job, as its name implies, is to route packets to other
networks until that packet ultimately reaches its destination. One of the key
features of a packet is that it not only contains data, but the destination address of
where it's going.
A router is typically connected to at least two networks, commonly two Local Area
Networks (LANs) or Wide Area Networks (WAN) or a LAN and its ISP's network . for
example, your PC or workgroup and EarthLink. Routers are located at gateways, the
places where two or more networks connect. Using headers and forwarding tables,
routers determine the best path for forwarding the packets. Router use protocols
such as ICMP to communicate with each other and configure the best route between
any two hosts.

Routers are also the only one of these devices that will allow you to share
a single IP address among multiple network clients.

So, in short, a hub glues together an Ethernet network segment, a switch can
connect multiple Ethernet segments more efficiently and a router can do those
functions plus route TCP/IP packets between multiple LANs and/or WANs; and much
more of course.

SIMPLE DIAGRAM IN NETWORKING WITH INTERNET

IP(internet protocol) - Internet protocol is the set of techniques used by many
hosts for transmitting data over the Internet. The current version of the Internet
protocol is IPv4, which provides a 32-bit address system.

Internet protocol is a "best effort" system, meaning that no packet of information

sent over it is assured to reach its destination in the same condition it was sent.
Often other protocols are used in tandem with the Internet protocol for data that for
one reason or another must have extremely high fidelity.

Every device connected to a network, be it a local area network (LAN) or the

Internet, is given an Internet protocol number. This address is used to identify the
device uniquely among all other devices connected to the extended network.

Types of IP or Internet Protocol

DHCP( Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - is a network protocol that

enables a server to automatically assign an IP address to an individual computer's
TCP/IP stack software. DHCP assigns a number dynamically from a defined range of
numbers (i.e., a scope) configured for a given network. Automatic IP/MAC Address.

Static IP - is simply a “permanent” address that remains associated with a single

computer over an extended period of time. This differs from a dynamic IP address,
which is assigned ad hoc at the start of each session, normally changing from one
session to the next.

IP address assignment is handled by a person’s Internet Service Provider (ISP).

Every ISP is designated a large block of IP addresses that fall within a specific
numerical range. The ISP server automatically delegates available IP addresses
within that range as needed, to clients logging on to the Internet. When a person
disables his or her Internet connection, the temporarily assigned dynamic IP
address goes back into the pool for reassignment. Dynamically assigned IP
addresses are fine for most people, however, some prefer a static IP address.

In some situations having a static IP address is an advantage. For example, people

who game online with remote players often prefer a static IP address. When they
return to a game, the hosting server recognizes them, restoring score, placement in
the game, and other settings accordingly. A static IP is more reliable than a
computer cookie that can be deleted.

Class A - 10.0.0.0
Class B - 172. 16.0.0
Class C - 192.168.0.0

Class A IP - 1 to 126 - used for large network

Class B IP - 128 to 191 - medium sized network..ex: college campus
Class C IP - 192 to 223 - commonly used for small to mid-sized network.. ex:
business

Subnet Mask

Class A - 255.0.0.0
Class B - 255.255.0.0
Class C - 255.255.255.0
Sa mga baguhan palang ang gingamit na subnet mask ay 255.255.255.0 under sya
sa class C.
Karamihan sa mga computer shop yan ang gnagamit na subnet mask, kelangan
magkakapareho subnet mask at magkakaiba nman ng IP address.

Sa Default Gateway nman, papalitan mo lang ng 1 yung huling character sa IP

address mo.
Halimbawa ang IP address mo ay 192.186.0.2, ang magiging default gateway mo ay
192.186.0.1.

WIRELESS NETWORKING

--The term wireless networking refers to technology that enables two or more computers to
communicate using standard network protocols, but without network cabling. Strictly speaking,
any technology that does this could be called wireless networking. The current buzzword
however generally refers to wireless LANs. This technology, fuelled by the emergence of cross-
vendor industry standards such as IEEE 802.11, has produced a number of affordable wireless
solutions that are growing in popularity with business and schools as well as sophisticated
applications where network wiring is impossible, such as in warehousing or point-of-sale
handheld equipment.

TWO KINDS OF WIRELESS NETWORKS

1. An ad-hoc, or peer-to-peer wireless network consists of a number of computers each equipped

with a wireless networking interface card. Each computer can communicate directly with all of
the other wireless enabled computers. They can share files and printers this way, but may not be
able to access wired LAN resources, unless one of the computers acts as a bridge to the wired
LAN using special software. (This is called "bridging")

AD-HOC figure

2. A wireless network can also use an access point, or base station. In this type of network the
access point acts like a hub, providing connectivity for the wireless computers. It can connect (or
"bridge") the wireless LAN to a wired LAN, allowing wireless computer access to LAN
resources, such as file servers or existing Internet Connectivity.

TWO TYPES OF ACCESS POINTS

1. Dedicated hardware access points (HAP) such as Lucent's WaveLAN, Apple's Airport Base
Station or WebGear's AviatorPRO. Hardware access points offer comprehensive support of most
wireless features, but check your requirements carefully.

2. Software Access Points which run on a computer equipped with a wireless network interface
card as used in an ad-hoc or peer-to-peer wireless network. The Vicomsoft InterGate suites are
software routers that can be used as a basic Software Access Point, and include features not
commonly found in hardware solutions, such as Direct PPPoE support and extensive
configuration flexibility, but may not offer the full range of wireless features defined in the
802.11 standard.